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―fireproof material‖ means a material capable of withstanding heat as well as or

better than steel when the dimensions in both cases are appropriate for the specific

purpose;

―heavier-than-air aircraft‖ means any aircraft deriving its lift in flight mainly from

aerodynamic forces;

―lighter-than-air aircraft‖ means any aircraft supported mainly by its buoyancy in

the air.

―historic aircraft‖ means an aircraft that has been preserved beyond its normal life

for historic purposes and where the aircraft type has a clear relevance related to: - a

participation in a noteworthy historical event; or- a major step in the development of

aviation; or- a major role played in the air force of a country.

2. Allocation of marks

(1) South African nationality marks are the capital letters ZS, ZT and ZU and the

registration mark is a group consisting of three letters appearing after and separated

from the nationality marks by a hyphen, for example, ZS-AAA.

(2) No combination shall be used which might be confused with:

(a) the five-letter combinations used in the International Code of Signals, Part II

(b) the three-letter combinations beginning with Q used in the Q Code, and

(c) the distress signal SOS, or other similar urgent signals, e.g XXX, PAN, and

TTT

(3) No nationality marks containing the letter Quebec (Q) may be allocated

3. Identification plate

(1) Every South African registered aircraft must have affixed to it an identification

plate stamped or engraved with its nationality and registration marks.

(2) The identification plate must be –

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(a) made of fireproof metal or other fireproof material of suitable physical

properties; and

(b) affixed to the aircraft in a prominent position near the main point of entrance

to the aircraft.

4. Display of marks

(1) The nationality and registration marks must be –

(a) painted on the aircraft or affixed by any other approved means ensuring a

similar degree of permanence;

(b) legible;

(c) displayed to the best possible advantage having regard to the construction or

features of the aircraft; and

(d) kept clean and visible at all times.

(2) The letters and hyphen must be formed by solid lines and must be of a colour

which contrasts clearly with the background on which they are painted.

5. Location of marks: Lighter-than-air aircraft

5.1 Airships

The marks on an airship must appear –

(1) lengthwise on each side of the hull near the maximum cross section of the

airship and on the upper surface on the line of symmetry; or

(2) on the following stabilisers:

(a) the horizontal stabiliser on the right half of the upper surface and on the left

half of the lower surface with the tops of the letters towards the leading edge;

(b) the vertical stabiliser on each side of the bottom half stabiliser, with the letters

placed horizontally.

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5.2 Spherical balloons

The marks on a spherical balloon must appear in two places diametrically opposite

and be located near the maximum horizontal circumference of the balloon.

5.3 Non-spherical balloons

The marks on a non-spherical balloon must appear on each side of the balloon and

must be located near the maximum cross-section of the balloon immediately above –

(1) the rigging band; or

(2) the point of attachment, of the basket‘s suspension cables.

5.4 All lighter-than-air aircraft

The side marks on all lighter-than-air aircraft must be visible both from the sides and

from the ground.

6. Location of marks: Heavier-than-air aircraft

(1) The marks on aeroplanes and gliders must appear –

(a) except as provided in subparagraph (4), once, on the lower left surface of the

wing structure; and

(b) on both sides of the fuselage between the wings and tail surfaces, or on the

upper halves of the vertical tail surfaces.

(2) If the marks are confined to the outer half of the wing structure, they must be

located on the left lower surface.

(3) The tops of the letters must be towards the leading edge of the wing and as

far as possible, be equidistant from the leading and trailing edges of the wing.

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(4) Marks on a single vertical tail surface must appear on both sides of the tail

surface.

(5) Marks on multi-vertical tail surfaces must appear on the outboard sides of the

outer surfaces.

(6) The marks on a rotorcraft (other than a rotorcraft which is a gyrocopter) must

appear:

(a) on the bottom surface of the fuselage or cabin with the top of the marks

towards the front side of the fuselage; and

(b) on both sides of the fuselage or cabin or tailboom in a prominent place not

obstructed in normal use.

(7) The marks on a rotorcraft which is a gyrocopter must appear on both sides of a

vertical surface.

(8) Marks on multi-vertical surfaces must appear on the outboard sides of the outer

surfaces.

(9) If a heavier-than-air aircraft does not possess parts corresponding to those

mentioned in the appropriate subparagraph of this paragraph, the marks must

appear in such a manner that the aircraft can be readily identified.

7. Specification of marks

(1) The nationality and registration marks must consist of capital letters in Roman

characters without ornamentation

(2) The width of each letter (except letter ―I‖) and the length of the hyphen must

be two-thirds of the height of the letter.

(3) Each letter must be separated from the letter which immediately precedes or

follows it by a space equal to one quarter of the width of the individual letters,

the hyphen being regarded as a letter for this purpose.

(4) The lines forming the letters and hyphen must be solid and the thickness of

those lines must be one-sixth of the height of the letter.

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8. Measurement of marks

(1) The nationality and registration marks must be formed of letters of equal

height, and must be so situated as to leave a margin of at least 50 mm along

each edge of any surface to which they are affixed.

(2) The height of the marks on lighter-than-air aircraft must not be less than

500 mm.

(3) The height of the marks on aeroplanes and gliders must be –

(a) on the wings, not less than 500 mm; and

(b) on the fuselage or equivalent structure and on the vertical surfaces, not

less than 300 mm, except that where the surface is not large enough to

accommodate full-size marks the Director may approve marks of a lesser

measurement provided they are not less than 150 mm in height and can

be readily identified.

(4) The height of the marks on rotorcraft must be –

(a) on the bottom surface of the fuselage or cabin, not less than 500 mm

high; and

(b) on the sides of the fuselage or cabin, not less than 250 mm high,

except that where the surface is not large enough for full-size marks

the Director may approve marks of a lesser measurement provided

they are not less than 150 mm in height and can be readily identified.

(5) If an aeroplane or glider does not possess parts corresponding to those

mentioned in the appropriate subparagraph of this paragraph, the marks must

appear in such a manner that the aircraft can be readily identified.

9. Break-in-area markings on aircraft

(1) If areas of the fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in an emergency

are marked on an aircraft, such areas must be marked as per Figure1.

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(2) The colour of the markings must be red or yellow, and, if necessary, they

must be outlined in white to contrast with the background.

(3) If the corner markings are more than 2 m apart, intermediate lines of 90 mm x

3 mm must be inserted so that there is not more than 2 m between adjacent

marks.

Figure 1

1: Break-in-area markings on aircraft

10 Historic aircraft

Special markings for historic aircraft bearing unique and historic markings, insignia,

colours, and paint configurations may be preserved on such aircraft provided that:

(1) the aircraft is to be preserved for historic purposes to enable future

generations to view these aircraft in displays, airshows and other such events.

(2) the markings will be maintained in a manner true to their history as far as is

reasonably possible

(3) no heritage aircraft will be permitted to operate outside the border of South

Africa unless the relevant permissions are granted by the state over which the

aircraft flies.

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(4) The location, specification and measurement of registration marks for historic

aircraft and rotorcraft must be as specified in Sections 6, 7 and 8 of SA-CATS

47.

11 Classification of Aircraft

(1) Aircraft shall be classified in accordance with Table 1 below.

(2) An aircraft which is intended to be operated with no pilot on board shall be

further classified as unmanned.

(3) Unmanned aircraft shall include unmanned free balloons and remotely piloted

aircraft.

Table 1. Classification of aircraft

(i) Generally designated ―kite-balloon‖.

(ii) ―Float‖ or ―boat‖ may be added as appropriate.

(iii) Includes aircraft equipped with ski-type landing gear (substitute ―ski‖ for ―land‖).

(iv) For the purpose of completeness only.

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SCHEDULE 2

11. INSERTION OF APPENDIX 2.0A TO DOCUMENT SA-CATS 61 OF THE CIVIL AVIATION

REGULATIONS, 2011

1.1 Appendix 2.0A is hereby inserted after Appendix 2.0:

APPENDIX 2.0 A TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL STANDARDS (SA-CATS)

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

FOR THE COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE

(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER).

IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:

1. This appendix specifies the theoretical aspects required to be known for the CPL

theoretical knowledge examinations.

2. Candidates may be examined on any of the elements included in this appendix

that are applicable to the aircraft category licence sought and should be aware

especially of the requirements of SA-CATS 61.01.10 (11)(d) and (e).

3. All compulsory aspects applicable to the respective aircraft category are marked

with an ―X.‖

A mark in the category column ―A‖ represents an aspect applicable to the

aeroplane examination and a mark in the category column ―H‖ represents an

aspect applicable to the helicopter examination.

4. The column marked ―REFERENCE‖ refers to the applicable section or part in the

Regulations (CAR) or source document, when applicable. When a Technical

Standard is referred to, this is indicated by the use of the acronym ―CATS‖ or

―TS.‖ When a source document other than the Regulations is referred to in this

column, this is indicated in plain words as a heading.

5. Candidates are expected to be familiar with all acronyms and abbreviations

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contained in Subpart 1.01.2 of the Regulations prior to attempting any of the

subjects listed in this appendix, but will not be directly evaluated on this aspect in

the examinations.

6. Candidates are to ensure that they use the most recent amendments to the

Regulations, Technical Standards and other technical documentation when

preparing for the examinations.

7. The suggested study material to use for preparation for this examination is

communicated by Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) and also posted on the

Authority‘s website where deemed appropriate. This study material is assumed to

be the default source material used by candidates and is therefore not referred to

in this syllabus. Where reference material clarity is required or additional source

material is to be used for specific syllabus aspects, this is stipulated in the

relevant portion of the syllabus. Candidates are nevertheless free to use any

material they wish in order to ensure their comprehension of the mandated

subject matter and to comply with the prescribed theoretical knowledge

requirements.

8. Candidates should note that some of the suggested study material might refer to

foreign operational, certification and legislative requirements e.g. EU-OPS, JAA-

OPS, CS 23 and CS 25. Except where specifically indicated, candidates will not

be assessed on such aspects during this examination. The underlying theory,

however (which in most cases is identical in South African and other international

legislation), should be known and understood. In this regard, candidates are

expected to differentiate between the underlying theoretical concepts which need

to be known and the foreign requirements themselves, which need not be known.

Such non-compulsory information might nevertheless still be interesting to a

candidate for the purposes of personal enrichment and as an aid to general

knowledge of aviation developments.

9. For examination study purposes, where any discrepancy exists between the

information provided in the RSA AIP and the Regulations, the provisions of the

latter shall be regarded as correct. Such a situation may occur naturally due to

the delay present in the AIRAC cycle. Similarly, it may also occasionally occur

that changes in the AIP are not reflected immediately in this Technical Standard

due to the stringent time requirements involved in legislative changes. Such

situations can be expected as the natural consequence of the SACAA‘s attempt

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to define the syllabus as closely as possible. In these circumstances (for example

in the case of numbering changes), candidates are expected to resolve the

temporary discrepancy by appropriate, logical cross-referencing between the

syllabus and the AIP.

10. Refer to Appendix 2.0 C for the Syllabus of Theoretical Knowledge for the

Instrument Rating.

SUBJECT:

AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL

(AEROPLANE)

ASPEC

T

NUMB

ER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

Aeroplane

A.1.1 AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS

a. Valves X

− check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves,

restrictors, thermal relief valves X

b. Bearings X

− plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings,

roller bearings X

c. Pumps X

− gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type,

centrifugal type X

- pump drives X

d. Filters X

− strainers, sediment traps X

A.1.2 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS

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a. Fuselage X

− types of construction X

− structural components and materials X

− stress X

b. Cockpit and cabin windows X

− construction (laminated glass) X

− structural limitations X

c. Wings and stabilising surfaces X

− types of construction and materials X


− stress X

− vertical, horizontal and V-tail surfaces X

d. Landing gear X

− types X

− construction X

− locking devices and emergency extension systems X

− accidental retraction prevention devices X

− position, movement lights and indicators X

− nosewheel steering X

− wheels and tyres (construction, markings, limitations) X

− braking systems X

− construction X

− parking brake X

- Anti-skid system X

e. Hydraulics X

Basic principles of hydromechanics X

− hydraulic fluids X

− components and operation of basic hydraulic system X

Hydraulic systems X

− main, standby and emergency systems X

− operation, indicators and warning systems X

− ancillary systems X

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f. Air driven systems X

Pneumatic systems X

− power sources X

− components, construction and operation of basic

system X

− potential failures, warning devices, indicators X

Air conditioning system X

− heating and cooling X

− construction, functioning and controls X

− warning devices X

Pressurisation X

− cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude X

− differential pressure X

− pressurised zones in the aircraft X

− operation and indicators X

− safety devices and warning systems X

− rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning X

− emergency procedures X

De−ice systems X

− pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings/control

surfaces X

− components, construction and operation X

− use and operational limitations X

Anti-ice systems X

− aerofoil, control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes,

windshield X

− components, construction and operation X

− use and operational limitations X

− ice warning system X

g. Non-pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice

systems X

Components, construction and operation of: X

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− air intake X

− propeller X

− pitot, static pressure sensor and stall warning devices X

− windshield X

h. Fuel system X

Fuel tanks X

− structural components and types X

− venting and drains: purpose X

− unusable fuel X

Fuel feed X

− gravity feed X

− pressure feed, type of pumps X

− primer system, manual/electric X

− crossfeed X

Fuel system monitoring X

− operation, indicators, warning systems X

− fuel management X

Fuel jettison X

A.1.3 ELECTRICS

a. Direct current X

General X

− electric circuits and the electrical field X

− voltage, current, resistance X

− Ohm‘s law X

− resistive circuits X

− resistance as a function of temperature X

− electrical power and electrical work X

− protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches X

− function, type and operation X

− the capacitor: function X

Batteries X

− theory, types and characteristics X

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− capacity X

− hazards X

Magnetism X

− permanent magnetism X

− electromagnetism X

− relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function

and applications X

− electromagnetic power X

− electromagnetic induction X

Generators X

− principle, function and applications X

− monitoring devices X

− starter generator X

Current distribution X

− buses X

− ammeter and voltmeter X

− annunciators X

− inverter X

b. Alternating current X

− single and multi-phase AC X

− frequency X

− phase shift X

− AC components X

Alternators X

- principle, function and applications X

- starter generator X

AC power distribution X

− construction, operation and monitoring X

− protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators X

Transformers X

− function X

− types and applications X

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A.1.4 POWERPLANT − Piston engine

− General X

− principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine X

− components, design types and cylinder numbering X

− definitions X

− bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio X

− cylinder construction: X

− barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating

mechanism X

− valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap X

− pistons, piston rings, connecting rods X

− crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts X

− crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems X

− supercharging and turbo-charging X

− detonation and pre-ignition X

− contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition,

stopping and prevention X

a. Engine power X

− indicated horsepower (IHP) X

− friction horsepower (FHP) X

− brake horsepower (BHP) X

b. Lubrication system X

− wet sump and dry sump principles and components X

− oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief valve X

− oil cooling system, temperature regulation X

− oil grades X

c. Air cooling X

− fins, baffles and cowl flaps X

− cylinder head temperature X

d. Ignition system X

Components, construction and operation X

− HT magnetos, LT magnetos X

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− impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator X

− spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding X

− magneto serviceability checks X

e. Engine fuel supply X

− fuel, types, grades X

− detonation characteristics, octane rating X

− colour coding X

− carburettor components, construction and operation X

− fuel injection system components, construction,

operation X

− priming system, manual and electric X

− icing, carburettor heat and alternate air X

− air/fuel ratio, mixture control X

− maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings X

f. Engine handling X

Limitations X

− power and mixture settings, use of EGT X

− correct use of throttle (MAP), propeller control (RPM)

and X

mixture X

Faults X

− identification of engine problems X

− rough running X

− vibration X

− loss of power X

A.1.5 POWERPLANT − Turbine engine

a. Principle of operation X

b. Types of construction X

− centrifugal X

− axial flow X

c. Engine construction X

Air inlet X

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− function X

Compressor X

− function X

− construction and mode of operation X

− effects of damage X

− compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition,

avoidance) X

− compressor characteristics X

Combustion chamber X

− function X

− mixing ratios X

− fuel injectors X

Turbine X

− function, construction and working principles X

− thermal and mechanical stress X


− monitoring of exhaust gas temperature X

Jet pipe X

− function X

− different types X

− noise silencing devices X

d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine

engine X

e. Reverse thrust X

− function, type and principles of operation X

− use and monitoring X

- failure X

f. Turbine engine systems X

Ignition X

− function, types, components, operation, safety aspects X

Starter X

− function, type, construction and mode of operation X

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− control and monitoring X

− self-sustaining and idle speeds X

Engine start malfunctions X

− types, cause and avoidance X

Fuel system X

− construction and components X

− operation and monitoring X

− malfunctions X

Lubrication X



− malfunctions X

Fuel X

− effects of temperature X

− impurities and additives X

Engine operating and monitoring X

A.1.6 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

a. Smoke detection X

− location, indicators, function test X

b. Fire detection and fire fighting X

− location, warning mode, function test X

c. Oxygen systems X

− types of systems, principles of operation X

− use and safety measures X

A.1.7 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND

HAZARDS

a. Bird strike risk and avoidance X

b. Fire/Smoke X

− carburettor fire X

− engine fire X

− fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment X

− selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with X

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respect to fire classification

− actions in case of over-heated brakes after aborted

take-off and landing X

− smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions

taken) X

c. Windshear, microburst X

− effects and recognition during approach/departure X

− actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X

d. Wake turbulence X

− cause X

− influence of speed and mass, wind X

− actions taken during approach, landing, take-off,

crossing behind X

e. Contaminated runways: X

SA CAR Part 1.01.1 Definitions: X

- damp runway X

- dry runway X

- wet runway X

- contaminated runway X

Types of contamination X

Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning X

- types X

- critical speed formula X

- reducing the effects of hydroplaning X

A.1.8 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS

a. Laws and definitions X

− units of measurement X

− Newton‘s Laws of Motion X

− mass and weight X

− inertia X

− velocity X

− temperature and density X

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− static and dynamic pressure X

− momentum X

− acceleration X

− equilibrium X

− motion on a curved path X

− work, power and energy X

b. Airspeeds X

− Indicated Airspeed (IAS) X

− Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) X

− Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) X

− True Airspeed (TAS) X

− Mach number X

c. Lift X

− equation of continuity X

− Bernoulli‘s theorem and the venturi effect X

Aerofoil definitions X

− relative airflow X

− camber and mean camber line X

− chord line X

− angle of attack X

− centre of pressure X

− pressure distribution around an aerofoil X

− lift formula and lift curve X

− lift/drag ratio X

Shape of an aerofoil X

− symmetrical aerofoils X

− thickness to chord ratio X

− root chord, tip chord and mean aerodynamic chord X

− aspect ratio, angle of sweepback X

d. Drag X

Profile drag X

− form drag X

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− skin friction X

− causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising X

Induced drag X

− causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack X

− design methods used to minimise X

Drag formula X

Drag curves, total drag curve and factors

affecting X

e. Thrust X

− thrust curve X

− thrust horse power (THP) X

f. Ground effect X

− definition X

− effect during take-off X

− effect during landing X

g. Flying controls X

Elevator, ailerons, rudder X

− primary effects X

− secondary effects X

− stabilator X

− combined primary control surfaces X

Control balancing X

− aerodynamic balance X

− tabs X

− mass balancing X

Trimming control systems X

− fixed tabs, balance tab, anti-balance tab, servo tab X

− spring tab X

− variable incidence tailplane X

Adverse aileron yaw X

− cause X

− principle of operation of differential and frise ailerons X

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h. Lift augmentation X

Trailing edge flaps, types and method of operation X

− effect on stalling angle X

− effect on stalling speed X

− use during take-off, approach and landing X

Leading edge flaps, types and method of

operation X

− effect on stalling angle X

Slats and slots X

i. Stalling X

Boundary layer definitions X

− laminar flow layer X

− turbulent flow layer X

− transition point X

− separation point X

Influence of angle of attack X

− on pressure distribution X

− on centre of pressure X

Symptoms of the stall X

− power off X

− power on X

− with and without flaps X

− stall warning indications X

− typical aural or visual indication X

Method of recovery X

− use of controls and engine power or thrust X

The stall speed X

Influence of: X

− the centre of gravity X

− power setting X

− wing loading X

Wing tip stalling X

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− design methods to minimise X

− washout X

− boundary layer fences X

− vortex generators X

− sawtooth leading edge X

j. Spinning X

The incipient spin (autorotation) X

− development, recognition and recovery X

The full developed spin X

− forces, development, recognition and recovery X

k. Forces acting on an aeroplane X

Straight and level flight X

− balance of couples X

− relationship between power available and power

required X

− range and endurance and factors affecting X

Climbing X

− steady straight climb X

− balance of forces X

− maximum rate of climb X

− best angle of climb X

− factors affecting X

− use of power curves X

- cruise climb X

Descending X

− without power X


− effect of weight, wind, configuration X

− gliding for range X

− gliding for endurance X

− effect of power X

Turning X

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− centrifugal and centripetal forces X

− load factor X

− turn rate and turn radius X

− effect of weight, power and speed X

− climbing and descending turns X

− steep turns X

l. Stability X

− axes and planes of rotation X

− static stability X

SUBJECT:

AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL AND GENERAL

(HELICOPTER)

ASPEC

T

NUMB

ER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILIT

Y

H

A.2.1 AIRCRAFT ELEMENTS

a. Valves X

− check valves, pressure release valves, selector valves,

restrictors, thermal relief valves X

b. Bearings X

− plain bearings, split bearings, bushes, ball bearings,

roller bearings X

c. Pumps X

− gear type, diaphragm type, vane type, piston type, X

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centrifugal type

- pump drives X

d. Filters X

− strainers, sediment traps X

A.2.2 AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS

a. Fuselage X

− types of construction X


− stress X

b. Cockpit and cabin windows X

− construction X

− structural limitations X

c. Landing gear (helicopter) X

− types: floats, skids, wheels X

− construction X

d. Helicopter configurations X

− single rotor X

e. Helicopter controls and rotors X

Control systems X

− types, components, adjustments X

− primary controls (cyclic, collective, directional) X

f. Rotorheads X

− types, components, operation X

g. Tail rotors X

− types, components, operation X

- NOTARS X

h. Helicopter blades X

− types, construction, material, adjustment, balancing X

i. Helicopter control surfaces X

− vertical and horizontal stabilisers, construction,

material X

j. Transmission systems X

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Drive shafts X

− types, components, materials X

Gearboxes X

− types, construction, material, lubrication, indications X

- limitations X

- chip detector X

Clutches X

− types, components X

Freewheeling X

− types, components X

k. Rotor brake X

− components, construction X

l. Inspection X

− vibration, balancing, tracking X

m. Hydraulics X

Basic principles of hydromechanics X

− hydraulic fluids X

− components and operation of basic hydraulic system X

Hydraulic systems X

− main, standby and emergency systems X

− operation, indicators and warning systems X

n. Air driven systems X

Air conditioning system X

− heating and cooling X

− construction, functioning and controls X

− warning devices X

- ram air ventilation X

o. De−ice and anti−ice systems (helicopter) X

− components, construction and operation of: X

− air intake, rotors (main and tail rotor) X

− pitot, static pressure sensor X

− windshield X

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p. Fuel system X

Fuel tanks X

− structural components and types X

− venting and drains: purpose X

Fuel feed X

− gravity feed X

− pressure feed, type of pumps X

− primer system, manual/electric X

− crossfeed X

Fuel system monitoring X

− operation, indicators, warning systems X

− fuel management X

A.2.3 ELECTRICS

a. Direct current X

General X

− electric circuits and the electrical field X

− voltage, current, resistance X

− Ohm‘s law X

− resistive circuits X

− resistance as a function of temperature X

− electrical power and electrical work X

− protection devices: fuses, circuit breakers, switches X

− function, type and operation X

− the capacitor: function X

Batteries X

− theory, types and characteristics X

− capacity X

- uses X

− hazards X

Magnetism X

− permanent magnetism X

− electromagnetism X

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− relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve: principle, function

and applications X

− electromagnetic power X

− electromagnetic induction X

Generators X

− principle, function and applications X

− monitoring devices X

− starter generator X

Current distribution X

− buses X

− ammeter and voltmeter X

− annunciators X

− inverter X

Alternators X

- principle, function and applications X

- starter generator X

b. Alternating current X

− single and multi-phase AC X

− frequency X

− phase shift X

− AC components X

AC power distribution X

− construction, operation and monitoring X

− protection circuits, paralleling of AC generators X

Transformers X

− function X

− types and applications X

Transformer/rectifier units X

A.2.4 POWERPLANT − Piston engine

a. General X

− principle of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine X

− components, design types and cylinder numbering X

of 318

b. Definitions: X

− bore, stroke, swept volume, compression ratio X

c. Engine and cylinder construction and operation: X

− barrel, cylinder head, valves, valve operating

mechanism X

− valve timing, valve clearances, valve lead/lag/overlap X

− pistons, piston rings, connecting rods X

− crank shafts, dynamic dampers, bearings, camshafts X

− crankcase construction, accessories, breather systems X

− supercharging and turbo-charging X

d. Detonation and pre-ignition: X

− contributing factors, effect and indications, recognition,

stopping and prevention X

e. Engine power X

− indicated horsepower (IHP) X

− friction horsepower (FHP) X

− brake horsepower (BHP) X

f. Lubrication system X

− wet sump and dry sump principles and components X

− oil pressure and scavenge pumps, pressure relief

valve X

− oil cooling system, temperature regulation X

− oil grades X

G. Air cooling X

− fins, baffles X

− cylinder head temperature X

H. Ignition system X

Components, construction and operation X

− HT magnetos, LT magnetos X

− impulse coupling, booster coil and induction vibrator X

− spark plugs, ignition harness and shielding X

− magneto serviceability checks X

of 318

i. Engine fuel supply X

− fuel, types, grades X

− detonation characteristics, octane rating X

− colour coding X

− carburettor components, construction and operation X

− fuel injection system components, construction,

operation X

− priming system, manual and electric X

− icing, carburettor heat and alternate air X

− air/fuel ratio, mixture control X

− maximum power and fuel economy mixture settings X

j. Engine handling X

Limitations X

− power and mixture settings, use of EGT X

− operational limitations X

Faults X

− identification of engine problems X

− rough running X

− vibration X

− loss of power X

A.2.5 POWERPLANT − Turbine engine

a. Principle of operation X

b. Types of construction X

− centrifugal X

− axial flow X

c. Engine construction X

Air inlet X

− function X

Compressor X

− function X

− construction and mode of operation X


of 318

− compressor stall and surge (cause, recognition,

avoidance) X

− compressor characteristics X

Combustion chamber X

− function X

− mixing ratios X

− fuel injectors X

Turbine X

− function, construction and working principles X

− thermal and mechanical stress X


− monitoring of exhaust gas temperature X

d. Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine

engine X

e. Turbine engine systems X

Ignition X

− function, types, components, operation, safety aspects X

Starter X

− function, type, construction and mode of operation X

− control and monitoring X

− self-sustaining and idle speeds X

Engine start malfunctions X

− types, cause and avoidance X

Fuel system X



− malfunctions X

Lubrication X



− malfunctions X

Fuel X

of 318

− effects of temperature X

− impurities and additives X

Engine operating and monitoring X

A.2.6 EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

a. Fire detection and fire fighting X

− location, warning mode, function test X

A.2.7 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND

HAZARDS

a. Ground de-icing X

− icing conditions X

− de-icing, anti-icing, types of fluids X

b. Bird strike risk and avoidance X

c. Noise abatement X

− influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise or

approach) X

− influence by the pilot (power setting, track of

helicopter) X

d. Fire/Smoke X

− carburettor fire X

− engine fire X

− fire in the cabin or cockpit X

− selection of appropriate fire extinguishing agents with

respect to fire classification X

− smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions

taken) X

e. Windshear, microburst X

− effects and recognition during approach/departure X

− actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X

f. Wake turbulence X

− cause X

− influence of speed, mass and wind X

− actions taken during approach, landing, take-off,

crossing behind X

of 318

g. Rotor downwash X

h. Emergency procedures X

Influence by technical problems: X

− engine failure X

− tail rotor/directional control failure X

− ground/resonance X

− blade/stall X

− settling with power X

− overpitch X

− overspeed X

− sudden stoppage X

− dynamic rollover/mast bumping X

A.2.8 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS

a. Laws and definitions X

− units of measurement X

− Newton‘s Laws of Motion X

− mass and weight X

− inertia X

− velocity X

− temperature and density X

− static and dynamic pressure X

− momentum X

− acceleration X

− equilibrium X

− motion on a curved path X

− work, power and energy X

b. Airspeeds X

− Indicated Airspeed (IAS) X

− Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) X

− True Airspeed (TAS) X

c. Lift X

− equation of continuity X

of 318

− Bernoulli‘s theorem and the venturi effect X

Aerofoil definitions X


− camber and mean camber line X

− chord line X

− angle of attack X

− centre of pressure X

− pressure distribution around an aerofoil X

− lift formula and lift curve X

− lift/drag ratio X

Shape of an aerofoil

- types of aerofoils X

− aspect ratio X

d. Drag X

Profile drag X

− form drag X

− skin friction X

− causes, variation with speed, methods of minimising X

Induced drag X

− causes, vortices, variation with speed/angle of attack X

− design methods used to minimise X

Drag formulas X

Drag curves, total drag curve and factors

affecting drag X

Rotor drag X

e. Distribution of forces – balance of couples X

− lift/weight and thrust/drag couples X

A.2.9 HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS

a. Definitions: X

− axis of rotation X

− rotor shaft axis X

− tip path X

of 318

− tip path plane X

− rotor disc X

− disc loading X

− blade loading X

b. The forces diagram and associated terminology X

− pitch angle (blade angle) X

− rotational airflow X

− induced airflow X

− lift blade X

− drag blade X

− total reaction – blade X

− rotor thrust X

− rotor drag X

− torque X

c. Uniformity of rotor thrust along the blade X

− blade twist X

− taper X

− coning angle X

− centrifugal force X

− limits of rotor RPM X

− centrifugal turning moments X

d. Helicopter controls X

Collective lever X

− collective pitch changes X

− relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag X

Cyclic stick X

− cyclic pitch changes X

− rotor disc attitude X

− rotor thrust tilt X

Yaw pedals X

− fuselage torque X

− tail rotor drift X

of 318

− tail rotor roll X

− fenestron tail X

- Tail rotor failures X

- Other methods of anti-torque X

e. Rotor blade freedom of movement X

− the feathering axis X

− pitch angle X

f. Flapping X

− the flapping hinge X

− flapping to equality X

g. Dragging X

− the drag hinge X

− drag dampers X

− leading/lagging X

− periodic drag changes X

− blade CG (conservation of angular momentum) X

− hookes joint effect X

h. Phase lag and advance angle X

− the control orbit X

− pitch operating arm movement X

− rate of pitch change X

− rate of blade flapping X

− resulting disc attitude X

− phase lag definition X

− advantage angle – definition X

i. Vertical flight X

− take-off X

− vertical climb X

− vertical descent X

− hover outside ground effect X

− ground effect X

− factors affecting ground cushion X

of 318

- limitations on vertical flight X

− avoidance of dynamic roll-over X

j. Force in balance X

− at the hover X

− in forward flight X

− influence of CG X

− influence of rotor shaft tilt X

k. Translational lift X

− effect of horizontal airflow on induce flow X

− variation of total flow through the disc with forward

flight X

− the relationship between pitch angle and angle of

attack X

l. Power requirements X

− rotor profile power X

− power absorption – tail rotor and ancillary equipment X

− rotor profile power variation with forward speed X

− induced drag X

− parasite drag X

− total power required X

− power available X

m. Further aerodynamics of forward flight X

− transition to and from the hover X

− symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust X

− main rotor flapback X

− tail rotor flapback and methods of removal X

− factor affecting maximum forward speed X

− design limits of cyclic stick X

− airflow reversal X

− retreating blade stall X

− symptoms and recovery actions X

− compressibility X

of 318

− flow separation X

− inflow roll X

n. Factors affecting cyclic stick limits X

− density altitude X

− CG position X

o. The flare – power flight X

− thrust reversal X

− effect on helicopter attitude X

− increase in rotor thrust X

− decrease in rotor drag X

− increase in rotor RPM X

− effect of deceleration X

p. Settling with power (vortex ring) X

− tip vortices X

− comparison between induced flow and external flow X

− development X

− change in relative airflow along blade span X

− root stall and turbulence X

q. Blade sailing X

− rotor RPM and blade rigidity X

− effect of adverse wind X

− minimising the danger X

r. Autorotation − vertical X

− rate of descent airflow X

− effective airflow X


− inflow and outflow angle X

− autorotative force X

− rotor drag X

− effect of mass and altitude X

− control of rotor RPM X

− rotor RPM stability X

of 318

s. Autorotation – forward flight X

− factors affecting inflow angle X

− effect of forward speed on rate of descent X

− asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight X

− turning X

− the flare X

− rotor RPM increase from movement of autorotative

section X

− increase in rotor thrust X

− reduction in rate of descent X

− range and endurance X

− autorotative landing X

− height/velocity avoidance graph X

t. Stability X

− hover X

− forward flight X

− rearward flight X

− stability aids X

− stabilisers and effects of CG X

− gyro controlled stabiliser system X

− stabiliser bars X

− delta hinge effect X

− effect of lever application on attitude in translational

flight X

u. Control power X

− the teetering head X

− fully articulated head X

− the rigid rotor X

− effect on stability X

− effect on dynamic/static rollover X

v. Power requirements − graphs X

− power required/power available graph X

of 318

− maximum rate of climb speed X

− operating with limited power X

− best angle of climb speed X

− maximum speed X

− range and endurance X

− overpitch X

− overtorque X

− turning X

w. Stability X

− helicopter axes and planes of rotation X

− static stability X

− dynamic stability X

− static and dynamic longitudinal stability X

− lateral directional stability X

− static and dynamic directional stability X

− effects of design features on stability X

- Helicopter stability augmentation systems X

x. Blade stall X

− stalling angle of attack X

− boundary layer flow X

− variation of lift and drag at the stall X

y. Transonic effects on blades X

− shock waves X

− formation and effect on helicopter handling X

SUBJECT:

AIR LAW

(AEROPLANE AND HELICOPTER)

ASPEC SYLLABUS ASPECT

of 318

T

NUMB

ER

REGULATIO

N

REFERENCE

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

A.3.1

SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION

REGULATIONS & TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

CAR Part

1.01.1 Definitions and abbreviations

- Accident X X

- Active flight deck duty X

- Acts of unlawful interference X X

- Advisory airspace X X

- Aerial work X X

- Aerobatic flight X X

- Aerodrome X X

- Aerodrome operating minima X X

- Aerodrome traffic zone X X

- Aeronautical information circular

(AIC) X X

- Aeronautical information

publication X X

- Aeroplane X X

- AIP Supplement X X

- Airborne collision avoidance

system X X

- Aircraft X X

- Aircraft category X X

- Aircraft certificated for single-pilot

operation X X

- Aircraft flight manual X X

of 318

- Aircraft operating manual X X

- Aircraft type X X

- Aircraft variant X X

- Airmanship X X

- Air operator certificate X X

- Air side X X

- Air-taxiing X

- Air traffic advisory service X X

- Air traffic control service X X

- Air traffic service X X

- Air traffic service unit X X

- Airworthy X X

- Alerting service X X

- Alternate aerodrome/ heliport X X

- Altitude X X

- Approach and landing phase

helicopters X

- Approved training X X

- Apron X X

- ATS surveillance service X X

- Authority to fly X X

- Automatic dependent surveillance

— broadcast X X

- Ceiling / Cloud ceiling X X

- Certificate of airworthiness X X

- Child X X

- Communication failure procedure X X

- Competency X X

- Configuration X X

- Contaminated runway X X

- Control area X X

- Controlled flight X X

of 318

- Control zone X X

- Co-pilot X X

- Corporate aviation operation X X

- Crew member X X

- Cargo X X

- Carry-on baggage X X

- Congested area X

- Congested hostile environment X

- Critical phase of flight X X

- Cross country flight X X

- Current flight plan X X

- Danger area X X

- Date of application X X

- Day X X

- Defined point X

- Designated flight examiner X X

- Electronic flight bag X X

- En-route alternate aerodrome

- En-route safe altitude X X

- Estimated time of arrival (VFR) X X

- Extended range operations X X

- First aid X X

- Flight X X

- Flight crew member X X

- Flight duty period X X

- Flight information region X X

- Flight information service X X

- Flight level X X

- Flight plan X X

- Flight simulator training device X X

- Flight time X X

- General aviation operation X X

of 318

- Full flight simulator X X

- GNSS X X

- Hazard X X

- Helicopter X X

- Helicopter load combination X

- Incident X X

- Infant X X

- Integrated aeronautical

information package X X

- Instrument meteorological

conditions X X

- International flight X X

- Landing distance available X X

- Large aircraft X X

- Maneuvering area X X

- Master minimum equipment list X X

- Minimum equipment list X X

- Maximum certificated mass X X

- Meteorological service X X

- Night X X

- Operator X X

- Passenger X X

- Pilot X X

- Pilot in command X X

- Pilot in command under

supervision X X

- Psychoactive substances X X

- Receiver Autonomous Integrity

Monitoring X X

- Rejected take-off distance

required X

- Release to service X X

of 318

- Restricted area X X

- Runway-holding position X X

- Safety pilot X X

- Serious injury X X

- Skills test X X

- Special rules areas X X

- Student pilot in command X X

- Suitable aerodrome X X

- Take-off and initial climb phase X

- Take-off distance available X X

- Take-off run available X X

- Taxi X X

- Terminal control area X X

- Threat X X

- Threat management X X

- Threshold X X

- Transition altitude X X

- Transition level X X

- Tug X X

- Tow X X

- Visual approach X X

- Visibility X X

- Visual meteorological conditions X X

- Wet runway X X

A.3.2 CAR PART

12

AVIATION ACCIDENTS AND

INCIDENTS

Subpart 1: General

12.01.1 Applicability X X

12.01.9 Powers of the Investigator in Charge or

an Investigator X X

Subpart 2: Accident or incident notification

procedures

of 318

12.02.1 Notification of accidents X X

12.02.2 Notification of incidents X X

12.02.3 Notification of accidents or incidents

outside the Republic X X

12.02.4 Particulars of notification X X

12.02.5 Notification of hazards X X

Subpart 4: Scene of an accident

12.04.1 Guarding of aircraft involved in accident X X

12.04.2 Access to the scene of accident X X

12.04.3 Control of evidence X X

12.04.4 Interference with objects and marks at

scene of accident X X

12.04.5 Removal of damaged or disabled aircraft X X

A.3.3 CAR PART

43 GENERAL MAINTENANCE RULES


43.01.2 Falsification, reproduction or alteration of

maintenance documents X X

43.01.3 Logbooks X X

43.01.5 Entries in logbooks X X

43.02.2 (2) Persons to carry out maintenance X X

CATS

43.02.2 Persons to carry out maintenance X X

43.02.7 (1) Mass and balance X X

43.02.18 Aircraft compass requirements X X

CATS

43.02.18 Aircraft compass requirements X X

43.04.1 Persons to certify release to service X X

A.3.4 CAR PART

61 PILOT LICENSING


61.01.2 Pilot licences X X

61.01.3 Ratings for pilots X X

of 318

61.01.5 Maintenance of competency and Skills

Test X X

61.01.6 Medical requirements and fitness X X

61.01.7 Language X X

61.01.8 Logging of flight time

(excl (13) – (16)) X X

61.01.9

Crediting of flight time and theoretical

knowledge

(excl (9) – (27))

X X

61.01.11 Curtailment of privileges of licence

holders aged 60 years or more X X

61.01.12 Flight simulation training device X X

61.01.14 Register of licences X X

61.01.15 Training for acquiring licence, rating or

validation X X

61.01.16 Payment of currency fee X X

61.01.18 Endorsements and record keeping X X

61.05.1 Requirements for Commercial Pilot

Licence (Aeroplane) X

61.05.3 Theoretical knowledge examination for

Commercial Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X

61.05.4 Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence

(Aeroplane) X

61.05.5 Privileges and limitations of Commercial

Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) X

61.05.6 Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot

Licence (Aeroplane) X

61.05.7 Maintenance of Competency for a


61.05.8 Ratings for special purposes for a


61.06.1 Requirements for Commercial Pilot

Licence (Helicopter) X

of 318

61.06.3 Theoretical knowledge examination for

Commercial Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X

61.06.4 Skills test for Commercial Pilot Licence

(Helicopter) X

61.06.5 Privileges and limitations of Commercial

Pilot Licence (Helicopter) X

61.06.6 Period of validity of a Commercial Pilot

Licence (Helicopter) X

61.06.7 Maintenance of Competency for


61.06.8 Ratings for special purposes for


61.09.1

Requirements for issue of class and type

ratings

(excl (11), (12))

X X

61.09.1

Requirements for issue of class and type

ratings

(excl (8) – (10))

X X

61.09.2 Training

(excl (5)) X X

61.09.3 Skills test X X

61.09.4 Circumstances in which type or class

ratings are required X X

61.09.7 Type and class ratings: Privileges and

variants X X

61.09.8 Type and class ratings X X

A.3.5 CAR PART

67 MEDICAL CERTIFICATION

67.00.2 Classes of medical certificates X X

67.00.3 (2) Functions of Director regarding medical

examinations X X

67.00.6 Period of validity of medical certificates

(excl (4)) X X

of 318

67.00.8 Issuing of medical certificate X X

67.00.9 Duties of holder of medical certificate X X

67.00.13 Substance abuse X X

67.00.14 Suspension or cancellation of medical

certificate X X

A.3.6 CAR PART

91

GENERAL AVIATION AND

OPERATING FLIGHT RULES


91.01.2 Authority of PIC and crew members X X

91.01.3 Authorisation of personnel to taxi

aeroplanes X

91.01.6 Method of carriage of persons X X

91.01.7 Admission to flight deck X X

91.01.9 Portable electronic devices X X

91.01.10 Endangering safety X X

91.01.12 Use of time X X

91.01.13 Additional flight crew member equipment X X

91.01.14 Carriage of dangerous goods X X

91.01.15 Passenger intoxication and unruly

behaviour X X

91.01.16 Psychoactive substances X X

91.02.1 Crew composition and qualifications X X

91.02.3 Crew member responsibilities X X

91.02.4 Recency X X

91.02.5 Crew members at duty stations X X

91.02.6 Laws, regulations and procedures X X

91.02.7 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding

flight preparation X X

91.02.8 Duties of pilot-in-command regarding

flight operations X X

91.03.1 Documents to be carried on board X X

91.03.2 Aircraft flight manual X X

91.03.3 Aircraft checklists X X

of 318

91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and

associated procedures X X

91.03.5 Flight folio X X

SACATS

91.03.5 Flight folio X X

91.03.6 Fuel record X X

91.03.7 Certificate of release to service X X

91.03.9 Logbooks X X

91.04.1 Use and installation of instruments and

equipment X X

91.04.2 Circuit protection devices X X

91.04.3 Aircraft operating lights X X

91.04.4

Flight, navigation and associated

equipment for aircraft operated under

VFR

X X

91.04.6 Additional equipment for single-pilot

operation under IMC or at night X X

91.04.8 Radio altimeter X

91.04.11 Seats, seat safety belts, harnesses and

child restraint devices X X

91.04.13 First aid and universal precaution kits X X

91.04.16 Supplemental oxygen in case of non-

pressurised aircraft X X

91.04.18 Hand-held fire extinguishers X X

91.04.23 Emergency locator transmitters X X

91.04.24(1)(a

) Life jackets and other flotation devices X

91.04.24(1)(c

) Life jackets and other flotation devices X

91.04.25 Life jackets and other flotation devices X X

91.04.28 Airborne collision avoidance system X X

91.04.30 Terrain awareness and warning systems

(TAWS) X X

of 318

91.05.1 Communication equipment X X

91.05.2 Navigation equipment X X

CATS

91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite system X X

91.06.1 Landing on roads X X

91.06.2 Dropping objects, spraying or dusting X X

91.06.3 Picking up objects X X

91.06.6 Proximity and formation flights X X

91.06.7 Right of way X X

91.06.8 Following line features X X

91.06.9 Aircraft speed X X

91.06.10 Lights to be displayed by aircraft X X

91.06.11 Taxi rules X X

91.06.12 Operation on and in vicinity of

aerodrome X X

91.06.13 Signals X X

SACATS

91.06.13 Signals X X

91.06.15 Reporting position X X

91.06.16 Mandatory radio communication in

controlled airspace X X

SA-CATS

91.06.16

Mandatory radio communications in

controlled airspace X X

- Radio communication failure (RCF)

procedures – General X X

- RCF procedures – VFR X X

- Appendix 1 Standard Radio

Communications Failure Procedure –

VFR Arrivals

X X

91.06.17 Mandatory radio communication in

advisory airspace X X

91.06.18 Compliance with rules of air and air

traffic control clearances and instructions X X

of 318

91.06.19 Prohibited areas X X

91.06.20 Restricted areas X X

91.06.21(1)(a

), (2) Visibility and distance from cloud X

91.06.21(1)(b

), (2) Visibility and distance from cloud X

91.06.22(1) Special VFR weather minima X

91.06.22(2) Special VFR weather minima X

91.06.23 VFR flight determination and weather

deterioration X X

91.06.24 Compliance with IFR X X

91.06.25 Aircraft equipment X X

91.06.29 Identification and interception of aircraft X X

SACATS

91.06.29 Identification and interception of aircraft X X

91.06.30 Air traffic service procedures X X

91.06.31 Priority X X

91.06.32

(excl (2) Minimum heights X

91.06.32 Minimum heights X

91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X

SACATS

91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X

91.07.1 Routes and areas of operation X X

91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X

SACATS

91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X

91.07.3 Use of aerodromes X X

91.07.4 Helicopter landings and take-offs X

91.07.10 VFR operating minima X X

91.07.12 Fuel supply X X

SACATS

91.07.12(1) Fuel supply X

of 318

SACATS

91.07.12(2) Fuel supply X

91.07.13

Refuelling or defuelling with passengers

on board X X

91.07.18 Seats, safety belts and harnesses X X

91.07.19 Passenger seating X X

91.07.20 Passenger movements and briefing X X

91.07.21 Passenger health and safety X X

91.07.24 Use of supplemental oxygen X X

91.07.25 Approach and landing conditions X X

91.07.28 Turning helicopter rotors X

91.07.29 Starting and running of engines X X

91.07.30 Acrobatic flights X X

91.07.31 Simulated instrument flight in aircraft X X

91.07.32 Aeroplane operating procedures X

91.07.34 Electronic flight bags X X

91.07.35 Extended twin engine operations X

A.3.7 CAR Part 92 Conveyance of dangerous goods


92.00.8 Training X X

92.00.18 Loading restrictions in cabin or on flight

deck X X

92.00.21 Loading in cargo aircraft X X

92.00.27 Dangerous goods carried by passengers

or flight crew members X X

A.3.8 CAR Part 93 Corporate operations

A.3.9 93.01.1 Applicability X

93.02.2 Extended twin engine operations X

93.02.10 Fatigue management program X

A.3.10 CAR Part

121

Air transport operations – carriage on

aeroplanes of more than 19

passengers or cargo

of 318

121.01.1 Applicability X

A.3.11 CAR Part

127

Commercial air transport and general

aviation operations: helicopters


127.02.1(8)(9

)(6) Composition of flight crew X

127.07.8 Offshore operations X

A.3.12 CAR Part

135

Air transport operations – carriage of

less than 20 passengers or cargo


135.01.2 Admission to flight deck X

135.02.2 Minimum requirements for assignment

as pilot-in-command X

SACATS

135.02.2

Minimum requirements for assignment

as pilot-in-command X

135.07.5 Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night

operations X

SACATS

135.07.5

Single-engine aeroplane IMC and night

operations X

135.07.8 IFR or night flight without second-in-

command X

SACATS

135.07.8

IFR or night flight without second-in-

command X

135.08.7 Dispatch limitations: landing at

destination and alternate aerodromes X

A.3.13 CAR Part

139 Aerodromes and heliports

139.01.1(2) Applicability X X

139.04.1 Approval and operation of non-licensed

helicopter sites X

A.3.14 SA-CATS

172 Airspace and Air Traffic Services

SA-CATS Classification of airspace and level of X X

of 318

172.02.2 service provision

A.3.15 CAR Part

185 Enforcement

185.00.1 Offences X X

A.3.16 RSA Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

ENROUTE

ENR 1.4.1 Classification of airspace X X

ENR 1.5.1 General X X

ENR 1.5.2 Arriving flights X X

ENR 1.5.10 Departing flights

General X X

ENR 1.5.10.1 Noise abatement procedures X

ENR 1.6.1 Primary radar X X

ENR 1.6.2 Secondary surveillance radar

(Excluding 1.6.2.3.4 & 1.6.2.3.5) X X

ENR 1.7 Altimeter setting procedures (excluding

1.7.3b) X X

AERODROM

ES

AD section

Interpretation of aerodrome information

on AIP charts

(Candidates should take note of the

information in RSA AIP GEN section 2.2

for AIP abbreviations and section 2.3 for

Chart symbols)

X X

A.3.17 JEPPESEN HIGH / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE

CHARTS

a. Recognition and knowledge of: X X

- Air route structure X X

- airspace structure and classification X X

- communication frequencies X X

- chart symbols X X

- danger, restricted and prohibited airspace X X

of 318

- aerodrome information X X

- radio navigation facilities and frequencies X X

A.3.18 ICAO ANNEX 14 – AERODROMES Vol 1

a. Definitions

- Aerodrome beacon X X

- Aerodrome elevation X X

- Barrette X X

- Clearway X

- Declared distances

(Take-off run available (TORA); Take-off distance

available (TODA); Accelerate-stop distance available

(ASDA); Landing distance available (LDA))

X X

- Displaced threshold X X

- Holding bay X

- Instrument runway (All types are to be known) X X

- Landing area X X

- Manoeuvring area X X

- Marking X X

- Movement area X X

- Primary runway(s) X X

- Runway X X


- Runway strip X X

- Runway turn pad X X

- Shoulder X X

- Sign X X

- Stopway X X

- Taxiway X X

- Threshold X X

- Touchdown zone X

b. Chapter 2 Aerodrome data

- 2.2 Aerodrome reference point X X

of 318

- 2.6 Strength of pavements X X

- 2.8 Declared distances X X

c. Chapter 3 Physical characteristics

- 3.6 Clearways X

- 3.7 Stopways X

- 3.14 Isolated aircraft parking position X X

d. Chapter 5 Visual aids for navigation

5.2 Markings

- 5.2.1 General X X

- 5.2.2 Runway designation marking X X

- 5.2.3 Runway centre line marking X X

- 5.2.4 Threshold marking (including displaced

threshold marking) X X

- 5.2.5 Aiming point marking X

- 5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking X

- 5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking X X

- 5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking X X

- 5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking X X

- 5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking X X

- 5.2.16 Mandatory instruction marking X X

- 5.2.17 Information marking X X

5.3 Lights

- 5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems X X

- 5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights X X

- 5.3.9 Runway edge lights X X

- 5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights X X

- 5.3.11 Runway end lights X X

- 5.3.12 Runway centre line lights X X

- 5.3.15 Rapid exit taxiway indicator lights X X

- 5.3.16 Stopway lights X X

- 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights X X

- 5.3.20 Stop bars X X

of 318

- 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights X X

- 5.3.23 Runway guard lights X X

5.4 Signs

5.4.2 Mandatory instruction X X

5.4.3 Information signs X X

e. Declared Distances

- Runway length X X

- Landing distance available (LDA) X X

- Clearways and stopways X X

- Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) X X

- Take-off run available (TORA) X X

- Take-off distance available (TODA) X X

A.3.19 ICAO ANNEX 14 − AERODROMES Vol ll Heliports

a. Chapter 1 - 1.1 Definitions X

- Declared distances — heliports

(Take-off distance available (TODAH); Rejected take-off

distance available (RTODAH); Landing distance

available (LDAH).

X

- Dynamic load-bearing surface. X

- Elevated heliport. X

- Final approach and take-off area (FATO). X

- Helicopter air taxiway. X

- Helicopter clearway X

- Helicopter ground taxiway X

- Helicopter stand. X

- Helideck X

- Heliport X

- Protection area. X

- Rejected take-off area X

- Safety area X

- Shipboard heliport X

- Static load-bearing surface X

of 318

- Surface-level heliport X

- Taxi-route. X

- Touchdown and lift-off area (TLOF) X

- Winching area X

b. Chapter 2 Heliport data X

- 2.2 Heliport reference point X

- 2.3 Heliport elevation X

- 2.5 Declared distances X

c. Chapter 3 Physical characteristics X

3.1 Surface-level heliports X

- Final approach and take-off areas X

- Helicopter Clearways X

- Touchdown and lift-off areas X

- Safety areas X

- Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-

routes X

- Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes X

- Air transit route X

- Aprons X

- Location of a final approach and take-off area in

relation to a runway or taxiway X

3.2 Elevated heliports X

- Final approach and take-off areas and touchdown

and lift-off areas X

- Helicopter clearways X

- Touchdown and lift-off areas X

- Safety areas X

- Helicopter ground taxiways and ground taxi-

routes X

- Helicopter air taxiways and air taxi-routes X

- Aprons X

of 318

SUBJECT:

FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING

(AEROPLANE)

ASPECT

NUMBER SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A

A.4.1 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION

South African Civil Aviation Regulations

a. Part 91.08 Performance Operating Limitations: X

- Part 91.08.1 General provisions X

- Part 91.08.4 Aeroplane performance

classification X

- Part 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A

and Class C aeroplanes X

- SACATS 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class

A and Class C aeroplanes X

b. Part 135.08 Aeroplane Performance Operating

Limitations X

- Part 135.08.1 General requirements X

- Part 135.08.2 Take-off mass limitations X

- Part 135.08.3 Net take-off flight path X

- Part 135.08.7 Dispatch limitations: landing at

destination and alternate aerodromes X

- Part 135.08.8 Dispatch limitations: wet runway –

turbojet- or turbofan-powered aeroplanes X

A.4.2 CERTIFICATION

a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations

of 318

Part 1.01.1 Definitions X

- Type certificate X

- Type of aircraft X

Part 21: Certification procedures for products

and parts X

- Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability X

- Part 21.01.2 (1)(c) - (d) & (2) Types of aircraft X

- Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design

standards X

b. South African Civil Aviation Technical

Standards X

SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design

standards X

- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (3) Aeroplanes: Normal,

utility, acrobatic and commuter category X

- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (4) Aeroplanes: Transport

category X

A.4.3 STAGES OF FLIGHT

- Take-off X

- Climb X

- Level Flight X

- Descending X

- Approach and landing X

A.4.4 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS

a. IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS X

b. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY, VS, VSO, VFO, VFE, VLO,

VLE, VMO, VS1g, VSR, VSR0, VSR1 X

c. VMCG, VMCA, VMC, V1, VR, V2, VREF, VLOF,

VMBE X

A.4.5 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY

a. International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X

b. OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X

c. Temperature deviation from ISA X

of 318

d. Pressure altitude, Density altitude X

e. QNH, QFE, QNE X

A.4.6 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY

- Runway length X

- Take-off run available (TORA) X

- Take-off run required (TORR) X

- Take-off distance available (TODA) X

- Take-off distance required (TODR) X

- Landing distance available (LDA) X

- Landing distance required (LDR) X

- Clearway, stopway X

- Displaced thresholds (permanent/temporary) X

- Accelerate-stop and accelerate-go X

- Runway slope X

- Runway strength (ACN/PCN) X

- Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths X

- WAT limits X

A.4.7 PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY

a. Define ―steady‖ flight X

b. The forces during steady climbing and

descending flight X

c. The opposing forces during horizontal steady

flight X

d. The ―thrust/power required‟ and ‟thrust/power

available‖ curves X

e. The effect of excess thrust and power on speed

and/or climb performance X

f. Climb angle and climb gradient X

g. Flight path angle and flight path gradient X

h. Descent angle and descent gradient X

i. Service and absolute ceiling X

j. Range and Endurance X

of 318

k. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) X

l. Specific range (SR) X

A.4.8 FACTORS AFFECTING AEROPLANE

PERFORMANCE

- Temperature X

- Air density X

- Aeroplane mass X

- Aeroplane configuration X

- Aeroplane antiskid system status X

- Aeroplane centre of gravity X

- Aerodrome runway surface X

- Aerodrome runway slope X

- The effect of flap settings X

- The effects of different recommended power

settings on range and endurance X

- The effect of wind and altitude on range and

endurance X

A.4.9

USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP

697&698 - PERFORMANCE - SINGLE-ENGINE

AEROPLANES

a. Variables on single-engine aeroplane

performance X

The effect of the wind component on take-off

and landing performance X

The effect of temperature, wind and altitude on

climb performance X

The effects of altitude and temperature on

cruise performance X

The effect of mass, wind and speed on descent

performance X

b. Use of aeroplane performance data SEP X

Take-off X

- Find the minimum or maximum wind component X

of 318

- Find the take of distance and ground roll

distance X

- Find the maximum allowed take-off mass X

- Find the take-off speed X

Climb X

- Find the maximum rate of climb speed X

- Find the time, distance and fuel to climb X

- Find the rate of climb X

Cruise X

- Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS)

and fuel consumption X

- Find range and endurance X

- Find the difference between still air distance

(NAM) and ground distance (NM) X

Landing X

- Find the minimum or maximum wind

component X

- Find the landing distance and ground roll

distance X

A.4.10

USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA CAP

697&698 - PERFORMANCE - MULTI-ENGINE

AEROPLANES

a. Define and explain the following terms: X

Critical engine X

The effect of the critical engine inoperative on

the power required and the total drag X

The effect of engine failure on controllability

under given conditions X

Effect of Variables on Multi-Engine Aeroplane

Performance X

b. Take-off and landing X

The effect of flap setting on the ground roll

distance X

of 318

For both fixed and constant speed propellers,

explain the effect of airspeed on thrust during

the take-off run

X

The effect of pressure altitude on performance

limited take-off mass X

The effect of runway conditions on the take-off

distance X

The percentage of accountability for head and

tailwind components during take-off and landing

calculations

X

Interpret obstacle clearance at take-off X

The effect of selected power settings, flap

settings and aeroplane mass on the rate of

climb

X

The effect of engine failure on take-off climb

performance X

c. Climb, cruise and descent X

The effect of mass on the speed for best angle

and best rate of climb X

The effect of temperature and altitude on the

fuel flow X

The effect of wind on the maximum range speed

and speed for maximum climb angle X

The effect of mass, altitude, wind, speed and

configuration on the glide descent X

Describe various cruise techniques X

The effect of loss of engine power on climb and

cruise performance X

d. Landing X

The effect of runway conditions on the landing

distance X

A.4.11 USE OF AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE DATA MEP

a. Take-off X

of 318

- Find take off field length data X

- Calculate the field length limited take off mass X

- Find the accelerate go distance as well the

accelerate-stop distance data X

- Find the ground roll and take off distance X

- Calculate maximum effort take off data X

- Calculate all engine and critical engine out

take-off climb data X

- Calculate obstacle clearance take off climb data X

b. Climb X

- Find rate of climb and climb gradient X

- Calculate single engine service ceiling X

- Calculate obstacle clearance climb data X

- Find the time, distance and fuel to climb X

c. cruise and descent X

- Find power settings, cruise true airspeed (TAS)

and fuel consumption, normal and one engine

inoperative

X

- Calculate range and endurance data X

- Find the time, distance and fuel to descent X

d. landing X

- Find landing field length data X

- Find landing climb data in the event of balked

landing. X

- Find landing distance and ground roll distance X

- Find short field landing distance and ground roll

distance X

A.4.12 MASS AND BALANCE

a. Terminology X

- Define and explain the meaning of centre of

gravity X

- CG limits − forward and aft X

of 318

- Define datum (reference point), arm and

moment X

- Conditions of equilibrium (Balance of Forces and

Balance of Moments) X

- Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC), (LEMAC) X

- Maximum Zero Fuel Mass X

- Maximum Ramp/Taxi Mass X

- Maximum Take-off Mass X

- Empty Operating Mass X

- Maximum Landing Mass X

- Use of cargo pallets X

- Maximum floor load X

- Define the following load terms: Payload, Taxi

Fuel, Take off X

- Fuel, Trip Fuel/ Burn off, Reserve Fuel

(Contingency, X

- Alternate, Final Reserve and Additional Fuel)

and Extra Fuel. X

- Calculating payload without exceeding mass

limitations X

b. Mass limitations X

- The relationship between aircraft mass and

structural stress X


performance X

- Centre of gravity (CG) limitations X

- The relationship between CG position and

stability/controllability of aircraft X

- The effects if CG is in front of the forward limit

and if CG is behind the aft limit X

- Describe the relationship between CG position

and aircraft performance X

of 318

- Calculate maximum allowed payload and fuel

load not to exceed given Allowed Mass for Take-

off, Zero Fuel and Landing.

X

c. Calculation of CG X

- The principle of calculating the aircraft‟s CG

position X

- Calculating CG for SEP CAP 696 X

- Calculating CG MEP CAP 696 X

- The principle of using % MAC for the description

of the CG position X

- Calculate the CG position as % MAC X

- Loading of aircraft not exceeding CG limitation X

- Maximum load at station not exceeding CG

limitation X

- Movement of CG in flight X

- Influence of weight shift on CG X

- Influence of weight loss on CG X

A.4.13 FLIGHT PLANNING GENERAL

a. PET and PNR X

- PET (point of equal time) X

- CP (critical point) X

- PNR (point of no return) X

- PSR (point of safe return) X

b. Specific performance X

- Fuel weight and Performance X

- Specific weight X

- Specific gravity X

- Fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow,

endurance X

- ANM/fuel ratio X

- GNM/fuel ratio X

of 318

SUBJECT:


(HELICOPTER)

ASPECT


CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

H

A.5.1 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION

a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations X


Operations in performance Class 1 X



Part 91: General Aviation and Operating Flight

Rules X

Part 91.08.1 General provisions X

Part 91.08.2 Helicopter operating limitations X

Part 91.08.3 Helicopter performance

classification X

Part 127.08 Helicopter Performance Operating

Limitations X

- Part 127.08.1 Classification X

- Part 127.08.2 General provisions for all classes

of helicopters X

A.5.2 CERTIFICATION

a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations X


- Type certificate X

of 318

- Type of aircraft X

Part 21: Certification procedures for products

and parts X

- Part 21.01.1 (a) to (f) Applicability X

- Part 21.01.2 (1)(e) - (f) & (2) Types of aircraft X

- Part 21.02.3 (1) (a) Airworthiness design

standards X

b. South African Civil Aviation Technical Standards X

SA-CATS 21.02.3 Airworthiness design

standards X

- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (5) Rotorcraft: Normal

category

(maximum certificated mass 2 700 kg or less)

X

- SA-CATS 21.02.3 (6) Rotorcraft: Transport

category X

A.5.3 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS

a. IAS, RAS (CAS), TAS X

b. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY, X

A.5.4 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY

- International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X

- OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X

- Temperature deviation from ISA X

- Pressure altitude, Density altitude X

- QNH, QFE, QNE X

A.5.5 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY

- Runway length X

- Helipads X

A.5.6 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE OPERATING

LIMITATIONS

a. Take-off, take-off flight path X

b. En route with one or more engines inoperative X

c. Approach and landing X

A.5.7 USE OF BELL 206L HELICOPTER MANUAL:

of 318

- Operating limitations X

- Basic Power Check Chart X

- Airspeed Correction Table X

- Height Velocity Diagram X

- Altitude Vs Gross Weight Limits X

- Hovering IGE − Take-off Power X

- Hovering IGE − Maximum Continuous Power X

- Hovering OGE − Take-off Power X

- Hovering OGE − Maximum Continuous Power X

- Maximum Rate of Climb − Take-off Power X

- Maximum Rate of Climb − Maximum Continuous

Power X

- Density Altitude Chart X

- Fuel Loading Table 1 − ASTM TYPE JET B (JP-

4) X

- Fuel Loading Table 2 − ASTM TYPE JET A & A-

1 (JP-5) X

- Cabin and Baggage Compartment Table of

Moments X

A.5.8 MASS AND BALANCE

a. Terminology: X

- Arm, moment, reference datum, station, centre

of gravity (CG) X

- CG limits − forward and aft X

- CG limits − lateral X

- Maximum ramp mass X

- Maximum zero fuel mass X

- Empty operating mass X

- Maximum floor load X

b. Calculation of CG X

c. Movement of CG in flight X

d. Maximum load at station X

of 318

e. Ballast X

A.5.9 PET AND PNR

a. PET (point of equal time) X

b. PNR (point of no return) X

- with/without fuel reserve X

c. Fuel weight and Performance X

- specific weight X

- specific gravity X

- fuel consumption, fuel used, fuel flow,

endurance X

- ANM/fuel ratio X

- GNM/fuel ratio X

SUBJECT:

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


ASPE

CT

NUMB

ER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILITY

A H

A.6.1 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY

a. The atmosphere X X

− composition and structure X X

− the gas laws X X

− oxygen requirement of tissues X X

b. The Circulation System X X

− composition and function of the blood X X

− the heart and circulation system X X

of 318

− blood pressure X X

− pulse rate X X

− blood donation X X

− ailments, recognition and treatment X X

c. The lungs X X

− basic anatomy X X

− breathing drive, gas transfer X X

− ailments, recognition and treatment X X

− partial pressure and effects of increasing altitude X X

− hypoxia, types, symptoms and prevention X X

− time of useful consciousness X X

− effects of rapid decompression and decompression

sickness X X

− entrapped gases, barotrauma X X

− hyperventilation, symptoms and treatment X X

d. High altitude environment X X

− ozone X X

− radiation X X

− humidity X X

- effects of pressurisation X X

- oxygen masks and regulators X X

e. Vision X X

− basic physiology of the eye X X

− visual field, foveal and peripheral vision, the blind

spot X X

− monocular and binocular vision X X

− visual defects and methods of correction X X

− night vision X X

− optical illusions X X

− ailments and treatment X X

f. Hearing X X

− basic physiology X X

of 318

− measurement of and effect sound, noise and

hearing loss X X

g. Equilibrium X X

− vestibular system, function X X

− detection of rotary, angular and linear acceleration X X

− motion sickness, causes, symptoms and prevention X X

− entrapped gases, barotrauma, valsalva X X

h. Integration of sensory inputs X X

− spatial disorientation X X

− types of illusions X X

− prevention X X

- the senses X X

i. Acceleration X X

− effects of positive and negative acceleration on:

cardio-vascular

system, vision, limbs and lungs

X X

A.6.2 HEALTH AND HYGIENE

a. Personal hygiene X X

− colds X X

− influenza X X

− gastro-intestinal upset X X

b. Problem areas for pilots X X

− hearing loss X X

− defective vision X X

− hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease X X

− obesity X X

− nutrition X X

− tropical climates, epidemic diseases X X

− diabetes, hypoglycaemia X X

c. Intoxication X X

− tobacco X X

− alcohol X X

of 318

− drugs and self−medication X X

− various toxic materials X X

d. Incapacitation X X

− symptoms and causes X X

− gastro-intestinal X X

− cardio-vascular X X

− side effects of drugs and medication X X

− epilepsy, faints X X

− carbon monoxide poisoning X X

e. Stress X X

− categories: acute , chronic X X

− stages X X

− causes, stressors X X

− anxiety X X

− identification and management X X

− defence mechanisms X X

f. Fatigue X X

− definition X X

− types: acute, chronic X X

− causes X X

− symptoms X X

− prevention and treatment X X

- tiredness X X

g. Body rhythm and sleep X X

− circadian rhythms, disturbances X X

− causes X X

− symptoms X X

− treatment X X

h. Sleep X X

− types and functions X X

− patterns X X

− disturbances and treatment X X

of 318

A.6.3 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY

a. The central and peripheral nervous system X X

- General adaptation syndrome X X

− sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation X X

− habituation X X

− reflexes and biological control systems X X

b. Human information processing X X

Attention and vigilance X X

− selective attention X X

− divided attention X X

− perception X X

− confirmation bias X X

b. Memory X X

sensory memory X X

working (short term) memory X X

- general X X

- methods of increasing short term memory

(chunking, association, mnemonics) X X

long-term memory X X

- episodic memory X X

- semantic memory X X

- procedural memory X X

− environment capture X X

− factors affecting memorization and long term

memory X X

− amnesia X X

− motor skills X X

− action slips X X

- learning and learning styles X X

- motivation and perception X X

- insight X X

- arousal X X

of 318

- cognition X X

c. Human behaviour X X

Personality X X

− characteristics X X

− individual differences in personality X X

− self concept X X

− attitude development X X

− identification of hazardous attitudes X X

Behaviour and skills X X

− categories:, skill based, rule based, knowledge

based X X

− errors X X

− situational awareness X X

- human behaviour X X

Human factors, errors and reliability X X

- SHELL model X X

− human error model X X

− types of errors X X

- error chains X X

− prevention and counter-measures X X

Judgement and decision making X X

− decision making process X X

− making and taking decisions X X

− group versus individual decision making X X

− influences on decision making X X

− pilot judgement X X

− perceptual judgement X X

− cognitive judgement X X

Cockpit management X X

− crew co-ordination X X

− crew co-operation X X

- Automation X X

of 318

- complacency X X

-ergonomics X X

- cockpit lighting X X

- checklists (use and design philosophy) X X

Leadership X X

− leadership style X X

− democratic versus autocratic style X X

− cockpit gradient X X

Communication X X

− verbal communication X X

− non-verbal communication X X

− one-way and two-way communication X X

− conflict management and resolution X X

- feedback X X

A.6.4 First aid and survival

a. First Aid X X

- First aid X X

- Fainting X X

- Nose bleeds X X

- Food poisoning X X

- Dehydration X X

- Head injuries X X

- Bleeding X X

- Fractures X X

- Burns X X

- Shock X X

b. Survival X X

- Body temperature X X

- Survival equipment X X

- Survival at sea or in water X X

- Survival in very cold climates X X

- Survival in very hot, arid climates X X

of 318

- Survival in a jungle X X

SUBJECT:

INSTRUMENTS


ASPEC

T

NUMBE

R

SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILIT

Y

A H

A.7.1 AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS

a. Pitot and static system X X

− pitot tube, construction and principles of operation X X

− static source X X

− malfunction X X

− heating X X

− alternate static source X X

b. Altimeter X X

− construction and principles of operation X X

− simple, sensitive and servo assisted altimeters X X

− errors and tolerances X X

− settings, QNH, QFE, QNE X X

− pressure, true and absolute altitude X X

− altitude alert X X

c. Airspeed indicator (ASI) X X


− meaning of coloured sectors X X

of 318

− maximum speed indicator X X

− errors, blockages and leaks X X

d. Vertical speed indicator (VSI) X X


− aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) X X

− errors X X

A.7.2 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

a. Gyroscopic fundamentals X X

– theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession) X X

– types, construction and principles of operation: X X

– vertical gyro X X

– rate gyro X X

− tied gyro X X

– apparent wander/drift X X

− real wander/drift X X

− mountings, gimbals X X

– drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X

b. Directional gyro (DG) X X

− construction X X

− principle of operation X X

− limitations X X

− calculation of drift X X

c. Remote indicating compass X X

− construction and principle of operation X X

− components X X

− modes of operation X X

− mountings, gimbals X X

– drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X

− application, uses of output data X X

d. Artificial horizon (AH) X X


− turn and acceleration errors X X

of 318

− application, uses of output data X X

e. Turn and slip indicator X X


− errors X X

− Turn Co-ordinator X X

− rate of turn and angle of bank X X

f. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) X X

- construction and principle of operation X X

- information displayed X X

A.7.3 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM (EFIS)

- design and operation X X

- Flight Management Systems (FMS) X X

- Primary Flight Display (PFD) and information displayed X X

- Navigation Display (ND) / Multi-function Display (MFD)

and information displayed X X

- Mode Control Panel (MCP) X X

− information display types and colours X X

− data input X X

− typical aircraft installation X X

- propulsion system displays X X

- crew alerting display X X

A.7.4 FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM

− principle of operation X

− input sources X

− operation of attitude director indicator (ADI) X

− operation of horizontal situation indicator (HSI) X

A.7.5 AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATORS

− sensors X X

− ram rise, recovery factor X

− SAT, RAT AND TAT X

A.7.6 AUTOPILOT

− general principles of operation X X

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− types: single axis, two axis, three axis X X

− lateral modes (pitch) X X

− longitudinal modes (roll) X X

− combined modes (roll and pitch) X X

A.7.7 MAGNETISM

a. Terrestrial magnetism X X

− resolution of the earth‘s magnetic field into vertical and X X

horizontal components X X

− the effects of change of latitude on these components X X

− directive force, isodynes X X

− magnetic dip, isoclinals X X

− variation, isogonals, agonic line X X

− changes of the earth‘s magnetic field, secular, periodic X X

b. Aircraft magnetism X X

− horizontal hard iron, components P and Q X X

− compass swing, calculation of coefficients A, B and C X X

− correction of coefficients A, B and C X X

− deviation on any heading X X

− change of deviation with change of latitude and aircraft X X

heading X X

− turning and acceleration errors X X

c. Magnetic compass X X

− components and principle of operation X X

− serviceability tests X X

− adjustment and compensation of direct reading

compass X X

A.7.8 STALL WARNING

a. types of basic stall warning devices X

- basic (pneumatic) X

- electric X

b. Advanced stall warning systems and stall

protection X

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- components and principle of operation X

- protection provided X

A.7.9 POWERPLANT AND SYSTEM MONITORING

INSTRUMENTS

a. Principles, presentation and operational use of: X X

− pressure and temperature sensors X X

− pressure and temperature indicators X X

− RPM indicator, piston and turbine engines X X

− fuel gauge and fuel flow indicators X X

− Torque meter X X

− Vibration monitors X X

− Chip detection X X

SUBJECT:

METEOROLOGY


ASPE

CT

NUMB

ER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILITY

A H

A.8.1

CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY

- Difference and definitions. X X

A.8.2

THE ATMOSPHERE

- Properties, composition and structure. X X

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− ICAO International standard atmosphere (ISA). X X

− ISA deviation. X X

A.8.3

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

a. General X X

- Definition. X X

- Measurement and units in use:

Pa, hPa/ Mb /inches mercury/ millimetres mercury X X

- Conversion between units. X X

− Mercury barometer. X X

− Aneroid barometer. X X

- Pressure altitude. X X

− QNH, QFE, QFF and QNE/1013.25 hPa. X X

− Pressure variation with height and diurnal variation. X X

− Isobars. X X

- Pressure gradient. X X

b. Low-pressure systems: X X

- Characteristics and related terminology. X X

- Thermal lows. X X

X X

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− Troughs.

- Cut-off lows. X X

- Typical cyclonic weather. X X

c. High-pressure systems. X X

- Characteristics and related terminology. X X

- Thermal highs. X X

− Ridges. X X

− Typical anti-cyclonic weather. X X

Cols and associated weather. X X

Synoptic charts. X X

A.8.4

TEMPERATURE

a. General: X X

− Measurement and units

in use: Celsius scale,

Fahrenheit, Kelvin

X X

- Conversion between units. X X

b. Heating of the atmosphere and heat transfer

processes:

X X

- Insolation. X X

- Radiation, conduction, convection. X X

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- Advection. X X

c. Diurnal variation of temperature. X X

d. Specific heat. Land and sea heating and

cooling.

X X

e. Atmospheric greenhouse effect. X X

A.8.5

HUMIDITY

a. Atmospheric water and changes of state: X X

- Latent heat. X X

− Evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting. X X

- Sublimation and deposition. X X

b. Saturation, vapour pressure and dew point

temperature.

X X

c. Wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. The

psychrometer.

X X

d. Atmospheric humidity and measurement of

humidity:

X X

− Absolute humidity. X X

− Relative humidity. X X

A.8.6

DENSITY

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a. The gas laws and the compressibility of air. X X

− Boyle‘s law. X X

− Charles‘s law. X X

− The ideal gas equation (Boyle‘s and Charles‘s

laws).

X X

b. Factors affecting density: X X

− Temperature. X X

− Pressure. X X

− Altitude and latitude. X X

− Humidity. X X

c. Density altitude: X X

- Definition. X X

- Calculating density altitude. X X

- Effect of density altitude on aircraft performance. X X

d. The dangers of flight operations in hot, high

and humid conditions. X X

A.8.7 ALTIMETRY

a. Variation of atmospheric pressure levels with

changing pressure and temperature. X X

b. Calculations involving pressure and

temperature corrections. X X

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c. Calculating true altitude. X X

A.8.8

WIND

a. Definitions and terminology: X X

− Veering and backing. X X

− Gust, squall, lull, gale, hurricane, gust factor. X X

b. Measurement of wind: X X

- Wind direction and speed. X X

- Wind vane and anemometer. X X

c. Formation of wind: X X

− Pressure gradient force. X X

− Coriolis effect. X X

− Geostrophic wind and Buys Ballot‘s law. X X

− Gradient wind. X X

− Surface wind. X X

− Diurnal variation of wind. X X

d. Global circulation patterns: X X

- General global pressure distribution. X X

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- General surface winds and circulation patterns

(Trade winds, prevailing westerlies, polar easterlies). X X

e. Local winds: X X

− Land and Sea breezes. X X

− Katabatic and anabatic winds. X X

− The Föhn wind. X X

− The Berg wind. X X

- The Sirocco. X X

- The Khamsin. X X

- The Simoon. X X

- The Shamal. X X

- The Haboob. X X

- The Harmattan. X X

A.8.9

LAPSE RATES, ADIABATIC PROCESSES, AND

STABILITY

a. The theory of adiabatic processes. X X

b. Lapse rates: X X

− Environmental lapse rate (ELR). X X

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− Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR). X X

− Saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR). X X

c. Atmospheric stability: X X

− Absolute stability. X X

− Absolute instability. X X

− Conditional instability. X X

− Neutral stability. X X

Inversions. X X

Isothermal layers. X X

A.8.10

CLOUDS

a. Cloud observations and measurement: X X

- Cloud amount. X X

- Definitions of cloud ceiling and cloud base. X X

- Methods of measuring cloud base and ceiling. X X

b. Cloud formation: X X

− Convective. X X

X X

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− Orographic.

− Frontal. X X

− Convergent. X X

− Turbulent. X X

c. Cloud classification. X X

d. Cloud types. X X

A.8.11

PRECIPITATION

a. Condensation nuclei. X X

b. Precipitation processes: X X

− Bergeron theory (ice particle theory). X X

− Collision and coalescence theory. X X

c. Types of precipitation. X X

d. Intensity of precipitation. X X

e. Continuity of precipitation. X X

A.8.12

THUNDERSTORMS

a. Formation: X X

− Conditions for development. X X

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b. Thunderstorm classification: X X

− Convective. X X

− Orographic. X X

− Convergent. X X

− Frontal. X X

− Nocturnal. X X

c. Additional classifications: X X

- Ordinary and severe. X X

- Line storms (squall lines). X X

d.The three stages of thunderstorm development. X X

e. The gust front and related phenomena. X X

f. Hazards: X X

− Windshear and turbulence. X X

− Microbursts. X X

− Hail. X X

- Icing. X X

- Lightning X X

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- Tornadoes. X X

g. Avoidance and penetration. X X

A.8.13

ICE ACCRETION

a. Dangers. X X

b. Airframe icing: X X

− Conditions for formation. X X

- Kinetic heating formula. X X

c. Types: X X

− Clear (glaze) ice. X X

− Rime ice. X X

− Mixed ice. X X

− Freezing precipitation and rain ice. X X

− Hoar frost. X X

d. Engine icing: X X

e. Piston engine icing. X X

− Impact icing. X X

− Fuel icing. X X

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− Carburettor icing: cause, recognition, prevention. X X

f. Gas turbine engine icing. X X

g. Factors affecting the severity of icing. X X

h. ICAO definitions for levels of icing: X X

- Light, moderate, severe. X X

i. Ice protection: X X

- Anti-icing and de-icing. X X

A.8.14

WINDSHEAR AND TURBULENCE

a. Windshear: X X

− Definition of windshear. X X

- Causes. X X

− Low-level windshear. X X

− Effect on aircraft in flight. X X

- Approach techniques. X X

b. Turbulence: X X

− Definition of turbulence. X X

− Types and causes. X X

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c. Mountain waves and associated turbulence: X X

- Conditions for formation and dangers. X X

− Visual detection of mountain waves. X X

d. Wake turbulence: X X

- Cause. X X

- Dangers. X X

- Conditions affecting its severity. X X

- Wake turbulence weight categories. X X

- Avoidance during crossing traffic, take-off and

landing.

X X

A.8.15

VISIBILITY

a. Visibility: X X

- Definition and measurement. X X

- Types of visibility restrictions and their definitions:

mist, fog, haze, glare, smog, dust and sand. X X

- Slant visibility. X X

b. Runway visual range (RVR): X X

- Definition and measurement. X X

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c. Fog: X X

− Radiation fog. X X

− Advection fog. X X

− Frontal fog. X X

− Orographic (upslope). X X

− Steam fog. X X

A.8.16

AIR MASSES

- Definition of an air mass. X X

- Classification. X X

− Modification. X X

− Air masses affecting South Africa. X X

A.8.17

FRONTS

a. Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones. X X

b. Cold fronts: X X

− Formation, characteristics and weather. X X

− Changes with the passage of the front. X X

X X

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− Flying conditions and penetration procedures.

c. Warm fronts: X X

− Formation, characteristics and weather. X X

− Changes with the passage of the front. X X

− Flying conditions and penetration procedures. X X

A.8.18

HURRICANES (TROPICAL CYCLONES)

- Development and characteristics. X X

- Associated weather. X X

- Commonly occurring regions. X X

A.8.19

CLIMATOLOGY AND WORLD WEATHER

a. General world climatic zones. X X

b. ITCZ: characteristics, weather and seasonal

movement.

X X

c. Regional climatology: X X

- General African climate and significant weather. X X

- Mediterranean climate, weather. Significant

weather.

X X

A.8.20

SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER

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a. South African climate and climatic regions. X X

b. South African summer patterns. X X

c. South African winter patterns. X X

d. South African weather phenomena: X X

- Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones (frontal systems). X X

- Hurricanes (Tropical cyclones). X X

- Coastal lows. X X

− the South Westerly Buster X X

- Easterly weather (the Guti). X X

− The Cape Doctor X X

− Cut-off lows and the Black South Easter X X

A.8.21

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

a. SAWS aviation website –

www.aviation.weathersa.co.za:

X X

- Basic layout. X X

- Information obtainable. X X

b. Weather analysis and forecasting: X X

http://www.aviation.weathersa.co.za/

of 318

− Synoptic weather charts and symbols. Station

decode.

X X

− Significant (prognostic) weather charts. X X

− Upper winds and temperatures charts. X X

c. Weather information for flight planning: X X

d. Interpretation of: X X

- METAR. X X

- TAF. X X

- SPECI. X X

- SIGMET/ AIRMET/ SPECIAL AIR REPORT. X X

e. Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: X X

- ATIS. X X

SUBJECT:

NAVIGATION


ASPE

CT SYLLABUS ASPECT

CATEGORY

of 318

NUMB

ER

APPLICABILITY

A H

A.9.1 THE EARTH

a. Form of the earth X X

- polar axis, direction and rate of rotation X X

- great circles, small circles and rhumb lines X X

- meridians of longitude, limits east/west, prime

meridian X X

- difference of longitude X X

- convergency and conversion angle X X

- latitude, limits north/south, equator X X

- difference of latitude X X

- use of co-ordinates to fix position X X

A.9.2 DIRECTION

- true north X X

- magnetic north X X

- isogonals and variation east and west X X

- compass north X X

- application of compass deviation X X

- radio bearings: QTE, QDR, QDM, QUJ X X

A.9.3 DISTANCE

- units of distance: nautical and statute miles,

kilometres, metres, feet X X

- conversion from one unit to another X X

- relationship between nautical miles and

minutes of latitude X X

A.9.4 THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND TIME

- seasonal and apparent movements of the sun X X

- apparent solar day X X

- mean solar day X X

- sidereal day X X

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- Equinox, solstice, aphelion, perihelion X X

- Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn X X

- Local mean time (LMT), zone time and

standard time X X

- conversions of arc to time X X

- co−ordinated universal time (UTC) X X

- time conversions X X

- international date line X X

- determination of sunrise, sunset, civil twilight X X

- variation of time with sunrise, sunset, latitude

and altitude X X

A.9.5 CHARTS

a. Chart projection theory X X

- types of projection: Azimuthal/Plane,

cylindrical, conical X X

- orthomorphic/conformal charts X X

- scale, representative fraction, scale factor and

calculations X X

b. Mercator chart X X

- method of construction and properties X X

- representation of great circle, rhumb lines,

meridians and X X

- parallels of latitude X X

- plotting radio bearings X X

- scale variation and calculations X X

- measurement or calculation or tracks and

distance X X

c. Lamberts Conformal Conic X X

- method of construction and properties X X

- representation of great circle, rhumb lines,

meridians and parallels of latitude X X

- plotting radio bearings X X

- scale variation and calculations X X

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- measurement or calculation or tracks and

distance X X

A.9.6 RELATIVE VELOCITY X X

- speed of opening and closing X X

- aircraft separation X X

- controlled time of arrival by changing speed X X

A.9.7 DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION X X

a. Use of the navigation computer/calculator X X

- speed, distance, time, EET and ETA X X

- fuel consumption and endurance X X

- RAS, TAS compressibility correction X X

- conversions X X

b. Triangle of velocities, determination of: X X

- heading, track X X

- TAS, groundspeed X X

- wind velocity X X

- drift X X

A.9.8 NAVIGATION PLOTTING

a. Use of South African Plotting chart (1: 5 000

000) X X

b. Navigation during climb and descent X X

- constant RAS X X

- constant rate of climb X X

- mean climb wind velocity X X

- groundspeed/distance covered during climb

and descent X X

c. Navigation in cruising flight X X

- heading and TAS vector since last confirmed

position X X

d. Use of various fixes to revise navigation data X X

- plotting of co-ordinates X X

- use of single position lines (QTE) to confirm X X

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GS

- radial and DME distance X X

- combination of NDB/VOR bearings X X

- determination of track, distance and EET/ETA

for destination X X

e. Track corrections X X

- use of 1 in 60 rule X X

SUBJECT:

RADIO AIDS & COMMUNICATION


ASPECT


CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

A.10.1 BASIC RADIO THEORY

a. Electromagnetic waves X X

− frequency, wave length, cycle, phase, amplitude X X

− frequency bands X X

− sidebands, double sideband, single sideband, X X

− band width X X

− carrier wave, modulation, demodulation X X

− amplitude modulation X X

− frequency modulation X X

− pulse modulation X X

− designation of emission X X

− signal/noise ratio X X

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b. Antennas X X

− characteristics X X

− polarisation X X

− polar diagram X X

− types of antennas X X

c. Wave propagation X X

− ground waves X X

− direct waves X X

− sky waves X X

− ionosphere, critical angle, skip distance X X

− dead space, refraction X X

− fading X X

− factors affecting propagation (reflection, X X

− absorption, attenuation, coastline, mountain, static) X X

A.10.2 AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER (ADF)

a. ADF loop theory, rotating and fixed loop

antennas X X

− principles X X

− presentation and interpretation X X

− coverage X X

− range X X

− errors and accuracy X X

− factors affecting range and accuracy X X

− RBI and RMI X X

A.10.3 VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)

− principles X X


− coverage X X

− range X X



− CDI and RMI X X

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− Doppler VOR X X

A.10.4 DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)

− principles X X


− coverage X X

− range X X



A.10.5 BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES

− pulse techniques and associated terms X X

A.10.6 GROUND RADAR

− principles X X


− coverage X X

− range X X





− application for navigation X X

C.10.7 SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR)

− principles X X


− modes and codes, including mode S X X

A.10.8 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR

− principles X X


− coverage X X

− range X X

A.10.9 RADIO ALTIMETER

− principles X X

− frequency band X X

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A.10.10 EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT)

− principles X X

− frequencies X X

− testing X X

A.10.11 AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV)

VOR/DME area navigation X X

− principle of operation X X

− advantages and disadvantages X X

− accuracy, reliability and coverage X X

− flight deck equipment X X

A.10.12 SATELLITE ASSISTED NAVIGATION: GNSS /

NAVSTAR GPS

− system Components and principle of operation X X

− advantages and disadvantages X X

- navigation system performance requirements X X

− reliability/integrity X X

- authorisation and documentation X X

- errors and limitations X X

- human Factors and GNSS X X

2. INSERTION OF APPENDIX 2.0C TO SA-CATS 61 OF THE CIVIL

AVIATION REGULATIONS, 2011

2.1 Appendix 2.0C is hereby inserted after Appendix 2.0B:

of 318

APPENDIX 2.0 C TO SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL STANDARDS (SA-CATS)

SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

FOR THE INSTRUMENT RATING

(AEROPLANE) AND (HELICOPTER).

IMPORTANT NOTES TO THIS SYLLABUS:

11. This appendix specifies the theoretical subject matter required to be known for

the Instrument Rating theoretical knowledge examinations.

12. Candidates may be examined on any of the elements included in this appendix

that are applicable to the aircraft category licence sought and should be aware of

the requirements of SA-CATS 61.01.10 (11)(d) and (e).

13. All compulsory aspects applicable to the respective aircraft category are marked

with an ―X.‖

A mark in the category column ―A‖ represents an aspect applicable to the

aeroplane examination and a mark in the category column ―H‖ represents an

aspect applicable to the helicopter examination.

14. The column marked ―REFERENCE‖ refers to the applicable section or part in the

Regulations (CAR) or source document, when applicable. When a Technical

Standard is referred to, this is indicated by the use of the acronym ―CATS‖ or

―TS.‖ When a source document other than the Regulations is referred to in this

column, this is indicated in plain words as a heading.

15. Candidates are expected to be familiar with all acronyms and abbreviations

contained in Subpart 1.01.2 of the Regulations, but will not be directly evaluated

on this aspect in the examinations.

16. Candidates are to ensure that they use the most recent amendments to the

Regulations, Technical Standards and other technical documentation when

preparing for the examinations.

17. The suggested study material to use for preparation for this examination is

of 318

communicated by Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) and also posted on the

Authority‘s website where deemed appropriate. This study material is assumed to

be the default source material used by candidates and is therefore not referred to

in this syllabus. Where reference material clarity is required or additional source

material is to be used for specific syllabus aspects, this is stipulated in the

relevant portion of the syllabus. Candidates are nevertheless free to use any

material they wish in order to ensure their comprehension of the mandated

subject matter and to comply with the prescribed theoretical knowledge

requirements.

18. Candidates should note that some of the suggested study material might refer to

foreign operational, certification and legislative requirements e.g. EU-OPS, JAA-

OPS, CS 23 and CS 25. Except where specifically indicated, candidates will not

be assessed on such aspects during this examination. The underlying theory,

however (which in most cases is identical in South African and international

legislation), should be known and understood. Candidates are expected to

differentiate between the underlying theoretical concepts which need to be known

and the foreign requirements themselves, which need not be known. Such non-

compulsory information might nevertheless still be interesting to a candidate for

the purposes of personal enrichment and as an aid to general knowledge of

aviation developments.

9. For examination study purposes, where any discrepancy exists between the

information provided in the RSA AIP and the Regulations, the provisions of the

latter shall be regarded as correct. Such a situation may occur naturally due to

the delay present in the AIRAC cycle. Similarly, it may also occasionally occur

that changes in the AIP are not reflected immediately in this Technical Standard

due to the stringent time requirements involved in legislative changes. Such

situations can be expected as the natural consequence of the SACAA‘s attempt

to define the syllabus as closely as possible. In these circumstances (for example

in the case of numbering changes), candidates are expected to resolve the

temporary discrepancy by appropriate, logical cross-referencing between the

syllabus and the AIP.

10. Refer to Appendix 2.0 A for the syllabus of theoretical knowledge for the

commercial pilot licence.

of 318

CATS 61.11.3 TOPIC (i):

METEOROLOGY

SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.1.1 THE ATMOSPHERE:

a. Properties, composition and structure. X X

b. ICAO International standard atmosphere (ISA). X X

c. ISA deviation. X X

C.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:

a. Definition X X

b. Measurement and units in use

(Pa, hPa/mb/inches mercury/millimetres mercury) X X

c. QNH, QFE, and QNE/pressure altitude X X

d. Pressure variation with height and diurnal

variation X X

e. Isobars X X

f. Pressure gradient X X

g. Low-pressure systems:

Characteristics and related terminology X X

Typical cyclonic weather X X

h. High-pressure systems:

Characteristics and related terminology X X

Typical anti-cyclonic weather X X

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i. Cols and associated weather X X

C.1.3 TEMPERATURE

a. Units in use and conversion between units X X

b. Heating of the atmosphere and heat transfer

processes:

Insolation X X

Radiation, conduction, convection X X

c. Advection X X

d. Diurnal variation of temperature X X

C.1.4 HUMIDITY

a. Atmospheric water and changes of state X X

b. Latent heat X X

c. Saturation, vapour pressure and dew point

temperature X X

d. Measurement of humidity:

Absolute humidity X X

Relative humidity X X

C.1.5 DENSITY

a. Definition X X

b. Factors affecting density:

Temperature X X

Pressure X X

Altitude X X

Humidity X X

c. Density altitude:

Definition X X

Calculating density altitude X X

C.1.6 ALTIMETRY

a. Variation of atmospheric pressure levels

with changing pressure and temperature. X X

b. Calculations involving pressure and

temperature corrections. X X

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c. Calculating true altitude. X X

C.1.7 WIND

a. Veering and backing. X X

b. Wind direction and speed X X

c. Formation of wind:

Pressure gradient force X X

Coriolis effect X X

Geostrophic wind and Buys Ballot‘s law X X

Gradient wind X X

Surface wind X X

Diurnal variation of wind X X

d. Upper winds:

General global upper air circulation X X

Thermal winds X X

Jet stream winds X X

CAT (Clear Air Turbulence) X X

C.1.8 CLOUDS

a. Cloud observations and measurement:

Cloud amount X X

Definitions of cloud ceiling and cloud base X X

b. Cloud formation:

Convective X X

Orographic X X

Frontal X X

Convergent X X

Turbulent X X

c. Cloud classification X X

d. Cloud types X X

e. Flying conditions in the different types of

clouds X X

C.1.9 PRECIPITATION

a. Types of precipitation X X

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b. Intensity of precipitation X X

c. Continuity of precipitation X X

d. Flying conditions in the different types of

precipitation X X

C.1.10 THUNDERSTORMS

a. Formation conditions for development X X

b. Classification:

Convective X X

Orographic X X

Convergent X X

Frontal X X

Nocturnal X X

c. Severe thunderstorms and Squall lines X X

d. The three stages of thunderstorm

development X X

e. Hazards:

Windshear and turbulence X X

Microbursts X X

Hail X X

Icing X X

Lightning X X

f. Avoidance and penetration. X X

C.1.11 ICE ACCRETION

a. Airframe icing:

- Condition for formation and factors affecting

its severity X X

- Kinetic heating formula X X

b. Types of icing:

Clear (glaze) ice X X

Rime ice X X

Mixed ice X X

Freezing precipitation and rain ice X X

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e. Piston engine icing:

Impact icing X X

Fuel icing X X

f. Carburettor icing: cause, recognition,

prevention X X

g. Gas turbine engine icing. X X

h. ICAO definitions for levels of icing:

Light X X

Moderate X X

Severe X X

i. Ice protection:

Anti-icing and de-icing X X

Hazards X X

C.1.12 TURBULENCE

a. Definition, types and causes X X

b. Mountain waves and associated turbulence:

Conditions for formation and dangers X X

Visual detection of mountain waves X X

C.1.13 VISIBILITY

a. Definition and measurement X X

b. Types of visibility restrictions and their

definitions:

mist, fog, haze, glare, smog, dust and sand

X X

c. Slant visibility X X

d. Runway visual range (RVR): X X

e. Definition and measurement X X

f. Fog:

Radiation fog X X

Advection fog X X

Frontal fog X X

Orographic (upslope) X X

Steam fog X X

of 318

C.1.14 FRONTS

a. Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones. X X

b. Cold fronts:

Formation, characteristics and weather X X

Changes with the passage of the front X X

Flying conditions and penetration procedures X X

c. Warm fronts:

Formation, characteristics and weather X X

Changes with the passage of the front X X

Flying conditions and penetration procedures X X

C.1.15 REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY

a. ITCZ: characteristics, weather and seasonal

movement. X X

b. General African climate and significant

weather X X

C.1.16 SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER

a. South African climate and climatic regions X X

b. South African summer patterns X X

c. South African winter patterns X X

d. South African weather phenomena: X X

Mid-latitude (temperate) cyclones (frontal

systems) X X

Hurricanes (Tropical cyclones). X X

Coastal lows X X

The South Westerly Buster X X

Easterly weather (the Guti) X X

The Cape Doctor X X

Cut-off lows and the Black South Easter X X

C.1.17 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

a. Weather analysis: X X

Synoptic weather charts and symbols X X

Significant (prognostic) weather charts X X

of 318

b. Upper winds and temperatures fixed time

prognostic charts

(South African and international)

X X

c. Interpretation of:

METAR X X

TAF X X

SPECI X X

SIGMET/ AIRMET/ SPECIAL AIR REPORT X X

d. Meteorological broadcast for aviation:

ATIS X X

CATS 61.11.3 TOPIC (ii):

RADIO NAVIGATION

SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.2.1 VHF DIRECTION FINDER (VDF) / GROUND

DIRECTIONAL FINDER:

a. Principles X X

b. Coverage and range X X

C.2.2 NDB/ADF:

a. Principles X X

b. Presentation and interpretation X X

c. Coverage and range X X

d. Errors and accuracy X X

e. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X

of 318

C.2.3 VOR AND DOPPLER VOR

a. Principles X X




C.2.4 DME

a. Principles X X

b. VOR/DME X X

c. VORTAC X X

d. Presentation and interpretation X X

e. Coverage and range X X

f. Errors and accuracy X X

g. Factors affecting range and accuracy X X

C.2.5 ILS

a. Principles X X





C.2.6 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR

a. Principles X X



d. Errors, accuracy and limitations X X


f. Application to navigation X X

C.2.7 SECONDARY RADAR AND TRANSPONDER

a. Principles X X

b. Modes and codes X X

c. Presentation and interpretation X X


of 318

C.2.8 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

a. Principles X X

b. Operation of NAVSTAR GPS X X

CATS 61.11.3 Topic (iii)

AIR LAW AND ALL WEATHER OPERATIONS

SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.3.1 SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS

a. Part 1.01.1 Definitions

- Adequate aerodrome X X

- Aerodrome X X

- Aerodrome operating minima X X

- Aeronautical information publication X X

- Aircraft flight manual X X

- Aircraft operating manual X X

- Airmanship X X

- All weather operations X X

- Alternate aerodromes X X

- Altitude X X

- Approach and landing operation with vertical

guidance X X

- BARO VNAV system X X

- Category I (CAT I) operation X X

- Category II (CAT II) operation X X

of 318

- Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation X

- Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation X

- Category IIIC (CAT IIIC) operation X

- Ceiling X X

- Circling approach X

- Class A, B, C, D, E, F, G airspace X X

- Cloud break procedure X X

- Cloud ceiling X X

- Communication failure procedure X X

- Competency X X

- Controlled flight X X

- Critical phase of flight X X

- Current flight plan X X

- Decision altitude/height X X

- Electronic flight bag X X

- En-route safe altitude X X

- Estimated off-block time X X

- Estimated time of arrival (IFR) X X

- Expected approach time X X

- Extended range operations X

- Final approach X X

- Final approach and take-off area X

- Final approach fix X X

- Flight X X

- Flight level X X

- Flight time X X

- General aviation operation X X

- Full flight simulator X X

- GNSS X X

- GNSS incident X X

of 318

- Ground visibility X X

- Hazard X X

- Height X X

- Heliport operating minima X

- Human factors principles X X

- Human performance X X

- Initial approach fix X X

- Initial approach segment X X

- instrument approach and landing operation X X

- Instrument approach procedure X X

- Instrument flight time X X

- Instrument ground time X X

- Instrument time X X

- Instrument meteorological conditions X X

- Integrated aeronautical information package X X

- Isolated aerodrome X X

- Lateral navigation X X

- Level X X

- Low visibility procedures X X

- Low visibility take-off X X

- Manoeuvring area X X

- Meteorological information X X

- Meteorological service X X

- Minimum descent altitude / height X X

- Missed approach point X X

- Missed approach procedure X X

- Movement area X X

- Navigation specification X X

- Night X X

- Non-precision approach X X

- Notice to airmen X X

- Obstacle clearance altitude / height X X

of 318

- Operator X X

- Owner X X

- Performance based navigation X X

- Precision approach X X

- Precision approach and landing operation X X

- Pressure altitude X X

- Primary-means navigation system X X

- Problematic use of psychoactive substances X X

- Psychoactive substances X X

- RAIM warning X X

- Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring X X

- Required navigation performance X X

- RNP Type X X

- RNAV/BARO VNAV procedures X X

- RNAV specification X X

- RNP specification X X

- RNP type X X

- Runway X X


- Runway incursion X X

- Runway visual range X X

- Safety pilot X X

- Separate runways X X

- SIGMET information X X

- Special VFR flight X X

- Suitable aerodrome X X

- Supplemental-means navigation system X X

- Take-off alternate aerodrome X X

- Terminal arrival altitude X X

- Threat X X

- Threat management X X

- Total estimated elapsed time X X

of 318

- Total vertical error X X

- Track X X

- Traffic alert and collision avoidance system X X

- Traffic avoidance advice X X



- Vertical navigation X X

- Visibility X X

- Visual approach X X

- Visual flight rules flight X X

- Visual meteorological conditions X X

b. PART 61: PILOT LICENSING

SUBPART 1: GENERAL

- 61.01.8 Logging of flight time

(Paragraphs: 9, 11, 12, 17, 18) X X

- 61.01.9 Crediting of flight time and theoretical

knowledge

(Paragraphs: 12, 14, 15, 25)

X X

- 61.01.12 Flight simulation training device X X

- 61.01.15 Training for acquiring licence, rating

or validation X X

SUBPART 11 INSTRUMENT RATING

- 61.11.1 General X X

- 61.11.2 Requirements X X

- 61.11.4 Skills test X X

- 61.11.5 Privileges and limitations of an

instrument rating X X

- 61.11.6 Period of validity X X

- 61.11.7 Revalidation X X

c. PART 91: GENERAL AVIATION AND

OPERATING FLIGHT RULES

- 91.01.1 Applicability X X

of 318

- 91.01.12 Use of time X X

- 91.01.16 Psychoactive substances X X

- 91.02.1 Crew composition and qualifications X X

- 91.02.3 Crew member responsibilities X X

- 91.02.4 Recency X X

- 91.02.6 Laws, regulations and procedures X X

- 91.02.7 Duties of PIC regarding flight

preparation X X

- 91.02.8 Duties of PIC regarding flight

operations X X

- 91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and

associated procedures

(Paragraph: 7)

X X

- 91.04.1 Use and installation of instruments and

equipment X X

- 91.04.5 Flight, navigation and associated

equipment for aircraft operated under IFR X X

- 91.04.6 Additional equipment for single-pilot

operation under IMC or at night X X

- 91.04.9 Equipment for operations in icing

conditions X X

- 91.04.15 Supplemental oxygen in case of

pressurized aircraft X X

- 91.04.28 Airborne collision avoidance system X X

- 91.04.30

- Terrain awareness and warning systems

(TAWS)

X X

- 91.04.31 RVSM operations X

- 91.05.1 Communication equipment X X

- 91.05.2 Navigation equipment X X

- 91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite

system X X

of 318

- 91.05.4 Operational criteria for use of

RNAV/BARO VNAV systems X X

- 91.06.9 Aircraft speed X X

- 91.06.18 Compliance with rules of air and air

traffic control clearances and instructions X X

- 91.06.21 Visibility and distance from cloud

(Paragraphs: 1a, 2) X

- 91.06.21 Visibility and distance from cloud

(Paragraph: 1b) X

- 91.06.22 Special VFR weather minima

(Paragraph: 1) X

- 91.06.22 Special VFR weather minima

(Paragraph: 2) X

- 91.06.23 VFR flight determination and weather

deterioration X X

- 91.06.24 Compliance with IFR X X

- 91.06.25 Aircraft equipment X X

- 91.06.26 Change from IFR flight to VFR flight X X

- 91.06.27 IFR procedures X X

- 91.06.32 Minimum heights

(Paragraph: 3) X X

- 91.06.33 Semi-circular rule X X

- 91.06.34 Aerodrome approach and departure

procedures X X

- 91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X

- 91.07.3 Use of aerodromes X X

- 91.07.5 Aerodrome operating minima X X

- 91.07.6 Threshold crossing height X X

- 91.07.7 Pre-flight selection of aerodromes X X

- 91.07.8 Planning minima for IFR flights X X

- 91.07.9 Meteorological conditions X X

- 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X

of 318

- 91.07.15 Instrument approach and departure

procedures X X

- 91.07.25 Approach and landing conditions X X

- 91.07.26 Approach ban X X

- 91.07.31 Simulated instrument flight in aircraft X X

C.3.2 SOUTH AFRICAN CIVIL AVIATION TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

SA-CATS 91 General Aviation and Operating

Flight Rules

- TS 91.03.3 Aircraft Checklists X X

- TS 91.04.28 Airborne Collision Avoidance

System X X

- TS 91.05.1 Communication equipment

- Paragraph: 5 X X

- TS 91.05.2 Navigation equipment

(Paragraph: 1) X X

- TS 91.05.3 Use of global navigation satellite

system X X

- TS 91.06.16 Mandatory radio

communications in controlled airspace

(Radio communication failure (RCF)

procedures – General)

(RCF procedures – IFR)

X X

- TS 91.07.2 Minimum flight altitudes X X

- TS 91.07.5 Aerodrome operating minima X X

- TS 91.07.7 Preflight selection of aerodromes X X

- TS 91.07.8 Planning Minima for IFR flights X X

- TS 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X

C.3.3

ICAO Document 8168 Procedures for Air

Navigation Services –

Volume I Flight Procedures

a. Part I FLIGHT PROCEDURES — GENERAL

of 318

Section 1, Chapter 1 Definitions:

- Aerodrome elevation X X

- Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) X X

- Altitude X X

- Area navigation (RNAV) X X

- Base turn X X

- Circling approach. X X

- Continuous descent final approach (CDFA) X X

- Decision altitude (DA) or decision height (DH) X X

- Descent fix X X

- DME distance X X

- Elevation X X

- Final approach segment (FAS) X X

- Flight Level (FL) X X

- GBAS landing system (GLS) X X

- Height X X

- Holding fix X X

- Holding procedure X X

- Hot Spot X X

- Initial approach fix (IAF) X X

- Initial approach segment X X

- Instrument approach procedure (IAP) X X

- Intermediate approach segment X X

- Intermediate fix (IF) X X

- Localizer performance with vertical guidance

(LPV) X X

- Minimum descent altitude (MDA) or minimum

descent height (MDH) X X

- Minimum en-route altitude (MEA) X X

- Minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA). X X

- Minimum sector altitude (different from the SA

MSA) X X

of 318

- Missed approach holding fix (MAHF) X X

- Missed approach point (MAPt) X X

- Missed approach procedure X X

- Obstacle clearance altitude (OCA) or obstacle

clearance height(OCH) X X

- Procedure turn X X

- Racetrack procedure X X

- Reference datum height (RDH) X X

- Required navigation performance (RNP) X X

- Reversal procedure X X

- Standard instrument arrival (STAR) X X

- Standard instrument departure (SID) X X

- Terminal Arrival Altitude (TAA) X X


- Transition layer X X


- Vertical path angle (VPA) X X

- Visual manoeuvring (circling) area X X

- Waypoint X X

PART I Section 2

General principles

Chapter 1 General Information

Paragraphs: 1.1, 1.2 X X

PART I Section 3

Departure procedures

Chapter 1 General criteria for

departure procedures X X

Chapter 2 Standard instrument

departures X X

Chapter 3 Omnidirectional

departures X X

of 318

Chapter 4 Published information for

departures X X

PART I Section 4

Arrival and approach procedures

Chapter 1

General criteria for arrival

and approach

procedures

X X

Chapter 2 Arrival Segment X X

Chapter 3 Initial Approach Segment X X

Chapter 4 Intermediate Segment X X

Chapter 5 Final Approach Segment X X

Chapter 6 Missed Approach

Segment X X

Chapter 7 Visual (Circling)

Manoeuvring Area X X

PART I Section 6

Holding procedures

Chapter 1 Holding Criteria X X

Chapter 2 Obstacle Clearance X X

PART I Section 8

Procedures for use by helicopters

Chapter 1 Introduction X

Chapter 2 X

Chapter 3 X

b. PART II - FLIGHT PROCEDURES — RNAV AND

SATELLITE-BASED

Section 1 GENERAL

Chapter 1 General information for

RNAV systems X X

of 318

Chapter 2 Terminal arrival altitude

(TAA) X X

Chapter 3 General information for

basic GNSS X X

Chapter 4 (4.1 to 4.2.3.1,

4.3.1)

General information for

satellite-based

augmentation system

(SBAS)

X X

Chapter 5

General information for

ground-based

augmentation system

(GBAS)

X X

Section 2 DEPARTURE PROCEDURES

Chapter 1

Area navigation (RNAV)

departure procedures for

navigation systems using

basic GNSS receivers

X X

Chapter 2


departure procedures for

satellite-based

augmentation system

(SBAS)

X X

Chapter 4


departure procedures

and RNP-based

departure procedures

X X

Section 3 ARRIVAL AND NON-PRECISION

APPROACH PROCEDURES

of 318

Chapter 1 (1.1 to 1.4)


arrival and approach

procedures for navigation

systems using basic

GNSS receivers

X X

Chapter 2



procedures based on

DME/DME

X X

Chapter 3



procedures based on

VOR/DME

X X

Chapter 5



procedures based on

GBAS

X X

Section 4 APPROACH PROCEDURES WITH

VERTICAL GUIDANCE

Chapter 1

(Tables II-4-1-1 & Table

II-4-1-2 not required to be

memorized)

APV/BARO-VNAV

approach procedures X X

Chapter 2 (2.1.1, 2.2,

2.4.2)



procedures based on

SBAS

X X

Section 5 PRECISION APPROACH

PROCEDURES

Chapter 1 GBAS precision

approach procedures X X

Section 6 RNAV HOLDING

of 318

Chapter 1

(only 1.1) General X X

Section 7 EN

ROUTE

Chapter 1

(1.2 only)


and RNP-based en-route

procedures

X X

c. PART III

Aircraft operating procedures

Section 1 Altimeter setting

procedures X X

C.3.4 RSA Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

ENR 1.4 ATS Airspace

classification X X

ENR 1.5 1.5.1 General X X

1.5.2 Arriving Flights X X

1.5.10 Departing flights

General X X

1.5.10.1 Noise

abatement

procedures

X

ENR 1.6 1.6.1 Primary Radar X X

1.6.2 Secondary

Surveillance Radar

(excl 1.6.2.3.4 &

1.6.2.3.5)

X X

ENR 1.7 South African AIP

ALTIMETER SETTING

PROCEDURES

(excl 1.7.3 b.)

X X

of 318

ENR 1.8

Regional Supplementary

Procedures

(excluding Example

table under 1.8.1.2.7;

Table 2 under 1.8.3;

Minima under Tables 4

(Notes should be known);

Minima under Table 5


Minima under Table 6


Table 7; Paragraph

1.8.4.5 Responsibility of

Duty Airport Manager)

X X

of 318

AD section

Interpretation of

information provided by

the AIP Aerodrome (AD)

section:

AERODROME

SID

STAR

ILS approach

VOR approach

NDB approach

RADAR TERRAIN

CLEARANCE

RNAV / GNSS

(Candidates should take

note of the information in

RSA AIP GEN section

2.2 for AIP abbreviations

and section 2.3 for Chart

symbols)

X X

C.3.5 JEPPESEN MANUAL

Interpretation of information provided by the

JEPPESEN manual:

AIRPORT

SID

STAR

ILS approach

VOR approach

NDB approach

AREA

RADAR MINIMUM ALTITUDE

X X

C.3.6 JEPPESEN HIGH / LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE

CHARTS

of 318

a. Recognition and knowledge of:

- Air route structure X X

- MEA, MOCA, MORA, Grid MORA X X

- airspace structure and classification X X

- communication frequencies X X

- chart symbols X X

- danger, restricted and prohibited airspace X X

- en route holding patterns X X

- aerodrome information X X

- radio navigation facilities and frequencies X X

C.3.6 ICAO ANNEX 14 – AERODROMES

Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations

a. Definitions

- Barrette X X

- Instrument runway (All types are to be known) X X

- Primary runway(s) X X

f. Chapter 2 Aerodrome data

- 2.2 Aerodrome reference point X X

- 2.3 Aerodrome and runway elevation X X

g. Chapter 5 Visual aids for navigation X X

5.2 Markings

- 5.2.1 General X X

- 5.2.2 Runway designation marking X X

- 5.2.3 Runway centre line marking X X

- 5.2.4 Threshold marking (including displaced

threshold marking) X X

- 5.2.5 Aiming point marking X X

- 5.2.6 Touchdown zone marking X X

- 5.2.7 Runway side stripe marking X X

- 5.2.8 Taxiway centre line marking X X

- 5.2.10 Runway-holding position marking X X

- 5.2.11 Intermediate holding position marking X X

of 318

5.3 Lights

- 5.3.4 Approach lighting systems X X

- 5.3.5 Visual approach slope indicator systems X X

- 5.3.7 Runway lead-in lighting systems X X

- 5.3.8 Runway threshold identification lights X X

- 5.3.9 Runway edge lights X X

- 5.3.10 Runway threshold and wing bar lights X X

- 5.3.11 Runway end lights X X

- 5.3.12 Runway centre line lights X X

- 5.3.13 Runway touchdown zone lights X X

- 5.3.16 Stopway lights X X

- 5.3.17 Taxiway centre line lights X X

- 5.3.20 Stop bars X X

- 5.3.21 Intermediate holding position lights X X

CATS 61.11.3 Topic (iv):


SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.4.1 BASIC AERODYNAMIC THEORY:

a. Definitions, terminology and concepts:

- Wing characteristics: Angle of attack, chord line,

camber X X

- Lift, weight, thrust X X

- Graph: Coefficient of lift/ Angle of attack X X

of 318

- Drag types: induced, profile, form, parasite, skin

friction, interference X X

- Ground effect X X

C.4.2 PERFORMANCE TERMINOLOGY AND THEORY

- Define ―steady‖ flight X X

- The forces during steady climbing and

descending flight X X

- The opposing forces during horizontal steady

flight X X

- The ―thrust/power required‟ and ‟thrust/power

available‖ graph curves X X

- The effect of excess thrust and excess power on

speed and/or climb performance X X

- Climb angle and climb gradient X X

- Flight path angle and flight path gradient X X

- Descent angle and descent gradient X X

- Service and absolute ceiling X

C.4.3 RANGE AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE

a. Range and endurance

Flying for range X

- Propeller propulsion X

- Jet propulsion X

- Helicopters X

Flying for endurance

- Propeller propulsion X

- Jet propulsion X

- Helicopter X

C.4.4 AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS

d. IAS, RAS / CAS), TAS, GS (groundspeed) X X

e. VA, VNO, VNE, VX, VY X X

f. VS, VS1, VSO, VFO, VFE, VLO, VLE, VMO,

VS1g, VSR, VSR0, VSR1 X

of 318

g. VMCG, VMCA, VMC, V1, VR, V2, VREF, VLOF,

VMBE X

C.4.5 METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY

f. International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) X X

g. OAT, IOAT, TAT, SAT, RAT X X

h. Temperature deviation from ISA X X

i. Pressure altitude, Density altitude X X

j. QNH, QFE, QNE X X

C.4.6 FACTORS AFFECTING AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

- Temperature X X

- Air density X X

- Aircraft mass X X

- Aeroplane configuration X

- Aeroplane antiskid system status X

- Aircraft centre of gravity X X

- Aerodrome runway surface X

- Aerodrome runway slope X

- The effect of flap settings X

- The effects of different recommended power

settings on range and endurance X X

- The effect of wind and altitude on range and

endurance X X

- The effect of the wind component on take-off

and landing performance X

- The effect of mass, wind and speed on descent

performance X

C.4.7 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION

South African Civil Aviation Regulations

c. Part 91.08 Performance Operating Limitations:


- Part 91.08.4 Aeroplane performance

classification X

of 318

- Part 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class A

and Class C aeroplanes X

- SACATS 91.08.5 Performance limitations Class

A and Class C aeroplanes X

C.4.8 HELICOPTER PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION

a. South African Civil Aviation Regulations

Part 1.01.1 Definitions

- Operations in performance Class 1 X



Part 91: General Aviation and Operating Flight

Rules


- Part 91.08.2 Helicopter operating limitations X

- Part 91.08.3 Helicopter performance

classification X

C.4.9 STAGES OF FLIGHT

- Take-off X X

- Climb X X

- Level Flight X X

- Descending X X

- Approach and landing X X

C.4.10 CALCULATION OF PET and PNR

- PET (point of equal time) X X

- CP (critical point) X

- PNR (point of no return) X X

- PSR (point of safe return) X

C.4.11 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

a. Fuel weight and Performance X X

- Specific fuel weight (AVGAS and Jet A-1) X X

- Specific gravity X X

b. Specific endurance X X

of 318

- Explain specific endurance X X

- Calculation of specific endurance X X

c. Theory and calculation of specific range:

Explain specific range X X

Calculation of specific endurance X X

- ANM/fuel ratio X X

- GNM/fuel ratio X X

d. Specific fuel consumption (SFC):

Theory of SFC X X

Effect of the following on SFC X X

- Engine power / thrust X X

- Altitude X X

- Weight X X

Calculation of SFC X X

C.4.12 FUEL PLANNING

a. Fuel requirements of South African legislation:

- CAR 91.07.12 Fuel supply X X

- CATS 91.07.12 Fuel supply (1. Planning

criteria for aeroplanes) X

- CATS 91.07.12 Fuel supply (2.. Fuel and oil

supply for helicopters) X

b. In-flight fuel management and fuel state

awareness X X

- Importance of fuel state awareness and log-

keeping X X

- Unplanned events that could affect fuel state X X

C.4.13 DOCUMENTATION AND SOURCES OF PREFLIGHT

INFORMATION

a. CAR 91.03.1 Documents to be carried on board X X

Aircraft flight manual (AFM):

- Layout of an AFM X X

- CAR 91.03.2 Aircraft flight manual X X

of 318

Checklists

- CAR 91.03.3 Aircraft checklist X X

ATS Flight plan

- CAR 91.03.4 Air traffic service flight plan and

associated procedures X X

Flight folio

- CAR 91.03.5 Flight folio X X

b. Fuel record

- CAR 91.03.6 Fuel record X X

c. Certificate of release to service

- CAR 91.03.7 Certificate of release to service X X

d. Notice to airmen (NOTAM)

- Types X X

- Classification X X

e. Minimum equipment list (MEL)

- Definition X X

- Master minimum equipment list (MMEL) X X

- Operational use of MEL X X

f. RSA AIP & AIP Supplements

- Purpose of AIP and supplements X X

g. Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC’s)

- Purpose X X

C.4.14 IFR ALTITUDES

Explain the following altitudes / heights:

- MEA X X

- RNAV MEA X X

- MRA X X

- MAA X X

- MOCA X X

- MORA X X

- MTA X X

- MCA X X

of 318

- Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RSVM) X X

- Height above ground (QFE) X X

- Barometric Pressure for Standard Altimeter

Setting (QNE) X X

- Barometric Pressure for Local Altimeter Setting

(QNH) X X

C.4.15 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY (AEROPLANE)

- Runway length X

- Take-off run available (TORA) X

- Take-off run required (TORR) X

- Take-off distance available (TODA) X

- Take-off distance required (TODR) X

- Landing distance available (LDA) X

- Landing distance required (LDR) X

- Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) X

- Accelerate-go X

- Clearway, stopway X X

- Displaced thresholds (permanent / temporary) X X

- Runway slope X X

- Runway strength (ACN/PCN) X X

- Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths X

- WAT limits X X

- Pre-flight altimeter check location X X

C.4.16 AERODROME TERMINOLOGY (HELICOPTER)

a. Declared distances — heliports X

- Take-off distance available (TODAH) X

- Rejected take-off distance available (RTODAH) X

- Landing distance available (LDAH) X

C.4.17 MASS AND BALANCE

Mass limitations X X


structural stress X X

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performance X X

- Centre of gravity (CG) limitations X X

- The relationship between CG position and

stability / controllability of aircraft X X

- The effects of a CG in front of the forward limit

and a CG behind the aft limit X X

- Describe the relationship between CG position

and aircraft performance X X

CATS 61.11.3 Topic (v):

SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS

SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.5.1 GROUND DE-ICING

a. icing conditions X X

b. ground de-icing, X X

c. de-icing and anti-icing fluids X X

d. holdover times X X

C.5.2 BIRD STRIKE RISK AND AVOIDANCE X X

C.5.3 FIRE AND SMOKE

a. engine fire X X

b. fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment X X

c. selection of appropriate fire extinguishing

agents with respect to fire classification X X

d. actions in case of over-heated brakes after

aborted take-off and landing X X

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e. smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and

actions taken X X

C.5.4 WINDSHEAR, MICROBURST

a. effects and recognition during approach/departure X X

b. actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter X X

C.5.5 WAKE TURBULENCE:

a. cause X X

b. influence of speed and mass, wind X X

c. actions taken during approach, landing, take-

off, crossing behind X X

C.5.6 CONTAMINATED RUNWAYS:

a. SA CAR Part 1.01.1 Definitions: X

- damp runway X

- dry runway X

- wet runway X

- contaminated runway X

b. Types of contamination X

c. Hydroplaning / Aquaplaning X

- types X

- critical speed formula X

- reducing the effects of hydroplaning X

C.5.7 CFIT

a. Definition X X

b. Avoidance X X

C.5.8 STABILIZED APPROACH

a. Requirements for a stabilized approach X X

b. Advantages X X

CATS 61.11.3 Topic (vi):

INSTRUMENTS

SYLLAB SYLLABUS ASPECT

of 318

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.7.1 AIR DATA INSTRUMENTS

a. Pitot and static system X X

- pitot tube, construction and principles of

operation X X

- static source X X

- malfunction X X

- heating X X

- alternate static source X X

b. Altimeter X X

- construction and principles of operation X X

- simple, sensitive and servo assisted altimeters X X

- errors and tolerances X X

- settings, QNH, QFE, QNE X X

- pressure, true and absolute altitude X X

- altitude alert X X

c. Airspeed indicator (ASI) X X


- meaning of coloured sectors X X

- maximum speed indicator X X

- errors, blockages and leaks X X

d. Vertical speed indicator (VSI) X X


- aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) X X

- errors X X

C.7.2 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS

a. Gyroscopic fundamentals X X

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- theory of gyroscopic forces (stability,

precession) X X

- types, construction and principles of operation: X X

- drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X

b. Directional gyro (DG) X X

- construction X X

- principle of operation X X

- limitations X X

c. Remote indicating compass X X


- components X X

- modes of operation X X

- drive types: electrical, vacuum system X X

- application, uses of output data X X

d. Attitude Indicator / Artificial horizon (AI / AH) X X


- turn and acceleration errors X X

- application, uses of output data X X

e. Turn and slip indicator X X


- errors X X

- turn co-ordinator X X

- rate of turn and angle of bank X X

f. Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) X X

- Micro-electro-mechanical sensors (MEMS)

accelerometers X X

- basic principle of operation X X

- typical aircraft application X X

C.7.3 HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR (HSI)


- information displayed X X

C.7.4 ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM

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(EFIS)

- design and operation X X

- Primary Flight Display (PFD) and information

displayed X X

- Navigation Display (ND) / Multi-function Display

(MFD) and information displayed X X

- typical aircraft installation X X

- crew alerting display X X

C.7.5 FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYSTEM (FD)

- design and principle of operation X

- FD displays and interpretation X

- input sources X

- integration with attitude director indicator (ADI) X

- FD mode of operation X

- autoflight guidance X

C.7.6 AUTOPILOT

- general principles of operation X X

- types: single axis, two axis, three axis X X

- lateral modes (pitch) X X

- longitudinal modes (roll) X X

- combined modes (roll and pitch) X X

C.7.7 RADIO ALTIMETER

- principles X X

- frequency band X X

- presentation and interpretation X X

- errors and accuracy X X

C.7.8 PROXIMITY AND WARNING SYSTEMS

a. Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) X X

- design and principle of operation X X

- GPWS indications and warnings X X

b. Terrain Avoidance Warning System (TAWS) or

Enhanced GPWS X X

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- design and principle of operation X X

c. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

(TCAS / ACAS) X X

- principles of operation X X

- displays and traffic indications X X

- Traffic advisory (TA) X X

- Resolution Advisory (RA) X X

- TCAS commands X X

- responsibility of flight crew X X

- Principle of reduced surveillance X X

d. Altitude alert system X X

- function X X

- altitude approach alert X X

- altitude deviation alert X X

C.7.9 AIR TEMPERATURE INDICATORS

- sensors X X

C.7.10 MAGNETISM

Magnetic compass X X

- components and principle of operation X X

- serviceability tests X X

- turning and acceleration errors X X

C.7.11 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL INSTRUMENT

FLYING

a. Control instruments X X

b. Performance instruments X X

c. Relationship between power / thrust and

attitude and resultant performance X X

d. Instrument cross-check (scan) and scanning

techniques: X X

- Selected radial cross-check X X

- Inverted-V cross-check X X

- Rectangular cross-check X X

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- Common cross-check errors X X

- Instrument Interpretation X X

e. Implication of failure of instruments X X

C.7.12 AEROPLANE INSTRUMENT FLYING USING

ANALOG INSTRUMENTATION

a. Full panel manoeuvres and common errors: X


Straight climbs and descents X

Turns X

- Standard rate turns X

- Timed turns X

- Turns to predetermined headings X

- Compass turns X

Steep turns X

Climbing and descending turns X

Change of airspeed during turns X

Unusual attitudes and recovery X

- Recognizing unusual attitudes X

- Recovery from unusual attitudes

- (nose-high and nose-low) X

- Common errors in unusual attitudes X

Instrument take-off X

b. Limited (partial) panel manoeuvres and

common errors: X


Straight climbs and descents X

Turns X


- Timed turns X

- Compass turns X

- Climbing and descending turns X

C.7.13 AEROPLANE INSTRUMENT FLYING USING AN

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ELECTRONIC FLIGHT DISPLAY

a. Scanning Techniques: X

- Selected radial cross-check X

- Common errors (fixation, omission, emphasis) X

b. Basic manoeuvres and common errors: X

- Straight and level flight X

- Straight climbs and descents X


- Turns to predetermined headings X

- Timed turns X

- Compass turns X

- Steep turns X

- Instrument take-off X

C.7.14 HELICOPTER FLIGHT MANOEUVRES:

a. Basic manoeuvres: X


- Common errors during straight and level flight X

- Power control during straight and level flight X

- Common errors during airspeed changes X

Straight climbs (constant airspeed and constant

rate) X

- Entry X

Straight descents (constant airspeed and

constant rate) X

- Entry X

- Level off X

- Common errors during straight climbs and

descents X

Turns X

- Turn to a predetermined heading X

- Timed turns X

- Change of airspeed in turns X

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- Compass turns X

- Climbing and descending turns X

- Common errors during turns X

b. Unusual attitudes X

- Common errors during unusual attitude

recoveries X

c. Emergencies X

- Autorotations X

- Servo failure X

d. Instrument take-off X

- Common errors during instrument take-offs X

CATS 61.11.3 Topic (vii):

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

SYLLAB

US

ASPECT

NUMBER

SYLLABUS ASPECT

AIRCRAFT

CATEGORY

APPLICABILI

TY

A H

C.7.1 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE SENSORY

SYSTEM

- The senses X X

C.7.2 CENTRAL, PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM

a. Parts of the central nervous system X X

b. Basic functions X X

c. Transfer of information X X

d. Division of the peripheral nerves into sensory

and motor nerves X X

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e. Sensitivity X X

f. Sensory adaptation X X

C.7.3 VISION

a. Functional anatomy X X

b. Parts of the eye and the pathway to the visual

cortex X X

c. Functionality and components X X

d. Accommodation X X

e. Rod and cone cells X X

f. Foveal and peripheral vision X X

g. Visual acuity, visual field, central vision,

peripheral vision, fovea and explain their

function in the process of vision

X X

h. Factors degrading visual acuity X X

i. Night vision limitations X X

j. Adapting from day to night X X

k. Adaptation time X X

l. Colour blindness X X

m. Binocular and monocular vision X X

n. Depth perception and flight performance X X

o. Monocular depth perception X X

C.7.4 HEARING

a. Components of the human ear X X

b. Basic functions of the different parts of the

auditory system X X

c. Function of the cochlea X X

d. Equilibrium X X

e. Functional anatomy X X

f. Functions of the vestibular apparatus on the

ground and in flight X X

g. Semi-circular canals X X

C.7.5 INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUT

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a. Spatial orientation X X

b. Illusion X X

c. Approach and landing illusion X X

d. Flicker vertigo X X

e. Vestibular illusions X X

f. Seat-off-the-pants senses X X

g. Spatial disorientation X X

h. Prevention X X

C.7.6 HUMAN ERROR AND RELIABILITY

a. Reliability of human behaviour X X

b. Mental models and situational awareness X X

c. The theory and models of human error X X

d. Error generation X X

e. Decision-making X X

f. Decision-making concepts X X

C.7.7 HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

a. Personality, Attitude and behaviour X X

b. Individual differences in personality and

motivation X X

c. Identification of hazardous attitudes (error

proneness) X X

C.7.8 HUMAN OVERLOAD AND UNDERLOAD

a. Arousal X X

b. Stress X X

c. Fatigue and stress management X X

3. SUBSITUTION OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS OF APPENDIX 12.0 TO SA-

CATS 61

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3.1 Appendix 12.0 to SA CATS 61 is hereby substituted by complete deletion of

Appendix 12.0 to SA CATS 61 of the 2011 Regulations and by replacement

with the following:

Appendix 12.0

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Performance Based Navigation

(PBN)

A. GNSS theoretical training syllabus

1. Different satellite systems

(a) (NAVSTAR) GPS

(b) GLONASS

(c) Galileo

(d) Beidou-2 (Compass).

2. World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84).

3. Components of the GNSS

(a) Space segment

(i) Satellites and orbits

(b) Control segment

(i) Master control station

(ii) Monitoring stations

(iii) Data uploading stations.

(c) User segment

(i) GNNS receiver

(aa) TSO-C129 / C146

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(bb) Displays.

(ii) GNNS antennas.

4. GPS satellite signals

(a) Frequency band (L-band)

(b) Almanac

(c) Ephemeris data.

5. How the GPS receiver determines position

(a) Minimum number of satellites required

(b) Propagation time

(c) Pseudorange

(d) Trilateration

(e) Errors

(i) Ephemeris error

(ii) Ionospheric error

(iii) Multipath

(iv) Dilution of precision (DOP)

6. Augmentation systems

(a) Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)

(i) Wide area augmentation system (WAAS)

(ii) European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS)

(b) Aircraft-based augmentation system (ABAS)

(i) Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM)

(aa) Fault detection (FD)

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(bb) Fault detection and exclusion (FDE)

(ii) Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM)

(c) Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)

(i) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS).

B. PBN theoretical training syllabus

1. Describe the performance based navigation (PBN) concept.

2. Describe area navigation (RNAV).

3. Describe required navigational performance (RNP).

4. Navigation inputs to an on-board RNAV system (ground, airborne (e.g. INS) and

space based).

5. Required and recommended on-board RNAV system functions and displays.

6. RNAV and RNP navigation specifications used in South Africa

(a) En-route oceanic

(b) En-route continental

(c) Departure.

(d) Arrival

(e) Approach

(I) Initial approach

(ii) Intermediate approach

(iii) Final approach

(iv) Missed approach.

7. The advanced RNP (A-RNP) navigation specification.

8. Lateral and vertical GNSS based approach guidance

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(a) Lateral navigation (LNAV)

(i) Approach minima

(b) Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)

(i) Barometric vertical navigation (BARO VNAV)

(aa) Approach minima

(bb) Effect of temperature

(ii) Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) – requires SBAS.

9. System performance requirements for PBN operations

(a) Lateral accuracy

(i) Total system error (TSE)

(b) Integrity

(c) Continuity

(d) Availability of systems

10. Initial approach fix (IAF) layout

(a) T-bar

(b) Y-bar.

11. Terminal arrival altitude (TAA)

(a) Reference points

(b) Clearance provided.

12. RNAV waypoint types

(a) Fly-by waypoint

(b) Fly-over waypoint.

13. Segment minimum altitudes in the final approach segment (shaded boxes).

14. Convention of naming approach fixes in South Africa.

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C. Flight training

1. Single pilot operations

(a) At least three approaches, one from each IAF.

(b) At least two missed approaches.

2. Multi-pilot operations

(a) At least two approaches per pilot (i.e. four approaches in total) from different

IAFs.

(b) At least one missed approach per pilot.

3. The flight training may be conducted:

(a) at a single aerodrome with an RNAV(GNSS) approach.

(b) in an aircraft or FSTD approved for the purpose.

SCHEDULE 3

1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA CATS 65 OF THE TECHNICAL

STANDARD

1.1 Technical Standard 65.02.2 is hereby amended by the substitution in part 2

for subpart 3 with the following subpart:

―(3) Language

(a) The candidate must have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and

understanding the English language to enable them to adequately

carry out their responsibilities as air traffic service personnel and must

have attained a minimum of ICAO level 4 in their English language

proficiency examination.

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(b) Air traffic controllers and aeronautical station operators who

demonstrate proficiency below the Expert Level (Level 6) should be

formally evaluated at intervals in accordance with an individual‘s

demonstrated proficiency level, as follows:

(i) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Extended Level

(Level 5) should be evaluated at least once every six years; and

(ii) those demonstrating language proficiency at the Operational

Level (Level 4) should be evaluated at least once every three

years.‖.

SCHEDULE 4


STANDARD

1.1 Technical Standard 66 is hereby amended by the insertion of the following:

TS 66.01.4

INTRODUCTION

Definitions used for the purpose of this section:

―Series‖ means a series of aircraft designated with the same ICAO designator.

―Family‖ means a collection of aircraft with similar characteristics.

―Flagship‖ model means the aircraft model that is considered representative of a

defined family of aircraft.

―Group ―means aircraft group as defined in Part 66.01.4 of Regulations

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1. Principles applicable to the issue of series family and group licenses for aircraft in

groups 1 to 5, rotorcraft in groups 7 and 9, engines in groups 01 to 04 and

propellers are as follows:

(a) Use of ICAO designator

For aircraft and helicopters in these groups the ICAO designator will be used as the

primary element for the granting of an AME license and not the individual model

within the designator.

As example: A Cessna 182 license will be issued as Cessna 182 series, and not at

individual model level.

The interpretation of the CATS 66 in this regard will be as follows:

CATS 66.02.4 1.1 Issue or addition of different types of category ‗A‘

―An applicant for the issuing of a licence in Category A, or for the addition of

Category A to an existing licence, must have two years aeronautical engineering

experience after qualifying on relevant trade including 6 months experience to the

type for which application is made‖

In terms of the Cessna 182 example: The six months experience to be on any

combination of Cessna 182 aircraft, not necessarily one specific model of 182.

CATS 66.02.4 1.2 Extension of category A (all types within the same data

specification)

―An applicant for the extension of Category A of his or her licence must have had a

total amount of six months experience of practical maintenance and inspection of

airframes on type or six months within the same type data specification of which a

minimum of thirty days spent solely on the type for which the extension is desired‖

When applying for an additional series within the same type certificate the

―additional‖ experience required will be thirty days and not 6 months

Example: The holder of the C182 series desiring to obtain the R182 series (code

C82R) needs only 30 days experience.

(b) Families of aircraft

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In addition to the series associated with a single type designator, various families of

aircraft may be defined for the purpose of granting a family license. (The basic

principle is similarity of the aircraft and their systems)

Examples:

Cessna 100 family

Cessna 200 family

Beech Debonair/Bonanza/Baron family

The definition of a family is not necessarily limited to the same manufacturer.

The families that have been defined are listed in this document with the group

definitions.

Typically, a flagship model has been selected for each of the defined series. The

candidate will target the flagship model to attain an AME license on that model.

Provision was made for the candidate who is not in a position to gain 6 months

experience on the flagship model, by allowing the granting of a series of the lesser

models based on the seniority of the license held by the candidate.

When upgrading from a lesser model to a more senior model in the series 2 months

experience on the senior model will be considered acceptable.

(c) Groups of aircraft

A group license may be granted to an applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft (by

ICAO code) in the qualifying group.

Examples:

Aircraft in group 4

Rotorcraft in group 7

The Director reserves the right to exclude any particular aircraft from a defined series

or group on the grounds of dissimilarity from the other aircraft in the group. Any such

identified exclusion will be published.

A person shall hold a group license from issuance and it shall be applicable to all

aircraft within a group, as per the latest revision of aircraft within a group published.

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The Director shall not list individual aircraft within a group on a license, once a group

license has been issued. Only those aircraft listed individually prior to issuance of a

group license may be considered for separate listing on an AME license.

(d) Experience requirement

A family license may only be granted to an applicant who has five year uninterrupted

experience as licensed AME since the first A rating was issued to the holder. The

experience need not be limited to aircraft in the series or group for which the license

is sought.

GROUPS OF AIRFRAMES AND ENGINES

66.01.4 (1) for the purposes of licensing AMEs, airframes are classified into the

following groups

(a) GROUP 1 - AEROPLANES OF

WOODEN CONSTRUCTION, WITH

A MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED MASS

OF 5700KG OR LESS.

(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the

licence may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:

MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO

CODE

DE HAVILLAND DH-87 Hornet Moth DH87

DE HAVILLAND DH-89 Dragon Rapide DH89

Eligibility for a group license.

(ii) The holder of any rating in group 1 who has more than 5 year

uninterrupted experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A

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rating was granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a group

1 license.

(b) GROUP 2 - AEROPLANES CONSTRUCTED OF COMPOSITES, WITH A

MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED MASS OF 5700KG OR LESS.



MANUFACTURER MODEL ICAO CODE

CIRRUS SR20/SR22 SR20/SR22

DIAMOND DA-20 Katana DV20

DIAMOND DA-40 DA40

DIAMOND DA-42 DA42

EXTRA 300,350 E300

EXTREMEAIR XA42 XA42

GROB G-103C Twin 3SL G103

GROB G-109, Ranger (Vigilant) G104

STEMME S-10 S10S

Eligibility for a group license.

(ii) The holder of a rating in group 2 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted

experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to

the holder, and who holds 60% of the aircraft (ICAO designator) in group 2, at the

date of application, is eligible to apply for the issue of a group 2 license.

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(c) Group 3 - Aeroplanes of fabric covered tubular metal construction, with a

maximum certificated mass of 5700kg or less.




AERONCA 15 Sedan AR15

ANTONOV AN-2 AN2

AUSTER J-5 Adventurer ADVE

AUSTER Auster AOP6 (K,6A) AUS6

BEECH 17 Staggerwing (UC-43 Traveler) BE17

BELLANCA 7 Champ, Citabria AR7

BELLANCA 8 Decathlon, Scout BL8

BELLANCA 17 Viking, Super Viking, Turbo

Viking B L17

BOEING 75 Kaydet (PT-13, PT-17, PT-18,

PT-27, N2S) ST75

CHRISTEN A-1 Husky HUSK

DE HAVILLAND DH-82 Tiger Moth DH82

FAIRCHILD F-24 (UC-61, JK, Forwarder, Argus) FA24

MAULE M-4 Bee Dee, Jetasen, Rocket,

Astro Rocket, Strata Rocket M4

MAULE M-5, Strata Rocket, Lunar Rocket,

Patroller M5

MAULE M-6 Super Rocket M6

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MAULE

M-7-235, MT-7, MX-7-160/180/235,

MXT-7-160/180 Super Rocket, Star

Rocket

M7

PIPER J-3 Cub J3

PIPER PA-12 Super Cruiser PQ12

PIPER PA-14 Family Cruiser PA14

PIPER PA-17 Vagabond PA17

PIPER PA-18 Super Cub variants PA18

PIPER PA-20 Pacer PA20

PIPER PA-22 Tri-Pacer, Caribbean, Colt PA22

PIPER PA-25 Pawnee PA25

PITTS S-2 Special PTS2

STINSON 108 Voyager, Station Wagon S108

TAYLORCRAFT BC, BF, BL, Ace, Sportsman,

Traveller TAYB

TAYLORCRAFT Plus C/D (Auster 1) PLUS

(ii) In group 3, as a build-up to a complete group 3 license, a candidate may

qualify for the issue of a license for a ―family‖ of aircraft of similar

construction.

(iii) The holder of a rating in group 3 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted

as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to the

holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a ―family‖ license for any of the

defined ―families‖ as follows:

(a) The Maule family in group 3 if the candidate holds a rating for the

Maule M7.

(b) The Piper family aircraft in group 3 if he holds a rating for either of the

PA-18, 20, 22 or 25

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Description of the Piper family in group 3

The numbering of the pipers represents the order in timeline of manufacture.

All these aircraft show the horse power of the engine by the dash number, after the

model type. For example, J3C-65 means it is a J3 the C is for continental engine and

the 65 is the horse power. There are others like J3L (L for Lycoming) and J3F (F for

Franklin). According to Type Certificates most of Piper aircraft in group 3 have

Lycoming engines only.

In this Piper family (fabric covered aircraft), the J3 is lowest form with no electrics, no

flaps, two seats and engines from 40 hp to 90 hp. (not listed above is the PA11

which is a J3 with larger engine electrics and full engine cowling) (Type certificate

still owned by Piper)

PA 12 is larger with electrics, Flaps optional, 3 seats and engines from 108 hp to 125

hp (most are STC'd to 150 hp)

PA 14 is a slightly wider body version of the PA 12 with flaps, 4 seats, full electrics

and same engines as PA 12 (also most STC'd to 150 hp, NOTE both PA 12 and 14

type certificates do not belong to piper).

PA 17 is listed above but is not owned by Piper and most are now NTCA.

PA 18 is a slightly larger version of the J3, still with 2 seats but has full electrics,

flaps and engines from 125 hp to 150 hp.

The PA 18 series also has an agricultural version, called a PA 18A. (TC owned by

Piper and supported)

The PA 20 is essentially a shorter version of the PA 12 / 14, shorter fuselage and

wings. 4 seats, full electrics, pretty much the same as PA 12/14, including the

engines. (NOTE all above aircraft are tail wheel types)

The PA 22-135 / 150 / 160 aircraft are identical to the PA 20, except they were

converted to tricycle gear and engine options up to 160 hp.

PA 22 -108 is a downgraded version of the above aircraft, with only 2 seats and 108

hp engine, no flaps.

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NOTE PA 20 & 22 are still owned by Piper but not really supported in terms of

updated publications.

PA 25 is a crop sprayer and not owned by Piper any longer. The PA 25 would be

considered the flagship of the group 3 Piper, as it has the largest engine in the group

up to 260 hp.

Summary: The PA 22 would be the flagship for the J3 through PA 18.

The PA 25 would be the overall flagship for the group.

The Aeronca, Auster, Bellanca 7/8, Stinson and Taylor Craft are so similar to the PA-

12, 14, 18, 20 or 22 that they can be combined with the Pipers into a series of similar

monoplane aircraft.

The holder of the Piper series and any of the Aeronca, Auster, Bellanca 7/8, Stinson

or Taylor Craft ratings qualifies to apply for a group 3 monoplane family rating.

The Boeing Stearman, Pitts series and DH82 are biplanes that require much rigging

experience.

The Boeing Stearman is the top of the range in this Biplane group and the holder of

this license may be granted the Pitts series and the DH82.

An applicant who holds 60% of the aircraft in group 3, at the date of application, is

eligible to apply for the issue of a group 3 license.

(d) Group 4 - Unpressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a

maximum certificated mass of 5700kg or less.

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(i) When reference is made in a licence to this group, the privileges of the licence

may be exercised in respect of the following airframes:


CODE

AERO 45 AE45

AERO

COMMANDER

100 Commander 100 VO10

AERO

COMMANDER

500 Commander 500 AC50

AERO

COMMANDER

680F, Commander 680F AC68

AERO

COMMANDER

S-2 Ag Commander SS2P

AEROSTAR 600, 601 AEST

AIR TRACTOR AT-301/401 AR3P

AIR TRACTOR AT-302/400/402 AT3T

AIR TRACTOR AT-502/503 AT5T

AIR TRACTOR AT-602 AT6T

AIR TRACTOR AT-802 AT8T

ALLISON 36 Turbine Bonanza B36T

AMERICAN AG-5 Tiger AA5

ALPHA AVIATION R2160i (Robin) R200

AYRES S-2R-600/R1340/R1820/R3S Thrush, Bull

Thrush

SS2P

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AYRES S-2R-T11/T15/T34/T65/G6/G10 Turbo Thrush,

V-1 Vigilante

SS2T

BEAGLE B-121 Pup PUP

BEECH 18 (C-45, RC-45, TC-45, UC-45, AT-7, AT-11

Kansan, SNB, JRB ,Expeditor, Navigator)

BE18

BEECH 19 Musketeer Sport, Sport BE19

BEECH 23 Musketeer, Sundowner BE13

BEECH 24 Musketeer Super, Sierra BE24

BEECH 33 Debonair, Bonanza (E-24) BE33

BEECH 35 Bonanza BE35

BEECH 36 Bonanza BE36

BEECH 55 Baron (T-42 Cochise, C-55, E-20) BE55

BEECH 56 Baron BE56

BEECH 58 Baron BE58

BEECH 65 Queen Air (U-8F Seminole) BE65

BEECH 76 Duchess B BE76

BEECH 95 Travel Air The Travel Air is considered as a

subset of the B55 and may be awarded to the

holder of a B55

BE95

BRITTEN-NORMAN BN-2, BN-2A/B Islander, Defender, Maritime

Defender

BN2P

BRITTEN-NORMAN BN-2T BN-2T

CESSNA 120 C120

CESSNA 140 C140

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CESSNA 150, A150, Commuter, Aerobat C150

CESSNA 152, A152, Aerobat C152

CESSNA 170 C170

CESSNA 172, P172, R172, Skyhawk, Hawk XP, Cutlass

(T-41,Mescalero)

C172

CESSNA 172RG Cutlass RG C72R

CESSNA 175, Skylark C175

CESSNA 177, Cardinal C177

CESSNA 177RG Cardinal RG C77R

CESSNA 180, Skywagon 180 (U-17C) C180

CESSNA 182, Skylane C182

CESSNA R182, TR182(Turbo) Skylane RG C82R

CESSNA 185, A185 Skywagon,Skywagon 185,

AgCarryall (U-17A/B)

C185

CESSNA 188, A188, T188 AgWagon, AgPickup,

AgTruck, AgHusky

C188

CESSNA 195 (LC-126) C195

CESSNA 206, P206, TP206, U206, TU206, (Turbo)

Super Skywagon, (Turbo) Super Skylane,

(Turbo) Skywagon 206, (Turbo) Stationair,

(Turbo) Stationair 6

C206

CESSNA 207 (Turbo) Skywagon 207, (Turbo) Stationair

7/8

C207

CESSNA 208 Caravan 1, (Super) Cargomaster, Grand

Caravan (U-27)

C208

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CESSNA 210, T210, (Turbo) Centurion C210

CESSNA 310, T310 (U-3, L-27) C310

CESSNA 320 (Executive) Skyknight C320

CESSNA 335 C335

CESSNA 336 C336

CESSNA

337, M337, MC337, T337B/C/D/E/F/H (Turbo)

Super Skymaster (O-2)

C337

CESSNA 401, 402, Utililiner, Businessliner C402

CESSNA

CESSNA

404 Titan

F406 Caravan 2

C404

CESSNA T303 Crusader C303

DE HAVILLAND DHC-1 Chipmunk DHC1

DE HAVILLAND

CANADA

DHC-2 Mk1 Beaver (U-6,L-20) DHC2

DE HAVILLAND

CANADA

DHC-6 Twin Otter (UV-18,CC-138) DHC6

DORNIER DO-27 (Fpl53) DO27

DORNIER 228-100/200 D228

EMBRAER 110 E110

ERCO 415 Ercoupe ERCO

Fuji FA200-180 SUBA

GIPPSLAND GA8 GA8

GIPPSLAND GA200 GA20

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GLOBE GC-1 Swift GC1

GRUMMAN G-164 Ag-Cat,Super Ag-Cat G164

GRUMMAN

AMERICAN

AA-1 Trainer,Tr2,T-Cat,Lynx AA1

GRUMMAN

AMERICAN

AA-5 Traveler,Cheetah,Tiger AA5

GRUMMAN

AMERICAN

G-164 Ag-Cat,Super Ag-Cat G164

GRUMMAN

AMERICAN

G-164 Turbo Ag-Cat G64T

HELIO H-391/392/395/250/295/700/800, HT-295

Courier, Strato-Courier, Super Courier (U-10)

COUR

MOONEY M-20, 201, 205, 231, 252, ATS, MSE, PFM,

TLS, Mark 21,

Super 21, Ranger, Master, Chaparral,

Executive, Statesman,

Ovation

M20

MOONEY M22, Mustang M22

MORANE-

SAULNIER

MS-880 to 893 Rallye, Rallye Club, Super

Rallye, Rallye Commodore

RALL

PAKISTAN Mushshak MF17

PACIFIC

AEROSPACE

750XL P750

NAVION Rangemaster RANG

PARTENAVIA P-64/66 Oscar, Charlie OSCR OSCR

PARTENAVIA P-68, Victor, Observer P68 P68

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PARTENAVIA AP-68TP-600 Viator VTOR VTOR

PIAGGIO P-166, P-166A/B/C/DL2/M/S, Portofino,

Albatross

P66P

PILATUS PC-6A/B/C Turbo-Porter (UV-20 Chiricahua) PC6T

PIPER PA-23-150/160 Apache PA23

PIPER PA-23-235/250 Aztec, Turbo Aztec (U-11,E-

19,UC-26)

PA27

PIPER PA-24 Comanche PA24

PIPER PA-28-140/150/151/160/161/180/181

Cherokee, Archer, Cadet, Dakota, Turbo

Dakota, Warrior, Cherokee Archer/ Challenger/

Charger/ Chief/ Cruiser/ Flite

Liner/Pathfinder/Warrior

PA28

PIPER PA-28R-180/200/201 Cherokee Arrow, Arrow

2/3, Turbo Arrow 3

P28R

PIPER PA-28RT-201/201T Arrow 4, Turbo Arrow 4

P28T

P28T

PIPER PA-30/39 Twin Comanche, Twin Comanche

CR, Turbo Twin Comanche

PA30

PIPER PA-31 Navajo, Piper, Chieftain PA31

PIPER PA-32 Cherokee Six, Six, Saratoga, Turbo

Saratoga

PA32

PIPER PA-32R Cherokee Lance, Lance, Saratoga SP,

Turbo Saratoga SP

P32R

PIPER PA-32RT Lance 2, Turbo Lance 2 P32T

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PIPER PA-34 Seneca PA34

PIPER PA-36 Pawnee Brave PA36

PIPER PA-38 Tomahawk PA38

PIPER PA-44 Seminole,Turbo Seminole PA44

PIPER PA-60, Aerostar AEST

PZL-MIELEC M-18 Dromader M18

PZL-OKECIE PZL-106AT/BT Turbo Kruk PZ6T

PZL-OKECIE PZL-104 Wilga PZ04

REIMS F172, FP172, FR172, Skyhawk, Reims Rocket,

Hawk XP

C172

REIMS F182 C182

REIMS F406 Caravan II F406

ROCKWELL 112, 114 Commander 112/114, Alpine

Commander, Gran Turismo Commander

CM11

SCHWEIZER G-164 Ag-Cat, Super Ag-Cat G164

SCHWEIZER G-164 Turbo Ag-Cat, Ag-Cat Turbine G64T

SIAI-MARCHETTI S-205-18F/20F S05F

SIAI-MARCHETTI S-205-18R/20R/22R S05R

SIAI-MARCHETTI S-208 S208

SIAI-MARCHETTI SF-260A/B/C/D/M/W, Warrior F260

SHORTS SC-7 Skyvan SC7

SOCATA MS-880 to 894, Rallye, Rallye Club/ Minerva/

Commodore, Gabier, Gaillard, Galérien,

Galopin, Garnement, Gaucho, Guerrier

RALL

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SOCATA TB-10/20 Tobago, GT TOBA

SOCATA TB-20/21 Trinidad, GT, Pashosh TRIN

TECNAM P2002-JF SIRA

TRANSAVIA PL-12 Airtruk, Skyfarmer PL12

ROBIN HR-100 Royal, Safari, Tiara, President HR10

ROBIN HR-200, R-200, Acrobin HR20

ROBIN DR-400 Cadet, Chevalier, Dauphin 4/80/2+2,

Earl, Major, Major 80, Petit Prince, Regent,

Remo 180/200/212, Remorqueur, 2+2

DR40

ZLIN Z-42/142/242 Z42

ZLIN Z-50 Z50



construction.

(iii) The holder of a rating in group 4, who has more than 5 year uninterrupted

experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was

granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issuance of a ―family‖

license for any of the defined ―families‖ as follows:

Ayres/Rockwell/Aerocommander/Air Tractor/Piper PA 36 Agricultural aircraft.

Although these are produced by different manufacturers they have been designed by

the same person using the same principles and can be dealt with as a family of

Agricultural aircraft.

The holder of the Ayres S-2R (piston) rating qualifies to apply for the Rockwell

commander, The Air Tractor AT 301/401 AT 302/400/402 the Aero Commander S-2

as well as the PA 60.

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The holder of the Ayres S-2R-T (turbine) rating qualifies to apply for the Air Tractor

AT 502/503 and AT 602 ratings. The new AT 801 will become the senior in this

family.

BEECH AIRCRAFT

The Beech 19, 23, 24 and 76 represent a family of aircraft

The Beech 24 is a retractable version of the 23 while the 76 is a twin engine version

of the 24.

The holder of the Beech 76 (the flagship) qualifies to apply for the 19, 23, 24 and 76

as a family.

The Beech 33/35/95/36/55/58/58P family

The B58 is the flagship in group 4, while the 58P (in group 5) is the overall senior

aircraft for this family.

The holder of the B58 or the B58P qualifies to apply for the issue of the above family

of Beech aircraft in group 4

The holder of any of the other aircraft in this family qualifies to apply for the issue of

the ratings of the lesser aircraft in this family

A description follows of the aircraft in this group:

B35 under type cert A-77 are the very early versions of the Bonanza beginning

1947 through 1955. They are the entire ―V‖ tail configuration and all use the same

control systems, pedals, control column and bell cranks. They all use the same

electro mechanical undercarriage and flap system. Variations are engine related

beginning with Continental E-185 Series through to Continental E-225 Series. It is

considered that as this aircraft is virtually obsolete, including the engines, it is

unlikely that any person would actually apply to write an examination on this aircraft.

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However this series should be included with the successful completion of

examination or approved technical course mentioned on type certificate 3A15.

B33 covers the Bonanza/Debonair series from 1956-2005 under type cert 3A15

and is follow on from TCA-777) This includes the 35-33 series.

The holder of any of the E, F or G33 should be granted all the B33 aircraft series.

B35 is also under Type cert 3A15.

The holder of any of the V35 models should be granted the entire B35 and B33

series.

B36 series is also under the type cert 3A15.

The holder of any of the A or B36TC series should be granted the entire

B36/B35/B33 series licenses.

B95 Travel Air series

This series begins with the model 95 through B95 / B95A / D95A / E95 known as the

travel air beginning 1957 through to 1960. This is a smaller version of what became

the Baron and the engines are Lycoming O-360 series. The Travel Air uses

essentially the same fuselage as the early 35 Debonair Series. They are basically

the same aircraft using Conventional Control surfaces and Stabilizers.

It is considered that as this aircraft is virtually obsolete, it is unlikely that any person

would actually apply to write an examination on this aircraft.

B55 series

From 1960 on, the Travel Air became known as the Baron with designation 95 -55.

At the D55 the 95- designation was discontinued, and these models are now

commonly known as the 55 Baron. The 55 Series uses essentially the same

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fuselage as the 33 Bonanza series. The main variation from the Travel Air series is

the size of fuselage and the engines changed to Continentals (with the exception of

the 56TC and A56TC)

The B55 and B95 should be seen as one series and the holder of an E55 license

should be granted the entire B55/B95/B35/B33 series.

B56 series aircraft are turbocharged version of the B55 and appear on the same

type cert.

The holder of a B56 license should be granted the B55 and aircraft below

B58 series is a larger version of the 55 and is on the same type cert. This is the

senior model in the B58/B55/B95/B35/B33 series. Although the B58TC is on a

different type cert (A23CE) it is still in the Baron series and should be included in the

B58 series.

CESSNA AIRCRAFT

Cessna 100 family

This family includes 120, 140, 150, 152, 170, 172, 175, 177, 180, 182, 185, 190,

195.

Retractable versions are the Cessna 172RG & 182RG (virtually same undercarriage

and hydraulic system as Cessna 210N and 210R).

The holder of any license in this family qualifies to apply for the lesser aircraft in the

family (with the exception of the retractable undercarriage versions unless an RG

version is held). The 180, 182 or 185 are seen as the senior models in the family.

The 190 and 195 are radial engine versions and may be granted to the holder of the

appropriate radial engine licenses.

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When upgrading from a lesser model to a more senior model in the family 2 months

experience on the senior model will be considered acceptable.

Cessna 120, 140 have some fabric covered surfaces

Cessna 190, 195 have radial engines.

Cessna 200 family

The 210 is the highest order in the 200 family. Any person holding the Cessna 210,

qualifies to apply for the remainder of the 200 family i.e. Cessna 207, 206 and 205.

This is based on the 210 being the first design in the 200 Series followed by the 205,

206 and 207. All Cessna 210 series are retractable undercarriage types. A fixed

gear version was designated 210-5 and 210-5A which became the Cessna 205 and

later Cessna 206 with Cessna 207 being a stretched version of the same aircraft.

Cessna 210/210A through to 210J shared essentially same fuselage as the 205 and

206 series.

From 210K onwards, the fuselage was shortened. The only significant variation

would be turbo charging.

Cessna 210 Series up to T210J had more complicated undercarriage and hydraulic

system and should possibly be seen as a series within a series. With successful

passing of exam on Cessna T210J, the candidate should be granted the entire 210

Series from 210, 210A through to T210R. This is based on the more complicated

undercarriage and hydraulic system incorporated on these aircraft. The candidate

should also be granted 205, 206 and 207 series aircraft. Therefore, the above

aircraft are actually of the highest order within the range as they are more

complicated than the aircraft described below.

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From the 210K through to 210L and 210M, the undercarriage and hydraulic system

is simplified but still more complicated than the 210N and 210R. Successful

candidate for 210M exam should be given 210K and 210L but not necessarily the

series 210/A through 210J. However, Cessna 205, 206 and 207 should be granted.

Cessna 210N and 210R have even more simplified hydraulic system.

The holder of any 210 license should be granted the remainder of the 200 series as

well as the 100 series.

The Cessna 208 is a very large fixed gear turbine version of the Cessna 206 /207

and has many similarities to the 200 series. However, turbine and piston engine

aircraft will be considered separately.

CESSNA 300 FAMILY

The 337 is the highest order in the 300 family

Any person holding the Cessna 337 qualifies to apply for the remainder of the 300

family.

The holder of any other rating in the 300 family qualifies to apply for the ratings of the

lesser aircraft in the family

The holder of the Cessna 337 rating also qualifies to apply for the Cessna 100 and

200 families

Common types in RSA are Cessna 303, 310, 320, 335, 340, 336 & 337. All are

retractable twin-engine except fixed gear 336. Cessna 310, 320 and 335 are almost

identical and should be put together under one series license (electro-mechanical

undercarriage system). Cessna 340 is pressurized version of 335.

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Cessna 303 is the simplest version in the 300 series (hydraulic system similar to

Cessna 210N & 210R) and should be a separate examination with consideration for

granting of 100 series.

Cessna 336 and 337 are almost identical apart from 337 being retractable.

Successful passing of examination on 335, candidate should be granted 320 and

310 and 303.

Successful Cessna 337 candidate should be granted 336. Consideration should be

given here for granting of Cessna 200 and 100 Series with passing of 337 as this

aircraft is of the highest order in the 300 series (non pressurized).

CESSNA 400 SERIES (non pressurized) - Cessna 401, 402A & 402B are almost

identical. Successful candidate for 402B qualifies to apply for the 402A & 401 as well

as Cessna 310, 320, 335.

Cessna 402C candidate should be granted the above aircraft.

The rest of the 400 series are mainly pressurized and treated under group 5

MOONEY M20 FAMILY

The holder of the M22 qualifies to apply for the money Family in group 4

Mooney M20 series Type Certificate 2A3 (includes M20A, B, C, etc. through S and

TN).

M20A through M20G are virtually identical with mechanically operated undercarriage

system and hydraulic flap actuation. M20J and on have electrically actuated

undercarriage and flap system. Successful candidate for M20G should be granted all

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models below. Successful candidate for M20S and TN should be granted entire

series.

PIPER FAMILY AIRCRAFT

The holder of any fixed gear rating in the Piper family qualifies to apply for the lesser

fixed gear aircraft in the family.

The progression of fixed gear aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to flagship:

PA 38, 28, 32, 36,

The holder of any retractable rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the

lesser fixed and retractable aircraft in the family

The progression of retractable gear aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to

flagship:

PA 28R, 32R ,24, 46

The holder of any retractable rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the

equivalent fixed gear aircraft in the family

The holder of any twin rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the

lesser fixed and retractable aircraft in the family

The progression of twin engined aircraft in this family is, from lesser aircraft to

flagship:

PA 44, 30/ 39, 34, 23, 31 31T.

The holder of any twin rating in the above family qualifies to apply for the

single engine versions based on the same design

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Description of the Piper aircraft in group 4

PA 23 is an obsolete aircraft in terms of spares and support. It is a twin engine, 4-6

seater with engine variations from 180 hp - 260 hp, hydraulic retractable

undercarriage.

PA 24 is also virtually obsolete in terms of spares and support. It has electrically

operated retractable undercarriage, it is a 4 seater with engines from 180 hp- 400 hp.

PA 28 series is a far simpler aircraft to the PA 24 in terms of structures and systems,

2-4 seats with engines from 150 hp - 235 hp. (has normally aspirated and turbo

charged versions)

PA 28R series is the retractable version of the PA 28, virtually identical structure and

systems, with engines from 180 hp - 200 hp. (has normally aspirated and turbo

charged versions)

PA 30 / 39 this is a twin engine version of the PA 24, identical in structure except for

the twin engines. The PA 39 is simply a turbo charged version of the normally

aspirated PA 30. Engines are 180 hp only.

PA 31 commonly known Navajo / Chieftain, this is a 6-8 seater with horse power

from 300-350. It is the largest of the twin piston engine Pipers.

PA 31 T&P series, these are pressurized versions of the same aircraft. The PA31 P

are still piston powered. The PA 31 T turbo propeller. (different type certificate)

PA 32 this is essentially a large version of the PA 28 series, with virtually identical

structures on a larger scale. They are 6 seaters, with fixed gear and retractable

versions. With horse power from 260-300 in turbo charged and normally aspirated

versions.

PA 34 is a twin engine version of the PA 32, virtually identical in structure, only

comes in retractable version. With horse power from 200-220.

PA 36 is a crop sprayer and much larger version of the PA 25. With 400 hp engine.

And all metal construction.

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PA 38 this is the smallest of the group 4 Piper, it is a training aircraft, with 2 seats

and 115 hp only. It is probably the most simple of the group, except that it has a T

tail configuration.

PA 44 is essentially a twin engine retractable version of the PA 28 series.

PA 60 is actually not a Piper, although listed in AICs as a Piper. The type had a brief

history with Piper but is actually an Aerostar. This aircraft beares no structural

similarity to the other Pipers and has more in common with AeroCommander as they

were both designed by Ted Smith.



(e) Group 5 - Pressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a maximum

certificated mass of 5700kg or less.




CODE

AERO

COMMANDER

680F, 680FP Commander 680F/680FP AC68

AERO

COMMANDER

680FL Grand Commander AC6L

AEROSTAR 601P AEST

BEECH 58P Baron (Pressurised) BE58

BEECH 60 Duke BE60

BEECH 90, A90 to E90 King Air (T-44,VC-6) BE9L

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BEECH F90 King Air BE9T

BEECH 100 King Air (U-21F Ute) BE10

BEECH 200, 300, Super King Air, Commuter (C-12A to

F, C-12L, UC-12, RC-12, Tp101, Huron)

BE20/B30

CESSNA P210 Pressurised Centurion P210

CESSNA 340 C340

CESSNA 414, Chancellor C414

CESSNA 421, Golden Eagle, Executive Commuter C421

CESSNA 425 Corsair, Conquest 1 C425

CESSNA 441 Conquest, Conquest 2 C441

CESSNA 500, 501 Citation, Citation 1/1SP C500

CESSNA 510 Mustang C510

CESSNA 525 CitationJet, Citation CJ C525

CESSNA 525A Citation CJ2 C25A

EMBRAER 500 (Phenom 100) E50P

FAIRCHILD-

SWEARINGENS

SA226 Merlin SW4

GULFSTREAM -

AEROSPACE

690, 695 Jetprop Commander

840/900/980/1000

AC90/95

LEAR JET 23 LJ23

MITSUBISHI MU-2, Marquise, Solitaire (LR-1) MU2

PILATUS PC-12 PC12 PC12

PIPER PA-31P Navajo, Pressurised Navajo, Mojave,T-

1020 (E-18)

PA31

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PIPER PA-31T Cheyenne, Cheyenne 1/2, T-1040 (E-

18B)

P31T

PIPER PA-42 Cheyenne 3/400/1000 PA42

PIPER PA-46 Malibu, Malibu Mirage PA46

PIPER PA-60, Aerostar (Pressurised) AEST

RAYTHEON 390 Premier 1 PRM1

ROCKWELL 690, 695 Turbo Commander, Jetprop

Commander 840/980/1000

AC690/95

SOCATA TBM 700/850 TBM7

(f) Group 6 - Unpressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a

maximum certificated mass exceeding 5700kg.

(i) Certification of these aircraft is subject to valid company certification held,

and will be granted on individual aircraft types only.

MANUFACTU

RER

MODEL ICAO

CODE

BASLER Turbo 67 DC3T

CASA 352L, C-212, CN-235 JU52/ C212/CN35

DORNIER 228-201/202 D228

DOUGLAS DC-3, DST (C-47, C-47A to J, AC-47, EC-47, HC-

47, LC-47, RC-47, TC-47, VC-47 Skytrain, C-53

Skytrooper, C-117A/B/C, R4D-1 to 7, Dakota)

DC3

DOUGLAS DC-4 (C-54, EC-54, HC-54, TC-54, VC-54, R5D

Skymaster)

DC4

LET L-410/420 Turbolet L410

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SCHAFER DC-3-65TP DC3T

SHORTS SD3-60 SH36

(g) Group 7 - Rotorcraft powered by reciprocating engines, not exceeding

3175Kg




CODE

BELL 47D,G,H Trooper,OH-13, Sioux,TH-13T,UH-

13H,HE-7

B47G

BELL 47J, Ranger,HH-13, TH-13N, UH-13J/P/R B47J

ENSTROM F-28, 280 Series, Shark, Falcon, Sentinel EN28

FAIRCHILD

HILLER/HILLER

UH-12B/C/E/L, E4, L3, L4,SL3, SL4,H-23, OH-

23, Raven, THE, Hauler

UH12

HUGHES/

SCHWEIZER

200,269 A/B/C, 280, 300, TH-55/300, Sky

Knight, Osage, HE-20, Hkp5

H269

ROBINSON R-22, Beta, Beta II,Mariner R22

ROBINSON R-44 Astro, Clipper, Raven, Raven II R44



construction.

(iii) The holder of a rating in group 7 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted

experience as AME, since the first AME license with a cat A rating was

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granted to the holder, is eligible to apply for the issue of a ―family‖ license

for any of the defined ―families‖ as follows:

(aa) Robinson Helicopters

Any persons holding a Robinson R22 or R44 qualifies for the application for the

Robinson R22 and 44 family due to large similarities in construction and design

philosophy.

(bb) Bell Helicopters

Any person holding the Bell 47G qualifies for the application for ICAO B47G and

B47J ICAO codes, as this is the most common type, with other models being earlier

versions of type with the exception of the 47H and 47G whish are based on the 47G

airframe.

(cc) Enstrom Helicopters

The 280F is the most advanced version of the Enstrom piston range with the addition

of a throttle correlator. The 280FX differences to the F28F are that of a cosmetic and

aerodynamic nature

Any persons holding a F28F and/or 280FX to be granted qualifies for the application

for Enstrom F28F and 280 family



(h) Group 8 - Pressurised aeroplanes of all-metal construction, with a maximum

certificated mass exceeding 5700kg.



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MANUFACTURE

R

MODEL ICAO

CODE

AIRBUS A-300 - 600 A300

AIRBUS A-319/320/321 A319

AIRBUS A-320 A320

AIRBUS A-330

AIRBUS A-340-200 A342

AIRBUS A-340-300 A343

AIRBUS A-340-600 A346

ATR ATR-42/72 ATR

ANTONOV AN-32B AN32

BAC 111 One-Eleven BA11

BAE 3100 Jetstream 31 JS31

BAE 4100 Jetstream 41 JS41

BEECH 300 Super King Air BE30

BEECH B300 Super King Air 350 B350

BEECH 400 Beechjet (T-1 Jayhawk) BE40

BEECH 1900 (C-12J) Series B190

BOEING 707-100/300 B701/B703

BOEING 727 (C-22) B727

BOEING 737-100/200, Surveiller (CT-43, VC-96) B732

BOEING 737-300 B733

BOEING 737-400 B734

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BOEING 737-600 B737

BOEING 737-800 B738

BOEING 747-100/200/300 (E-4, VC-25) B742

BOEING 747-400 B744

BOEING 747SP B74S

BOEING 767 B767

BRITISH

AEROSPACE

BAe-125-700/800 (C-

29)/750/850XP/800XP/900XP/1000

H25B

BRITISH

AEROSPACE

BAE-146-200/300 B462/B463

BOMBARDIER BD-100 Challenger 300 CL30

BOMBARDIER BD-700 Global Express GLEX

CASA CN-235 CN35

CANADAIR CL-600/601/604 Challenger (CC-144,

CE-144)RJ100/700

CL60

CESSNA

550, S550, 551, 552 Citation

2/S2/2SP/Bravo (T-47, OT-47, U-20)

C550

CESSNA 560 Citation 5 C560

CESSNA 680 Citation Sovereign C680

CESSNA 750 Citation 10 C750

CONVAIR

CV-240/340/440/580 Convairliner,

Metropolitan

(C-131, HC-131, RC-131, TC-131, VC-

131F/G, T-29, VT-29, ET-29, VT-29,

CVLP

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Samaritan)

DASSAULT Falcon 10, Mystere 10 FA10


DASSAULT Falcon 20/200, Mystere 20/200 FA20


DASSAULT Falcon 2000, 2000 EX F2TH

DE HAVILLAND

CANADA

DHC-8 Dash 8 (E-9, CT-142, CC-142)

Series

DHC8

DORNIER 328-100/300 D328

DOUGLAS DC-8 DC85/6/7

DOUGLAS DC-9 DC9

DOUGLAS DC-10

EMBRAER 120 E120

EMBRAER 135/145 E135

EMBRAER 505 (Phenom 300) E55P

FOKKER F-27 Friendship, Troopship, Maritime (C-

31, D-2)

F27

FOKKER F-28 Fellowship F28

FOKKER F-28-070/100 F28

FAIRCHILD -

SWEARINGEN

SA227 Metro SW4

GATES

LEARJET

24 LJ24

GATES 25 LJ25

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LEARJET

GATES

LEARJET

31 LJ31

GATES

LEARJET

35, 36 (C-21, RC-35, RC-36, U-36) LJ35

GRUMMAN G-159 Gulfstream 1 (TC-4 Academe, VC-

4)

G159

GRUMMAN G-1159 Gulfstream 2 GULF

GULFSTREAM

Aerospace

G-1159 Gulfstream 3/4/5 (C-20, S102,

Tp102) 550

GULF

GULFSTREAM -

AEROSPACE

200 GALX

HAWKER

SIDDELEY

HS-748 (Andover, C-91) A748

HAWKER

SIDDELEY

HS-125-1/2/3/400/600 (Dominie, EC-93,

EU-93, VC-93, VU-93)

H25A

HAWKER 4000 HA4T

IAI 1125 Astra, Gulfstream 100 ASTR

LEARJET 24 LJ24

LEARJET 25 LJ25

LEARJET 31 LJ31

LEARJET 35 (C-35, R-35, VU-35) LJ35

LEARJET 45 LJ45

LEARJET 60 LJ60

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LOCKHEED

C-130, AC-130, CC-130, DC-130, EC-

130, HC-130, JC-130, KC- 130, LC-130,

MC-130, NC-130, RC-130, TC-130, VC-

130, WC- 130, T-10, TK-10, TL-10, Tp84

Hercules, Spectre, Aya, Karnaf, Sapeer

(L-100/182/282/382)

C130

LOCKHEED L-1329 L29A/B

SAAB 340 SF34

(i) Group 9 - Rotorcraft powered by turbine engines, with a maximum

certificated mass of 3175 kg or less.




AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-350 Ecureuil, Astar, SuperStar AS50

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-355 Ecureuil 2, TwinStar,

TwinSquirrel

AS55

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-341/342 Gazelle GAZL

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-315 Lama LAM1

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-316/319, Alouette 3 ALO3

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-318, Alouette 2 ALO2

AGUSTA WESTLAND A-109 Series, AW-109SP,AW109

Grand Nexus Power

A109

AGUSTA WESTLAND A-119(koala), AW119MKII A119

BELL 206A/B/L, 406, JetRanger, B06

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LongRanger

BELL 407 B407

BELL 427 B427

BELL 429, Global Ranger B429

ENSTROM 480, TH-28 EN48

EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-120 , Colobri EC20

EUROCOPTER/AIRBUS EC-130 EC30


FAIRCHILD HILLER FH-1100 FH11

HUGHES/ MCDONNELL

DOUGLAS

369, 500 series/ 530F H500

MCDONNELL DOUGLAS 520N MD52

MCDONNELL DOUGLAS 600N MD60

MESSERSCHMITT –

BOLKOW/AIRBUS

BO-105, Twin Jet, Super Five B105

SCHWEIZER/SIKORSKY 330,333,269D S330

(ii) Robinson R66 is excluded from group 9 and the holder of a rating in group

9 who has more than 5 years uninterrupted experience since the first

AME license with a category A rating was granted to the holder, is eligible

to apply for issuance of the R66 provided he or she holds an R22 or R44

rating and has passed the differences course on the R66.

(iii) In group 9, as a build-up to a complete group 9 license, a candidate may


construction.

(iv) The holder of a rating in group 9 who has more than 5 year uninterrupted

experience since the first AME license with a cat A rating was granted to

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the holder, is eligible to apply for the issuance of a ―family‖ license for any

of the defined ―families‖ as follows:

(aa) Granting of family licenses

(bb) Augusta Helicopters

Person holding an A109 license qualifies to apply for the A119, as the A119 is

derived from the A109

Due to the fact that the AS109 is a single engine version of the AS119, a person

holding an AS109 series with 30 days experience on AS119 and difference course

qualifies to apply for the AS109/119 family

(cc) Eurocopter/Airbus family

The AS350 and EC130 are an evolution of the same basic design philosophy over a

period of time with the primary difference being engine type fitted and avionics.

Any person holding an AS350B3 license qualifies to apply for the AS350 series.

Any person who has an AS350 license and has completed the EC130 difference

course qualifies to apply for the EC130 series.

Due to the fact that the AS355 is a twin engine version of the AS350, A person

holding an AS350 series with 30 days experience on AS355 and difference course

qualifies to apply for the AS350/355 family

(dd) BELL Helicopters

Any person with a 206L qualifies to apply for the 206 family as it is the latest version

of the 206 series of helicopters mainly evolved using variations on the RR 250

engine

The 407 is a derivative of the 206L

Any person who has a 407 license qualifies to apply for the 206/407 series.

Due to the fact that the 427 is a twin engine version of the 407, A person holding a

407 series with 30 days experience on 427 and difference course qualifies to apply

for the 427/407 Series

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(j) Group 10 - Rotorcraft powered by turbine engines, with a maximum

certificated mass exceeding 3175kg.




AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-330 Puma (CH-33,HT-19) PUMA

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS AS-332 C/L/L1/L2 SUPERPUMA AS32

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-365C, Dauphin 2 S65C

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-360/361 Dauphin

AEROSPATIALE/AIRBUS SA-365F/N AS65

AUGUSTAWESTLAND AW-101 EH10

AGUSTA WESTLAND AB/AW-139 A139

BELL 212, Twin Two-Twelve, Griffon (UH-

1N, VH-1, CUH-1N, CH-135/146,

Twin Huey)222, 230, 430

B212

BELL 214,B/C, Biglifter B214

BELL 222 B222

BELL 230 B230

BELL 412 Arapaho, Sentinel, Griffon B412

BELL 430 B430


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MBB BK-117, B/C-1 BK17

MD HELICOPTER MF-902, EXPLORER EXPL

MIL Mi-8/9/17/19/171/172 MI8

SIKORSKY S-62 (HH-52 Seaguard) S62

SIKORSKY SS-76, H-76, AUH-76, Spirit, Eagle

(HE-24)

S76

SIKORSKY

S-61A/B/D/L/N (SH-3, UH-3, VH-3,

HSS-2, CH-124, HS-9, Sea King,

Nuri)

S61

SIKORSKY S-92, Helibus, Superhawk S92

(aa) Augusta Westland

Person holding an AW109 license qualifies to apply for the AW119, as the AW119 is

derived from the AW109.

Due to the fact that AW119 is a single engine version of the AW109, a person

holding an AW109 Series within 30 days experience on AW119 and difference

course qualifies to apply for the AW109/119 family.

ENGINES

INTRODUCTION

(a) For the purpose of CAR 66.02.4 ―Type‖ will in this context be interpreted as

engines of similar construction but not necessarily on the same type certificate.

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(b) Group 01 and 02 licenses may be granted for Lycoming and Continental

engines on the basis of the similar characteristics of the engines in those

groups, subject to the rules below.

(c) For each of the above groups a representative engine has been selected. A

candidate applying for an engine group (as defined above) license who has

passed the course for this engine and has acquired six months experience on

this engine, may be granted an engine Group 01 rating. Provision is made for

persons holding another license as the ―representative‖ to obtain the group as

follows: -The holder of a more senior license qualifies for the group.The holder

of a lesser license must have passed a course relating to the group or the

representative engine and have thirty days experience on the representative

engine.

(d) Due to the fact that vintage engines occur only in small numbers and fly limited

hours in a year, it is impractical to consider a requirement of six months

experience before the issue of a licence. It is therefore recommended that in

these cases, where the AMO does not have the rating for a particular vintage

engine, the AMO should apply for a once off approval to perform the required

maintenance. When such maintenance has been successfully completed, the

experience gained will be considered sufficient for the granting of the licence.

66.01.4(2): For the purposes of licensing of AME’s, engines are classified into

the following groups:

(a) GROUP 01 ALL CERTIFIED HORIZONTAL OPPOSED

NORMALLY ASPIRATED PISTON ENGINES :

(i) CONTINENTAL MOTORS: A and C Series, O and G0-300 series, E, O- and

I0-360, - 470, - 520, 550 and 6-285 series.

The IO 520 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of engines.

The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the IO 520.

Experience on the IO-520 and/or the IO 550 will qualify for the issue or addition of

the rating ―Continental engines in group 01‖

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(ii) FRANKLIN: 6A-335, 6A-350, 6A4-150, and 6A8-215 series.

The theoretical examination on any of the engines in this group will be considered as

representative of the group. An exam paper is available at the CAA on the 6A4-150

Six months experience on any combination of the engines in this group qualifies for

the issue or addition of the group rating.

For the holder of a group 01 Continental and a group 01 Lycoming rating, one

month‘s experience on the Franklin engines will be acceptable.

(iii) LYCOMING: 0-145, 0-235 AND 0-290 series. 0-, I0-, AEI0-, VO-, IVO-,

HO- and HIO-320, -360, -480, -540 and -720 series.

The IO 540 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of engines.

The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the IO 540.

Experience on the IO-540 will qualify for the issue or addition of the rating

―Lycoming engines in group 01‖

(iv) ROTAX 912S2 This engine is in its own group, and requires a theoretical

examination and six months experience on the type

(b) GROUP 02: ALL CERTIFICATED HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED TURBO

NORMALIZED, TURBOCHARGED AND SUPERCHARGED PISTON ENGINES:

(i) CONTINENTAL MOTORS: TIO-, TSIO-, LTSIO- , GTSIO-360, -470, -520

AND -550 series.

The TSIO 520 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of

engines. The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the TSIO

520.

Experience on the TSIO-520 and/or the TSIO 550 will qualify for the issue or addition

of the rating ―Continental engines in group 02‖

(ii) LYCOMING: TSO-, TSIO-,TGSIO-, and IGSO-360, -480, -540, and -541

series engines.

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The TSIO 540 has been selected as the representative engine in this group of

engines. The candidate must therefore pass the theoretical examination for the TSIO

540.

Experience on the TIO-540 will qualify for the issue or addition of the rating

―Lycoming engines in group 02‖

(iii) SMA SR305-230

This engine is in its own group, and requires a theoretical examination and six

months experience on the type.

(c) GROUP 03: ALL INLINE PISTON ENGINES:

Blackburn Cirrus minor and major series. DH Gipsy major, Gipsy six and Gipsy

Queen. Walter 337A, M137, M601Z, minor series 4/111, minor 6-111 and mikron

111AE, Ranger 6-440 series.

These engines are considered vintage engines. The opportunity to work on these

engines is scarce. The rule of six months experience is not practical.

If the candidate does not hold the rating, application for a special approval (through

the AMO) should be made. Completion of the MPI (C rating) or the

overhaul/shockload or major repair (D rating) will be considered acceptable training

and experience for the issue of the rating (C or D as applicable).

(Rating is issued per individual type certificate)

(d) GROUP 04: RADIAL ENGINES.

Lycoming R-680 series. Pratt and Whitney R985, R1340, R1830, R2000, R2800 and

Double Wasp series. Pezetel AF2-620R. Warner Super Scarab 165. Curtiss Wright

R1820 - C9CC Series. PZL-Kalisz 1 AS2-621-M18. Jacobs R-755 series. PZL A1-14

RA, Continental W670.

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These engines are considered vintage engines. The opportunity to work on these

engines is scarce. The rule of six months experience is not practical.

If the candidate does not hold the rating, application for a special approval (through

the AMO) should be made. Completion of the MPI (C rating) or the

overhaul/shockload or major repair (D rating) will be considered acceptable training

and experience for the issue of the rating (C or D as applicable).

(Rating is issued per individual type certificate

201

(e) GROUP 05: TURBINE ENGINES:

MANUFACTURER MODEL

ALLIED

SIGNAL/GE;

CFE 738.

ALLISON/ROLLS

ROYCE

250-C, 250-817C, 250-C20, 250-C20B,250-C20J,250-C20R,

250-C28B,250-C30 Series, 250-c47 Series, 501-013 and

501D22A series

CFM

INTERNATIONAL;

CFM-56 series

GENERAL

ELECTRIC;

CF34-series, CF6-50, CF6-80, CF700, CJ610-4, CJ610-6,

CJ610-8,

CT58-110-1 and CT58-140-1 series; CT7 series.

GARRETT AIRE;

TPE331-3UW, TPE3318-5-251K, TPE331-6-251M,

TPE331-8/9, TFE731, TPE331-5-252D, TPE 331-14,

TPE 331-10/11 and ATF3 series.

HONEYWELL AS907-1-1A

INTERNATIONAL

AEROSPACE

IAE V2500 Series ENGINES

ROLLS ROYCE;

Dart 532-2L, 532-7, 500, 515, 529-8X and RB211-524 series.

Spey 500, 511-14 and 555-15P series.

TAY 611-8 and Viper 522 series. TAY 620-15; TAY 650-15

202

TREND 500 Series.

ROLLS

ROYCE/ALLISON;

AE3007A/C

ROLLS ROYCE; BR700-710-AI-10,BR700-710 A2-20

WILLIAMS-ROLLS; FJ44 series

PRATT AND

WHITNEY

CANADA

PT6A-20-27-28, -28/34, -41/42, -60, -65, -67

series.PW206, PW207 Series, PT6B Series, PT6C Series,

PT6T-3 and -6 series. PW305, PW306 A/C, PW308

series, PW530, PW545, PW535 series, PW118A, PW 120,

121, 123,

124B, 127. JT15D series. PW615F-A/E

PRATT AND

WHITNEY

JT-3D, JT4A, JT-8D-SERIES, JT9D series and 4000 series.

UAC; JT14D

LYCOMING; ALF502; 502R-3 and 507 series, LTS101-750-C1

TURBOMECA; Artouste, Aztazau 2A and 3 series. Bastian V10, Arriel Series,

Arrius Serries

VEMAENYEN M148

PROPELLERS

The training required for the overhaul of propellers is skill related rather than design

related. (Note that this approach has also been followed with the ratings X1 to X3)

203

Propellers will therefore be grouped as follows:

(i) Variable pitch propellers of metal construction, fitted to piston engine powered

aircraft.

(ii) Variable pitch propellers of composite construction, fitted to piston engine

powered aircraft.

(iii) Variable pitch propellers of metal construction, fitted to turbine powered aircraft

(iv) Variable pitch propellers of composite construction, fitted to turbine powered

aircraft.

SCHEDULE 5

1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

1.1 Technical Standard 67.00.2 is hereby amended by the deletion of subsection

1.2.6 of subsection 2.

2 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

2.1 Technical Standard 67.00.2 is hereby amended by the deletion of subsection

2.2.6 of subsection 2.

3 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

3.1 Technical Standard 67 is hereby amended by the deletion of Schedule 24.

4 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 67 OF THE TECHNICAL STANDARDS

4.1 Technical Standard 67 is hereby amended by the substitution of Schedule 25

with the following Schedule:

204

―SCHEDULE 25: THE COLOUR VISION PROTOCOL

Applicability

This technical standard is applicable to the following categories:

Class I

(a) Air Transport Pilots

(b) Commercial Pilots

Class II

Private Pilots with the following:

(a) Night Flying

(b) IF Rating

(c) Flying a Glass Cockpit Aircraft

1. Ishihara Test

All applicants will be required to submit themselves for Ishihara Test;

(a) Applicants must be able to demonstrate ability to perceive readily those colours the

perception of which is necessary for the safe performance of duties;

(b) The use of tinted lenses to obtain adequate colour perception is not permitted;

(c) The medical examiner shall instructs the person being tested to report the number on a

plate they can see and warns the subject that on some occasions they may not see a

number;

(d) Ishihara test to be conducted as per manufacturer‘s instructions test at a distance

75cm with plane of plates at right angles to line of vision under daylight or daylight

simulated light;

(e) Applicants should see this number with a viewing time of about 3 seconds allowed for

each plate, undue hesitation on the part of the subject may be the first indication of

colour deficiency;

(f) Ishihara plates should be updated periodically or if showing any signs of fading;

205

(g) The Director shall only allow, 24 or 38 plates test version to be used for screening of

colour vision;

(h) The Ishihara test is to be considered passed for the 24 Plates, if the 1st -15th are

identified correctly, with no errors, presented in a random order;

(i) The Ishihara test is to be considered passed for the 38 Plates, if the 1st -24th are

identified correctly, with no errors presented in a random order.

Class II medical certificate Applicants who fail to obtain a satisfactory score of the

Ishihara Tests may nevertheless be assessed as fit.

A medical certificate may be issued if medical conclusion indicates that the applicant

has a colour perception defect which is compatible with the safe exercise of the

privileges of the license, provided the certificate is endorsed with the following

limitations:

(a) For private pilot license privileges only;

(b) Not valid for night flying;

(c) Not valid for IFR flying or flying of EFIS equipped aircraft where the EFIS is the

Primary Flight Instrument;

(d) Meet visual criteria for a Class II Medical Certificate; and

(e) The applicant shall submit a satisfactory report from an ophthalmologist every 2

years if the if < 40 years of age and every year if > 40 years of age.

Applicants who fail to pass in the Ishihara test and who wish to apply for a Class II PPL

without restrictions and Class I medical certificate shall undergo further colour

perception testing to establish whether they are colour safe using the Colour

Assessment Diagnosis (CAD)

For Class I and Class II PPL without restrictions

206

CAD tests should be conducted under SACAA protocols as indicated below.

The CAD test will only pass as colour safe, those individuals who perform as well as

individuals with colour vision in the normal range on the most difficult aviation colour

vision tasks

Applicants will be required to present the Ishihara

The Definitive CAD will assess red/green colour vision and yellow/blue colour vision.

The test can be done simultaneously or individually but will run somewhat faster if you

only assess one type of colour vision at a time. The CAD will establish class of colour

vision loss and whether pass (colour safe) or fail (colour unsafe).

(1) Applicants will be required to produce identity documents prior to examination

(2) Applicants may not wear coloured contact lenses

(3) A report from an Ophthalmologist that confirm that there are no visual defects,

which must include:

Refraction errors

Peripheral vision

Exclusion of any acute or chronic eye disease

Lens abnormality

Absence of any medication that may cause colour vision defect.

The procedure for testing for colour deficiency using the Colour Assessment and

Diagnosis (CAD) shall be as follows:

The applicant‘s eye will be positioned at display height and at a distance of 1.4

meters.

The illumination in the room will be arranged such that no light falls directly on

the display

The ambient illumination on the display surface will not exceed 1 lux.

207

During this test, the applicant will see a coloured target moving diagonally across

a central square in one of four possible directions (top-right, top-left, bottom-right,

or bottom-left).

The response box has four buttons laid out to form a square.

The applicant‘s task is to press the appropriate button to indicate the

corresponding direction of movement.

When unsure, the applicant has to make their best guess

For best results, the applicant will be instructed to maintain fixation on the Centre

of the square and not to track the moving target.

The applicant can request for representation of the current presentation if, for any

reason, the subject failed to attend to the task, but not more than twice.

The applicant will start with the learning mode to familiarize themselves with the

fools before being exposed to the definitive test.

Interpretation of the CAD Results

In the case of class 1 medical certificate, applicants shall have normal perception of

colours or be colour safe;

(a) Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test is considered passed if the

threshold is equals to or less than 6SU for deutan deficiency, or equals or less

than 12 SU for protan deficiency;

(b) A threshold greater than 2 SU for tritan deficiency will be disqualifying;

(c) A threshold greater than 2 SU for tritan deficiency indicates an acquired cause

which should be investigated;

Applicants who fail further colour perception testing shall be assessed as unfit. A

medical certificate may be issued if medical conclusion indicates that the applicant has

a colour perception defect which is compatible with the safe exercise of the privileges of

the license, provided the certificate is endorsed with the following limitations:

(d) For private pilot license privileges only;

208

(e) Not valid for night flying;

(f) Not valid for IFR flying or flying of EFIS equipped aircraft where the EFIS is the

Primary Flight Instrument‘

(g) Meet visual criteria for a Class II Medical Certificate; and

(h) The applicant shall submit a satisfactory report from an ophthalmologist every 2

years if the if < 40 years of age and every year if > 40 years of age

Operational Colour Vision Test and Medical Practical Flight Test

Applicable

Class I-Commercial Pilots only

Class II- with no colour vision restrictions on the medical certificate

Operational Colours Vision Test

1. An applicant for a Class I(Commercial) or Class II who has defective color vision,

must demonstrate the the ability to pass an OCVT which includes:

(a) The ability to read and correctly interpret in a timely manner aeronautical charts

and Jeppesen chart legents:

(i) Including print in various sizes, colors, and typefaces; conventional

markings in

several colors; and terrain colors.

(ii) Aeronautical chart reading may be performed under any light condition

where the chart will normally be read.

Medical Practical Flight Test

209

(1) The Director may require applicants to demonstrate their ability to perceive color

in a EFIS-equipped aircraft or EFIS Cockpit Simulator with the panel lighting set

to the comfort of the applicant day and night and must include the interval from

dawn to dusk;

(2) Medical Practical Flight Test shall be conducted in a Level C or D simulator, or

such lessor device as determined by the Director in the instance of a specific;

(3) The Test shall be conducted by a panel of specialists appointed by the Director

and will be coordinated by Authorized Officers (Medical Assessor) of the SACAA;

(4) The panel shall comprise of the following:

(a) A representative Authorized Officers from the SACAA;

(b) Designated Aviation Medical Examiner with either preferred experience in flying;

(c) An Ophthalmologist;

(d) Designated Flight Examiner as determined by the Director; and

(e) The procedure for the medical practical flight test shall be approved by the

Directors;

(5) Applicants must have the ability to demonstrate the following:

(a) Must read and correctly interpret in a timely manner aviation instruments or

displays, particularly those with colored limitation marks;

(b) Must read and interpret colored instrument panel lights, especially marker

beacon lights, warning or caution lights, weather displays, etc;

(c) Must recognize terrain and obstructions in a timely manner; have the applicant

select several emergency landing fields, preferably under marginal conditions,

and describe the surface

(d) Must visually identify in a timely manner the location, color and significance of

aeronautical lights;

(e) An applicant may be issued a medical with operational limitations should the

panel appointed by the Director deem it necessary finds necessary for safety;

(f) Applicants will be afforded a single opportunity for a Medical Practical Flight Test;

and

210

(g) Operating limitations required by physical deficiencies may restrict holders to

certain aircraft types, special equipment or control arrangements, or special

operating conditions.

Considerations for Applicants with Class I Comm who fail a CAD and pass the

OCVT and PMFT tests

To Fly as CPL in a Multi-Crew environment by day and night as a Deuteranope with the

following restrictions:

(a) The holder does not meet the ICAO medical standard as per Annex 1 and is

therefore restricted to fly within the South African borders on a South African

registered aircraft only

(b) Applicants who fail the CAD will not qualify for Air Transport Pilot Licence

operations;

(c) Annual ophthalmological assessment will be required to determine any

refractory, visual field or lens translucency change every two years is < 40 years

and annually if > 40 years;

(d) The applicants must inform his/her employer and cockpit crew members of his

Red-Green Colour deficiency;

(e) Restricted to a Cabin Altitude of maximum 8000ft AMSL at night or during IFR

conditions;

(f) May not perform any CAT II approaches;

(g) Apply a minimum required flight hours as prescribed in SA-CARS/CATS Part 61

before allowing him to fly as PIC with CPL. The amount of additional hours

required was not determined.; and

(h) The decision and restrictions will be reviewed, should there be a change in his

condition or new evidence become available regarding Deuteranopia and flight

safety‖.

SCHEDULE 6

211


STANDARD


Glider Pilot Licensing

68.01.4 COMPETENCY

1. Proficiency check

2. Annual logbook summary

68.01.6 LANGUAGE

1. Ability requirements

2. Ability demonstration

68.01.7 LOGGING OF FLIGHT TIME

1. Format of logbook

2. Information to be contained in logbooks

3. Recording of flight time

4. Manner in which logbooks are to be maintained

68.01.8 VALIDATION OF FOREIGN PILOT LICENCES AND RATINGS

1. Contracting states

68.01.9 APPLICATION FOR, AND ISSUING OF A VALIDATION OF A FOREIGN

GLIDER PILOT LICENCE AND RATINGS

1. Application form

2. Requirements and conditions

212

3. Certificate of validation

4. Documents to accompany application

68.01.14 RADIO-TELEPHONY CERTIFICATES

1. General

2. Restricted certificate

3. Validation of foreign certificate

4. Concessions for holders of national pilot learner‘s certificate

5. Application and examination

68.02.2 TRAINING

1. Required outcomes of training course

2. Practical training

3. Subjects to be covered in theoretical training phase

68.02.3 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

1. Theoretical knowledge examination

2. Invigilating

68.02.4 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY

1. Basic training and knowledge requirements

68.02.5 APPLICATION FOR GLIDER STUDENT PILOT LICENSE

1. Glider Student pilot license application

68.02.6 ISSUING OF GLIDER STUDENT PILOT LICENSE

1. The Glider Student pilot license shall be issued

68.02.8 PRIVILEGES AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDENT GLIDER

PILOT LICENSE

1. The holder of a valid student glider pilot license shall be

213

68.03.3 PRACTICAL TRAINING


68.03.5 SKILL TEST

1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures and flying skill ........

2. Skill test report

68.03.8 ISSUING

68.04.3 TRAINING

1. Required outcomes of training course

2. Main aspects of training course

3. Theoretical tuition

4. Practical tuition


68.04.5 SKILL TEST

1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures, instructional technique

and flying skill

2. Skill and patter test report

68.04.6 APPLICATION FOR GLIDER PILOT INSTRUCTOR RATING

68.04.9 RENEWAL OF GLIDER PILOT INSTRUCTOR RATING

1. Flight instructor refresher seminar

2. Open book quiz

68.05.4 EXPERIENCE

68.01.4 Competency

PROFICIENCY CHECK

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The contents of the proficiency check shall be as defined in the form RA

68.05 and shall be conducted in an aircraft of the category, class or type

for which the pilot requires the proficiency check. In general terms, the

elements listed below should be included in the proficiency check,

however, it is accepted that there may be aircraft or operational

requirements and limitations that prevents some of these elements from

being covered. In such cases the instructor shall make appropriate

comments on the revalidation check form.

(a) An applicant for the renewal of a glider pilot license must

demonstrate his skill to an appropriately qualified Glider Flight

Instructor:

(b) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX

R68.03

(c) The flight instructor conducting the proficiency check must complete

the assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the

standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated in

paragraph (h) below.

(d) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than

one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated after more

training in all aspects that was assessed as below Assessment

Category 4.

(e) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than two

assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all aspects that

were assessed as below Assessment Category 4, after more

training in all these aspects.

(f) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than

four assessments, the application for the license may only be

presented after more training in these aspects were conducted and

215

a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including copies of

logbook entries of such training, accompanies the application.

(g) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known easy

habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is important to

not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest mark, and be

certain to discuss these with the applicant, his instructor as well as

the flight school management.

(h) Format of assessment report

Mark obtained Assessment

(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in the

particular aspect.

(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.

(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a report before

the license may be issued.

(iv) High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.

(v) Above average

ANNUAL LOGBOOK SUMMARY

The annual logbook summary shall:

(a) be in the format prescribed in APPENDIX R68.07.

(b) reflect the number of hours flown recorded in each column

of the logbook, per aircraft category, class or type in the

preceding 12 months, a grand total of hours flown in each

aircraft category for the period and a grand total of hours

flown which has been recorded in each column of the

logbook; and

(c) be submitted together with the annual currency fees and

attached to form RA 68.02.

68.01.6 Language

216

ABILITY REQUIREMENTS

The applicant for a pilot licence, to be issued in terms of Part 68 shall

have sufficient ability in reading, speaking and understanding the

English language in the following circumstances:

(a) Examination:

To undergo and pass oral and written examinations conducted

in English, required for the issue of the particular license /

ratings applied for;

(b) Ground actions:

All information written in English relevant to the accomplishment

of a flight, such as:

(i) All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory

requirements, including all technical manuals;

(ii) all pre-flight administrative and flight planning

procedures;

(iii) use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach

charts and associated documents;

(c) Communication:

Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC and

other crew members in English during all phases of flight, and

particularly during any emergency situation.

ABILITY DEMONSTRATION

The ability, referred to in section 1 shall be demonstrated by

complying with one of the following alternative requirements:

(a) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted in

English; or

217

(b) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of

the Civil Aviation Authority after having undertaken a course of

training enabling the applicant to meet all the objectives listed in

section 1 (a) to (c) above; or

(c) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of

the Civil Aviation Authority, if considered necessary by the

Commissioner, where an applicant claims English as his or her

mother tongue or second language.

68.01.7 Logging of flight time

FORMAT OF LOGBOOK

Logbooks must be maintained with at least the format as per

APPENDIX

R68.08.

INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN LOGBOOKS

The following information must be recorded in logbooks as

applicable:

(a) General:

(i) full name and address of owner;

(ii) summary of previous flying experience, if any;

(iii) licence(s) held, with number.

(b) Particulars of each actual or simulated flight:

(i) date;

(ii) (a) the registration marks and type or ICAO

designator of the aircraft, or the make and model and

size of hang-glider or para-glider,in which the flight was

made; or

218

(b) the registration and type of the simulator in which

the simulated flight was made;

(iii) name of pilot-in-command (PiC) or ‗SELF‘;

(iv) operating capacity of the holder if not PiC;

(v) name of safety pilot, if applicable;

(vi) place of departure and of arrival in respect of an actual

flight;

(vii) nature of flight.

(c) Specification of pilot flight time experience acquired in any of

the following categories:

(i) authorised flight training received from an appropriately

rated flight instructor;

(ii) national pilot learner flying solo;

(iii) pilot-in-command (PiC);

(iv) co-pilot;

(v) flight instructor.

RECORDING OF FLIGHT TIME

(a) Flight time shall be recorded as prescribed in regulation

68.01.7.

(b) Flight times may be recorded in hours and minutes, or in hours

and decimals of hours.

(c) When recording flight times, a clear distinction must be made

between flight time acquired on different categories of aircraft;

e.g. microlight aeroplane, gyrocopter, light sport aeroplane,

glider etc.

MANNER IN WHICH LOGBOOKS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED

219

(a) In order to facilitate the issuing of licences, or the issuing and

renewal of ratings, a pilot shall summarize his or her logbook for

the twelve months immediately preceding the date of

application for the issue of a licence, or the issue or renewal of

a rating, as applicable, unless a new rating or license is to be

issued, in which case a copy of the logbook pages pertaining to

the rating or license will be submitted.

(b) Summaries must be signed by the pilot and, where applicable,

by the flight instructor. In the latter case, the flight instructor

shall print clearly his or her name, and record his or her license

number.

(c) On each page, totals must be brought and carried forward, and

grand totals recorded. Grand totals must be recorded in the left-

hand corner at the bottom of each page in the space provided

therefore.

(d) The ‗details of flight and remarks‘ column must be completed,

showing-

(i) the exercises of the applicable practical flight instruction

syllabus; or

(ii) in the case of navigation: the route flown; or

(iii) in the case of a aviation flight the type of flight;

(iv) whether the pilot-in-command acted as flight instructor;

(v) any other information of importance related to the flight.

(g) Where a flight is conducted for the purpose of meeting a

maintenance of competency requirement, this must be recorded

on the line of the particular flight; e.g. ‗Reg. 68.04.3(a)(ii)

complied with‘. Where currency was restored by means of a

skill test, the entry ‗Reg. xxx complied with‘ shall be

220

countersigned by the national instructor. The same applies even

if the required purpose is achieved over a number of flights.

68.01.8 Validation of foreign pilot’s licences and ratings

CONTRACTING STATES

A list of Contracting States of which the licences and ratings issued

by or on behalf of the appropriate authority are deemed to be of a

standard equal to, or higher than, those issued by or on behalf of the

South African Civil Aviation Authority may be obtained from the

Commissioner or the organisation designated for the purpose in

terms of Part 149, as the case may be.

68.01.9 Application for, and issuing of a validation of a foreign pilot licence

and ratings

APPLICATION FORM

The application for the Validation for a foreign pilot licence or rating

shall be made on the form RA 68-01 to the Director or the

organisation designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the

case may be.

REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS

(a) Language ability requirements-




221

(i) Examination:

To undergo and pass oral and written examinations

conducted in English, required for the issue of the particular

license / ratings applied for;

(ii) Ground actions:

All information written in English relevant to the

accomplishment of a flight, such as:

aa. All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory


bb. all pre-flight administrative and flight planning

procedures;

cc. use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach


iii) Verbal communication:




(b) Language Ability demonstration-



(i) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted

in English; or

(ii) Having passed a specific examination given by or on

behalf of the Civil Aviation Authority after having

undertaken a course of training enabling the applicant to

222

meet all the objectives listed in section 1 (a) to (c) above;

or

(c) Requirements for the issue of a validation for the purpose of flying-

An applicant who wishes to validate his or her foreign license for

the purpose of exercising the privileges of a national pilot in a

South African registered aircraft shall

(i) Pass a skill test with an appropriately rated flight instructor,

who is also required to assess the applicant‘s cross-country,

navigational proficiency. If necessary, according to

experience, the applicant shall undergo a navigation flight

test with the instructor, similar to the cross-country flight

requirement as prescribed by these regulations for the issue

of a national pilot licence; and

(ii) Pass an examination in air law as applicable for a national

pilot licence at an aviation training organisation, approved in

terms of Part 141.

(d) Validation of flight instructor rating

(i) To qualify for the validation of a national flight instructor

rating, the applicant shall –

(a) Be in the possession of a valid, equivalent or higher

grade flight instructor rating, issued by the appropriate

authority of a Contracting State;

(b) Qualify for the issue of, or be in the possession of a

valid validation of his or her pilot licence;

(c) Pass a skill test with an appropriately qualified flight

instructor who shall also assess the applicant‘s teaching

223

proficiency and conduct a cross-country flight test with

the applicant; and

(d) Pass a written or oral examination, conducted by the

CAA or the designated organisation, in any other

relevant subject as may be directed by the

Commissioner or the said organisation in the light of the

applicant‘s flight instructor rating applied for.

(ii) The Civil Aviation Authority retains the right to nominate a

specific testing officer for the conduct of any of the tests,

referred to in the sub-paragraph (i).

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

A foreign national pilot licence and or rating Certificate of Validation

shall be issued on the form CA 62-01 unless a hang gliding or

paragliding pilot which shall be issued as per form CA 62-16.

DOCUMENTS TO ACCOMPANY APPLICATION-

An application for a Certificate of Validation for a foreign pilot licence

or rating shall be accompanied by –

(a) The fees and documents prescribed in sub-regulations 62.02.15

(5)

(b) where a skill test is required, a copy of the relevant skill test

report;

(c) where a theoretical knowledge examination is required, proof of

having passed such examination; and

(d) any other document that the Commissioner or the organisation

designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the case

224

may be, may require in respect of a particular applicant,

required to assess the applicant‘s fitness to hold a South

African Validation for his or her foreign pilot licence or rating.

68.01.14 Radio telephony certificates

GENERAL

(a) The issuing authority for radiotelephony certificates is the

Independent Communications Authority of South Africa

(ICASA). The CAA has been authorised by ICASA to issue

certificates on behalf of ICASA

(b) ICASA issues two types of certificates, namely a restricted and

a general certificate of proficiency (aeronautical), and may

recognise similar certificates issued by a foreign state for

validation purposes.

RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE

The holder of a glider pilot licence must be the holder of at least a

restricted certificate whenever he or she operates an aircraft that is

required to be fitted with radio apparatus capable of operating within

the aeronautical frequency band.

VALIDATION OF FOREIGN CERTIFICATE

The holder of a foreign certificate of proficiency (aeronautical) or

similar certificate must obtain a validation from the CAA before

operating the radio apparatus in a South African registered aircraft.

CONCESSIONS FOR THE HOLDERS OF A GLIDER STUDENT PILOT

LICENSE-

ICASA has given permission for the holder of a glider student pilot

license to operate the radio apparatus on board an aircraft under the

supervision of a certificated operator for a period not exceeding the

225

validity of the student pilot license. The conditions for the issue of a

glider student pilot license and a certificate of competency to operate

radio apparatus are prescribed in Subpart 2 of Part 68 of the

Regulations.

APPLICATION AND EXAMINATION

The procedures to be followed in applying for a certificate of

proficiency (aeronautical), and the conditions applying to the relevant

examinations, are published from time to time in Aeronautical

Information Circular AIC 30-9.

68.02.2 Training

REQUIRED OUTCOMES OF TRAINING COURSE

The aim of the training course is to train prospective glider pilots to the

level of knowledge required to obtain a glider pilot license.

PRACTICAL TRAINING

Prior to applying for a glider student pilot license, the applicant shall

have undergone basic training:

(a) pre-flight inspections

(b) an air experience flight

SUBJECTS TO BE COVERED IN THEORETICAL TRAINING PHASE

The theoretical training phase must cover the following subjects:

(a) Aircraft technical general on the type of training aircraft being

used.

(b) Basic Air Law as appropriate to student pilots.

226

(c) Local Rules appropriate to the airfield in use as well as the

surrounding areas.

62.02.3 Theoretical knowledge examination

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION

The theoretical knowledge examination is to be based on the subjects

prescribed in TS 68.02.2

INVIGILATING

The written theoretical knowledge examinations must be invigilated

by-

(a) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant

glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating

(b) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,

Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the

appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating or

glider pilot instructor rating;

68.02.4 Certificate of competency

BASIC TRAINING AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

The communication basic training and knowledge syllabus requirements

are:

(a) Practical operation of the radio and intercom

(b) Basic explanation of airspaces

(c) Basic practical radio communication

68.02.5 Application for Student glider pilot license

227

STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE APPLICATION

(a) An application for a student glider pilot license in a category shall be

made on form RA 68-03 to the Director or the organisation approved

for the purpose in terms of Part 149 of the CAR.

68.02.6 Issuing of Student glider pilot license

STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE SHALL BE ISSUED

(a) in the format of a Glider Pilot License book

68.02.8 Privileges and limitations of a Student Glider Pilot License

THE HOLDER OF A STUDENT GLIDER PILOT LICENSE SHALL ONLY

(a) exercise those privileges and limitations as prescribed in sub-

regulation 68.02.

68.03.3 Training

PRACTICAL TRAINING

The practical training must be done according to APPENDIX

R68.01.



(a) The contents of the written theoretical knowledge examination

must be based on the theoretical training described in

APPENDIX R 68.02

The written theoretical knowledge examination shall be

invigilated

(b) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant


(c) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,




228

68.03.5 Skill test

PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES

AND FLYING SKILLS

(a) An applicant for a glider pilot license to be issued with a type

rating or class rating for conventional - or touring motor gliders

must demonstrate skills in:

(i) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant

glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot instructor rating;

and

(ii) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,



glider pilot instructor rating; who had not been involved in

more than 3 hours of instruction with the applicant:


68.03

SKILL TEST REPORT

(a) The flight instructor conducting the skill test must complete the

assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the


paragraph (f) below.

(b) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than



Category 4.

(c) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than

two assessments, the test has to be repeated in respect all

aspects that were assessed as below Assessment Category 4,

after more training in all these aspects.

229

(d) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than


presented after more training in these aspects were conducted

and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including

copies of logbook entries of such training, accompanies the

application.

(e) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known

easy habit of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. It is

important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest

mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant, his

instructor as well as the flight school management.

(f) Format of assessment report


(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more

training in the particular aspect.


(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a

report before the license may be issued.


(v) Above average

Application

68.03.7

An application for the issuing of a class rating or additional type rating by name

for gliders shall be made on form RA 68-06.

Issuing of class rating or type rating

68.03.8

A class rating or type rating by name for gliders shall be issued in the format of

entries into the Glider Pilots License book.

230

68.04.3. Training


The aim of the course must be to train a candidate glider pilot instructor

to obtain the high level of theoretical knowledge, practical flying skills

proficiency, safety, airmanship, and the ability to convey and teach these

to a learner pilot as required by SACAA, RAASA and SSSA standards

and as indicated in this document. This requires that the candidate

should be able to safely and professionally act as flight instructor of any

glider aircraft for which he or she holds a valid class or type rating, and

knowledgeably and confidently stand in front of a class of student pilots

as lecturer on the required theoretical subjects.

MAIN ASPECTS OF TRAINING COURSE

The course must be comprised of the following aspects running in parallel-

(a) Theoretical tuition; and

(b) Practical flying tuition.

THEORETICAL TUITION

The dedicated aspects of theoretical tuition shall be applicable for glider

pilot instructor rating and for a assistant glider pilot instructor rating as

indicated. The theoretical phase must cover tuition to teach the candidate

instructor to confidently lecture on the subjects as outlined in APPENDIX

R 68.05

PRACTICAL TUITION

Candidate instructors must be taught ground briefings and patter in the air

according to APPENDIX R 68.04


231

Content of theoretical knowledge examinations are to be based on the

theoretical subjects as mentioned in APPENDIX R68.05.

68.04.5 Skill test

PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES,

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUE AND FLYING SKILL

The applicant must show a consistent above average level of flying skill in

demonstrating the air exercises below. Before conducting this test the

applicant must be given by the appointed CFI or glider pilot instructor

conducting the test, a particular air exercise as the main aspect of training

to be briefed and pattered upon, as a new, first time simulated exercise.

Furthermore, during the test the testing instructor must at random select

four further aspects which he must fly as a student pilot who already had

received some instruction, and for which the applicant must do corrective

patter and demonstration of flight technique to alleviate any shortcomings

or mistakes.

SKILL AND PATTER TEST REPORT

The flight instructor conducting the skill and patter test must complete the

assessment report on form RA 62-05 with reference to the standard of

assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as indicated below.

If more than one assessment in the Assessment Category 1 was obtained

the complete test has to be repeated after more training in all aspects that

was assessed as below Assessment Category 4.

If more than two assessments in the Assessment Category 2 were

obtained the complete test has to be repeated after more training in all

aspects that was assessed as below Assessment Category 4.

If more than four assessments in the Assessment Category 3 were

obtained, the test has to be repeated regarding only these aspects, and

after more training has been done in these aspects.

232

Testing instructors are encouraged not fall into the well-known easy habit

of simply awarding ―average‖ assessments. Be not afraid to award either

the highest or the lowest mark, and be certain to discuss these with the

candidate, his tutor as well as the flight school management.

Format of assessment report


(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in the

particular aspect. Complete retest required

(ii) Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect. Complete

retest required.

(iii) Average, retest required in these aspects.


(v) Above average

68.04.6 Application for glider pilot instructor’s rating

(a) An application for the issuing of a glider pilot instructor rating

shall be made on form RA 68-08

(b) The skill test report shall be submitted on the form RA 68-05

68.04.9 Renewal of glider pilot instructor’s rating

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR REFRESHER SEMINARS

All glider pilot instructor‘s must attend a refresher seminar at least

once every two years if held. These seminars, set up under the

auspices of the Recreation Aviation Administration of South Africa,

will be conducted every 2 years at selected venues. These must

include, but not be limited to the following aspects of discussion:

Advancement in instructional techniques.

Statutory changes in aviation.

Applicable aspects of existing statutes.

233

Analyses of root causes and trends of occurrences.

Open book quiz on various aspects of commercial aviation, flight

and ground instruction, and aviation in general.

OPEN BOOK QUIZZ

The results of the open book quiz is not a norm in the renewal process, but

is mainly for self evaluation, and is to be kept in hard copy format on the

instructor‘s file at the flight training school where he is employed.

68.05.4 Application

An application for the issuing of a Glider Pilot Licence including a type

rating or group type rating as a test pilot shall be made on form RA 68.09.

SCHEDULE 7


STANDARD


LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS:

FREE BALLOON PILOT LICENSE

SUBPART 1: GENERAL

TS 69.01.4 COMPETENCY. ...............................................................................69-5

1. Proficiency check ....................................................................69-5

2. Annual logbook summary .......................................................69-6

234

TS 69.01.6 LANGUAGE .....................................................................................69-7

1. Ability requirements ................................................................69-7

2. Ability demonstration ..............................................................69-7

TS 69.01.7 LOGGING OF FLIGHT TIME ...........................................................69-8

1. Format of logbook ...................................................................69-8

2. Information to be contained in logbooks ...............................69-8

3. Recording of flight time ...........................................................69-9

4. Manner in which logbooks are to be maintained ..................69-9

TS 69.01.8 VALIDATION OF FOREIGN PILOT LICENCES AND RATINGS .....69-10

1. Contracting states ...................................................................69-10

TS 69.01.9 APPLICATION FOR, AND ISSUING OF A VALIDATION

OF A FOREIGN GLIDER PILOT LICENCE AND RATINGS…...…….69-10

1. Application form ......................................................................69-10

2. Requirements and conditions ................................................69-10

3. Certificate of validation ...........................................................69-12

4. Documents to accompany application ..................................69-12

TS 69.01.14 RADIO-TELEPHONY CERTIFICATES ............................................69-13

1. General .....................................................................................69-13

2. Restricted certificate ...............................................................69-13

3. Validation of foreign certificate ..............................................69-13

4. Concessions for holders of national pilot learner’s certificate

...................................................................................................69-13

5. Application and examination ..................................................69-13

SUBPART 2: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON PILOT

LICENSE

235

TS 69.02.3 PRACTICAL TRAINING ...................................................................69-16

TS 69.02.4 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION ..............................69-16

TS 69.02.5 SKILL TEST .....................................................................................69-16

1. Practical test of knowledge of procedures and flying skill 69-16

2. Skill test report .......................................................................69-17

TS 69.02.8 ISSUING………………………………………………………………….69-18

TS 69.02.11 CLASS RATINGS………………………………….…………………….69-18

SUBPART 3: FREE BALLOON COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE

TS 69.03.4 TRAINING ........................................................................................69-19

1. Required outcomes of training course ................................69-19

2. Main aspects of training course ...........................................69-19

3. Theoretical tuition ..................................................................69-19

4. Practical tuition ......................................................................69-19

TS 69.03.5 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE EXAMINATION ..............................69-19

SUBPART 1: GENERAL

Competency

TS 69.01.4

PROFICIENCY CHECK

The contents of the proficiency check shall be as defined in the form RA

68.05 and shall be conducted in an aircraft of the category, class or type

for which the pilot requires the proficiency check. In general terms, the

elements listed below should be included in the proficiency check,

however, it is accepted that there may be aircraft or operational

requirements and limitations that prevents some of these elements from

236

being covered. In such cases the instructor shall make appropriate

comments on the revalidation check form.

(a) An applicant for the renewal of a glider pilot license must

demonstrate his skill to an appropriately qualified Glider Flight

Instructor:


R68.03

(c) The flight instructor conducting the proficiency check must

complete the assessment report on form RA 68-05 with

reference to the standard of assessment on a scale of 1 to 5 as

indicated in paragraph (h) below.

(d) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more

than one assessment, the complete test has to be repeated

after more training in all aspects that was assessed as below

Assessment Category 4.

(e) f an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than




(f) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more

than four assessments, the application for the license may only

be presented after more training in these aspects were

conducted and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof,

including copies of logbook entries of such training,

accompanies the application.

(g) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known


important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the

lowest mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant,

his instructor as well as the flight school management.

237

(h) Format of assessment report


(i) Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in

the particular aspect.


(iii) Average, some flight instructor input required with a report

before the license may be issued.


(vi) Above average

ANNUAL LOGBOOK SUMMARY

The annual logbook summary shall:

(a) be in the format prescribed in APPENDIX R68.07

(b) reflect the number of hours flown recorded in each column

of the logbook, per aircraft category, class or type in the

preceding 12 months, a grand total of hours flown in each

aircraft category for the period and a grand total of hours

flown which has been recorded in each column of the

logbook; and

(c) be submitted together with the annual currency fees and

attached to form RA 68.02.

Language

TS 69.01.6 ABILITY REQUIREMENTS




238

(a) Examination:

To undergo and pass oral and written examinations conducted

in English, required for the issue of the particular license /

ratings applied for;

(b) Ground actions:

All information written in English relevant to the accomplishment

of a flight, such as:

(iv) All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory


(v) all pre-flight administrative and flight planning

procedures;

(vi) use of all aeronautical en route, departure and approach


(c) Communication:




ABILITY DEMONSTRATION



(a) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted in

English; or

(b) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of

the Civil Aviation Authority after having undertaken a course of

training enabling the applicant to meet all the objectives listed in

section 1 (a) to (c) above; or

239

(c) Having passed a specific examination given by or on behalf of

the Civil Aviation Authority, if considered necessary by the

Commissioner, where an applicant claims English as his or her

mother tongue or second language.

Logging of flight time

TS 69.01.7

FORMAT OF LOGBOOK

Logbooks must be maintained with at least the format as per

APPENDIX

R68.08.

INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN LOGBOOKS

The following information must be recorded in logbooks as

applicable:

(a) General:

(i) full name and address of owner;

(ii) summary of previous flying experience, if any;

(iii) licence(s) held, with number.

(b) Particulars of each actual or simulated flight:

(i) date;

(ii) (a) the registration marks and type or ICAO

designator of the aircraft, or the make and model and

size of hang-glider or para-glider,in which the flight was

made; or

(b) the registration and type of the simulator in which

the simulated flight was made;

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(iii) name of pilot-in-command (PiC) or ‗SELF‘;

(iv) operating capacity of the holder if not PiC;

(v) name of safety pilot, if applicable;

(vi) place of departure and of arrival in respect of an actual

flight;

(vii) nature of flight.

(c) Specification of pilot flight time experience acquired in any of

the following categories:

(i) authorised flight training received from an appropriately

rated flight instructor;

(ii) national pilot learner flying solo;

(iii) pilot-in-command (PiC);

(iv) co-pilot;

(v) flight instructor.

RECORDING OF FLIGHT TIME

(a) Flight time shall be recorded as prescribed in regulation

68.01.7.

(b) Flight times may be recorded in hours and minutes, or in hours

and decimals of hours.

(c) When recording flight times, a clear distinction must be made

between flight time acquired on different categories of aircraft;

e.g. microlight aeroplane, gyrocopter, light sport aeroplane,

glider etc.

MANNER IN WHICH LOGBOOKS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED

(a) In order to facilitate the issuing of licences, or the issuing and

renewal of ratings, a pilot shall summarize his or her logbook for

241

the twelve months immediately preceding the date of

application for the issue of a licence, or the issue or renewal of

a rating, as applicable, unless a new rating or license is to be

issued, in which case a copy of the logbook pages pertaining to

the rating or license will be submitted.

(b) Summaries must be signed by the pilot and, where applicable,

by the flight instructor. In the latter case, the flight instructor

shall print clearly his or her name, and record his or her license

number.

(c) On each page, totals must be brought and carried forward, and

grand totals recorded. Grand totals must be recorded in the left-

hand corner at the bottom of each page in the space provided

therefore.

(d) The ‗details of flight and remarks‘ column must be completed,

showing-

(i) the exercises of the applicable practical flight instruction

syllabus; or

(ii) in the case of navigation: the route flown; or

(iii) in the case of a aviation flight the type of flight;

(iv) whether the pilot-in-command acted as flight instructor;

(v) any other information of importance related to the flight.

(g) Where a flight is conducted for the purpose of meeting a

maintenance of competency requirement, this must be recorded

on the line of the particular flight; e.g. ‗Reg. 68.04.3(a)(ii)

complied with‘. Where currency was restored by means of a

skill test, the entry ‗Reg. xxx complied with‘ shall be

countersigned by the national instructor. The same applies even

if the required purpose is achieved over a number of flights.

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Validation of foreign pilot’s licences and ratings

TS 69.01.8

CONTRACTING STATES

A list of Contracting States of which the licences and ratings issued

by or on behalf of the appropriate authority are deemed to be of a

standard equal to, or higher than, those issued by or on behalf of the

South African Civil Aviation Authority may be obtained from the

Commissioner or the organisation designated for the purpose in

terms of Part 149, as the case may be.

Application for, and issuing of a validation of a foreign pilot licence and ratings

TS 69.01.9

APPLICATION FORM

The application for the Validation for a foreign pilot licence or rating

shall be made on the form RA 68-01 to the Director or the

organisation designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the

case may be.

REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS

(a) Language ability requirements-




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(i) Examination:

To undergo and pass oral and written examinations

conducted in English, required for the issue of the

particular license / ratings applied for;

(ii) Ground actions:

All information written in English relevant to the

accomplishment of a flight, such as:

dd. All laws, regulations, rules and other statutory


ee. all pre-flight administrative and flight planning

procedures;

ff. use of all aeronautical en route, departure and

approach charts and associated documents;

iii) Verbal communication:

Be able to clearly and coherently communicate with ATC

and other crew members in English during all phases of

flight, and particularly during any emergency situation.

(b) Language Ability demonstration-



(i) Having graduated from a pilot licensing course conducted

in English; or

(ii) Having passed a specific examination given by or on

behalf of the Civil Aviation Authority after having

undertaken a course of training enabling the applicant to

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meet all the objectives listed in section 1 (a) to (c) above;

or

(c) Requirements for the issue of a validation for the purpose of flying-

An applicant who wishes to validate his or her foreign license for

the purpose of exercising the privileges of a national pilot in a

South African registered aircraft shall

(i) Pass a skill test with an appropriately rated flight instructor,

who is also required to assess the applicant‘s cross-country,

navigational proficiency. If necessary, according to

experience, the applicant shall undergo a navigation flight

test with the instructor, similar to the cross-country flight

requirement as prescribed by these regulations for the issue

of a national pilot licence; and

(ii) Pass an examination in air law as applicable for a national

pilot licence at an aviation training organisation, approved in

terms of Part 141.

(d) Validation of flight instructor rating

(i) To qualify for the validation of a national flight instructor

rating, the applicant shall –

(aa) Be in the possession of a valid, equivalent or higher

grade flight instructor rating, issued by the appropriate

authority of a Contracting State;

(bb) Qualify for the issue of, or be in the possession of a

valid validation of his or her pilot licence;

(cc) Pass a skill test with an appropriately qualified flight

instructor who shall also assess the applicant‘s teaching

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proficiency and conduct a cross-country flight test with

the applicant; and

(dd) Pass a written or oral examination, conducted by the

CAA or the designated organisation, in any other

relevant subject as may be directed by the

Commissioner or the said organisation in the light of the

applicant‘s flight instructor rating applied for.

(ii) The Civil Aviation Authority retains the right to nominate a

specific testing officer for the conduct of any of the tests,

referred to in the sub-paragraph (i).

CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION

A foreign national pilot licence and or rating Certificate of Validation

shall be issued on the form CA 62-01 unless a hang gliding or

paragliding pilot which shall be issued as per form CA 62-16.

DOCUMENTS TO ACCOMPANY APPLICATION-

An application for a Certificate of Validation for a foreign pilot licence

or rating shall be accompanied by –

(a) The fees and documents prescribed in sub-regulations 62.02.15

(5)

(b) where a skill test is required, a copy of the relevant skill test

report;

(c) where a theoretical knowledge examination is required, proof of

having passed such examination; and

(d) any other document that the Commissioner or the organisation

designated for the purpose in terms of Part 149, as the case

may be, may require in respect of a particular applicant,

246

required to assess the applicant‘s fitness to hold a South

African Validation for his or her foreign pilot licence or rating.

Radio telephony certificates

TS 69.01.14

GENERAL

(a) The issuing authority for radiotelephony certificates is the

Independent Communications Authority of South Africa

(ICASA). The CAA has been authorised by ICASA to issue

certificates on behalf of ICASA

(b) ICASA issues two types of certificates, namely a restricted and

a general certificate of proficiency (aeronautical), and may

recognise similar certificates issued by a foreign state for

validation purposes.

RESTRICTED CERTIFICATE

The holder of a glider pilot licence must be the holder of at least a

restricted certificate whenever he or she operates an aircraft that is

required to be fitted with radio apparatus capable of operating within

the aeronautical frequency band.

VALIDATION OF FOREIGN CERTIFICATE

The holder of a foreign certificate of proficiency (aeronautical) or

similar certificate must obtain a validation from the CAA before

operating the radio apparatus in a South African registered aircraft.

CONCESSIONS FOR THE HOLDERS OF A GLIDER STUDENT PILOT

LICENSE-

ICASA has given permission for the holder of a glider student pilot

license to operate the radio apparatus on board an aircraft under the

supervision of a certificated operator for a period not exceeding the

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validity of the student pilot license. The conditions for the issue of a

glider student pilot license and a certificate of competency to operate

radio apparatus are prescribed in Subpart 2 of Part 68 of the

Regulations.

APPLICATION AND EXAMINATION

The procedures to be followed in applying for a certificate of

proficiency (aeronautical), and the conditions applying to the relevant

examinations, are published from time to time in Aeronautical

Information Circular AIC 30-9.

SUBPART 2: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON PILOT

LICENSE

Training

TS 69.02.3

PRACTICAL TRAINING

The practical training must be done according to APPENDIX

R68.01

Theoretical knowledge examination

TS 69.02.4


(a) The contents of the written theoretical knowledge examination

must be based on the theoretical training described in

APPENDIX R 68.02

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The written theoretical knowledge examination shall be

invigilated

(d) in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a assistant


(e) in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade C,




Skill test

TS 69.02.5

PRACTICAL TEST OF KNOWLEDGE OF PROCEDURES

AND FLYING SKILLS

(b) An applicant for a glider pilot license to be issued with a type

rating or class rating for conventional - or touring motor gliders

must demonstrate his skill in

1. in the case of a conventional glider, the holder of a

assistant glider pilot instructor rating or glider pilot

instructor rating

2. in the case of a touring motor glider, the holder of a Grade

C, Grade B or Grade A national flight instructor with the

appropriate rating or assistant glider pilot instructor rating

or glider pilot instructor rating;

who had not been involved in more than 3 hours of instruction

with the applicant:

(c) Procedures and actions to be tested according to APPENDIX

68.03

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SKILL TEST REPORT

(g) The flight instructor conducting the skill test must complete the

assessment report on form RA 68-05 with reference to the


paragraph (f) below.

(h) If an Assessment category score of 1 was obtained in more than



Category 4.

(i) If an Assessment category score of 2 was obtained in more than




(j) If an Assessment category score of 3 was obtained in more than


presented after more training in these aspects were conducted

and a report to the satisfactory completion thereof, including

copies of logbook entries of such training, accompanies the

application.

(k) Testing officials are encouraged not to fall into the well-known


important to not be afraid to award either the highest or the lowest

mark, and be certain to discuss these with the applicant, his

instructor as well as the flight school management.

(l) Format of assessment report


1 Failed, unacceptable, requires considerably more training in

the particular aspect.

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2 Failed, requires further training in the particular aspect.

3 Average, some flight instructor input required with a report

before the license may be issued.

4 High average, good standard with no ingrained faults.

5 Above average.

Application

69.02.8

An application for the issuing of a class rating or additional type rating by name

for gliders shall be made on form RA 68-06.

Issuing of class rating

69.02.11

A class rating type rating for gliders shall be issued in the format of entries into

the Glider Pilots License book.

SUBPART 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ISSUE OF A FREE BALLOON

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE

Training

TS 69.03.4.


The aim of the course must be to train a candidate glider pilot instructor to

obtain the high level of theoretical knowledge, practical flying skills

proficiency, safety, airmanship, and the ability to convey and teach these

to a learner pilot as required by SACAA, RAASA and SSSA standards and

as indicated in this document. This requires that the candidate should be

251

able to safely and professionally act as flight instructor of any glider

aircraft for which he or she holds a valid class or type rating, and

knowledgeably and confidently stand in front of a class of student pilots as

lecturer on the required theoretical subjects.

MAIN ASPECTS OF TRAINING COURSE

The course must be comprised of the following aspects running in

parallel-

(a) Theoretical tuition; and

(b) Practical flying tuition.

THEORETICAL TUITION

The dedicated aspects of theoretical tuition shall be applicable for glider

pilot instructor rating and for a assistant glider pilot instructor rating as

indicated. The theoretical phase must cover tuition to teach the candidate

instructor to confidently lecture on the subjects as outlined in APPENDIX R

68.05

PRACTICAL TUITION

Candidate instructors must be taught ground briefings and patter in the air

according to APPENDIX R 68.04

Theoretical knowledge examination

TS 69.03.5

Content of theoretical knowledge examinations are to be based on the

theoretical subjects as mentioned in APPENDIX R68.05.

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SCHEDULE 8


STANDARD


LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS:

AIR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS – COMMERCIAL OPERATION OF FREE

BALLOONS

SUBPART 1: GENERAL

SUBPART 2: FLIGHT CREW

136.02.1 Composition of flight crew

136.02.2 Flight crew member emergency duties

136.02.3 Flight time and duty periods

SUBPART 3: TRAINING AND CHECKING

136.03.3 Flight Crew member training

SUBPART 4: DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS

136.04.2 Operations manual

136.04.6 Records of emergency equipment

136.04.8 Load sheet

SUBPART 5: BALLOON INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

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136.05.1 Approval of instruments and equipment

136.05.2 Flight, navigation and associated equipment for balloon operating under VFR

Balloon First Aid Kit

SUBPART 6: OPERATING CERTIFICATE

136.06.2 Application for the issuance or amendments of an Air Operator certificate and

operations specifications.

1. Application for air operator certificate

2. Required management positions

3. Approved positions, minimum qualifications and responsibilities

136.06.2 Application Adjudication of an issuance of an Air operator Certificate

operations specifications.

1. Document format and layout

2. Contents of an air operator certificate

3. Contents of an OpSpec

SUBPART 7: FLIGHT OPERATIONS

136.07.2 Operational control and supervision

136.07.6 Fuel policy

136.07.13 Briefing of passengers

136.10.2 COMPONENTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Safety management system training programme

136.10.4 ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURE OF A SAFETY MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

1. General

2. Qualifications of key SMS personnel

254

3. Goals of the SMS

136.10.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Definitions

2. Quality management system (QMS) requirements

3. QMS policy

4. Structure

5. Process requirements

6. Documentation

7. Quality manager

8. Quality management system

SUBPART 2: FLIGHT CREW

136.02.1 Composition of flight crew

(1) An explanation of the method for determining flight crew compositions taking

account of the following:

(a) the size of a free balloon being used;

(b) the minimum one flight crew member; unless;

(c) A second pilot designated by the operator as pilot under

supervision for the purposes of training, or check flight.

(d) Experience (total flight time and on size category), recency and

qualification of the flight crew member.

(2) Designation of the pilot-in-command

The rules applicable to the appointment or designation of the pilot-in-command.

255

136.02.2 Flight crew member emergency duties

(1) The abnormal and emergency procedures and duties assigned to the flight

crew, the appropriate check-lists, the system for use of the check-lists and a

statement covering the necessary co-ordination procedures between flight crew

and ground crew. The following abnormal and emergency procedures and duties

must be included.

(i) Flight crew incapacitation

Operator shall establish procedures to be followed in the event of

incapacitation of PIC in flight. Examples of the types of incapacitation and

the means for recognising them must be included.

(ii) operational emergencies

(a) Fire drills;

(b) Burner failure;

(c) Wind curls & Windshear. and

(d) Guidance for actions to be taken in the event of serious failure.

136.02.3 Flight time and duty periods

The functions referred to in regulation 136.02.3 shall be such as to ensure that

the rostering process is as it is stated in the mentioned regulations.

SUBPART 3: TRAINING AND CHECKING

136.03.3 Recurrent training and checking

(1) A flight crew member employed by the operator of a commercial air transport free

balloon shall have successfully completed crew resource management training

including human factors, emergency actions, risk analysis and threat and error

management training –

256

(a) Upon initial appointment to the operator – unless such person has, within

the preceding 5 years received such training from an approved training

organisation

(b) On a recurrent basis every 5 years thereafter

(2) A flight crew member employed by the operator of a commercial air transport

free balloon shall have shall undergo an initial proficiency check and a recurrent

annual proficiency check as prescribed in the operator manual described in

regulation 136.04.4

(3) Emergency duties training and currency as prescribed in the Operating manual

described in TS 136.04.2 (2.2.3)


136.04.2 OPERATIONS MANUAL

1. Structure of operations manual

(1) An operator must ensure that the main structure of the operations manual is as

follows –

Part 1: General

This Part must comprise all operational policies, instructions and procedures

needed for a safe operation and must comply with all relevant regulations.

Part 2: Balloon operating matters

This Part must comprise all instructions and procedures needed for a safe

operation of the balloons.

Part 3: Training

This Part must comprise all training instructions for personnel required for a

safe operation.

http://10.1.0.63/nxt/gateway.dll/jilc/ubxe/u6we/ces7a/des7a#0

257

(2) An operator must ensure that the contents of the operations manual are in

accordance with section 2 of this TS and relevant to the type of operation and

that the manual contains at least the following introductory layout –

(a) title page;

(b) table of contents;

(c) record of amendments page; and

(d) list of effective pages.

(2) An operator must ensure that the detailed structure of the operations manual is

approved by the Director.

2. CONTENTS OF OPERATIONS MANUAL

2.1 PART 1: GENERAL

2.1.1 Administration and control of operations manual

An operations manual shall contain-

(1) The following statements and information:

(a) statement that the manual is intended to comply with:

(i) all applicable acts, regulations and associated technical standards;

(ii) the terms and conditions of the applicable operating certificate; and

(iii) the authorizations, conditions and limitations of the operations

specifications associated with the AOC;

(b) a statement that, where any person is confronted with an operational

situation not contemplated by the operations manual, such person will be

expected to act in accordance with his or her most conservative discretion.

Furthermore, where any part of the manual is considered to be repugnant

to any provision referred to in sub-paragraph (a), such person shall comply

258

with the respective legal statute and report the discrepancy to the

responsible person by the quickest means possible;

(c) a statement that the manual contains operational instructions that are to

be complied with by the relevant personnel;

(d) a list and brief description of the various parts, their contents, applicability

and use (table of contents);and

(e) explanations and definitions of terms and words needed for the use of the

manual;

(2) System of amendment and revision –

(a) who is responsible for the issuance and insertion of amendments and

revisions;

(b) a record of amendments and revisions with insertion dates and effective

dates;

(c) a description of the system for the annotation of pages and their effective

dates;

(d) a list of effective pages;

(e) annotation of changes and temporary revisions; and

(g) a description of the distribution system for the manuals, including the

method for rapid dissemination and implementing of amendments and

revisions.

2.1.2 Organisation and responsibilities

(1) Organisational structure

(a) For the purposes of this technical standard, the term ―functional area‖

refers to a specific aspect of the operator‘s business, such as flight

operations or maintenance, for which a person would normally be

259

assigned the responsibility for its operation. In larger companies a

functional area would be termed ―division‖ or ―department‖.

(b) A description of the organisational structure through the use of one or

more organograms. The organogram(s) must depict the relationship

between all functional areas related to the safety of operations (egg. flight

operations, maintenance, training, quality, safety and security), including

their relationship to the chief executive officer. In particular, the

subordination and reporting lines between the various office bearers shall

be shown.

(2) Office Bearers

The name, functions and responsibilities of each office bearer shall be listed.

(3) Responsibilities and duties of designated personnel

A description of the specific responsibilities and duties delegated by an office

bearer to certain personnel within a functional area.

(4) Authority, duties and responsibilities of the pilot-in-command (PIC)

A statement defining the authority, duties and responsibilities of the PIC.

(5) Duties and responsibilities of crew members other than the PIC

A statement defining the duties and responsibilities of crew members other than

the PIC.

2.1.3 Operational control and supervision

(1) Supervision of the operation by the operator

A description of the system for supervision of the operation by the operator.

This must show how the safety of flight operations and the qualifications of

personnel are supervised. In particular, the procedures related to the following

items must be described –

260

(a) licence and qualification validity;

(b) competence of operations personnel; and

(c) control, analysis and storage of records, flight documents, additional

information and data.

(2) System of promulgation of additional operational instructions and information

A description of any system for promulgating information which may be of an

operational nature but is supplementary to that in the operations manual. The

applicability of this information and the responsibilities for its promulgation must

be included.

(3) Operational control

A description of the procedures and responsibilities necessary to exercise

operational control with respect to flight safety.

2.1.4 Safety Management System (SMS)

A description of the organisation of roles and responsibilities of the personnel

employed in, and policies and procedures associated with the safety

management system. The description of the SMS may be contained in a

separate manual depending upon the size and complexity of the operator. In

the manner prescribed in Document SA-CATS 136

2.1.5 Quality Management System (QMS)

A description of the organisation of, roles and responsibilities of the personnel

employed in, and policies and procedures associated with the QMS, in the

manner prescribed in Document SA-CATS 136

2.1.6 Flight crew composition

261

(iii) An explanation of the method for determining flight crew compositions taking

account of the following:

(e) the size of a free balloon being used;

(f) the minimum one flight crew member; unless;

(g) A second pilot designated by the operator as pilot under

supervision for the purposes of training, or check flight.

(h) Experience (total flight time and on size category), recency and

qualification of the flight crew member.

(iv) Designation of the pilot-in-command

The rules applicable to the appointment or designation of the pilot-in-command.

2.1.7 Qualification requirements

(1) A description of the required licence, rating(s), qualification/competency.

Required to complete a balloon flight

(2) Flight crew

(a) Pilot-in-command;

(b) Pilot under supervision;

(3) Training, checking and supervision personnel

(a) For flight crew; and

(b) Ground Crew

(i) Safety, communication, ERP training, land owner relations

2.1.8 Flight crew health precautions

Guidance to flight crew members concerning health including –

(a) alcohol and other intoxicating liquor;

(b) narcotics and drugs;

(c) immunisation;

(d) sleep and rest; and

262

(e) surgical operations.

2.1.9 Flight time and duty period limitations

(1) Flight time and duty period limitations and rest requirements

A description of the operator‘s approved flight time and duty period programme.

(2) Provisions for exceeding flight time and duty period limitations and/or reductions

of rest periods

Conditions under which flight time and duty periods may be exceeded or rest

periods may be reduced and the procedures used to report these modifications.

2.1.10 Operating procedures

(1) Flight preparation instructions

As applicable to the operation

(a) interpretation of meteorological information, including explanatory material

on the decoding of MET forecasts and MET reports relevant to the area of

operations.

(b) the methods by which the quantities of fuel to be carried, are determined

and monitored in flight. Such instructions must take account of all

circumstances likely to be encountered on the flight, including the failure of

one or more of the burners

(c) The system for maintaining fuel records must also be described;

(d) the general principles of calculating available lift ;

(e) the responsibilities and the use of the operator‘s flight folio must be

described.

(f) list of documents, forms and additional information to be carried on board

the balloon and the vehicle.

263

(2) Ground handling instructions

As applicable to the operation –

(a) a description of fuelling procedures, including –

(i) safety precautions during refueling

(b) procedures to ensure that persons who appear to be intoxicated or who

demonstrate by manner or physical indications that they are under the

influence of drugs, are refused embarkation;

(3) Flight procedures

As applicable to the operation –

(a) a description of the policy for ensuring flights are conducted under

VFR

(b) the area and type of operation being undertaken

(c) the phase of the flight;

(d) circumstances in which a radio listening watch in maintained; when

operating in close proximity of controlled airspace.

(e) instructions on –

(i) the use of normal checklists and the timing of such use

(ii) altimeter setting procedures;

(f) policy and procedures for in-flight fuel management;

(g) procedures for reporting and avoiding potentially hazardous

atmospheric conditions including – e.g. thunderstorms, turbulence,

heavy precipitation, mountain waves and significant temperature

inversions.

(h) the contents and timing of appropriate passenger briefings including:

(i) landing positions

(ii) the use of mobile phones

(iii) non- interference with pilot equipment and control lines

(iv) no smoking

(v) stowing, cameras, binoculars, etc. for landing

264

(vi) disembarking procedures

(i) lists of the survival and emergency equipment and the procedures to

ensure such equipment has been inspected and/or is functioning

properly prior to departure;

2.1.11 Handling of aviation accidents and incidents

Procedures for the handling, notifying and reporting of aviation accidents and

incidents. This section must include –

(a) definitions of aviation accidents and incidents and the relevant

responsibilities of all persons involved;

(b) the description of which operator personnel, authorities or other

institutions have to be notified by which means and in which sequence in

case of an aviation accident; and

(c) the forms used for reporting and the procedure for submitting them to the

relevant authority must also be included;

2.2 PART 2: BALLOON OPERATING MATTERS – SIZE RELATED

Taking account of the differences between sizes under the following headings, all

relevant sections applicable may be referenced to the balloon flight manual

2.2.1 Limitations

A description of the certified limitations and the applicable operational limitations

including –

(a) certification status;

(b) flight crew composition; except in training operations.

(c) mass

(d) wind limits

(e) performance limitations

265

2.2.2 Normal procedures

The normal procedures and duties assigned to the flight crew and the appropriate

check-lists and the system for use of the checklists. The following normal

procedures and duties must be included, where deemed necessary for operator

specific requirements, –

(a) pre-flight;

(b) pre-takeoff;

(c) altimeter setting and checking;

(d) take-off

(e) flight

(f) landing;

(g) post landing

2.2.3 Abnormal, emergency and supplementary procedures

The abnormal, emergency and supplementary procedures and duties assigned to

flight crew. The following abnormal and emergency procedures and duties shall, if

applicable, be included -

(a) flight crew incapacitation;

(b) fire drills;

(c) distress communications and alerting other aircraft to emergencies;

(d) emergency landing

(e) emergency evacuation.

Note: the above mentioned shall be part of the passenger briefing procedure, due to the

specific operation of a balloon operator, i.e. single pilot operation.

2.2.4 Flight planning

266

(1) Data and instructions necessary for pre-flight and in-flight planning, including

factors such as –

(a) Weather

(b) Land owners relations (Take-off and landing)

(c) Airspace usage

(d) Fuel loadings

(e) Mass and loading calculation

(f) Predicted flight path

(g) Applicable ERP

2.2.5 Emergency equipment

(1) A list of the survival equipment to be carried on all balloon sand the procedures

for checking the serviceability of this equipment prior to take-off. Instructions

regarding the location, accessibility and use of emergency equipment and its

associated check lists(s) must also be included

2.2.6 Emergency Response procedures

(1) Instructions for preparation for emergency landing and the ERP, A description

of the duties of the pilot and members of the supporting ground crew for the

rapid evacuation of a balloon in the event of an emergency landing.

2.3 PART 3: TRAINING

(1) Training syllabi and checking programs for flight crew members and supporting

ground crew members

(2) Training syllabi and checking programs shall include –

(a) for flight crew members, all relevantt items prescribed in Part 69 and

(b) for operations personnel other than flight crew members, all relevant items

pertaining to their duties as specified in this Part.

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(3) Procedures –

(a) for training and checking;

(b) to be applied in the event that personnel do not achieve or maintain the

required standards; and

(c) to ensure that abnormal or emergency situations requiring the application

of part or all of abnormal or emergency procedures, are not simulated

during commercial flights.

(4) Description of documentation to be stored and storage periods.


Records of emergency equipment

136.04.5

(3) The emergency equipment to be carried on board shall include the following:

(a) A serviceable fire extinguisher.

(b) A first aid kit that complies with the requirements of TS136.05.2;

(c) A list of emergency contact numbers for the area in which the flight takes

place; and.

(d) In the case of a flight over water within a distance of more than 2000

metres from shore, a briefing on drowning preventative measure.

Load sheet

136.04.7(4) The minimum contents of a load sheet shall be as follows:

1. Balloon Registration number

2. Date of flight

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3. Launch point

4. Take-off time and temperature

5. Details of empty mass of the balloon showing total empty weight including

instruments and radios.

6. Weight of pilot and any crew.

7. Details of the payload including no of passengers, baggage allowance and total

payload weight.

8. Details of fuel including number of fuel tanks and weights

9. Total balloon mass

10. Flight information including:

(a) Launch site altitude

(b) Maximum planned Altitude

(c) Projected Maximum temperature;

(d) Total permitted lift

(e) Total all up mass

(f) Total spare lift available

(g) Met information

11. Space for the pilot signature attesting to correctness of the information on the

load sheet.

12. Summary of the flight including:

(a) Landing point

(b) Landing Temperature

(c) Total Flight time

(d) Fuel usage

13. Space for noting any defects or problems with equipment or procedures after the

flight.

SUBPART 5: BALLOON INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

Flight, navigation and associated equipment for balloon operated under VFR

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136.05.2 Standard First Aid kit for hot air balloons will comprise the following:

(a) Antiseptic wound cleaner

(b) Simple Analgesic

(c) Burn dressings

(d) Anti-histamine cream

(e) Bandages large and small

(f) Sterile wound dressing large and small

(g) Small adhesive dressings

(h) Adhesive tape

(i) Safety pins and scissors

(j) Disposable resuscitation aid

(k) Disposable gloves

(l) First aid handbook

(m) List of contents in two languages

SUBPART 6: OPERATING CERTIFICATE

136.06.2 APPLICATION FOR THE ISSUANCE OR AMENDMENT OF AN AIR

OPERATOR CERTIFICATE AND OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS

1. Application for air operator certificate

(1) The form and manner referred to in regulation 136.06.2 in which application is

made for the issuance or amendment of an air operator certificate (AOC) or

operations specifications is referred to in this technical standard as the

certification process. This process is designed to address the following

certification actions –

(a) initial certification of an operator in terms of this Part;

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(b) revision to any existing AOC or operations specification (Posse) issued

in terms of this Part;

(c) corrective certification action of an existing AOC or Possess where

deficiencies have been discovered through the continuing safety

oversight program, or where appropriate; or

(d) any other certification action requested by an operator, operating or

desiring to operate in terms of this Part.

(2) To assist in the processes, technical guidance material (TGM), outlining the

means of meeting the certification requirements, has been developed. This

guidance material and personal consultation is obtainable from SACAA.

(3) The process used to accomplish any certification activity entails the applicant

successfully completing the five phases of certification. An application may not

progress where any phase in not completed satisfactorily. On this issue an

applicant is cautioned of the need to review the deficiencies as prescribed in

regulation 135.06.3(3). The five phases of certification are comprised of –

(a) the pre-application phase;

(b) the formal application phase;

(c) the documentation review phase;

(d) the demonstration and inspection phase; and

(e) the certification phase.

Note – The certification TGM provides the details of each phase.

(4) As part of the certification process an applicant shall complete and submit the

following as a minimum –

(a) for operators of an international commercial operation, a statement of

compliance (SOC) document, as specified in sub-regulation (6), which is

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the means by which the operator ensures him or herself and the Director

that the company will comply with all applicable regulatory requirements;

Note – See paragraph (6) for more information on the SOC.

(b) a number of application forms, depending upon the type of authority being

applied for, which are intended to provide evidence of qualification for the

specific authorities requested. The number and type of forms required

vary with the size, scope and complexity of the proposed operation and

are at the discretion of the certification officer; however, all will be made

available to the applicant;

(c) copies of all required manuals; and

(d) payment of the application fee required by regulation 136.06.2 shall be

non-refundable unless otherwise approved by the Director.

(5) The applicant must submit to any inquiry or investigation, referred to in regulation

136.06.3(1), as deemed necessary in support of the application and to the

certification audit referred to in regulation 136.06.5(1).

(6) With respect to the statement of compliance (SOC), for each operator or

applicant, –

(a) a SOC is required when applying for international authority;

(b) the SOC shall be in the form of a complete listing of all parts of the

regulations, including technical standards, as applicable to the operation

the applicant is proposing, with space for the applicant to show how each

regulation applicable to him or her has been met through specific

reference to the operator‗s operations, maintenance or other required

manuals;

(c) the SOC shall be updated by operators to reflect amended regulatory

requirements or if the references showing the means of compliance in the

SOC change as a result of amendments to the operator‗s manuals; and

(d) the Director may require the completion of a SOC by any operator at any

time deemed necessary in the interest of public safety.

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2. Required management positions

(1) An operator shall appoint its chief executive officer and person responsible for

flight operations, to ensure proper control and supervision of its personnel and

operation. An operator may employ on a full time basis or contract the remaining

managers as listed in regulation 136.06.2(5); however, if contracted, they shall

devote sufficient time to the operator to ensure they can adequately discharge

their duties. The operator shall designate the functions to be fulfilled by each of

its managers. Section 4 of this TS states the minimum qualifications and

responsibilities of the incumbents. The responsibilities listed in section 4 for the

incumbent of any position may be assigned to another position as provided in

paragraph (3).

(2) The application forms for the required managerial positions will be reviewed to

ensure the minimum qualifications are met. The assessment process may

involve the use of quizzes or interviews to establish the suitability of each

nominee. Where a nominee is known within SACAA, the Director may approve

such nominee without the need for further assessment.

(3) An operator may use whatever title deemed necessary for its managers and may

assign some of the responsibilities for a given position to another person or

persons or the responsibilities of more than one position to one person; however,

all the responsibilities noted in section 4 shall be assigned to a nominated

manager and such assignment clearly identified in the operations manual.

Furthermore, every person assigned any responsibility associated with a required

position shall also meet the qualification requirements associated with the

responsibilities assigned.

(4) An operator shall develop a method of ensuring that, in the absence of a

responsible manager for any reason, all the responsibilities of that manager are

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assigned to another individual. Such individual shall meet the qualifications

required for the responsibilities assigned except that the knowledge requirements

may be demonstrated to the operator rather than the Director. Any assignment

issued for a period greater than 30 days must be acceptable to the Director.

3. Approved positions, minimum qualifications and responsibilities.

(1) Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

(a) Qualifications

The CEO shall not have had any conviction or administrative sanction

under the Act or these Regulations which, in the view of the Director, was

sufficiently serious to render such person not fit and proper to exercise the

responsibilities of such position.

(b) Responsibilities

The CEO shall –

(i) have full authority for all human resources;

(ii) have authority for major financial decisions;

(iii) have direct responsibility for the conduct of the company‗s

affairs; and

(iv) have final responsibility for all safety and security issues.

(2) Person Responsible for Flight Operations (PRFO)

(a) Qualifications

The PRFO shall, as a minimum, –

(i) demonstrate adequate knowledge of the operation of the

operator‗s balloons,

(ii) have acceptable oversight experience in a balloon flight

operations department or acceptable alternative experience;

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(iii) demonstrate knowledge to the Director of the content of the

operations manual, the operator's air operator certificate and

operations specifications, as well as those provisions of the

regulations and technical standards necessary to regulations out

his or her duties and responsibilities to ensure safety; and

(iv) not have had any conviction or administrative sanction under the

Act or these Regulations which, in the view of the Director, was

sufficiently serious to render such person not fit and proper to

exercise the responsibilities of such position.


The PRFO is responsible for safe flight operations, in particular –

(i) the control of operations and operational standards of all

balloons operated;

(ii) the identification of operations coordination functions which

impact on operational control (e.g. maintenance, crew

scheduling, load control, equipment scheduling);

(iii) the supervision, organization, manning and efficiency of the

following:

(aa) flight operations;

(bb) crew scheduling and rostering; and

(cc) training programmes;

(iv) the timely resolution of safety issues;

(v) the contents of the operator's operations manual;

(vi) the supervision of and the production and amendment of the

operations manual;

(vii) liaison with the regulatory authority on all matters concerning

flight operations, including any variations to the operator's AOC;

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(viii) liaison with any external agencies which may affect the

operator‗s operations;

(ix) ensuring that the operator's operations are conducted in

accordance with current regulations, standards and the

operator‗s policy;

(x) ensuring that crew scheduling complies with flight and duty time

regulations and that all crew members are kept informed of any

changes to the regulations and standards;

(xi) the receipt and actioning of any aeronautical information

affecting the safety of flight;

(xii) the dissemination of balloon safety information, both internal

and external, in conjunction with the safety management system;

(xiii) the qualifications of flight crews;

(xiv) the processing and actioning of any flight crew reports;

(xv) the supervision of flight crews;

(xvi) developing standard operating procedures

(xvii) developing and/or implementing all required approved

training programmes for the operator‗s flight crews;

(xviii) issuing directives and notices to the flight crews as required;

(xix) ensuring the flight documents required by regulation136.04.1

are retained for the period specified therein; and

(xx) the maintenance of a current operations library.

(3) Person Responsible for Aircraft (PRA)

(a) Qualifications

The PRA shall, as a minimum, –

(i) have or have held a free balloon commercial pilot licence;

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(ii) have at least two years‘ experience in a position within aviation, or at

least as a crew chief or higher.

(iii) have not been the Quality Manager of the assigned maintenance

organisation; and

(iv) within the preceding 5 years, have not held a similar position at any

different aviation-related organisation where the approval issued by the

Director has been suspended or cancelled by the Director or the

Minister as a result of the organisation failing to comply with the

requirements of the Act or the Regulations.


The PRA is responsible for safe balloon operations, in particular –

(i) is responsible for all maintenance and inspection personnel and

signing of Part D of the operations specifications;

(ii) ensures that company aircraft are maintained in an airworthy condition;

(iii) ensures that all inspections, repairs and component changes are

accomplished in accordance with manufacturer‗s approved

procedures;

(iv) ensures compliance with maintenance procedures, airworthiness

directives, service bulletins, service letters and the regulations;

(v) ensures all maintenance technicians are trained and current on the

types of aircraft for which approved;

(vi) ensures that all maintenance technicians are certified and supervised

according to the requirements specified in the regulations;

(vii) the production and amendment of the policy and procedures manual or

maintenance control manual, as appropriate;

(viii) coordinates with maintenance contracting agencies when maintenance

activities are being performed on company aircraft;

(ix) provides the operations manager with the current airworthiness status

of the aircraft and the forecast down times to facilitate maintenance

scheduling and insure timely deferral or correction of aircraft

discrepancies;

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(x) maintains a close liaison with manufacturer's representatives, parts

supply houses, repair facilities and the SACAA;

(xi) makes available to maintenance personnel the necessary overhaul

manuals, service bulletins, service letters, airworthiness directives,

applicable sections of the MCM/MPM and any other required technical

data;

(xii) maintains all necessary work records and logbooks, including

certification in the aircraft permanent maintenance records that the

aircraft is approved for return to service;

(xiii) maintains the weight reports for all aircraft; and

(xiv) Completes all required reports and submits them to the operations

manager for forwarding to the SACAA.

(4) Air Safety Officer (ASO)

(a) Qualifications

The ASO shall, as a minimum, have –

(i) broad operational knowledge in the functions of the organisation or

similar type of organisation;

(ii) completed an approved safety management system (SMS) course in

accordance with the syllabus prescribed in TS 135.10.2;

(iii) at least 2 years of experience closely involved in the operational safety

oversight and has acquired a safety management system qualification.


The ASO is responsible for the operator‗s SMS and in particular –

(i) the establishment and maintenance of a reporting system to ensure the

timely collection of information related to potential hazards, incidents and

accidents that may adversely affect safety;

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(ii) the identification of latent hazards and regulation out risk management

analyses of those hazards;

(iii) the investigation, analysis and identification of the root cause of all hazards

or the contributing factors of incidents and accidents identified under the

SMS to ensure the operator has adequate mitigation in place;

(iv) the establishment and maintenance of a safety data system, either by

electronic or by other means, to monitor and analyse trends in hazards,

incidents and accident;

(v) the maintenance of a continuous monitoring system that evaluates the

results of corrective actions with respect to hazards, incidents and accidents;

(vi) the monitoring of the concerns of the civil aviation industry in respect of

safety and their perceived effect on the operator;

(vii) the co-ordination of the organisation‗s aviation safety programme and all

related safety matters;

(viii) o-operation with the training section with regard to safety training of flight and

ground crews, as applicable;

(ix) the supervision of balloon handling regarding matters related to safety in co-

operation with ground crew;

(x) the investigation of all incidents and accidents involving the organisation‗s

balloon, equipment and property, including fire and emergency procedures,

not undertaken in accordance with Part 12;

(xi) the actioning and distribution of accident, incident and other occurrence

reports;

(xii) the co-ordination with security personnel to ensure all aspects of security

regarding the organisation‗s aircraft;

(xiii) the development and maintenance of a mandatory occurrence reporting

scheme;

(xiv) the establishment of an emergency plan in the event of an accident, which

includes the actions to be followed by relevant personnel;

(xv) in concert with the person responsible for quality, the maintenance of a

quality assurance programme within the organisation; and

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(xvi) the realisation of other duties which include –

(aa) romulgation of flight safety bulletins to all staff within the

organisation;

(bb) conducting meetings with all relevant personnel regarding safety

matters;

(cc) maintenance of safety equipment;

(dd) safety audits; and

(ee) occupational health and safety.

(4) Quality Manager (QM)

(a) Qualifications

The QM shall, as a minimum, have –

(i) standard 10 school level (Matric); or

(ii) certificate/s or diploma in quality management; and

(iii) at least 2 years‘ experience in Quality Management Systems and balloon

operations.


The QM is responsible for ensuring that the operator‗s quality assurance

programme is properly established, implemented and maintained and in particular

–

(i) the monitoring of compliance with, and the adequacy of, the procedures

required to ensure safe operational practices and airworthy balloons

(ii) the monitoring of activity in flight operations, maintenance, crew training

and ground operations, to ensure that the standards required by the

Director, and any additional requirements defined by the operator, are

being met; and

(iii) any additional tasks that may be assigned with respect to the financial and

non-operational efficiency aspects of the company.

136.06.3 APPLICATION, ADJUDICATION OF AND ISSUANCE OF AN AIR

OPERATOR CERTIFICATE OR OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS

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1. Document format and layout

All South African air operator certificates (AOCs) and associated operations

specifications (OpsSpecs) shall be in the form and layout prescribed by Appendix

6, to Annex 6, Part I of the ICAO Annexes.

2. Contents of an air operator certificate

Each AOC shall contain at least the following information –

(a) the State of the Operator and the issuing authority;

(b) the AOC number and its expiration or valid to date or other means to

indicate its validity;

(c) the operator‗s name, trading name (if different) and address of the principal

place of business;

(d) the date of issue and the name, signature and title of the authority‗s

representative; and

(e) the location, in a controlled document regulation carried on board, where the

contact details of operational management can be found.

Note – For the purposes of establishing a controlled document to provide the

information required by subparagraph (e) an operator‗s operations manual is considered

as the means of compliance: Provided the information is contained in a part of the

operations manual required to be carried on board the operator‗s balloons at all times.

3. Contents of an OpSpec

OpsSpecs are issued in different parts and contain the following information as

applicable to the authority being granted by the OpSpec –

(a) telephone number;

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(b) AOC number;

(c) business name of the operator including ‗doing business as‗ (dba), where

applicable;

(d) Balloon makes and models to which the specification applies;

(e) areas and types of operations approved; and

(f) special limitations, authorisations and approvals.

Note – For more information with respect to the AOCs or associated OpsSpecs an

operator/applicant should contact the Certification Division of the South African Civil

Aviation Authority.

136.07.2 OPERATIONAL CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF FLIGHT

OPERATIONS

1. Operational control and supervision

(1) An operator shall exercise operational control over its flights.

(2) The person responsible for flight operations shall have the ultimate decision-

making authority in all matters affecting flight operations in general, and the

OCS in particular, after consideration of any other factors that could impact on

the execution of a flight such as financial, commercial or other non-

operational considerations.

(3) The operator is responsible for putting in place communication equipment and

facilities as appropriate to the operator‘s flight following system and ensuring

such equipment is serviceable during the period of time any company flight is

in progress.

(4) The Chief pilot is responsible for the release of each flight and Pilot-in-

command has the final authority as to the continuation, diversion or

termination of a flight

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2. Definitions

"Ground crew‖ means the person/s assigned the responsibility for flight

following and such other duties as may be assigned;

"flight following" means the monitoring of a flight's progress, the provision of

such operational information as may be requested by the PIC and the notification

to appropriate operator and search-and-rescue authorities if the flight is missing.

―flight release‖ means the agreement by the PIC, as witnessed by his or her

signature, that the flight has been planned and is being released for flight in

accordance with the provisions of the operations manual;

"flight monitoring" means monitoring all factors and conditions that might affect

the planned fight and which may be the responsibility of the PIC or other person

assigned by the person responsible for flight operations;

3. Declaration and action in an emergency

(1) In an emergency situation that requires immediate decision and action, the

PIC shall take any action he or she deems necessary for the safety of the

balloon and passengers.

(2) Where the assigned flight follower or operations manager becomes aware of

any emergency situation that could pose a hazard to a flight in progress, he or

she shall make every effort to advise the PIC of such emergency by the

quickest means available. Furthermore, he or she shall –

(a) remain available to the PIC of that flight on a continuous basis until –

(aa) the threat of such emergency has passed;

(bb) the PIC has made a decision and acted upon it and it has

been determined that the operator‘s assistance is no longer

required; or

(b) relay required messages through third parties as necessary to

communicate with the flight; and

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(c) notify the nearest air traffic services unit and appropriate authority of the

emergency and request such assistance as may be necessary.

(3) Whenever a PIC, ground crew member or operations manager declares an

emergency, he or she shall keep the appropriate ATC facility fully informed

as to the progress of the flight.

136.07.6 FUEL POLICY

Planning criteria for balloons

(a) An operator shall base the fuel policy, including calculation of the amount of

fuel to be carried by a balloon, on the planning criteria specified in The

balloon flight manual

(b) The amount shall be based on the guidance in the balloon flight manual!

136.10.2 COMPONENTS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Safety management system training programme

Any individual, who meets the training requirements set out in this Technical

standard, is deemed to have fulfilled the requirements of CAR 136.06.2 (5).

1.1 Air Service Safety Officer Training Programme

The training programme shall include the at least the learning content reflected

below. The training shall ensure an understanding of the concepts listed as well

as the ability to implement and maintain them.

Skill Learning content

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Strategic Safety

Management

1. The science and philosophy of strategic management.

2. Models of strategic management

3. The factors affecting strategic management

4. Setting of strategic safety objectives and performance

targets

5. Development of safety cases or preliminary hazard

analysis

6. Aviation safety planning in support of the corporate

business plan

7. Monthly and annual aviation safety reporting

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Safety

Management

1. Safety concepts, science and philosophy.

2. The history of safety.

3. Safety principles and practices

4. Aviation safety management system

5. Integration within disciplines (flight safety, ground safety,

technical safety and emergency response disciplines),

6. Role and functions of the stakeholders

7. Behaviour based safety.

8. Safety compliance and application of requirements

9. Safety manager functions in an organization

10. Safety as a management function

11. Measurement of effectiveness

12. Contractor safety program management

13. Conformance monitoring

14. Development of safety policies, procedures and practices

in line with regulations

15. Identify, develop and maintain a risk assessment system

Develop risk profile, interpret risk data, producing and

presenting recommendations

16. Define and describe safety risk methodology

17. Development of safety performance indicators and targets.

18. Change management.

19. Safety Communication


Safety Legislation 1. Applicable aviation acts and regulations as well as safety acts

and regulations

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Safety Structure,

Responsibilities and

Accountability

1. Safety responsibilities and accountability of the various

positions within the Organizational structure

2. Developing and implementing an effective aviation safety

organizational structure

3. Defining safety responsibilities and accountability Measuring

the effectiveness of the safety organization

Auditing 1. Role of safety officer in auditing (mainly contractors)

2. Developing, producing and monitoring an audit schedule

3. Audit planning and preparation

4. Conducting audits

5. Implementation of effective corrective measures including

monitoring of its success

Safety Risk

Management

1. Risk management models

2. Identification of hazards and its consequences.

3. Identification of the risk of consequences in terms of

likelihood (probability) and severity (impact)

4. Assessing risk and loss exposures and prioritization

5. Methods for risk control (Mitigation) and prevention

strategies

6. Defining Safety hazards

7. Analysing hazard information from all sources available

8. Determine the probability, frequency and severity of risk

occurrence

9. Defences (counter measures) and their role.

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Accident / Incident

Investigation

1. Concepts covered by Annex 13

2. Accident / incident (occurrence) reporting and its role in the

safety management system

3. Investigation of occurrences not required to be

investigated by the Accident and Investigation Authority.

Safety Awareness 1. Defining requirements for safety awareness (who, what,

when, how)

2. Means for improving awareness.

3. Identification of media and means available

4. Planning for delivery of a safety awareness project


Safety Research 1. Process of safety research

2. Sources of information for application in safety research

3. Questionnaires and data management techniques.

4. Information analysis

Aviation Safety

Management

Information

1. Development of aviation safety management information

system (Library/database)

2. Safety reporting and presentation of safety information

Communication 1. Written: Report writing and presentation

2. Verbal: Motivation, negotiation and logical presentation

Aviation Safety

Administration

1. safety administration system (document and system

management)

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Financial

Management

1. Fundamentals of financial management

2. Formulation of budget

3. Budget monitoring

4. Cost benefit of safety implementation (ALARP).

Project

Management

1. Basic project management skills

2. Organization and coordination of resources.

Emergency

Response Planning

1. The concept of emergency response The concept of

emergency response planning

2. Emergency response principles and practices

3. The role, functions and responsibilities of the different role

players in emergency response

4. The role and functions of the different centres in emergency

response

5. Design and management of emergency response exercises

6. Development and implementation of emergency response

procedures

1.2 Safety Management System training programme

An operator shall provide safety management system training in accordance with

the operator‘s SACAA approved induction training program for all staff who

interact with the SMS. Content of the training program shall at least include the

components which affect the scope of their assigned duties as specified

1.3 Organizations entitled to provide air service safety officer training:

(a) Aviation Training Organizations approved by the SACAA in terms of Part

141 of the CAR with SMS included as part of their scope of training.

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(b) International Training Organizations acceptable to the SACAA, e.g. ICAO

and IATA, etc.

(c) An operator with an approved training programme.

(d) Any other accredited or accepted training course acceptable to the

Director.

1.4 SMS Instructor qualification requirements:

SMS instructors for air service safety officer training must comply with the

following. They must have:

(a) successfully obtained a Train the Trainer qualification acceptable to the

Director;

(b) completed an approved SMS course in accordance with the syllabus

prescribed in technical standard 136.10.2;

(c) at least 2 years relevant industry experience with emphasis on aviation

safety

1.5 Recognition of prior learning:

Recognition of prior learning for specific components of the learning content may

be credited by the Director provided the candidate can demonstrate satisfactory

knowledge and/or skills associated with the skills area.

1.6 Required Pass Mark:

A pass mark of 70% is required.

1.7 SMS Recurrent Training

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SMS recurrent training is required to be completed when material changes had

been effected to the safety management system or when new safety

developments must be incorporated.

136.10.4 ESTABLISHMENT AND STRUCTURE OF SAFETY

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. General

(1) While it is accepted that the operator‘s safety management system (SMS) will

be developed in view of the scope and size of the operator, every SMS must be

capable of delivering at least the following safety services –

(a) an organisational structure that clearly defines the lines of authority

throughout the company and all departments to the chief executive officer

of the company, identifying in particular, the air safety officer;

(b) an effective and timely method of identifying and reporting safety hazards

based upon a combination of proactive, reactive and predictive methods of

safety data collection;

(c) a mechanism for the timely resolution of safety issues on both a short and

long term basis and where safety issues are proven to be systemic, an

effective way of precluding the likelihood of recurrence;

(d) a quality management system designed to monitor on a continuous basis

the operational and safety programmes being implemented and make

critical assessment as to the effectiveness of such programmes; and

Note – Legal guidance for the protection of information from safety data collection

and processing systems is contained in ICAO Annex 13, Attachment E.

(e) safety risk management is a critical part of the safety process and must be

expressed in a measurable way by using the following process:

(i) the operator shall develop and maintain a formal process for

effectively collecting, recording, acting on and generating feedback

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about hazards in operations, based on a combination of reactive,

proactive and predictive methods of safety data collection;

Note – Reactive methods refer to methods of identifying hazards

that are based on the investigation of occurrences. Proactive

methods aim to use any other information within the organisation

for the identification of potential hazards. Predictive methods rely

on data that is collected within the organisation that could be used

effectively to predict the existence of hazards, usually done by

trend analysis.

(i) the operator shall develop and maintain a formal risk management

process that ensures analysis (in terms of probability and severity

of occurrence), assessment (in terms of tolerability or

acceptability) and control (in terms of mitigation) of risks to an

acceptable level. The following matrixes should be used for

purposes of analysing and assessing risk –

Risk Severity Matrix

Risk

Severity

definition

Description:

Consequence (can

lead to)…

Examples of what to look out for…

Category A

Catastrophic

One or multiple deaths &

complete loss/

destruction of equipment

A major accident.

Category B

Hazardous

Serious injuries/Major

Damage to equipment

Large reduction in safety margins,

physical distress or workload such

that the operators cannot be relied

upon to perform their tasks accurately

or completely.

Category C Minor injuries/ Minor A significant reduction in safety

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Major equipment damage margins, a reduction in the ability of

the operators to cope with adverse

operating conditions as a result of

increase in workload, or as a result of

conditions impairing their efficiency.

Category D

Minor Incidents

Operating limitations are breached.

Procedures are not used correctly.

Category E

Negligible Negligible/Inconvenience

Few consequences. No safety

consequences. Nuisance.

Risk Probability Matrix

Likelihood/

Probability

Category

Description Examples of what to look out for

1

Extremely

improbable

(Rare)

Almost inconceivable that the event will occur.

2 Improbable

(Seldom)

Very unlikely that the event will occur. It is not

known that it has ever occurred before.

3 Remote

(Unlikely)

Unlikely but could possibly occur. Has occurred

rarely.

4 Occasional Likely to occur sometimes. Has occurred

infrequently.

5 Frequent Likely to occur many times/regularly. Has occurred

frequently/regularly.

RISK RISK SEVERITY

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PROBABILI

TY

Catastrophi

c

A

Hazardou

s

B

Major

C

Minor

D

Negligible

E

5 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E

4 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E

3 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E

2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E

1 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E

Risk assessment Index Suggested Criteria

5A, 5B, 5C, 4A, 4B, 4C,

3A, 3B, 2A

Unacceptable under the existing

circumstances. Risk mitigation critical.

5D, 4D, 3C, 3D, 2B, 2C, 1A, Risk mitigation required. It might require

1 B Management decision.

5E, 4E, 3E, 2D, 2E, 1C,

1D, 1E

Acceptable

(iii) alternative matrices or means of analyzing, assessing and

controlling risk may be implemented by the operator with the

approval of the Director; and

(iv) all safety information reported to the Director shall be in the

categories specified in the above matrixes.

2. Qualifications of key SMS personnel

Where additional staff is required as part of the SMS, the selection criteria for

these safety personnel shall be based upon the following qualifications and

attributes –

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(a) broad operational knowledge and experience in the functions of the

organisation;

(b) sound knowledge of safety management principles and practices,

including theoretical training and theoretical experience;

(c) at least 2 years of experience in aviation safety;

(d) good written and verbal communication skills;

(e) well-developed interpersonal skills;

(f) computer literacy;

(g) the ability to relate at all levels, both inside and outside the organisation;

(h) organisational skills;

(i) capable of working unsupervised;

(j) good analytical skills;

(k) leadership skills and authoritative approach;

(l) worthy of respect among peers and management; and

(m) project management skills.

3. Goals of the SMS

The primary goals of an SMS shall be –

(a) to achieve a level of safety acceptable to the Director; and

(b) to strive to make continuous improvements to the safety status of the

company.

136.10.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Definitions

The terms used in this TS have the following meaning –

(a) ―quality manager‖ means the manager responsible for the

implementation, management and monitoring of the quality system and for

requesting corrective action;

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(b) ―audit‖ means a methodical, planned review used to determine how a

business is being conducted and compares the results with how that

business should have been conducted according to regulations and

established procedures;

(c) ―inspection‖ means the act of observing a particular event or action, to

ensure that correct procedures and requirements are followed during the

accomplishment of that event or action. The primary purpose of an

inspection is to verify that established standards are followed during the

observed event or action; and

(d) ―quality assurance‖ (QA) means all those planned and systematic

actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that operational and

maintenance practices satisfy prescribed requirements.

2. Quality management system (QMS) requirements

The QMS shall –

(a) ensure the adequacy of operational and maintenance activities in

maintaining compliance with requirements, standards and operational

procedures;

(b) specify the basic structure of the quality system applicable to the operation

and be structured according to the size and complexity of the operation to

be monitored; and

(c) as a minimum, include the following –

(i) objectives of the QA programme, which shall be:

(aa) written;

(bb) specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and time-based;

and performance shall be measured and tracked;

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Note – The QA objectives are not simply related to safety goals but

are also part of the strategic and business objectives of the

organization;

(ii) how the organization intends meeting the provisions of the CAR;

(iii) how the operator will meet additional standards and operating

procedures;

(iv) drawing up a quality policy statement;

(v) documentation, including manuals, reports, statistics and records

required in support of the QA programme and how they are to be

controlled;

(vi) quality processes and procedures to be employed in support of the

QA programme;

(vii) monitoring process;

(viii) the procedures to be utilised in effecting the QA programme,

including –

(aa) audit procedures;

(bb) reporting procedures; and

(cc) corrective action and verification procedures;

(ix) a system of record keeping; and

(x) a training syllabus.

3. QMS policy

An air operator shall establish a formal, written quality policy statement,

constituting a commitment by the chief executive officer as to what the quality

system is intended to achieve. The quality policy shall –

(a) reflect the commitment to the goal of achieving and continuing with

compliance with regulatory requirements together with any additional

standards specified by the operator; and

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(b) reflect the chief executive officer‘s commitment to –

(i) appoint resources to manage the system;

(ii) ensure the structure required to meet the goals is established and

maintained;

(iii) establish measurable objectives; and

(iv) ensure continual improvement in the QMS.

4. Structure

(1) The chief executive officer shall appoint an accountable QM to manage the

system and who meets the experience and qualifications requirements specified

in CAR 136.06.2(5).

(2) The QM shall have direct link to the chief executive officer to discuss QMS

matters when required.

(3) The roles and responsibilities of the QM and all other role players within the QMS

shall be defined.

(4) QA audit responsibilities shall be performed and reported independent from all

other line functions within the organization, except as provided for in paragraph 7

below.

(5) The structure of the organisation may vary with the size and complexity of the

operator but in all cases, the QMS should be developed so as to properly

interface internally and with external agencies or service providers with which the

company engages

5. Process requirements

(1) As processes are the means by which the QA goals are meant to be attained,

they must be documented, whether written as procedures or mapped in flow

chart format, for every significant activity and task within the organization

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(2) The inputs, sequential steps and outputs must be shown, and where multiple

individuals are involved, responsible for each output.

(3) Processes shall list –

(a) the references that must be consulted in using the process;

(b) the records that must be completed as evidence of the process having

been followed; and

(c) the minimum retention periods for these documents as specified in the

document and records control procedures.

(4) Processes which fall into the following categories of quality control must be:

(a) key/core business processes critical to the company‘s reason for

existence. E.g. flight operations, ground operations, maintenance, safety

management, etc;

(b) support processes that are developed in support of the core processes,

e.g. recruitment, procurement, etc; and

(c) quality processes, like auditing, management review of the system,

document control, records control, measurement of objectives,

measurement of the ability of processes to achieve their intended results,

customer satisfaction measurement, data analysis corrective action and

preventive action.

6. Documentation

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), the QMS must be supported by a

quality management manual (QMM) either as a part of the operations

manual system or a stand-alone document, the contents of which shall

include –

(a) the system of amendment and revision –

(i) the procedure for amending the manual, including temporary

revisions;

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(ii) who is responsible for the issuance and insertion of

amendments and revisions;

(iii) a record of amendments and revisions with insertion dates

and effective dates;

(iv) a description of the system for the annotation of pages and

their effective dates;

(v) a list of effective pages; and

(vi) a description of the distribution system for the manual,

amendments and revisions.

(b) the company‘s policy statement;

(c) the company‘s structure;

(d) the company‘s objectives;

(e) the roles, duties and responsibilities of the company‘s key personnel,

including the chief executive officer and QM. Where there is more than

one QM, the mandate and specific functions of each and the

interrelationship between them must be clearly identified; and

(f) the procedures/processes whether written or mapped (some companies

include only high level cross-departmental processes in the QMM and

others include all processes in their QMM – they would end up with a

series of manuals). Detailed manuals are normally the responsibility of

the line managers but they still form part of the QMS and will fit into the

QMS to meet requirements.

(2) In addition, the following documentation, usually residing in the QMM,

shall be prepared and used within the QMS –

(a) forms and checklists that have to be used in the execution of the

processes;

(b) a list of records used in the system;

(c) a list of forms used in the system;

(d) a list of registers or software systems in use as support to the

system; and

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(e) a list of external documents that impact on the system (called

references).

7. Quality Manager

(1) In the case of small and very small operators, the post of the QM may be

combined or outsourced subject to the approval of the Director. However,

in such event, independent personnel should conduct the quality

inspections and audits.

(2) The specific duties and responsibilities of the QM will vary in relation to the

size and complexity of the company but shall be identified in the QMM or

other manual, if a separate QMM is not produced.

8. Quality Management System

(1) A QMS shall include a quality assurance programme that includes all planned

and systematic actions necessary to provide confidence that all operations and

maintenance are conducted in accordance with all applicable requirements,

standards and operational procedures. A quality assurance programme, should

at least include the following:

(a) Inspections

The primary purpose of a quality inspection is to observe a particular

event/action/document, etc., in order to verify whether established

operational procedures and requirements are followed during the

accomplishment of that event and whether the required standard is

achieved. To the extent conducted by the operator, quality inspections

shall include –

(i) flight operations;

(ii) ground de-icing/anti-icing;

(iii) flight support services;

(iv) load control;

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(v) maintenance;

(vi) technical standards; and

(vii) training standard;

(b) Audits

(i) Audits shall include quality procedures and processes covering at

least the following –

(aa) a statement explaining the scope of the audit;

(bb) planning and preparation;

(cc) gathering and recording evidence; and

(dd) analysis of the evidence; and

(ii) Audit techniques shall include –

(aa) interviews or discussions with personnel;

(bb) a review of published documents;

(cc) the examination of an adequate sample of records;

(dd) the witnessing of the activities which make up the operation;

and

(ee) the preservation of documents and the recording of

observations;

(c) Auditors

(i) Auditors should not have any day-to-day involvement in the area of

the operation and/or maintenance activity which is to be audited.

An operator may, in addition to using the services of full-time

dedicated personnel belonging to a separate quality department,

undertake the monitoring of specific areas or activities by the use of

part-time or external auditors;

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(ii) An operator whose structure and size does not justify the

establishment of full-time auditors may undertake the audit function

by the use of part-time personnel from within his or her own

organisation or from an external source under the terms of an

agreement acceptable to the Director. In all cases, the operator

should develop suitable procedures to ensure that persons directly

responsible for the activities to be audited are not selected as part

of the auditing team;

(iii) Where external auditors are used, it is essential that any external

specialist is familiar with the type of operation or maintenance

conducted by the operator;

(iv) The operator‘s quality assurance programme shall identify the

experience levels of persons within the company responsible and

authorised to —

(aa) perform quality inspections and audits as part of ongoing

quality assurance;

(bb) identify and record any concerns or findings, and the

evidence necessary to substantiate such concerns or

findings;

(cc) initiate or recommend solutions to concerns or findings

through designated reporting channels;

(dd) verify the implementation of solutions within specific

timescales; and

(ee) report directly to the QM.

(d) Audit Scope

Operators are required to monitor compliance with the operational

procedures they have designed to ensure safe operations, airworthy

aircraft, and the serviceability of both operational and safety equipment. In

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so doing, they should as a minimum and where appropriate, monitor the

following –

(i) the organisation;

(ii) plans and company objectives;

(iii) operational procedures;

(iv) flight safety;

(v) operator certification (AOC/Operations Specifications);

(vi) supervision within the organisation;

(vii) aircraft performance;

(viii) all-weather operations;

(ix) communications and navigational equipment and practices;

(x) mass, balance and aircraft loading;

(xi) instruments and safety equipment;

(xii) manuals, logs and records;

(xiii) aircraft maintenance/operations interface;

(xiv) use of the MEL;

(xv) maintenance programmes and continued airworthiness;

(xvi) airworthiness directives management;

(xvii) maintenance accomplishment;

(xviii) defect deferral;

(xix) flight crew;

(xx) operational control personnel;

(xxi) dangerous goods;

(xxii) security;

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(xxiii) training; and

(xxiv) safety management system.

(e) Audit Scheduling

A quality assurance programme shall include a defined audit schedule and

a periodic review-cycle, area by area, with consideration being given to

the following factors –

(i) the schedule should be flexible and allow unscheduled audits when

trends are identified. An operator should establish a schedule of

audits to be completed during a specified calendar period. All

aspects of the operation shall be reviewed within every period of 12

months in accordance with the programme unless an extension to

the audit period is accepted by the Director;

(ii) an operator may increase the frequency of audits at his or her

discretion but shall not decrease the frequency unless accepted by

the Director. It is considered unlikely that an interval between

audits greater than 24 months would be acceptable;

(iii) follow-up audits should be scheduled when necessary to verify that

corrective action was carried out and that it was effective; and

(iv) the operator‘s defined audit schedule can be affected by significant

changes to the management, organisation, operation or

technologies, as well as changes to the regulatory requirements,

resulting in the requirement for an ad hoc audit.

(f) Monitoring

(i) The aim of monitoring within the quality system is to investigate and

judge its effectiveness and thereby to ensure that defined policy

and operational and maintenance standards are continuously

complied with. Monitoring activity is based upon quality

inspections, audits, corrective action and follow-up; and

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(ii) The operator shall establish and publish a procedure to monitor

regulatory compliance on a continuing basis. This monitoring

activity shall be aimed at eliminating the causes of unsatisfactory

performance.

(g) Corrective Action

The quality assurance programme shall include procedures to ensure that

corrective actions are taken in response to findings. These quality

procedures should result in the monitoring of such actions to verify their

effectiveness as having been rectified. The procedures and

responsibilities associated with a corrective action programme are –

(i) subsequent to the quality inspection/audit, the operator shall

establish:

(aa) the seriousness of any findings and any need for immediate

corrective action;

(bb) the origin of the finding;

(cc) which corrective actions are required to ensure that the non-

compliance does not recur;

(dd) a schedule for corrective action;

(ee) the identification of individuals or departments responsible

for implementing corrective action; and

(ff) allocation of resources by the chief executive officer, where

appropriate; and

(ii) the QM shall –

(aa) verify that corrective action is taken by the manager

responsible in response to any finding of non-compliance;

(bb) verify that corrective action includes the elements outlined in

paragraph (1)(g)(i) above;

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(cc) monitor the implementation and completion of corrective

action;

(dd) provide management with an independent assessment of

corrective action, implementation and completion; and

(ee) evaluate the effectiveness of corrective action through the

follow-up process;

(h) Follow-up

Follow-up is a mandatory part of the QA process to ensure that each

finding of non-compliance has been resolved satisfactorily and that the

resultant solution is effectively implemented, such that a re-occurrence of

the situation leading to the non-compliance is not or is highly unlikely to

recur. Follow-up requires at least an inspection of the area identified as

being non-compliant but may require a more in-depth audit to ensure a

satisfactory resolution of the issue.

(i) Management Evaluation

Management evaluation is a comprehensive, systematic, documented

review by the management of the quality system, operational policies and

procedures and should include the following –

(i) the results of quality inspections, audits and any other indicators;

(ii) the overall effectiveness of the management organisation in

achieving stated objectives;

(iii) Consideration of conclusions and recommendations made as a

result of an evaluation submitted in writing to the responsible

manager for action; and

(iv) The frequency, format and structure of internal management

evaluation activities;

(j) Records

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The operator shall maintain accurate, complete and readily accessible

records documenting the results of the quality assurance programme. The

following records shall be retained for a period of at least five years –

(i) audit schedules;

(ii) quality inspection and audit reports;

(iii) responses to findings;

(iv) corrective-action reports;

(v) follow-up and closure reports; and

(vi) management evaluation reports.

(2) Where an operator decides to sub-contract out operationally significant

activities to external agencies for the provision of services, the QA programme

must include an examination of such sub-contractors to ensure that the

standard of service and product provided, meets with regulatory standards

while safety must be ensured.

(3) Operators operating five (5) or less aircraft of the same type category or three

(3) or less aircraft of different type categories, may consider the following when

establishing a QA programme, provided that the Director may require

operators to implement a more advanced QA programme, based on routes

and/or frequency operated –

(a) Operators would tailor their quality systems to suit the size and complexity

of their operation and allocate resources accordingly.

(b) it may be appropriate to develop a quality assurance programme that

employs a checklist. The checklist should have a supporting schedule

that requires completion of all checklist items within a specified timescale,

together with a statement acknowledging completion of a periodic review

by top management. An occasional independent review of the checklist

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content and achievement of the quality assurance should be undertaken;

and

(c) the operator may decide to use internal or external auditors or a

combination of the two. In these circumstances it would be acceptable for

external specialists and/or qualified organisations to perform the quality

audits on behalf of the quality manager. If the independent quality audit

function is being conducted by external auditors, the audit schedule

should be shown in the relevant documentation.

(4) A QA programme shall include a training programme that provides the

following –

(a) for those responsible for managing the quality system, receive training

covering at least –

(i) an introduction to the concept of the quality system;

(ii) quality management;

(iii) the concept of quality assurance;

(iv) quality manuals;

(v) audit techniques;

(vi) reporting and recording; and

(vii) the way in which the quality system will function in the organisation;

(b) for those involved in the inspection or audit functions, training covering at

least –

(i) an introduction to the concept of the quality system;

(ii) the concept of quality assurance;

(iii) reporting and recording; and

(iv) audit techniques

(c) a briefing to the remainder of the employees consisting of background

information about the QA programme and their role in maximizing safety

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and efficiency in the organisation. The allocation of time and resources

should be governed by the size and complexity of the operation

concerned.

SCHEDULE 9

1. SUBSTITUTION OF DOCUMENT OF SA-CATS 139 OF THE TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

1.1 Technical Standards for SA-CATS 139 it is hereby amended to substitute the

following:

―139.02.22 GENERAL DUTIES OF HOLDER OF LICENCE

6. Monitoring of aircraft noise

1. Aircraft Noise Contours

The calculation and prediction of aircraft noise referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must

be done in accordance with the requirements and standards contained in

National Standard SANS 10117.

2. Noise Monitoring Stations

The noise monitoring stations and equipment to monitor adherence to aircraft

flight track referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must be done in accordance with the

requirements and standards contained in ISO 20906.

3. Noise Abatement Operating Procedures

The noise abatement operating procedures referred to in CAR. 139.02.22 must


Chapter 6 of ICAO Doc 9829 and Section 7 of ICAO Doc 8168.

310

4. Noise Violations

The noise violations referred to in CAR 139.02.22 must be reported to the

Director in accordance with form CA139-11, available on the SACAA website.

2. AMENDMENT OF SA-CATS 139 OF THE TECHNICAL STANDARDS

2.1 Technical Standards for SA-CATS 139 hereby substitute the following:

―139.03.19 GENERAL DUTIES OF HOLDER OF LICENCE

6. Monitoring of aircraft noise

1. Aircraft Noise Contours

The calculation and prediction of aircraft noise referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must


National Standard SANS 10117.

2. Noise Monitoring Stations

The noise monitoring stations and equipment to monitor adherence to aircraft

flight track referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must be done in accordance with the

requirements and standards contained in ISO 20906.

3. Noise Abatement Operating Procedures

The noise abatement operating procedures referred to in CAR. 139.03.19 must


Chapter 6 of ICAO Doc 9829 and Section 7 of ICAO Doc 8168.

4. Noise Violations

311

The noise violations referred to in CAR 139.03.19 must be reported to the

Director in accordance with form CA139-11, available on the SACAA website.

3 AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-CATS 139 OF CIVIL AVIATION

TECHNICAL STANDARDS

3.1 AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 139.02.22 OF SA-CATS 139

Technical Standard 139.02.22 is hereby amended by the substitution of section 6 with

the following section:

―6. Monitoring of aircraft noise

(1) Aircraft operating procedures for noise abatement shall only be introduced

by aerodrome and heliport licence holders if the Director, based on

appropriate studies and consultation, determines that a noise problem

exists.

(2) The requirements and standards for noise monitoring shall be as

prescribed in ISO 20906 and the measuring equipment to be used in order

to measure noise levels created by aircraft in the operation of

aerodromes/heliports shall be according to the method specified in

Appendix 1 below.

APPENDIX 1: MONITORING AIRCRAFT NOISE ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF

AERODROMES

1.1 Introduction

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(1) In this appendix monitoring is understood to be the routine measurement of noise

levels created by aircraft in the operation of an aerodrome. Monitoring usually

involves a large number of measurements per day, from which an immediate

indication of the noise level may be required.

(2) Monitoring of aircraft noise should be carried out either with mobile equipment,

often using only a sound level meter, or with permanently installed equipment

incorporating one or more microphones with amplifiers located at different

positions in the field with a data transmission system linking the microphones to a

central recording installation. This appendix describes primarily the latter method,

but specifications given in this appendix should also be followed, to the extent the

specifications are relevant, when using mobile equipment.

(3) Monitoring of aircraft noise is defined as the routine measurement of noise levels

created by aircraft on and in the vicinity of aerodromes for the purpose of

monitoring compliance with and checking the effectiveness of noise abatement

requirements.

Note — This appendix specifies the measuring equipment to be used in order to

measure noise levels created by aircraft in the operation of an aerodrome. The

noise levels measured according to this appendix are approximations to

perceived noise levels PNL, in PNdB, as calculated by the method described

below:

2. Calculating the perceived noise level

(1) Instantaneous perceived noise levels, PNL (k), shall be calculated from

instantaneous one-third octave band sound pressure levels, SPL(i,k), as follows:

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Step 1. Convert each one-third octave band, SPL (i,k), from 50 to 10 000 Hz, to

perceived noisiness, n(i,k), by reference to tables of Noys as a function of sound

pressure level, or to the mathematical formulation of the noy table.

Step 2. Combine the perceived noisiness values, n(i,k), found in Step 1 by the

following formula:

( ) ( ) (⌊∑ ( )

⌋ ( ))

( ) ∑ ( )

where n(k) is the largest of the 24 values of n(i,k), and N(k) is the total perceived

noisiness.

Step 3. Convert the total perceived noisiness, N(k), into perceived noise level,

PNL(k), by the following formula:

( )

( )

(2) PNL(k) may also be obtained by choosing N(k) in the 1 000 Hz column of tables

of Noys as a function of sound pressure level and then reading the

corresponding value of SPL(i,k) which, at 1 000 Hz, equals PNL(k).

3. Measurement equipment

(1) The measurement equipment should consist of either portable recording

apparatus capable of direct reading, or apparatus located at one or more fixed

positions in the field linked through a radio transmission — or cable system (e.g.

telephone line) to a centrally located recording device.

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(2) The characteristics of the field equipment, including the transmission system,

should comply with IEC Publication No. 179 ―Precision Sound Level Meters‖,

except that frequency weighting equal to the inverse of the 40 noy contour should

apply. The relative frequency response of the weighting element of the

equipment should be maintained within a tolerance of ±0.5 dB. When such a

weighting network is incorporated in a direct reading instrument, the relation

between the acoustical input to the microphone and the meter reading should

follow the inverse of the 40 noy contour with the same tolerances as those

specified for weighting curve C in IEC Publication No. 179. Measurements

obtained by means of the instrumentation described above provide, after adding

7 dB, values which are approximations to the perceived noise levels in PNdB.

(3) An alternative method of determining approximations to the perceived noise

levels can be obtained from measuring the noise using a sound-level meter

incorporating the A-weighting network and adding a correction K normally

between 9 and 14 dB dependent on the frequency spectrum of the noise. The

value of K and the method used by the measuring authorities for determination of

that value should be specified when reporting results.

(4) The field installation of microphones for aircraft noise monitoring purposes should

provide for suitable protection of the microphones from rain, snow and other

adverse weather conditions. Adequate correction for any insertion loss, as a

function of frequency and weather conditions, produced by windscreens or other

protective enclosures should be applied to the measured data.

Note. — Where a record of the noise as a function of time is required this can be

obtained by recording the noise signal on a magnetic tape, a graphic level

recorder or other suitable equipment.

315

(5) The recording and indicating equipment should comply with IEC Publication No.

179 regarding the dynamic characteristics of the indicating instrument designated as

―slow‖.

Note. — If the anticipated duration of the noise signal is less than 5s, the

dynamic characteristics designated as ―fast‖ may be used.

For the purpose of this note, the duration is described as the length of the

significant time history during which the recorded signal, passed through a

weighting network having an amplitude characteristic equal to the inverse 40 noy

contour, remains within 10 dB of its maximum value.

(6) The microphone system should have been originally calibrated at a laboratory

equipped for free-field calibration and its calibration should be rechecked at least

every six months.

(7) The complete measurement system prior to field installation and at periodic

intervals thereafter should be calibrated in a laboratory to ensure that the

frequency response and dynamic range requirements of the system comply with

the specifications described in this document.

Note— Direct reading measuring systems that yield approximate values of

perceived noise levels other than those defined above are not meant to be

excluded from use in monitoring.

4. Field equipment installation

(1) Microphones used for monitoring noise levels from aircraft operations should be

installed at appropriate locations with the axis of maximum sensitivity of each

microphone oriented in a direction such that the highest sensitivity to sound

waves is achieved. The microphone position should be selected so that no

316

obstruction which influences the sound field produced by an aircraft exists above

a horizontal plane passing through the active centre of the microphone.

Note — Monitoring microphones may need to be placed in locations having

substantial background noise levels caused by motor vehicle traffic, children

playing, etc. In these instances it is often expedient to locate the microphone on

a rooftop, telephone pole or other structure rising above the ground.

Consequently, it is necessary to determine the background noise level and to

carry out a field check, at one or more frequencies, of the overall sensitivity of the

measuring system after or before the measurement of the noise level for a

sequence of aircraft operations.

Note .— If, due to the microphone being placed in a structure above the ground,

it is impracticable for operating personnel to calibrate it directly because of its

inaccessibility, it can be useful to provide a calibrated sound source at the

microphone location. This sound source can be a small loudspeaker, an

electrostatic actuator, or similar device.

(2) Monitoring concerns the noise produced by a single aircraft flight, by a series of

flights or by a specified type of aircraft, or by a large number of operations of

different aircraft. Such noise levels vary, for a specific monitoring location, with

variations in flight procedures or meteorological conditions. In interpretation of

the results of a monitoring procedure, consideration should therefore be given to

the statistical distribution of the measured noise levels. In describing the results

of a monitoring procedure an appropriate description of the distribution of the

observed noise levels should be provided.

4 AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 139.03.19 OF SA-CATS 139

4.1 Technical Standard 139.03.19 is hereby amended by the substitution for section

6 of the following section:

317

―6. Monitoring of helicopter noise

The monitoring of helicopter noise referred to in CAR 139.03.19 is as prescribed

in technical standard 139.02.22, subject to the necessary changes.‖.

SCHEDULE 10

1. AMENDMENT OF DOCUMENT SA-TECHNICAL STANDARD 172.03.4

1.1 Technical Standard 172.03.4 is amended by the insertion in section 3 (General

equipment) after subsection (8) with the following:

―(9) VDF, except where the ATSU is serviced by a surveillance system.‖.

2. AMENDMENT OF TECHNICAL STANDARD 172.03.4

2.1 Technical Standard 172.03.4 is hereby amended by the following –

(a) the substitution in section 6 (Aerodrome control tower) for subsection (14)

of the following subsection:

―(14) Clock, in accordance with section 10 below.

(b) the substitution in section 7 (Aerodrome approach/combined service) for

subsection (14) of the following subsection:


(c) the substitution in section 8 (An area control centre and a flight information

centre) for subsection (13) of the following subsection:


(d) Insertion after section 9 (Equipment) of the following section:

―10. Time

318

(1) An ATSU shall establish a procedure to ensure that ATS-unit clocks

and other time recording devices –

(a) use Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC) and express that

time in hours and minutes of the 24-hour day beginning at

0000 Standard Universal Time (UTS); and

(b) are correct to within 5 seconds of UTC as determined by

reference to a standard time station or GPS time standard.

(2) The ATSU shall establish a procedure to ensure that the correct

time to the nearest half minute, is provided –

(a) in respect of any aerodrome control service or aerodrome

flight information service, to IFR aircraft prior to taxiing or

take-off unless arrangements have been made for the pilot

to obtain it from other sources; and

(b) to any aircraft on request.‖.

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