P. 7 PROGRESSIVISM UNDER

ROOSEVELT: THE SQUARE DEAL • When President William McKinley was

assassinated 6 months into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt became the nations 26th

president

McKinley was

assassinated by

an anarchist in

Buffalo in

September of

1901

ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH

RIDERS• Roosevelt grabbed national attention

by advocating war with Spain in 1898

• His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba

• Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

THE MODERN PRESIDENT• When Roosevelt was thrust into the

presidency in 1901, he became the

youngest president ever at age 42

• He quickly established himself as a

modern president who could influence

the media and shape legislation

TRUSTBUSTING• By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies

created to hold stock in many

companies – controlled 80% of U.S.

industries

• Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits

under the Sherman Antitrust Act

1902 COAL STRIKE• In 1902 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania

went on strike for increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the right to unionize

• Mine owners refused to bargain

• Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the dispute

• Thereafter, when a strike threatened public welfare, the federal government was expected to step in and help

“THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD

REGULATION• After reading The Jungle by Upton

Sinclair, Roosevelt pushed for

passage of the Meat Inspection Act

of 1906

• The Act mandated cleaner

conditions for meatpacking plants

PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT• In response to unregulated

claims and unhealthy products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Actin 1906

• The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

The Pure Food and Drug Act took

medicines with cocaine and other

harmful ingredients off the

market

ROOSEVELT AND THE

ENVIRONMENT• Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the

federal government paid very little

attention to the nation’s natural

resources

• Roosevelt made conservation a

primary concern of his administration

Roosevelt, left, was an avid

outdoorsman – here he is with author

John Muir at Yosemite Park

Theodore Roosevelt & Conservation• 1st president to take an active role in the

American conservation movement

• Ardent sportsman & naturalist

• Concerned with exploitation of America’s natural resources & remaining wilderness

Theodore Roosevelt & Conservation

• Using his executive powers as president, he:

– Restricted private development of millions of acres of

underdeveloped land

– Added most underdeveloped land in the west to the

National Forest System

– Seized many forests & water sites for conservation

purposes

Gifford Pinchot• Appointed as the 1st Chief Forester of the U.S. by

President Theodore Roosevelt

• Supported rational & efficient human use of the

wilderness

• Believed trained experts in forestry & resource

management needed to develop & manage the

wilderness & national parks

Gifford Pinchot1st Chief of the Forest Service,

1905-1910

Roosevelt sends federal aid to the West• Teddy Roosevelt’s natural resource policy won support in

Congress

• National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)

– Provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West.

– Projects provided cheap source of electric power

– Opened new lands for cultivation

– Provided critical aid for irrigation & power development in western states

– Bureau of Reclamation established

• It took about 20 years before positive effects of the Newlands Act took hold

Theodore Roosevelt & Preservation• Believed in protecting natural beauty of the land

& health of its wildlife from human intrusion

• Championed the expansion of the National Forest System as a means to protect forests from excess lumbering

Antiquities Act of 1906• Roosevelt proclaimed 18 national monuments.

• It also established:

– 5 national parks

– 51 wildlife refuges

– 150 national forests

Expansion of the National Park System

• Purpose of the National Park System:

– To protect the land from exploitation or

development

The National Park ServiceNational Parks Created by the T. Roosevelt Administration

Yellowstone National Park1st - 1872 - Yellowstone, Wyoming

Sequoia National ParkCalifornia

Yosemite National ParkCalifornia

Mount Rainer National ParkWashington State

The National Park ServiceNational Parks Created by the T. Roosevelt Administration

Chickasaw National Recreation AreaOklahoma (Formerly Platte National Park)

Crater Lake National ParkOregon

Mesa Verde National ParkMesa Verde, Colorado

Wind Cave National ParkSouth Dakota

Yosemite National Park

Mirror Lake, Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park

Sequoia National Park

Sequoia National Park

Mesa Verde National Park

The Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt’s

Conservation & Preservation Efforts• The North Dakota badlands

provides the scenic backdrop to the park which memorializes the 26th president for his enduring contributions to the conservation of our nation's resources.

• The area was first established as a Memorial Park in 1947.

• It gained National Park status in 1978.

• The Little Missouri River has shaped this 70,448-acre park which is home to a variety of plants and animals.

In Summary…

ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

• Roosevelt set aside 148 million

acres of forest reserves

• He also set aside 1.5 million acres

of water-power sites and he

established 50 wildlife

sanctuaries and several national

parksYellowstone National

Park, Wyoming

Reviewing Environmental Reforms

• Why were environmental reforms,

conservation & preservation, important to

the American people during the

Progressive Era?

• In your opinion, were environmental

reforms during the Progressive Era a

success or failure? Explain your answer.

• What impact did Environmental Reforms

during the Progressive Era have on future

generations?

ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTS• Roosevelt failed to support

Civil Rights for African

Americans

• He did, however, support a

few individuals such as

Booker T. Washington

NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE

RIGHTS• In 1909 a number of African Americans and

prominent white reformers formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• The NAACP had 6,000 members by 1914

• The goal of the organization was full equality among the races

• The means to achieve this was the court system

1964 Application