PA 552: Designing Applied Research
Transcript of PA 552: Designing Applied Research
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PA 552: Designing Applied Research
Bruce Perlman
Understanding Methods
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Data Framework
RESEARCH DATA
SECONDARY DATA
PRIMARY DATA
QUALITATIVE DATA
EXPLORATION
QUANTITATIVE DATA
DESCRIPTION CAUSE
AND EFFECT
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Deciding on Data Strategy
• Choice Depends on the Situation
• Techniques Depend on Situations
– More Appropriate in Some Situations than Others
• Caution: All Techniques are Subject to Bias
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Methodological Strategies
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Mixed
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Distinguishing Methodological Strategies • Data Can be Collected and Analyzed:
1. Qualitatively 2. Quantitatively
• Quantitative Collection and Analysis – Separate Processes
1. Collection 2. Analysis
• Qualitative Collection and Analysis – Iterative, Conceptually Separate Processes
1. Collection Occurs During Analysis 2. Analysis Occurs During Collection
• Mixed Methods
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Research Design
Research Strategy
Quantitative Qualitative
Experimental
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Case study
Comparative
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Quantitative vs. Qualitative
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Quantitative vs. Qualitative
• Not Methods: Adjectives for Types of Data • Quantitative
– Data Represented Through: • Words • Pictures • Icons
– Analyzed Using Thematic Exploration
• Qualitative – Data Represented Through Numbers – Analyzed Using Statistics
• Do Represent a Fundamental Debate on – Knowledge Production
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Quantitative Tradition
• Scientific Study and Method – Hypothetico-Deductive Logic:
• Test Hypotheses deduced from Theory
• Value of Quantification
• Nomothetic Characteristics 1. Use or Generate a Theory
2. Generate Propositions or Hypotheses from Theory
3. Collect Quantitative Data (Experiment or Description)
4. Analyze Data Using Statistical Processes
5. Draw Conclusions Referring to Hypotheses
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Hypothetico-deductive Methods
• Experiments – Controlled Environment
• Not “Naturalistic”
– Identified Variables – Groups with Random Assignment
• Population Studies and Descriptions – Data
• Primary • Secondary
– Samples – Instruments – Statistics
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Inductive Strategies
• Ethnography – POV of the Subjects about Culture – Immersion to Understand Why not just What
• Phenomenology – Phenomena = lived Experience – How Subjects of Phenomena Studied Experience it
• How they Experience Object In their Own Words
• Ethnomethodology – How Interactions Take Place – Description of Patterns, Rules, Methods, to Make Sense
• Raw, Natural Data between Roles or Positions
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Qualitative Tradition
• Alternative to Scientific Study and Method – Emphasize Inductive Logic:
• Explore Phenomena to Explain Them • Explanation may Build or Expand Theory • Value of Quality over Quantity
• In Depth Characteristics 1. Holistic 2. Emergent Methods 3. Non-Random Sampling 4. Rich Data 5. Interpretive Analysis
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Principal Difference
Quantitative Strategies Qualitative Strategies
• Research in which the researcher decides what to study
• Research in which the researcher relies on the views of the participants
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Characteristics
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Ask broad, general Qs
• Collecting data consisting largely of words (text) or image (picture)
• Descriptions and analysis of words for themes
• Conducts more subjective, inquiry
• Ask specific narrow Qs
• Collects data from participants
• Analyzes numbers using statistics
• Conducts more the objective
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Identifying a Research Problem
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Description of trends or an explanation of variables’ relationships
• An exploration in which little is known about the problem
• A detailed understanding of a central phenomenon
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Reviewing Literature
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Major role through suggesting the RQ to be asked
• Justifying the R problem and the need for the direction of the study
• Minor role in suggesting RQ to be asked
• Justify the importance of studying the research problem
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Research Purpose
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Specific and Narrow
• Measurable, Observable Data on Variables
• General and Broad
• Understand participants’ experiences
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Collecting Data
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Instruments with preset Qs and Res
• Large number of individuals
• Forms with general, emerging Qs
• Permit participant to generate responses
• Word(text) or image(picture) data
• Small number of individuals or sites
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Quantitative Sampling Assumptions
Want to generalize to the
population
Random events are
predictable
Therefore…
Can compare random
events to our results
Probability sampling is
the best approach
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Qualitative Sampling Assumptions
Social actors are not
predictable like objects.
Randomized events are
irrelevant to social life.
Probability sampling is
expensive and inefficient.
Therefore… Non-probability
sampling is the best
approach.
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Types of Samples
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Analyzing and Interpreting data
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
• Statistical analysis
• Describe trends, comparing group differences, relating variables
• Comparing results with prior predictions and past research
• Text analysis
• Description of themes
• Stating the larger meaning of findings
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Triangulating and Mixing
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Using Mixed Strategies
• Illustrating and Extending Quantitative Work – Adding Depth to Surveys
• E.g. Focus groups for marketing surveys
– Getting In-Depth Information for Instrument Design • E.g Interviews to Develop Questions on Questionnaire
• Refining and Extending Qualitative Work – Adding Breadth to Ethnography
• E.g. Survey as Part of Study
– Specifying Qualitative Data • E.g. Counting, Coding, Observed Behaviors or Mentions
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In Social Sciences
• More than Two methods are Used in a Study – Double (or triple) checking results
– Also called "cross examination"
• More Confident if Different Methods get Same Result – One Method
• Temptation to believe in findings
– Two Methods • Results may clash
– Three Methods • Two of three may produce similar answers
• Three may produce different results
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Triangulation Strategy • Combination of Several Methods in Both:
– Quantitative (validation) – Qualitative (inquiry)
• Facilitates Data Validation – Cross verification from more than two sources
• Method Appropriate Strategy – Increase credibility of qualitative analyses – Alternative to traditional criteria like reliability and validity
• Preferred line in social sciences • Combines Multiple :
– Observers – Theories – Methods – Empirical Materials
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4 Basic Types of Triangulation 1. Data
– Time – Space – Persons
2. Investigator – Multiple Researchers
• Theory – Multiple Theory Interpretation
• Methodological – Multiple Method to Collect Data
• Interviews • Observations • Questionnaires • Documents
– Denzin (1978)