Packing Conversiones

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Appendix A

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS

Selected SI Unite (Adopted 1960)

Quantity Unit Symbol Acceptable equivalent

BASE UNITS

length meterw m

mass= kilogram kg

time second s

electric current ampere A thermodynamic temperaturesy kelvin K

DERIVED UNITS AND OTHER ACCEPTABLE UNITS

*absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg

acceleration meters per second squared m/s2

*activity (of ionizing radiation source) becquerel Bq I/s

area square kilometer km2

square hectometer hm2 ha (hectare)

square meter m2

density, mass density kilograms per cubic meter kg/m3 g/L; mg/cm3

*electric potential, potential difference, electromotive force volt V W/A

*electric resistance ohm O V/A

*energy, work, quantity of heat megajoule MJ

kilojoule kJ

joule J N m

electronvoltx eVx

kilowatthourx kW hx

*force kilonewton kN

newton N kg m/s2

*frequency megahertz MHz

hertz Hz 1/s

heat capacity, entropy joules per kelvin J/K

heat capacity (specific), specific entropy joules per kilogram kelvin J/(kg K)

heat-transfer coefficient watts per square meter kelvin W/(m2 K)

linear density kilograms per meter kg/m

magnetic field strength amperes per meter A/m

moment of force, torque newton-meter N m

momentum kilogram-meters per second kg m/s

*power, heat flow rate, kilowatt kW

radiant flux watt W J/s

power density, heat-flux density, irradiance watts per square meter W/m2

*pressure, stress megapascal MPa

kilopascal kPa

pascal Pa

sound level decibel dB

specific energy joules per kilogram J/kg

specific volume cubic meters per kilogram m3/kg

surface tension newtons per meter N/m

thermal conductivity watts per meter kelvin W/(m K)

1281The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, Third EditionEdited by Kit L. Yam Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


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velocity meters per second m/s

kilometers per hour km/h

viscosity, dynamic pascal-second Pa s

millipascal-second mPa s

volume cubic meter m3

cubic decimeter dm3 L (liter)

cubic centimeter cm3 mL

In addition, there are 16 prefixes used to indicate order of magnitude, as follows:

Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol Note

1018 exa E

1015 peta P

1012 tera T

109 giga G

106 mega M

103 kilo k

102 hecto ha

10 deka daa aAlthough hecto, deka, deci, and centi are SI prefixes, thei r use

should be avoided except for SI unit-multiples for area and

volume and nontechnical use of centimeter, as for body and

clothing measurement.

101 deci da

102 centi ca

103 milli m

106 micro m

109 nano n

1012 pico P

1015 femto f

1018 atto a

*The asterisk denotes these unite having special names and symbols.

wThe spellings metre and litre are preferred by ASTM; however, -er is used in the Encyclopedia.

=Weight is the commonly need term for mass.

yWide use is made of Celsius temperature (t) defined by t = TT0 where Tis the thermodynamic temperature, expressed in kelvins, and T0 = 273.15 by

definition. A temperature interval may be expressed in degrees Celsius as well as in kelvins.xThis non-SI unit is recognised by the CIPM as having to be retained because of practical importance or use in specialised fields.

Factors For Conversion to SI Units

To convert from To Multiply by

acre square meter (m2) 4.047103

angstrom meter (m) 1.01010w

atmosphere pascal (Pa) 1.013105

bar pascal (Pa) 1.0105

barn square meter (m2) 1.01028w

barrel (42 U.S. liquid gallons) cubic meter (m3) 0.1590

Btu(thermochemical) joule (J) 1.054103

bushel cubic meter (m3) 3.524102

calorie (thermochemical) joule (J) 4.184w

centipoise pascal-second (Pa s) 1.0103

cfm(cubic feet per minute) cubic meters per second (m3/s) 4.72104

cubic inch cubic meter (m3) 1.639105

cubic foot cubic meter (m3) 2.832102

cubic yard cubic meter (m) 0.7646

dram (apothecaries) kilogram (kg) 3.888103

dram (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 1.772103

drain (U.S. fluid) cubic meter (m3) 3.697106

dyne newton(N) 1.0105

dynes per centimeter newton per meter (N/m) 1.0103

fluid ounce (U.S.) cubic meter (m3) 2.957105

foot meter (m) 0.3048w

(Continued)

1282 CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS


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To convert from To Multiply by

gallon (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 4.405103

gallon (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 3.785103

gallons per minute (gpm) cubic meter per second (m3/s) 6.308105

cubic meter, per hour (m3/h) 0.2271

grain kilogram (kg) 6.480105

horsepower (560 ft Ibf/s) watt (W) 7.457102

inch meter (m) 2.54102w

inch of mercury (321F) pascal (Pa) 3.386103

inch of water (39.21F) pascal (Pa) 2.491102

kilogram-force newton (N) 9.807

kilowatt hour megajoule (MJ) 3.6w

liter (for fluids only) cubic meter (m3) 1.0103w

micron meter (m) 1.0106w

mil meter (m) 2.54105w

mile (statute) meter (m) 1.609103

mile per hour meters per second (m/s) 0.4470

millimeter of mercury (01C) pascal (Pa) 1.383102

ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 2.835102

ounce (troy) kilogram (kg) 3.110102

ounce (U.S. fluid) cubic meter (m3) 2.957105

ounce-force newton (N) 0.2780

peck (U.S.) cubic meter (m3) 8.810103

pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1.555103

pint (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 4.732104

pint (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 5.506104

poise (absolute viscosity) pascal-second (Pa s) 0.10

pound (avoirdupois) kilogram (kg) 0.4536

pound (troy) kilogram (kg) 0.3732

pound-force newton (N) 4.448

pound-force per square inch (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.895103

quart (U.S. dry) cubic meter (m3) 1.101103

quart (U.S. liquid) cubic meter (m3) 9.464104

quintal kilogram (kg) 1.0102

rad gray (Gy) 1.0102

square inch square meter (m2) 6.452104

square foot square meter (m2) 9.290102

square mile square meter (m2

) 2.590106

square yard square meter (m2) 0.8361

ton (long, 2240 lb) kilogram (kg) 1.016103

ton (metric) kilogram (kg) 1.0103

ton (short, 2000 lb) kilogram (kg) 9.072102

torr pascal (Pa) 1.333102

yard meter (m) 0.9144

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A ampere

AAMI Association for the Advancement of Medical

Instrumentation

ABS acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene

ac alternating current

adh adhesive

AF aluminum foil

AFR Air Force Regulation

AGV automated guide vehicle

AM aluminum metallization

AN acrylonitrile

AN/MA acrylonitrilemethacrylate copolymers

ANS acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API American Paper Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASP asphalt

ASQC American Society for Quality ControlASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

avg average

BATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

B&B blow-and-blow

BBP butyl benzyl phthalate

BCL British Cellophane Limited

BHEB tert-butylated hydroxyethylbenzene

BHT tert- butylated hydroxytoluene

BIB bag-in-box

BK bleached kraft

BMC bulk molding compound

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS 1283


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BON biaxially oriented nylon film

BOPP biaxially oriented polypropylene film

bpm bottl es pe r mi nute ; bags per minute

BSP British standard pipe thread

Btu British thermal unit

BUR blowup ratio

1C degree Celsius

CA controlled atmosphere

ca approximately (circa)

CAD computer-aided design

CAE c ompute r-aided e nginee ring

cal calorie (4.184 J)

Cal food calorie (1000 cal)

CAP cellulose acetate propionate; controlled

atmosphere packaging

CELLO cellophane

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CGMP Current Good Manufacturing Practice

CGPM Conference Generate des Poids et Mesures

(General Conference on Weights and

Measures)

CI central impression

CIPM Comite International des Poids et Mesures(International Committee on Weights and

Measures)

cm centimeter

CMA Closure Manufacturers Association

CNC computer numerical control

coex coextruded

COF coefficient of friction

COFC Container on Flat Car

COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives

(EEC)

CPE chlorinated polyethylene

cpm cans per minute

cPs centipoise (103 Pa s)

CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission

CPU central processing unitCR child-resistant

CRC child-resistant closure

CRT cathode-ray tube

CT continuous thread

D & I drawing and ironing (cans)

dB decibel

dc direct current

DEHP di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

DEG diethylene glycol

DGT die thyle ne glycol tere phthalate

dia diameter

DINA diisononyl adipate

DIAM Defense Logistics Agency Manual

DME dimethyl ether

DMF Drug Master File

DMT dimethyl terephthalate

DOA dioctyl adipate

DOD U.S. Department of Defense

DOP dioctyl phthalate

DOT U.S. Department of Transportation

DOZ dioctyl azelate

DPM double package maker

DR double-reduced

DRD draw-redraw (cans)

DSA M De fe nse Suppl y Agency Manual

DWI drawn and ironed (cans)

EAA ethylene-acrylic acid

ECOSOC Economic and Social Committee (EEC)

ECCS electrolytic chromium-coated steel

EEA ethylene-ethyl acrylate

EEC European Economic Community

eg for example (est gratia)

EG ethylene glycol

EHMW extra-high-molecular-weight

EIA Ele ctr onic Industrie s A sso ciatio n

ELC end-loading construction

EMA ethylene methacrylate

EMAA ethylene-methacrylic acid

EMI/RFI electromagnetic interference/radio frequency

interference

EPA Enviro nmen tal P rotec tio n Agenc y

EPC expanded-pol ye th yl en e c opolyme r

EPE expanded polyethylene

EPR ethylene-propylene rubber

EPS expanded polystyrene

ESC envir onmental stre ss cr acki ng

ESCR environmental stress-crack resistance

ESD electrostatic discharge

ESO epoxidized soybean oil

est estimatedETO ethylene oxide

ETP electrolytic tinplate

EVA ethytene-vinyl acetate

EVOH ethylene -vinyl alco hol

F50 value at which 50% of the specimens have failed

1F degree Fahrenheit

FDA U.S. Fo od and Drug Admini str ation

FD&C Food, Drug, and Co smetic

FEP fluorinated ethylene-polypropylene

ffs form/fill/seal

FI flow index

ft oz fluid o unce (29.57m L in United State s)

FPMR Federal Property Management Regulations

FRH full-removable headFEP fibe rglass-re inforce d pl astics

ft foot

ft Ibf foot-pound force (1.366 J )

G specific deceleration: gravitational acceleration;

specific acceleration: gravitational acceleration

g gravitational acceleration (9.807m/s2)

g gram

gf gram-force (0.0098 N)

ga gauge

gal gallon (3.785 L in United States)

GMA Grocery Manufacturers Association

GMP Good Man ufacturing Practice

GNP gross national product

GPPS general-purpose polystyrene

Gy gray (102 rad)

h hour; height

HBA health and beauty aids

HCP healthcare packaging

HD head diameter

HDPE high-density polyethylene

HDT heat-deflec ti on te mpe ratur e

HF high-frequency

HFFS fo rm/fil l/seal, ho rizo ntal

HIMA Health Industry Manufacturers Association

HIPS high-i mpact po lystyr ene



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HLMI high-load melt index

HM hot melt

HMW high-molecular-weight

HNR high-nitrile resin

hp horsepower (746 W)

HP high-pressure

HPP homopolymer polypropylene

HRC Rockwell hardness (C scale)

HRM Rockwell hardness (M scale)HRR Rockwell hardness (R scale)

HTST high-temperatureshort-time

Hz hertz (cycles per second)

IBC intermediate bulk containers

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ie that is (id est)

IM intramuscular

IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods

IML in-mold labeling

IMO International Maritime Organization

in. inch (2.54 cm)

I/O input/output

IPA isophthalic acid

IS individual sectionISO International Standards Organization

ITRI International Tin-Research Institute

IV intrinsic (or inherent) viscosity; intravenous

J joule (energy)

k kilo (103)

K degree Kelvin

k.d. knocked-down

kgf kilogram-force (9.806 N)

kJ kilojoule

km kilometer

kPa kilopascal (0.145 psi)

L liter (volume)

lb pound (mass) (453.6 g)

Ibf pound force (4.448 N)

LCB long-chain branching

LCD liquid-crystal display

L:D length:diameter

LDPE l ow-den si ty po lyethyl ene

LED light-emitting diode

LLDPE linear low-density polyethylene

LMW low-molecular-weight

LSI large-scale integration

L:T length:thickness

LVP large-volume parenteral

M mega (106)

MN number-average molecular weight

MW weight-average molecular weightm meter, milli (1/1000)

MA mo di fied atmo sphe re; methyl acrylate

MAN methacrylonitrile

max maximum

MBS me thacrylate butadie ne atyren e

m/c cylinder mold

MD machine direction

MDPE medium-density polyethylene

MET metallized

MF mechine-finished

MFR melt-flow rate

mg milligram

MG mill-glazed; machine-glazed

MGBK machine-glazed bleached kraft

MGNN machine grade natural Northern

mi mile

MI melt index

MIL military

min minute; minimum

MIR multiple-in divi dual-re ward

MMA methyl methacrylateMMW medium molecular weight

mn millinewton (2.25104 Ibf)

MN meganewton (224,909 Ibf)

MOE modulus of elasticity

MOR modulus of rupture

MP microprocessor; melting point

MPa megapascal (145 psi)

ms millisecond

MSW municipal solid waste

MTB Materials Transportation Bureau

MVTR See WVTR

MW molecular weight

MWD molecular-weight distribution

mm micrometer

N newton (force)

N/A not available

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

National Advertising Sale Association

NBS National Bureau of Standards

NC nitrocellulose

NC B Nati onal Cl assification Board

NDA New Drug Application

NEC not elsewhere classified

NF National Formulary

NK natural kraft

nm nanometer (109 meter)

NMFC National Motor Freight Classification Committee

NODA n-octyln-decyl adipate

NPIRI National Printing Ink Research Institute

NSTA National Safe Transit Association

NWPCA National Wooden Pallet and Container

Association

O ohm (resistance)

OD optical density

OL overlacquer

ON oriented nylon

OPET oriented polyester

OPP oriented polypropylene

OPS oriented polystyrene

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OTC over-the-counter

OTR oxygen transmission rate

Pa pascal (pressure)PA Proprietary Association

PAN polyacrylonitrile

P&B press-and-blow

PBT po ly(butylene ter eph thalate )

PC personal computer; polycarbonate

PCTFE poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)

PE polyethylene

PEPS Packaging of Electronic Products for Shipment

PET poly(ethylene terephthalate); polyester

phr parts per hundred of resin

PIB polyisobutylene

PLI pound force per lineal inch

CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND UNIT SYMBOLS 1285


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PM Packaging Materials

PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PMMI Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute

PP polypropylene

ppb parts per billion (109)

ppm parts per million (106)

PPP poi son-pre ven tio n pac kaging

PPPA Poison-Prevention Packaging Act

PR printingproj projected

PS polystyrene

psi pound (forc e) per square inch (6.893 kPa)

psig psi gauge pressure

PSTA Packaging Science and Technology Abstracts

PSTC Pressure-Sensitive Tape Council

PTFE pol ytetrafluoroe thyle ne

PVAc poly(vinyl acetate)

PVC poly(vinyl chloride)

PVDC pol y(vinyli dene chl ori de )

PVF poly(vinyl fluoride)

PVF2 poly(vinylidene fluoride)

PVOH poly(vinyl alcohol)

PX postexchange

Q10 change in reaction rate for a 101C temperature

increase

QA quality assurance

QAI quaternary ammonium inhibitor (nitrite)

qt quart (946 mL in United States)

R&D research and development

RCF regenerated cellulose film

RCPP random-copolymer polypropylene

RD root diameter

RDF refuse-derived fuel

rf radiofrequency

rh relative humidity

RIM reaction injection molding

RM-HNR rubber-modified high-nitrile resin

rpm rotations per minute

RSC regular slotted container

RVR rim-vent release

s second

SAN styreneacylonitrile

SB styrenebutadiene

SBS solid bleached sulfate

SCB short-chain braching

SCF Sci entific Commi ttee on Foo d (E EC)

SCR Semicondutor

SIC Standar d Industrial C lassi ficatio n

SMC sheet molding compound

SMMA styrenemethyl methacrylate

SP special packaging

sp gr specific gravity

SPPS soli d-phase pre ssure fo rming

SR single-reduced

SUS solid unbleached sulfate

sq square

SVP small-volume parenteral

TA thread angle

TAPPI Technical Association of the Pulp and PaperIndustry

TD thread-crest diameter

TE tamper-evident

tffs thermoform/fill/seal

TFS tin-free steel

Tg glass-transition temperature

TH tight head

Tm melting temperature

TIS Techni cal Informati on Se rvice

TOFC trailer on flatcar

TPA terephthalic acid

TR tamper-resistant

UCB Union Chimique Belge

UC C Uni fo rm Cl ari ficatio n Co mmitte eUKJ Uniform Freight Classification Committee

UHMW ultra-high-molecular-weight

UN United Nations

UPS United Parcel Service

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USP US Pharmacopeia

uv ultraviolet

V volt

VA vinyl alcohol

VC vinyl chloride

VCI volatile corrosion inhibitor

VCM vinyl chloride monomer

VDC vinylidene chloride

VFFS form/fill/seal, vertical

vol volume

vs versus

W watt (J/s)

WD wire diameter

wk week

wt weight

WVTR water-vapor transmission rate

XD cross-direction

XKL extensible kraft linerboard

yr year

ZCC zero-crush concept


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