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2018 National All-Star Academic TournamentRound 8 – Tossups

1. Paula Bennett identifies this poem as the “companion” to another poem by the same author which mentions “That awful stranger, Consciousness.” Metaphors in this poem liken “being” to “an ear” and “the heavens” to “a bell.” J. V. Cunningham interpreted this poem as a linear depiction of a “psychotic episode” followed by fainting. This poem posits “some strange race” comprised of the speaker and silence, after describing a drum that “kept beating, beating, till I thought my mind was going numb.” At the end of this poem, the speaker “dropped down, and down, and hit a world, at every plunge, and finished knowing, then-.” For 10 points, name this poem in which the treading of “mourners to and fro” takes place inside an organ belonging to Emily Dickinson.ANSWER: “I Felt a Funeral, In My Brain”<The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by Penelope Ashe>

2. This composer claimed to have burned his juvenile Messe solennelle (MESS so-len-NELL), but it was found in 1991. This composer reused music from his abandoned Rob-Roy Overture for the title character’s theme in his second symphony. In a large piece by this composer, four brass groups enter one at a time to evoke the four corners of the world. Eleven years after it was first serially published, this composer added a chapter on conducting to his Treatise on Instrumentation. In a symphony by this composer, English horns and oboes depict cowherds in the third movement, tubas and bassoons play the Dies Irae (DEE-ess EE-ray) in the fifth movement, and the Artist takes opium in the fourth movement, “March to the Scaffold.” For 10 points, name this composer of Harold in Italy and Symphonie fantastique.ANSWER: Hector Berlioz<The above question is for the category Arts Music and was written by Fred 3Morlan>

3. During this decade, “Operation Drumstick” was planned to enable army members to serve as truck drivers, and dead chickens and pigs were deposited outside the offices of the TGWU. At the start of this decade, the Angry Brigade launched a bombing campaign and less harmful flour bombs were thrown at the Royal Festival Hall in protest of the Miss World Competition. A three-day work week was implemented during this decade as part of electricity conservation measures. The attempted murder of Norman Scott led to the fall of Jeremy Thorpe as Liberal Party leader during this decade. A prime minister was paraphrased as saying “Crisis? What crisis?” near the end of this decade. For 10 points, name this decade in UK history that ended with trash accumulating on streets during the Winter of Discontent, leading to the end of James Callaghan’s Labour government.ANSWER: 1970s<The above question is for the category History European 1914-present and was written by Penelope Ashe>

4. A character in this play who places too much faith in the newspaper says “It’s all here; it’s down here in the dead cats column! Read it for yourself, chief.” After a lovers’ quarrel in this play, a character says “in just a few minutes we have gone through twenty-five years of married life!” A logician in this play explains syllogisms until someone points out that his logic equates dogs and cats. After coming down with an illness, a character in this play changes his mind and declares that “humanism is dead, those who follow it are just old sentimentalists;” that character is Jean. The protagonist of this play yells “I’m not capitulating!” after his girlfriend Daisy abandons him to join the title characters. For 10 points, name this play in which only Bérenger (bay-ron-JAY) avoids turning into the title animal, by Eugène Ionesco.ANSWER: Rhinoceros<The above question is for the category Literature European and was written by John Marvin>

2018 NASAT Presented by and © International Quiz Bowl Tournaments, LLC Round 8

5. This phenomenon names a type of field effect transistor notable for its prospects at low supply voltage due to its lack of the thermal tail possessed by MOSFETs. Another device that exploits this phenomenon has a region of negative differential resistance in the middle of its I–V curve and is sometimes called an Esaki (eh-SAH-kee) diode. A sharp metal tip is brought near a surface and given an electric voltage in a scanning microscope named for this effect. An early application of this phenomenon was George Gamow’s (GAM-off’s) explanation of alpha decay. It is often illustrated by a ball rolling up a hill “on its own.” For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a particle surmounts a classically-insurmountable potential barrier without the requisite energy to do so.ANSWER: quantum tunneling<The above question is for the category Science Physics and was written by Tim Morrison>

6. This text sarcastically says “Already you have all you want! Already you have become rich!” to chide its addressees for thinking they already reap the benefits of heaven, and it describes Christ as only the “first fruits of the resurrection.” The author of this letter reacts with exasperation upon learning that one of the addressees is sleeping with his stepmother, and later says that if one has the “gift” of evading sexual temptation as he does, one should avoid marriage altogether rather than “burn.” This Biblical book says that after the Resurrection we shall see God “face to face,” but “for now” we see God “through a glass, darkly.” For 10 points, name this authentic Pauline epistle which says that “love is patient, love is kind” and that “faith, hope and love abide.”ANSWER: First Corinthians [or First Epistle/Letter to the Corinthians; or 1 Corinthians; prompt on Corinthians; do not accept or prompt on “Second Corinthians” or “2 Corinthians”]<The above question is for the category RMP Christian/Bible Religion and was written by John Marvin>

7. Dilip Abreu suggested the application of a “stick” in the absence of this phenomenon, which optimally entails zero profit for organizations not engaging in this phenomenon. The Department of Justice sued ATPCO in 1992 for facilitating this phenomenon. Firms that report on this activity before a DOJ investigation begins are granted automatic leniency from criminal sanctions. This phenomenon is more likely when sales are regular, and when firms face high barriers to enter a market. “Tacit” forms of this phenomenon involve alterations in output or price without explicit communication between firms. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, in which multiple large firms in a market collectively raise prices above competitive equilibrium levels.ANSWER: collusion [prompt on oligopoly; prompt on duopoly; prompt on or cartels]<The above question is for the category Social Science Economics and was written by Travis Tea>

8. He’s not John DeFrancis, but this man’s father created the phonetic system of Visible Speech, which this man went on tours to demonstrate. This man learned the Mohawk language after moving to Brantford, Ontario and created a crude metal detector to aid in finding the bullet inside the dying President Garfield. This man established the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., the ground for which was broken by Helen Keller, whom he met while working at a center for the deaf in Boston. This man sought to improve on his harmonic telegram and was involved in a patent dispute with Elisha Gray, who used a water transmitter. For 10 points, name this Scottish-born inventor who founded AT&T and who was awarded a patent for inventing the telephone.ANSWER: Alexander Graham Bell<The above question is for the category History American (1865-1945) and was written by Daoud Jackson>


9. Outside of Canada, a trick-taking card game called “forty-fives” is primarily played in this US state and its northern neighbor. Locals take pride in a lake with an egregious 45-letter name in this state, which they claim means “you fish on your side, I fish on my side, nobody fish in the middle.” An aberration in this state’s southern border is called the “Southwick Jog,” and the Western part of this state is home to the Pioneer Valley. Most of this state’s Elizabeth Islands are owned by the Forbes family. Those islands are separated from a peninsula of this state by the Woods Hole strait. The Quabbin Reservoir in this state supplies its main metropolitan area with drinking water. For 10 points, name this New England state that extends eastward as Cape Cod.ANSWER: Massachusetts [The Commonwealth of Massachusetts; or New Hampshire until “northern” is read]<The above question is for the category Geography US and was written by John Marvin>

10. A satellite of this object is mostly very dark, but has a bright white ring on it from a crater called “Wunda.” This body’s mantle, which uniquely generates its magnetosphere rather than the core, may feature diamond rain falling onto a liquid diamond sea with floating “diamond-bergs,” but is generally thought to be a water-methane slurry of “ice.” Martin Klaproth christened an element after a suggested name for this planet in an effort to prevent it from being named “George’s Star,” as proposed by its discoverer, William Herschel. Moons of this planet are named for Alexander Pope or Shakespeare characters, such as Miranda and Titania. For 10 points, name this gas giant, with a rotational axis nearly aligned with the solar system’s plane, that is the seventh planet from the sun.ANSWER: Uranus<The above question is for the category Science Astronomy and was written by John Marvin>

11. The appearance of this mythical animal can be approximated when a real creature is infected with the Shope papilloma virus. These creatures can only mate during flashes of lightning, drink whiskey, have a tenor-pitched human-like voice which they use to deceive pursuers, and are the reason why hunters should wear stovepipes around their legs. This animal is physically similar to the Arabic legend of Al-miraj and the Renaissance-era Lepus cornutus and is said to have a top running speed of ninety miles per hour. Douglas Herrick manufactured the first supposed carcass of this animal in Douglas, Wyoming, in 1932. For 10 points, name this animal from American West folklore which is a large rabbit with horns.ANSWER: jackalope<The above question is for the category RMP Non-Greek/Roman Myth and was written by Penelope Ashe>

12. During the Gothic War, this city was captured and razed by Uraias and his Burgundian allies because of disagreement between Belisarius and Narses. According to Livy, this city was founded by Bellovesus during the time of Tarquinius Priscus, though Polybius names the Insubres (in-SOO-brays) as its founders. Maximian ruled from this city after it was named the new capital of Western Rome in 286 AD by Diocletian. After the massacre of 7,000 people in Thessalonica, a Doctor of the Church from this city excommunicated Theodosius the Great. The Monza Cathedral on the outskirts of this city holds the Iron Crown of the Lombards, who ruled the region from nearby Pavia. For 10 points, name this city of St. Ambrose, where Emperor Constantine issued a 313 edict legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire.ANSWER: Milan [or Mediolanum or Milano]<The above question is for the category History European to 1400 and was written by Nitin Rao>


13. A building in this city was planned to house 30,000 families in a set of 72-story towers, fulfilling its architect’s vision of a “city within a city.” When this city’s government refused, that architect settled for two S-shaped towers whose undulating concrete facades enclose winding atria meant to evoke European alleys. Another pair of towers in this city by the same architect were the first to be constructed with tower cranes and are marked by a characteristic radial symmetry, with small semicircular balconies around their cylindrical exteriors. Bertrand Goldberg designed those buildings in this city, where Fazlur Khan developed bundled tube structures to construct two of this city’s groundbreaking tall skyscrapers. For 10 points, name this home to River City, Marina City, and the Willis Tower.ANSWER: Chicago<The above question is for the category Arts Architecture and was written by John Marvin>

14. A poem by this author declares, “I send out red signals across your absent eyes, that move like the sea near a lighthouse,” and that “The birds of night peck at the first stars that flash like my soul when I love you.” Another poem by this author describes its subject as “Dark river-beds where the eternal thirst flows and weariness follows, and the infinite ache.” A poem by this author describes how “The water walks barefoot in the wet streets” and calls its addressee, “Ah, you who are silent!” His poems “Leaning into the Afternoons,” “Body of a Woman,” and “White Bee” appear in a collection whose final poem contains the refrains “in you everything sank!” and “it is the hour of departure.” For 10 points, name this poet of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.ANSWER: Pablo Neruda [or Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto]<The above question is for the category Literature World and was written by John Marvin>

15. The customary declarations of procedure issued upon assuming this office were the basis of the “perpetual edict” of 129 AD. The original holders of this office were the “urbanus” and “peregrinus,” who oversaw matters involving citizens and foreigners respectively. After serving in this office for one year, a politician was eligible to become a provincial governor. To hold this office, a man had to be 39 years old and have previously served as either a quaestor or aedile. This title in the Roman Republic was used for court administrators who appointed judges and led ongoing investigations into crimes against the state. For 10 points, name this office in the cursus honorum which was normally occupied before running for the consulship.ANSWER: praetor [do not accept “propraetor”]<The above question is for the category History European to 1400 and was written by Penelope Ashe>

16. If the order of growth of an entire function growth has this property, then the Weierstrass factorization theorem is strengthened into one named for Hadamard. The unit ball in a Banach (BAH-nuck) space is compact if and only if the space has a basis with this property. An integral domain with this property is also a field according to Wedderburn’s little theorem. Induction on well-ordered sets can be “trans” this term. Up to isomorphism, any cyclic group with this property is of the form Z mod nZ for some n. Injectivity and surjectivity are equivalent on a set with this property by the pigeonhole principle. Any set with this property is in a bijection with the integers from one to n for some n. For 10 points, name this property of sets with integer cardinality.ANSWER: finite [or not infinite; or transfinite; or finite cardinality; or finite size]<The above question is for the category Science Math and was written by Tim Morrison>


17. John Bellamy Foster argued that this thinker was influenced by Justus von Liebig’s research on soil fertility in describing his theory of “metabolic rift” between nature and society. A “symptomatic reading” of this thinker’s work by Louis Althusser identified a “break” between his early and late writings. The term “hauntology” is coined in a book by Jacques Derrida that is titled for Spectres of this thinker. This author of the Grundrisse theorized the dominance of the base over the superstructure of society, and argued that human societies progress over six stages, beginning with primitive accumulation and including capitalism. For 10 points, name this thinker who emphasized class struggle in his theory of historical materialism and wrote Das Kapital.ANSWER: Karl Marx<The above question is for the category RMP Philosophy and was written by Shan Kothari>

18. A character claims that bad members of this profession are like pantomimes since at “a small push” they “reveal the actor underneath.” That character’s father is fond of a story about a person in this profession who killed a tiger that was lying under a dining room table. A member of this profession tries to teach Reginald Cardinal about “the facts of life” and listens to Twice a Week or More to learn witty banter for his conversations with Mr. Farraday. That protagonist of this profession reads the books of Mrs. Jane Symons and takes a drive through England to visit Miss Kenton. For 10 points, identify this profession of Stevens, the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day, who works at Darlington Hall. ANSWER: butler [prompt on servant; do not accept “housekeeper,” since that is Miss Kenton’s title]<The above question is for the category Literature British Non-Shakespeare and was written by Tim Morrison>

19. A nonpathological radiolucent depression of this bone called the Stafne defect can be diagnosed by injection of radiopaque (radio-pake) dye into Wharton’s duct, which drains a namesake gland. Forensic determination of sex sometimes uses this bone’s gonial angle. This bone is connected to an unusually non-articulating bone by the mylohyoid muscle, which is innervated by the namesake V3 division of the trigeminal nerve. Giant-cell arteritis can be mistaken for a group of disorders affecting muscles such as the masseter and the articulation between this bone and the temporal bone, the TMJ, which features pain during mastication. For 10 points, name this bone, paired with the maxilla, that comprises the lower jaw.ANSWER: mandible [prompt on jaw until it is read]<The above question is for the category Science Biology and was written by Joelle Smart>

20. A critic dismissed a painting by this man by saying that whatever the woman it depicts was recovering from, she shouldn’t be recovering from it in a museum. That painting was assumed by the public to depict a sex worker, even though this artist’s other depictions of sex workers were much more grotesque. This painter of The Day After created a Self-Portrait During the Eye Disease, along with a self-portrait where he stands balding with green pants between a red-and-black-patterned bed and a grandfather clock. This artist painted an elongated reflection of the moon on a lake as part of his Frieze of Life series. For 10 points, name this Norwegian painter who depicted an agonized figure in front of an orange sky in The Scream.ANSWER: Edvard Munch (MOONK)<The above question is for the category Arts Painting and was written by John Marvin>


Extra. The central character of one of this author’s poems finishes addressing an invading king before “headlong from the mountain’s height, deep in the roaring tide he plunged to endless night.” The lines “Here rests his head upon the lap of earth, a youth to fortune and to fame unknown” begin an epitaph by him found on his tomb in Stoke Poges (POH-jiss). This poet addressed “fields beloved in vain, where once my careless childhood strayed, a stranger yet to pain!” in a poem which ends “No more; where ignorance is bliss, ’tis folly to be wise.” This man described how “far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife, their seer wishes never learned to stray” in a poem that opens “The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.” For 10 points, name this English poet of “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College” and “Elegy in a Country Churchyard.”ANSWER: Thomas Gray<The above question is for the category Literature British Non-Shakespeare and was written by Daoud Jackson>


2018 National All-Star Academic TournamentRound 8 – Bonuses

1. Recalling a dying soldier, a poem with this title says: “In all my dreams before my helpless sight, he plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.” For 10 points each:[10] Give this patriotic phrase from Horace, which a wartime poem calls “the old lie.”ANSWER: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori [accept translations like “It is sweet and proper to die for the fatherland”][10] “Dulce et Decorum Est” is by this poet, who fought in World War I and also wrote “Strange Meeting.”ANSWER: Wilfred Owen [Wilfred Edward Salter Owen][10] This other Owen poem curses the “wretched” who “by choice… made themselves immune” to “whatever shares the eternal reciprocity of tears.” It begins: “Happy are men who yet before they are killed can let their veins run cold.”ANSWER: “Insensibility”<The above question is for the category Literature British Non-Shakespeare and was written by John Marvin>

2. A protein with this property was first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. For 10 points each:[10] Name this property of molecules which can absorb light and re-emit it at a longer wavelength. This property is often exploited in low-energy light bulbs.ANSWER: fluorescence [or fluorescent][10] One class of fluorescent substances are these pseudo-zero-dimensional semiconductor nanoparticles which are now starting to be used in QLED screens.ANSWER: quantum dots[10] The electronic transitions involved in fluorescence and related processes like phosphorescence can be plotted on this diagram, which arranges excited states of molecules by energy on the y-axis and spin multiplicity on the x-axis.ANSWER: Jablonski diagram<The above question is for the category Science Chemistry and was written by Ewan MacAulay>

3. Unlike William Crooke, Herbert Hope Risley believed that there was a biological basis to this system, which he sought to prove by measuring peoples’ noses. For 10 points each:[10] Name this general kind of system studied among the Piramalai Kallars by Louis Dumont, as described in the book Homo Hierarchicus. B. R. Ambedkar advocated its “annihilation.”ANSWER: caste system in India [accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, jati or varna][10] This particular concept of caste refers to membership in an endogamous clan or community, which is often bound to certain occupations.ANSWER: jati[10] Based on Louis Dumont’s work on the tendency for lower castes to emulate practices of upper castes, M. N. Srinivas popularized a term whose name is derived from this classical language of the Vedas.ANSWER: Sanskrit [accept Sanskritization]<The above question is for the category Social Science Anthropology and was written by Shan Kothari>


4. This pilgrimage results in the largest public gathering on earth when around twenty million people arrive at the Husayn Shrine. For 10 points each:[10] Name this pilgrimage to Karbala in Iraq. The Iranian government has complained about the complete lack of coverage of this event in Western media, despite it being larger than the Hajj.ANSWER: Arba’een Pilgrimage[10] Both the Arba’een Pilgrimage and this other holiday that occurs 40 days earlier commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. Many participants self-flagellate with ritual swords and scourges in order to let blood as a sign of mourning, but recently there has been a move to encourage blood drives and donations instead.ANSWER: Ashura [or Day of Remembrance][10] Ashura and Arba’een are celebrated by this denomination of Islam, which believes Muhammad appointed his son-in-law Ali as his successor. This branch of Islam is predominant in Iran.ANSWER: Shi’a Islam [or Shi’ite]<The above question is for the category RMP Non-Christian/Bible Religion and was written by John Marvin>

5. After leaving office, this man and one of his former African-American employees did a musical comedy act together called “The Governor and the Dishwasher.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this pro-segregationist governor who preceded Jimmy Carter in office.ANSWER: Lester Garfield Maddox Sr.[10] Both Maddox and Carter were governors of this southern state.ANSWER: Georgia[10] Maddox ran against Carter in the 1976 presidential election as the nominee of the American Independent Party, a conservative third party that previously nominated this man in 1968 to run against both Hubert Humphrey and Richard Nixon.ANSWER: George Wallace [George Corley Wallace Jr.]<The above question is for the category History American (1945-present) and was written by Mike Cheyne>

6. A story set during this conflict ends as Vollmer grows silent before remarking: “It’s just so interesting. The colors and all.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this conflict during which the narrator calls things such as a hammock and earplugs “human moments” and communicates with Colorado Command from space.ANSWER: World War III [or “Human Moments in World War III”][10] “Human Moments in World War III” appears in this author’s 2011 collection The Angel Esmeralda. He also wrote Underworld and Mao II.ANSWER: Don DeLillo [or Donald Richard DeLillo][10] Edgar and Grace, the main characters of the title story from “The Angel Esmeralda,” are in this profession. After shooting Willie Mink, Jack Gladney takes him to a hospital run by members of this profession in White Noise. ANSWER: nun<The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by Tim Morrison>


7. John F. Kennedy infuriated this leader by repeatedly mispronouncing his name and ignoring a congratulatory note. For 10 points each:[10] Name this prime minister who cancelled the Avro Arrow program and accepted Bomarc missiles from the Kennedy administration. This prime minister’s indecision over equipping the missiles with nuclear payloads led to his 1963 defeat to Lester Pearson’s Liberals.ANSWER: John George Diefenbaker (DEE-fin-BAY-ker)[10] Diefenbaker was prime minister of this country, which joined with the United States to form NORAD in 1957.ANSWER: Canada[10] After the US canceled the Skybolt missile project, British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan negotiated the US sale of these missiles with President Kennedy. The program named for these submarine-based missiles preceded the Trident program.ANSWER: UGM-27 Polaris<The above question is for the category History World and was written by Nitin Rao>

8. While recognized as this deity, a girl’s feet will not touch the ground, and attendants will carry her on her palanquin. For 10 points each:[10] Name this goddess, which manifests in prepubescent girls who are worshipped as divine. Girls are generally selected to be inhabited by this goddess for one day as part of a festival before returning to their lives. ANSWER: Kumari [accept Royal Kumari; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Kumari Devi; prompt on, but DO NOT REVEAL Devi][10] Kumari is a manifestation of this abstract goddess, the general feminine divine in Hinduism. Confusingly, this meta-goddess shares its name with the normal Sanskrit word for a goddess.ANSWER: Devi [or Deva; prompt on Adi Shakti][10] Kumaris are only prominent among the Hindus of this country, where they are chosen for the Navaratri festival. This country is where the Royal Kumari is appointed and lives after crossing one of the Durbar Squares in Kathmandu.ANSWER: Nepal [Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal; or Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl]<The above question is for the category RMP Non-Christian/Bible Religion and was written by John Marvin>

9. These organisms can be described as endogeic, epigeic, or anecic depending on where in the soil they live. For 10 points each:[10] Name this group of terrestrial annelids that help to aerate the soil. They eat organic matter and produce castings, aiding decomposition.ANSWER: earthworms[10] In upper North America, the invasion of European earthworms has sped up rates of this process, through which nutrients are chemically transformed from organic forms to soluble inorganic forms.ANSWER: mineralization[10] These two inorganic ions are the principal plant-available forms of nitrogen, and are commonly found in fertilizers together. Name both.ANSWER: nitrate AND ammonium [or NO3-minus AND NH4-plus]<The above question is for the category Science Biology and was written by Shan Kothari>


10. In May 2018, a man supposedly concerned with historical inaccuracy destroyed this man’s painting of Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan with a metal pole. For 10 points each:[10] Name this nineteenth-century Russian realist painter, whose scenes from Russian included Religious Procession in Kursk Province and Barge Haulers on the Volga.ANSWER: Ilya Repin (REP-in) [Ilya Yefimovich Repin][10] One of the most infamous incidents of art vandalism was when this Rembrandt painting of a militia company was repeatedly sliced by William de Rijk (ryke), an unemployed schoolteacher.ANSWER: The Night Watch [or De Nachtwacht (NAHKT-vakht); or Militia Company of District II under the Command of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq; or The Shooting Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch][10] This artist’s color-field painting series titled Who’s Afraid of Red, Yellow, and Blue? was twice vandalized by people who evidently were. One vandal thought it was a “perversion of the German flag” and the other wished to “take revenge on abstract art.”ANSWER: Barnett Newman<The above question is for the category Arts Painting and was written by John Marvin>

11. A 2016 paper by Aaronson and Yedidia showed that, if ZFC set theory is consistent, it cannot prove the identity of any of these numbers above the 7918th, because that would imply proving the Gödel sentence. For 10 points each:[10] Name these constructs which perform the maximum finite number of operations for the number of input states. The function named for these constructs maps n input states to sigma n output symbol flips.ANSWER: busy beaver function[10] The fact that the busy beaver function grows faster than any computable function is equivalent to the undecidability of this decision problem, which tries to determine if a given program will terminate.ANSWER: halting problem[10] This scientist proved the undecidability of the halting problem in part by defining his namesake “machine,” a mathematical abstraction of a computer that can be envisioned as having a “tape” of symbols that can be manipulated according to rules.ANSWER: Alan Mathison Turing<The above question is for the category Science Computer Science and was written by John Marvin>

12. This event happened so fast that a film crew assigned to cover it missed getting most of it on film, and many claim what they did film was a dramatic recreation instead. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this Christmas Day event that occurred five minutes after the conclusion of a show trial organized by coup leader Ion Iliescu (yon eel-YES-koo). After this event, the death penalty was abolished in the country it took place in.ANSWER: execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu [accept killing or death in place of “execution”][10] Nicolae Ceaușescu (chow-SHESS-koo) was the dictator of this European country from 1967 until his overthrow and death in 1989.ANSWER: Romania[10] The trial that condemned the Ceaușescus was this kind of impromptu court-martial similar to a kangaroo court. Used by the Nazis, this proceeding has a name referring to an object frequently used as a writing table during the event.ANSWER: drumhead court-martial<The above question is for the category History European 1914-present and was written by Mike Cheyne>


13. The “Proem” to this text describes how “A bedlamite speeds to thy parapets, tilting there momently, shrill shirt ballooning,” and begins by asking “How many dawns, chill from his rippling rest, the seagull’s wings shall dip and pivot him?” For 10 points each:[10] Name this poem which asks its title object to “Unto us lowliest sometime sweep, descend, and of the curveship lend a myth to God.”ANSWER: The Bridge[10] The Bridge is the magnum opus of this modernist poet, who committed suicide at thirty-two by jumping off a steam ship into the Gulf of Mexico. ANSWER: Hart Crane [Harold Hart Crane][10] The Bridge is a tribute to the title landmark between Manhattan and this borough on Long Island. That neo-gothic bridge named for this borough crosses the East River, and many who worked on constructing its foundations came down with the bends.ANSWER: Brooklyn [or Brooklyn Bridge]<The above question is for the category Literature American and was written by John Marvin>

14. This question is asked at the beginning of Kate Soper’s chamber opera Ipsa Dixit, and is answered “imitation” as a percussionist dings a bell. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this three-word question, which also titles an 1897 Leo Tolstoy book that describes how exemplars of the title concept spread emotion through infection.ANSWER: What Is Art? [or Chto takoye iskusstvo?][10] After explaining his claim that all good art is either Christian or universal, Tolstoy imagines a reader indignant at his claim that this Beethoven piece, which ends with a choral setting of a Schiller poem, is bad art.ANSWER: Symphony No. 9 by Ludwig van Beethoven [or Ninth Symphony; or Choral Symphony][10] This author accused Tolstoy of “malice” and an anti-humanistic bias in his respond to What is Art? entitled “Lear, Tolstoy, and the Fool.” He studied Welsh coal miners in The Road to Wigan Pier.ANSWER: George Orwell [or Eric Arthur Blair]<The above question is for the category Arts Misc Arts and was written by Shan Kothari>

15. Background noise generated through pinhole crosstalk can limit the axial resolution of this specific device. For 10 points each:[10] Name this type of confocal laser-scanning microscopy that uses rotation of a namesake device developed by Nipkow to sample intensity signals in parallel, in contrast to similar point-scanning instruments.ANSWER: spinning disk confocal microscopy[10] SDCM transduces light into electrical signals using avalanche photodiodes, hybrid detectors, or these classic, cheaper detectors that comprise a photocathode and a series of dynodes to exponentially increase electron count.ANSWER: photomultiplier tube [or PMT][10] PMTs can be operated in a single-photon mode named for this scientist, who names handheld radiation detectors that click.ANSWER: Hans Geiger [or Johannes Wilhelm Geiger]<The above question is for the category Science Physics and was written by Joelle Smart>


16. This event took place after an encounter at the Parthenius spring in the vale of Gargaphia. For 10 points each:[10] Identify this mythical cause of death that occurred after a man was turned into a stag and chased around Mount Cithaeron.ANSWER: Actaeon being killed or torn apart by his own dogs[10] Actaeon was transformed by this goddess, whom he accidentally saw bathing.ANSWER: Artemis[10] This learned centaur trained Actaeon as a hunter.ANSWER: Chiron<The above question is for the category RMP Greek/Roman Myth and was written by Penelope Ashe>

17. This critic tried to figure how many classical music concerts he could attend in New York for under 100 dollars in his column “Cheap Seats.” For 10 points each:[10] Name this classical music critic for the New Yorker who wrote about the trajectory of 20th-century music in The Rest is Noise.ANSWER: Alex Ross[10] An essay from Alex Ross’s Listen to This describes how this Italian Baroque composer combined the descending lament figure with the chaconne (shah-KUN) form in his Lamento della ninfa. This composer also wrote the first opera in the standard repertoire, L’Orfeo (lor-FAY-oh).ANSWER: Claudio Monteverdi[10] Ross observes hints of that lament figure in the grueling Ciaccona (cha-KOH-na) movement in D minor from one of these solo violin pieces by J. S. Bach, which are paired with sonatas.ANSWER: Partitas for Solo Violin<The above question is for the category Arts Music and was written by Shan Kothari>

18. The beginning of Álvaro Enrigue’s novel Sudden Death depicts this writer playing tennis with Caravaggio using a ball made from Anne Boleyn’s hair. For 10 points each:[10] Name this pioneer of conceptismo who denounced his rival Luis de Góngora in a poem that describes him as a “faux-Sicilian cyclops” whose “farts sing like sirens.”ANSWER: Francisco de Quevedo [Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas][10] Quevedo’s novel El Buscón is part of the picaresque genre that originated in this country in novels such as Lazarillo de Tormes.ANSWER: Spain[10] Quevedo’s friend Lope de Vega (LO-pay deh VAY-gah) wrote this play, in which the people of the title village kill a cruel commander and, when questioned under torture, say that the village itself killed him.ANSWER: Fuenteovejuna (FWEN-tay-oh-vay-HOO-nah) [or The Sheep Well]<The above question is for the category Literature European and was written by Shan Kothari>

19. This agreement is considered to have laid the foundation for the modern notion of sovereignty. For 10 points each:[10] Name this series of treaties signed at Osnabrück and Münster that ended the Thirty Years’ War.ANSWER: Peace of Westphalia[10] The Peace of Westphalia reaffirmed this principle of religious toleration and extended it to Calvinists. Under this four-world Latin principle, Imperial princes had the right to dictate which religion would be the official faith of their territory.ANSWER: “cuius regio, eius religio” (KOO-yoos REJ-ee-oh, AYY-oos reh-LEE-jee-oh)[10] This Pope rejected the Peace of Westphalia in in the papal bull Zelo Domus Dei. This pontiff waged the Wars of Castro against the Duchy of Parma and was the first Pope to condemn Jansenism.ANSWER: Innocent X [or Giovanni Battista Pamphili; prompt on Innocent]<The above question is for the category History European 1400-1914 and was written by Nitin Rao>


20. After visiting the Western Wall and talking to a Spanish-speaking rabbi, two pastors from this country converted their massive Pentecostal congregation to Orthodox Judaism. For 10 points each:[10] Name this country where René Cano and Juan Carlos Villegas went from being pastors of Iglesia Cristiana para la Familia in Bello (BAY-yo) to being rabbis. It is also home to the Catholic Las Lajas Sanctuary Basilica, whose entrance crosses a canyon.ANSWER: Colombia [The Republic of Colombia; or la República de Colombia][10] Bello (BAY-yo) is a suburb of this city, whose Escobar-funded drug cartel provided most of the world’s cocaine. It is home to the gothic revival Palace of Culture and is the largest metropolitan area in Colombia.ANSWER: Municipality of Medellín (may-day-YEEN) [or Municipio de Medellín][10] Medellín and the capital city of Bogotá are located in this longest mountain range on earth, which runs through Colombia down to the tip of South America.ANSWER: Andes [or Cordillera de los Andes; or the Andean mountains]<The above question is for the category Geography World and was written by John Marvin>

Extra. Since this time period included a severe lack of food for horses, it may have prompted Karl Drais’s research into what became the proto-bicycle, the velocipede. For 10 points each:[10] Name this time period mostly including the spring and summer of 1816, which resulted in the worst famine of 19th-century Europe. It featured weather so bad that Mary Shelley and friends were forced to stay inside during a holiday, leading to her creating what became Frankenstein.ANSWER: Year Without a Summer [or Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death; prompt on Poverty Year; do not accept or prompt on “Little Ice Age”][10] Violence broke out due to famine in this European country, which experienced 130 days of rain at one point, causing massive flooding of Lake Geneva.ANSWER: Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation][10] Most historians believe the Year Without a Summer was primarily caused by this non-European event in 1815.ANSWER: the eruption of Mount Tambora [prompt on volcanic eruption; prompt on volcano]<The above question is for the category History European 1400-1914 and was written by Mike Cheyne>


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