Page 1 - © Richard L. Goldman Networking Topology ©Richard L. Goldman January 8, 2002.
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Transcript of Page 1 - © Richard L. Goldman Networking Topology ©Richard L. Goldman January 8, 2002.
Page 2 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 DevicesThe Physical Layer
• Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer)– Cables and other transmission media– NIC– Transceivers– Repeaters– Hub– MAU
Page 3 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer)NICs and Cat. 5 Crossover Cable
Each computer needs a NIC, Network Interface Card, to physically join a network.
This example shows two computers connected with a Cat. 5 crossover cable.
Page 4 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) NICs and Thinnet
This example shows two computers connected with a Thinnet, coaxial cable.
Terminators are added to complete the circuit.
Page 5 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) NICs, Thicknet, and Transceivers
This example shows two computers connected with a Thicknet coaxial cable.
Vampire Clamp
Transceiver Drop Cable
AUI connector – Attachment Unit Interface
Page 6 - © Richard L. Goldman
OSI Model
Softw
are
7 - Application
6 - Presentation
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 - Network
2 – Data Link
1 - Physical
Computer Program
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) OSI Software Layers passing Data through the Hardware
OSI Model
Softw
are
7 - Application
6 - Presentation
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 - Network
2 – Data Link
1 - Physical
Computer Program
Data is passed from the User Application down through each layer of the OSI model until reaches the hardware.
It is then transmitted to the other computer.
Then back up to the receiving User Application.
Page 7 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) Repeater If the distances between the
computers exceed the maximum specified length, a repeater may be used to extend the length of the run.
Page 8 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) Hub
Hubs forward data from one computer to all other computer connected to the hub (broadcast). Hubs function as a multiport repeater by amplifying the signal which can also extends the maximum distance between computes.
Page 9 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer) MAU – Multistation Access Unit
MAU forwards data from one computer to another in a ring until it reaches the computer it is addressed to. MAUs are used to connect computers in a Token Ring network.
Page 10 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 2 DevicesThe Data Link Layer
• Switches are capable of directing network traffic only to the computer it is addressed to.– Also Known As
• Switching Hubs
• Layer 1 Switches
• Bridges are used to pass traffic from one subnet to another while restricting local traffic to its own subnet.
Page 11 - © Richard L. Goldman
Layer 2 Devices (Data Link Layer) Switch
OSI Model
Softw
are
7 - Application
6 - Presentation
5- Session
4 - Transport
3 - Network
2 – Data Link
1 - Physical
A switch uses a MAC Address Table to route traffic to its proper destination. The MAC address table is maintained in the MAC sublayer of the Data Link Layer.
Page 12 - © Richard L. Goldman
Application Interface with network services applications
Gateways
Presentation Converts data for transmission
Session Establishes, maintains, & coordinates communication
Transport Flow Control
Sequencing
Network Routing Routers
Brouters
Layer 3 Switch
Data Link Creates data frames – divides data into small pieces
Adds Destination & source addresses
Adds control code & error check code
Bridges
Switches
•Layer 2 Switch
•Switching Hub
Physical Hardware that sends and receives electrical signals on the network
Repeaters
Hubs and MAUs
Cables, Connector, NIC, etc.
Page 13 - © Richard L. Goldman
Common Network Devices• Layer 5-7 (Application, Presentation, & Session Layers)
– Gateway
• Layer 3 Devices (Network Layer)– Router– Brouter– Layer 3 Switch
• Layer 2 Devices (Data Link Layer)– Switch (AKA, Switching Hub, or Layer 2 Switch)– Bridge
• Layer 1 Devices (Physical Layer)– Cables and other network media– NIC– Transceivers– Repeaters– Hub– MAU
Page 14 - © Richard L. Goldman
Ethernet Topology Standards
Standard Name Cable Speed Distance IEEE Spec
10BaseT Ethernet UTP/STP 10Mbs 100m 802.3
10Base2 Thinnet Coax 10Mbs 185m 802.3
10Base5 Thicknet Coax 10Mbs 500m 802.3
10BaseF Ethernet over Fiber
Fiber 10Mbs 500m – 2000m
100BaseTX Fast Ethernet UTP/STP-Cat 5
(uses 2 pair)
100Mbs
(Full Duplex)
100m 802.3u
100BaseT4 Fast Ethernet UTP/STP-Cat 3
(uses 4 pair)
100Mbs
(Half Duplex)
100m 802.3
100BaseFX Fast Ethernet over Fiber
Fiber 100Mbs 2000m
100BaseVG “Any LAN”
(Voice Grade)
UTP/STP-Cat 3 UTP/STP-Cat 5
100Mbs 100Mbs
100m
213m
802.12
1000BaseX Gigabit
Ethernet
UTP/STP-Cat 5
or Fiber
1000Mb/s 802.3z
Page 16 - © Richard L. Goldman
568-A
• A Category 5 cable may be terminated with RJ-45 connectors using either 568-A or 568-B wiring standards.
• Either standard works equally well.• A standard cable will have the same type of
wiring at each end of the cable.• A crossover cable will have 568-A at one
end and 568-B at the other end.
Page 17 - © Richard L. Goldman
Making a 568-B Patch Cable
• When making a patch cable (a cable that will be handled) use stranded wire cable and RJ-45 connectors designed for stranded wire.
• When installing permanent cabling you may use solid wire cable with RJ-45 connectors designed for solid wire.
• Use plenum rated cable or metal conduit per code.
Page 18 - © Richard L. Goldman
Strip cable jacket back about ¾ of an inch.
Pair #
1 - Blue
2 - Orange
3 - Green
4 - Brown
Page 19 - © Richard L. Goldman
Arrange wires in 568-B order.
Orange StripeOrange SolidGreen StripeBlue SolidBlue StripeGreen SolidBrown StripeBrown Solid
Page 20 - © Richard L. Goldman
Pin #
12345678
Trim wires squarely at ½ inch.
Align connector with cable.½ in.
Page 21 - © Richard L. Goldman
Insert cable into connector.Check to make sure all wires are flush and
in proper order
Check to make sure jacket is fully inserted and is in position to be gripped by the cable retainer.
Cable Retainer
Page 24 - © Richard L. Goldman
Crossover Cable
568-B
568-A
A crossover cable is made by configuring one end of a cable as 568-A and the other end of the cable as 568-B.
Green StripeGreen SolidOrange StripeBlue SolidBlue StripeOrange SolidBrown StripeBrown Solid
Orange StripeOrange SolidGreen StripeBlue SolidBlue StripeGreen SolidBrown StripeBrown Solid