Overview of Solar Energy - Protekan

8/9/2019 Overview of Solar Energy - Protekan

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TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET

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SOLAR ENERGY

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I

NTRODUCTI

ONy Solar Energy can be defined as the utilization of

the sun¶s energy for space heating, lighting, water heating and electricity for homes, businesses andindustry.

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TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGYy Photovoltaic

y Solar water heating

y Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

y Others ± passive heating and lighting

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PHOTOVOLTAIC

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TECHNOLOGYy Semiconductor materials can transform solar

energy into electricity

y Most commonly used material for photovoltaic is

silicony Silicon by itself is resistant to electric current

y Process called doping makes it receptive toelectrical charges

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SI

LI

CON ATOMI

C STRUCTURE Contains 3 shells of electrons

First two shellshaving 8 electrons are

stable while the thirdor the outermost shellhaving 4 electron isunstable

Since all siliconatoms are looking for four electrons tobecome stable ,silicon atoms easilybond with each other to form a crystallinestructure

y ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF SILICON

y CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

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DOPING PROCESSy Silicon in its crystalline form is stable and is a

poor conductor of electricity

y When materials containing extra electrons or

materials lacking electrons are added, the siliconcrystal becomes a semiconductor.

y This process is known as doping.

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N-type silicon

Materials with 5 electrons inits outer shell (phosphorus) isadded

Each phosphorus atom

displaces a silicon atom ±four electrons of phosphorusbonds with silicon atoms

One electron is left over andthis forms a N type silicon

N- type silicon

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P- type silicon

Materials with 3 electrons in itsouter shell (boron) is added

Each boron atom displaces asilicon atom ± three electronsof boron bonds with siliconatoms

One gap/hole (lack of electron) is formed and thistype is known as the P typesilicon

P- type silicon

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CREATION OF ELECTRICFIELDN type and P type silicon areplaced against each other ±gaps and electrons on either side start reacting to eachother

Extra electrons in the N typesilicon are attracted to thepositive nature of the P type ±some electrons cross over andcreate a negative charge onthe surface of the p typesilicon

Similarly the gaps create apositive charge on the surfaceof the N type silicon

ELECTRIC FIELD

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UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW OFELECTRONSy Electrons can now only flow from the P type material to the N type

material

y If electrons try to move in the other direction, they get repelled by thenegative charge on the surface of the P type

y This forms a solar cell

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ELECTRIC CHARGE ± SOLARENERGYy Photons pass through the n type material and bumps the electrons in

the atom present near the surface of P type material

y The free electrons moves into the n type material since they areattracted by the positive charge near the surface of the N type material

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ELECTRIC CIRCUITy Electrons after moving to the N type material have nowhere to go ± N

type has extra electrons ± cant form any bond

y Metal conductor strip is placed at the top and bottom of thesemiconductor to facilitate the movement of electrons.

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B AND GAPy Semiconductor material reacts to solar waves within a specific range of

wavelengths

y This range is represented by band gap

y Photons whose energy is equal to or greater than the band gap can freeelectrons

y Excess energy of photon will be converted to heat

y Materials with band gaps ranging from 1.1 eV (electron volt) and 1.8 eV aremost commonly used for PV, ideal ± 1.4 eV

Source: www.pvresources.com

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TYPES OF PV PANELS -COMMONy Monocrystalline silicon

y Multicrystalline silicon

y Thin film

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Monocrystalline silicony Crystalline silicon is used

y A silicon boule grown from a single crystal -grown in one plane

y Expensive than multicrystalliney 15-18% efficient

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Thin film No crystalline structure

Applied as a thin semiconductor film

Amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, Copper indium diselenide are examples of thin film

Low manufacturing cost

Versatile

Less time consuming to make

Efficiency 5-6%

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SOLAR WATER HEATING

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PARTS OF SOLAR WATERHEATING SYSTEM

y Solar thermal collectors

y Fluid system to carry the heat from the collector to the point of use

OPTIONALy Pump ± to move the fluid

y Tank for storage

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SYSTEM TYPESy Passive system

y Active system

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Passive systemy Rely on gravity to move the liquid from the

collector to the storage tank

y Tendency of water to circulate as it is heated

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Active systemy Rely on pump to move the fluid from the collector

to the storage tank

y The storage tank is usually well insulated

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TYPES OF SOLAR THERMALCOLLECTORS

y Flat plate collector

y Evacuated tube collector

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Flat plate collector y Mounted on roof

y Consists of thin flat rectangular box with a transparent cover facing thesun

y Tubes run through the box- carry the fluid and is connected to anabsorber plate

y Absorber plate is painted black to absorb the heat

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Evacuated tube collector y Each evacuated tube consists of glass tubes and absorber tubes and

are aligned parallel to one another

y Sunlight passes through the glass tube and heats the absorber tube

y Top of the tubes are sealed

y Absorber tube is sealed in vacuum ± for insulation

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CONCENTRATED SOLARPOWER

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TYPES OF CSPy Parabolic trough

y Linear Fresnel

y Dish engine

y Solar chimneyy Solar power tower

y Concentrated photovoltaic

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Parabolic troughy Consists of a linear parabolic reflector

y Concentrates solar energy onto a receiver positioned at the reflector¶s focalpoint

y Tracking mechanism is used

y Working fluid is heated as it flows through the receiver and is used as a heatsource at the power generating system

Source: www.energylan.scandia.gov

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Linear Fresnely Uses mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to

concentrate sunlight onto the receiver carrying the workingfluid

y Cheaper than using parabolic mirrors

Source: www.energylan.scandia.gov

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Dish Enginey Consists of parabolic reflectors

y Concentrates sunlight onto the receiver positioned at the reflector¶sfocal point

y The reflector tracks the sun

y Uses stirling engine to generate power

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SOLAR CHIMNEYy Consists of a large transparent room (greenhouse)

y Sloped to a hollow tower or chimney

y The sun heats the air in the greenhouse structure which rises up thechimney ± drives the air turbine

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SOLAR POWER TOWERy Tracking reflectors (heliostats) concentrates sunlight onto a central

receiver positioned at the top of a tower

y The receiver contains the working fluid (sea water) which becomesheated

y Heat source is used for power generation and energy storage

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CONCENTRATED PVy Tracking mechanism is used

y Reflectors directs the sunlight onto a PV surface positioned at the focalpoint of the reflector

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PHOTOVOLTAIC

MARKET OVERVIEW

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WORLD PV MARKETy Record high installations of 5.95 GW in 2008, growth of 110% over the

previous year

y Europe accounted for 82% of the world demand in 2008

y Spain 285% growth pushes Germany into second place, followed byUS, Korea, Italy and Japan

y Thin film production grew by 123%

y PV industry generated $37.1 billion in global revenues in 2008

y Largest Solar PV power plant ± 60 MW in Spain

y Total capacity ± 15.2 GW (2008)

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DISTRIBUTION OF PV

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INCENTIVES FOR SOLAR PV

Source: European Commission

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Concentrated Solar Power

MARKET OVERVIEW

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CSP MARKET WORLDWIDEy Installed CSP capacity at 679 MW

y More than 2000 MW are under construction

y US holds 63% of the market share

y Spain 32%

y

Total capacity could reach 25 GW by 2020y Dominated by parabolic trough technology

y Parabolic trough -88% of operating plants and 97.5% of the projectsunder construction

y Parabolic trough technology is proven to perform after 20 years ±testified by SEGS parabolic troughs installed in the 1980s.

y Power Tower is making headway

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INDI A

SOLAR ENERGY

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OVERVIEWy PV generation capacity ± 100MW

y 2.12 MW is grid connected

y Cost per MW ± in the order of 20 crores (10 to 25crores for solar thermal)

y Abundant irradiation ± 5000 trillion kWh/year

y 7th place worldwide in Solar cell PV production

y 9th place in solar thermal production

y 300 sunny days a year

y Approx 2000 kWh could be generated per KWpy Irradiation range ± 4 to 7 kWh per day per sq.m

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NATIONAL SOLAR MISSIONy 20 GW solar power by 2022

y GRID CONNECTED ± 1000 MW by 2013, additional 3000 MW by2017 through renewable purchase obligation and GBI

y Expect capacity to double by 2017 to 10 GW based on internationalfinance and technology transfer

y Favorable conditions for solar manufacturing ± particularly for solar thermal

y Off grid ± 1000 MW by 2017 and 2000 MW by 2022

y 15 million sq.m of solar thermal collector area by 2017 and 20million by 2022

y 20 million solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022

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GOVERNMENT INCENTIVESy 2007 Semiconductor Policy and SpecialIncentives Package Schemes (SIPS)

y Generation Based Incentive

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Semiconductor Policy and SIPSy For setting up and operating semiconductor fabrication and

manufacturing units in the country

y Incentives included capital investment subsidies of 20% to 25% throughgrants and interest subsidy or alternatively through government equityparticipation

y Attracted total investment of $18 billiony Special Economic Zones for manufacturing facilities exclusively for

exports

y Incentives include tax and duty waivers

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Generation Based Incentivey Cap of 50 MW of cumulative installations by 2012

y Applicable only to non captive solar PV with minimum generatingcapacity of 1 MW in a given location

y Accelerated depreciation is not allowed in conjunction with this incentive

y Tariff ± Rs 12/kWh in addition to the tariff fixed by the state utility-

subject to a maximum combined price of Rs15/kWh (Rs 12/kWh for solar thermal)

y Duration: 10 years

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PV INSTALLATIONS IN INDI Ay Solar street lighting ± 54,795 installations

y No. of Home lighting systems ± 434,692

y No. of Solar lanterns ± 697,419

y No. of PV pumps ± 7,148

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COST & SUBSIDIES OF OTHERSOLAR PRODUCTSy Solar lantern, 10 Wp capacity module, CFL 5W ± Rs 3000, no subsidy

but soft loan available

y Home lighting ± offered in different configurations (light and fanconfiguration) ± cost range ± Rs 8000 to 25000, subsidy of 50% of cost ,subject to a cap for different configurations

y Street lights ± 74W solar module ± CFL 11 W, cost ± Rs 25000 to35000, subsidy of 50% of cost subject to a max of Rs 9600 for noncommercial institutions in rural areas.

y BIPV ± 3 Lakhs per KWp, subsidy available for PV panels (battery costnot included)

y Solar pumps, cost range from Rs 2.10 lakhs to 5.10 lakhs depending on

type and capacity (0.75 to 2 HP pumps), subsidy at Rs 30 per Wpsubject to a max of Rs 50,000 per system and soft loans availableprovided by IREDA.

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Overview of Solar Energy - Protekan

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