Packet #89 Thursday, October 22, 2015 1. Cardiovascular System Introduction Functions Transport...

Packet #89

Thursday, April 20, 2023 1

Cardiovascular System IntroductionFunctions

TransportProtectionRegulation

CompositionHeartBlood vesselsBlood


Cardiovascular System IIBlood

Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen and

carbon dioxide Contains the protein

hemoglobinWhite Blood Cells

Protect the body from foreign microbes and toxins

Platelets Fragments that are

responsible for clotting the blood


Cardiovascular System IIIPlasma (55%)

Liquid portion of the blood 90% water 8% protein Waste products Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones


Blood Vessels IArteries

Thick-walled blood vessels that contain muscle tissue

Muscles contract in a rhythm (pulse)

Carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries Microscopic blood vessels

whose cell walls are only one cell thickness

Place where the exchanges take place

Veins Thin-walled blood vessels

that lack muscular tissues Contain valves that prevent

the backflow of blood Carry blood toward the heart


The HeartMuscle located in an

area between the lungs

Divided into four parts2 atriums

Receive blood into the heart

2 ventricles Pump blood from the

heartValves

There are valves in the heart to help prevent the back flow of blood


Blood Flow I


Blood Flow II Inferior & Superior Vena

CavasRight AtriumRight VentriclePulmonary Artery

Carry blood towards the lungs

LungsPulmonary Vein

Carry blood from the lungsLeft AtriumLeft VentricleAortaArteriesCapillariesVeins


Pulmonary Veins/ArteriesPulmonary Arteries

Are the only arteries to transport de-oxygenated blood from the heart {going towards the lungs}

Pulmonary VeinsAre the only veins to

transport oxygenated blood towards the heart {coming from the lungs}


Blood PressureOccurs from the

pumping action of heart and contractions of the muscular artery walls

Systolic PressureRegistered when the

ventricles contractDiastolic Pressure

Registered when the ventricles relax


IntroductionThe immune system includes all of the

structures and processes that provide a defense against potential pathogens (disease causing agents).

Human Body Defense SystemsDefense Mechanisms

Non-Specific Defense is a rapid response to a wide range of pathogens

Specific Takes several days to mount Delivered by the Immune System

Lymphocytes


Non-Specific Defense MechanismsPhagocytosis

Engulfing of pathogens Neutrophils Macrophages Phagocytes

FeverProduced by cytokinesHigh fevers are dangerous however fevers aid in

the destruction of pathogensInterferons

Polypeptides that act as messengers that protect other cells in the vicinity from viral infection.

Specific Defense MechanismsAntigens

Molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies. These antigens though are the ones that are naturally found in the

body Foreign antigens, found on foreign bacteria for example, cause the

production of antibodies that are used to help destroy the foreign organisms.

Haptens Small organic molecules that can become antigens if they are

bond to proteins. Immunoassays

When the antigen or antibody is attached to the surface of a cell, or to particles of latex rubber, the antigen-antibody reaction becomes visible because the particles agglutinate (clump) as a result of antigen-antibody bonded.

These agglutinated particles can be used to assay a variety of antigens, and tests that utilize this procedure are called immunoassays.

IntroductionLymphocytes are derived from unspecialized

stem cells in the bone marrow.Large numbers of lymphocytes are found in

the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.There are three types of lymphocytes

T cells Thymus-dependent lymphocytes

B cells Derived from the discovery of B cells in the bursa of

Fabricius Mammals do not have this organ

B CellsCombat bacterial

infections and some viral infections

Secrete antibodies into the blood and lymphBecause blood and

lymph are body fluids (humors) the B cells are said to provide humeral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

T CellsAttack host cells that

have become infected with viruses or fungi, transplanted human cells and/or cancerous cells.

These cells do not secrete antibodies.

Must be in close proximity to destroy the infected cell.

Provide cell-mediated immunity.

IntroductionThe non-specific defense systems utilizes

different “defensive lines” in order to be successful.

The Immune SystemNon-Specific Defense System Barriers/MechanismsThe First Line of DefenseThe SkinMucous MembranesCilia

Lines the lungsGastric Juice

In the stomachKills most microbes


The Immune SystemNon-Specific Defense Barriers/MechanismsThe Second Line of DefenseSecond Line of Defense

Inflammatory Response Redness; swelling; heat;

pain

Lymphocytes are activated.

Fever is developed.


The Immune SystemNon-Specific Barriers/MechanismsThe Third Line of DefenseThird Line of Defense

Consists of mechanisms and agents that target specific antigens Via the use of lymphocytes.


Packet #89 Thursday, October 22, 2015 1. Cardiovascular System Introduction Functions Transport...

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