P&A - Units 1 & 2
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Transcript of P&A - Units 1 & 2
Unit 1: Introduction to P&AI. Anatomy & Physiology
A. Anatomy - “structure” (morphology)1.Definition: branch of science
that deals with the structure of body
parts.B. Physiology – “function”
1.Definition: branch of science that deals with the function of body parts.
C. Structure & function always relate
1.Example: Arteries have very
muscular walls to adequately
pump blood to all parts of body.
II. Homeostasis
A. Defintion: The tendency of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
B. In order to survive, the body needs to remain at
homeostasis.
C. Homeostasis is regulated by body systems.
1. Negative Feedback
a.Definition: A system which maintains deviations in a normal range.
a.Example: Blood pressure- If blood pressure goes up, negative feedback slows heart to return it to normal.
2. Positive Feedback
a.Definition: A system which encourages deviations from
normal ranges (homeostasis)
a.Example: Labor during pregnancy. The woman’s
body is taken farther from normal (homeostasis) to achieve a goal.
III.Body Organization (Humans are organized in levels)
A. Cell
Defintion: basic structural and functional unit of life.
Example: Skin cell
B. Tissue
Definition: a group of cells working together to
perform a function.
Example: Epithelial tissue
C. Organ
Definition: A group of tissues working together to perform a special function.
Example: Skin
D. Organ System
Definition: A group of organs working together to perform a special function
Example: Integumentary
E. Organism
Definition: A group of organ systems working together to perform a function.
Example: Human body
IV.Human Organ Systems
A. Skeletal System
1. Structure: bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, joints
2. Function: Support and movement
B. Muscular System
1. Structure: Muscles
2. Function: Movement, posture, heat production
CC. Integumentary System
1. Structure: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.
2. Function: Protection, temperature regulation,
synthesize (make) certain body products (Vitamin D)
D. Digestive System
1. Structure:
Digestive tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
Accessory organs: tongue, salivary glands, pancreas,
liver
2. Function: mechanical and chemical digestion, absorb
nutrients, eliminate wastes
E. Respiratory System
1. Structure: Lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
2. Function: Exchange of gasses (CO2 & O2 between blood and air.
F. Cardiovascular System/Circulatory
1. Structure: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
2. Function: Transport nutrients, waste, gasses, hormones
G. Nervous System
1. Structure: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
2. Function: Regulate all body functions, detect
sensation, control movement
H. Endocrine System
1. Structure: Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
etc.; hormones2. Function: Regulates
metabolism, reproduction and other body functions.
I. Urinary System
1. Structure: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
2. Function: Removal of waste from circulatory system; regulate blood pH, ion content, water content
J. Lymphatic System
1. Structure: Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus gland
2. Function: Removal of foreign substances in blood,
combat disease, fat absorption
K. Reproductive System
1. Structure: Gonads, accessory structures, and genitals
2. Function: Process of reproduction of life.
V. Anatomical Terminology
A. Position Terms
1. Superior – “above”
-- Head superior to neck
2. Inferior – “below”
-- Tibia inferior to femur
3. Anterior/Ventral – “front/belly- side”
4. Posterior/Dorsal – “back”
5. Medial – “toward midline”
-- shoulder medial to elbow
6. Lateral – “away from midline”
7. Proximal – “closer to point of attachment”
-- elbow proximal to wrist
8. Distal – “further from point of attachment”
9. Superficial – “near surface”
10. Deep – “more internal”
11. Articulate – “to meet”
-- The femur articulates with the fibia
B. Body Sections/Cuts/Planes
1. Sagittal
--lengthwise cut at midline
2. Transverse
--divides body in superior and inferior portions
3. Frontal/Coronal
--Divides body in anterior and
posterior portions
C. Body Regions of the Abdomen
1. Epigastric
(Middle Upper)
2. L/R Hypochondriac
(Upper L/R)
3. Umbilical
(Middle)
4. L/R Lumbar
(Middle L/R)
5. Hypogastric
(Low middle)
6. L/R Iliac
(L/R low)
D. Body (Major) Cavities
1. Cranial Cavity
-- nasal cavity
-- oral cavity
-- cranial cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity
-- spinal cavity
2. Thoracic Cavity
-- rib cage
-- diaphragm
3. Abdominopelvic Cavity
-- stomach
-- pelvis
-- bladder
-- Split into abdominal and
pelvic cavities
E. Body Membranes
1. Pleural Membranes (lungs)
a. Visceral pleural (organ)
--membrane portion covering organ
c. Pleural cavity – area surrounding organ
- filled with fluid
b. Parietal pleural
--membrane portion attached to body wall lining cavity
2. Pericardial Membranes (heart)
a. Visceral pericardium
--membrane covering heart itself
b. Parietal percardium
--membrane outside visceral
pericardium
3. Peritoneal Membranes - abdomen
a. Visceral peritoneum
--membrane surrounding organs
b. Parietal peritoneum
--membrane attachment to cavity wall
VI.Chemistry of Life
A. Atomic Structure
1. Nucleus
--most massive
--houses proton and neutron
2. Proton
-- (+) Positive charged
3. Neutrons
--Neutral
4. Electrons
--(-) charged
--located in energy level shells/ clouds around nucleus
5. Energy levels
--levels/orbits around nucleus that hold e- of certain energy
--each level holds specific number of e- (1:2, 2:8, 3:18)
6. Proton & electron # = in balanced elements
7. Neutron # = mass number – atomic number
8. Mass # = proton # + neutron #
9. Atomic # = proton #
10. IonDefinition: Element that has lost or gained e- and therefore
received a charge.a. Important to bodyExample: Ca+ = bones, teeth,
blood clotting. Fe+: Red blood cell function/formation
B. Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic Binding
Definition: Occurs when atoms gain or lose e- becoming
opposite charged and attract
Example: NaCl
2. Covalent Bonding
Definition: Occurs when two or more atoms share electrons
Example: H2O
C. Chemical Reactions
1. Synthesis – “build up”
--combining atoms – growth, repair
A + B – AB
2. Decomposition – “break down”
--molecules break apart – food
digestion
AB – A + B
3. Exchange
--Decomposition + Synthesis
AB + CD -– AC + BD
4. Reversible
--End product may return to reactants
A + B AB
D. Acid & Bases
1. Electrolytes
Definition: Substances that release ions in water and
therefore conduct electricity.
2. Acids
--Electrolytes that release H+ into water
--pH: 0-6.9
-- red on litmus
3. Bases
--Electrolytes that release OH- into water
--pH: 7.1-14
--Blue on litmus
E. Major Body Organic Substances
1. Carbohydrates
Structure: Small to large molecules of C, H + O (in ratio, Ch2O)
Function: Provide energy for body
a. Monosaccharides – simple sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
b. Disaccharides – two simple sugars (sucrose, lactose)
c. Polysaccharides – complex sugars (glycogen)
2. Lipids
Structure: Substances that do not dissolve in H2O, mainly C, H, O
(includes fats, phospholipids, steroids)
Function:
Fats: Break down for energy
phosopholipids: make cell membranes
steroids: regulate body process example: male/female
a. Glycerols + fatty acid = FAT example: triglycerols = 3
glycerols + a fatty acid
3. Proteins Structure: Molecules of C, H, O, N -- Amino Acids: Building block of
protein Function: regulate chemical
reactions--energy sources--cell synthesis/make up
cytoplasm--protect from disease
(antibodies)--serve as enzymes** Watch Lamina video
a. Hydrogen bonds
-- hold coil together
-- bonds may break by exposure to access:
*heat
*radiation
*chemicals
Denatured Protein: protein with hydrogen bonds broken or uncoiled due
to environmental factors. (example: heat)
*** EGG EXAMPLE
4. Nucleic Acids
Structure: Large complex molecules of C, H, O, N, P
--RNA, DNA
--Nucleotide: building block of nucleic acid
Function: --control cellular activities --synthesize proteins (RNA)
--pass on genetic information
VII.Cellular Transport
*In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, chemicals/substances/ions
constantly pass through cell membranes.
A. Passive Transport
1. Defintion: Movement of substances across cell membrane from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration requiring no energy
2. Types
a. Diffusion: movement of substances from high to
low concentration
example: O2 from air diffuse into blood and CO2 to air
b. Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion with aid of a carrier molecule
in cell membrane “bussers”
example: glucose into cells
C. Osmosis: movement of WATER
across membrane from high to low concentration
1. cells need EXACTLY right amount of watery environment or they will shrink/swell
Types of Osmosis1. Hypertonic – Hyper=more
a. More water than needed in the cell, so net water LEAVES cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SHRINKS2. Hypotonic – Hypo=less
a. Less water than needed in the cell, so water ENTERS cell to reach homeostasis
b. cell then SWELLS3. Isotonic
a. Homeostasis is reached
d. Filtration1. movement of
substances across cell membrane due to pressure
2. ex: blood pressure forces water out of capillaries but proteins are left in.
B. Active transport1. Movement of substances across membrane from LOW to HIGH REQUIRING ENERGY!!2. Types:
a. Pumps – carrier molecules push ions low to high
1. Na/K pumps in cellsb. Endocytosis – engulfing of particles by cells
1. pinocytosis – takes in liquids2. phagocytosis – take in solids
a. ex:Phagocytes:engulf bacteria