Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens For veterinarians.
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Transcript of Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens For veterinarians.
Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens
For veterinarians
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
USDA High Consequence
Livestock Pathogens and Toxins
USDA High Consequence
Livestock Pathogens and Toxins
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Disease AwarenessDisease Awareness• Veterinarians recognize animal
diseases at the local level• Prepare by knowing
−Typical signs of diseases−Basic disease etiology−Economic and trade impact−How to report suspected cases
• Disseminate knowledge
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
OverviewOverview
• Importance of agriculture and livestock to U.S. economy
• High consequence livestock pathogens−CDC’s Category A, B, C Bioterrorism
Agent List−Additional diseases
• Veterinarian’s responsibilities
Importance of Agriculture & Livestock
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
U.S. AgricultureU.S. Agriculture
• Exports are our lifeblood−2003, $56.2 billion exported in
agricultural commodities $12.2 billion from animal/animal
products
• Some diseases reportable to the OIE−Trade could be halted
• Negative effect on economy, livestock/grain producers, and employment rate
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
U.S. Animal Data, 2003U.S. Animal Data, 2003
Animal Number Value
Cattle 94.9 million ~$70.5 billion
Pigs 60 million ~$4.5 billion
Poultry (non-broiler)
338 million ~$1 billion
Sheep 6.1 million ~$600 million
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Some Agents are ZoonoticSome Agents are Zoonotic
• Disease may be seen in animals before humans
• Animals are sentinels−Pets, livestock, wildlife
• Protect yourself • Educate your clients about the risks
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Biosecurity: VeterinariansBiosecurity: Veterinarians• Disinfect your clothes, boots, equipment
between farms• Avoid vehicle contamination• Follow biosecurity guidelines set forth by
species-specific associations
CDC Category ABC Agent Overview
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
ClassificationClassification
• Prepared by the CDC’s Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Office
• Category A: Highest priority• Category B: Second highest priority• Category C: Third highest priority
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CDC Category ABC AgentsCDC Category ABC Agents
Category A• Anthrax• Botulism• Tularemia
Category C• Nipah
Category B• Brucellosis• Glanders• Melioidosis • Q Fever• Viral
encephalitis• Toxins
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
“Weaponization” of Agents“Weaponization” of Agents
• Alter characteristics of a pathogen to make it a more effective weapon−Enhance transmission− Increase virulence−Resistant to antibiotics−Evade vaccine protection −Alter clinical signs
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Note to presenterNote to presenter
• As time allows select diseases you would like to review.
• The CDC Category A,B,C diseases are listed first, and then you will see the additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens.
• The disease coverage is brief. If you would like more information on a disease, refer to the fact sheet or to the disease specific presentation.
CDC Category A
AnthraxBotulismTularemia
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Anthrax: The AgentAnthrax: The Agent
• Bacillus anthracis – Gram positive spore-forming bacteria
• Forms spores• Human disease
−Skin− Intestinal−Pulmonary
• Animal disease−Septicemia and rapid death
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Anthrax: The BioweaponAnthrax: The Bioweapon
• History• Available & easily
produced• Spores infective• Aerosolization• Low lethal dose• High mortality• Person-to-person transmission rare
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Anthrax: The ResponseAnthrax: The Response
• Vaccine−Humans−Animals
• Antibiotics−Treatment−Prophylaxis
• Disinfection −Sporicidal agents, sterilization
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Botulism: The AgentBotulism: The Agent
• Clostridium botulinum – Gram positive, spore-forming bacteria
• 7 different neurotoxins −Types A-G
• Clinical signs−Flaccid paralysis−Pigs, dogs, and cats
fairly resistant
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Botulism: The BioweaponBotulism: The Bioweapon
• Used by Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan
• Aerosolized• Easy to produce and
transport• Potent and lethal• Most poisonous substance
known
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Botulism: The ResponseBotulism: The Response
• Toxoids for high risk people• Antitoxin available
−Case-by-case basis
• Botulinum toxins are easily inactivated with many disinfectants and heat
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent
• Francisella tularensis• Transmitted by ingestion,
inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin
• Six clinical forms in humans
UlceroglandularGlandular
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent
• Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats• Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness,
prostration, and death
• Wildlife• Usually find dead• Rabbits behave strangely
• Cattle, older pigs resistant
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Tularemia: The BioweaponTularemia: The Bioweapon
• Stable • Aerosolized• Low infective dose via inhalation• Case fatality: 30-60% (untreated)• WHO estimation: 1970
−50 kg agent: City population 5 million 250,000 ill 19,000 deaths
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Tularemia: The ResponseTularemia: The Response
• Person-to-person transmission not documented
• Antibiotics effective, if early or prophylactic
• Vaccine−For high risk individuals−Unknown efficacy
against inhalational tularemia
CDC Category BBrucellosis Q FeverGlanders ToxinsMelioidosis Viral Encephalitis
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Brucellosis: The AgentBrucellosis: The Agent
• Gram-negative bacteria• Ingestion, inhalation, or
direct contact• Clinical signs
−Humans: cyclic fever and flu-like symptoms
−Animals: reproductive signs
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Brucellosis: The AgentBrucellosis: The Agent
Species Natural HostHuman
Pathogen
B. abortusCattle, bison, elk,
horsesYes
B.melitensis Goats, sheep, cattle Yes
B. suisSwine, hares, reindeer,
caribou, rodentsYes
B. canis Dogs, other canids Yes
B. ovis Sheep No
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Brucellosis: The BioweaponBrucellosis: The Bioweapon
• History• Highly infectious• Easily aerosolized• Stable • Prolonged incubation period
−May make diagnosis difficult
• Person-to-person unlikely
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Brucellosis: The ResponseBrucellosis: The Response
• Long term antibiotics generally effective
• Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine• Eliminate reservoir• Standard precaution to
avoid exposure• Thorough disinfection
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Glanders: The AgentGlanders: The Agent• Burkholderia mallei: Gram-negative • Transmission by ingestion,
inhalation, or direct contact−Animal-to-human transmission
is inefficient
• Clinical signs−Humans & horses: cutaneous &
pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Glanders: The BioweaponGlanders: The Bioweapon
• History−WWI Russian horses−WWII Chinese civilians, horses, POW’s
• Easy to produce• Aerosolized, highly infectious• Mortality high in chronic form
−50-70%
• Person to person transmission: Rare
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Glanders: The ResponseGlanders: The Response
• No vaccine • Antibiotic therapy likely effective• Destroyed by various chemicals
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Melioidosis: The AgentMelioidosis: The Agent
• Burkholderia pseudomallei: Gram-negative
• Transmission: Contact, ingestion, inhalation
• Clinical signs: Humans, sheep, goats, and pigs−Asymptomatic to
pneumonia, lung and wound abscesses
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Melioidosis: The Bioweapon Melioidosis: The Bioweapon
• Easy to produce • Available• Aerosolization• High mortality: 90%• Person-to-person (rare)• Animal-to-person (rare)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Melioidosis: The ResponseMelioidosis: The Response
• Long-term, multiple antibiotics effective
• Vaccines available: not in U.S.
• Easily destroyed by disinfectants
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Toxins: The AgentsToxins: The Agents
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)
• Ricin toxin from castor plant
• Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
SEB: The AgentSEB: The Agent
• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)• A common cause of food poisoning • Clinical signs: Humans
−Fever, chills, headache, myalgia−Non-productive cough if inhaled−GI signs if swallowed
• Animals: Likely similar to human
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Ricin: The AgentRicin: The Agent
• Ricin toxin from bean of castor plant • Available worldwide• Clinical signs
−Acute onset of fever,chest tightness, cough,
dyspnea, nausea
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Epsilon Toxin: The AgentEpsilon Toxin: The Agent
• Clostridium perfringens type B and D• Increases intestinal and vascular
permeability, liver and neurological damage
• Clinical signs−Calves: Diarrhea, abdominal pain,
listlessness, neurologic−Sheep, goats: Watery to bloody
diarrhea, neurologic−Humans: Little information
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Toxins: The BioweaponToxins: The Bioweapon
• History• Aerosolized: SEB, ricin • Available worldwide• Easy to produce, stable• Many species affected• No person-to-person transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Toxins: The ResponseToxins: The Response
• Supportive care• No vaccines currently available for
SEB or ricin• Vaccines for animals for clostridial
disease• Toxins are inactivated with common
disinfectants
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Viral Encephalitis: The AgentViral Encephalitis: The Agent
• The Alphaviruses: EEE, WEE, and VEE• Transmitted via mosquito• Clinical signs
−Humans, horses, donkeys,mules: Often asymptomatic to flu-like
−Encephalitis in small proportions
• Birds are asymptomatic carriers, act as sentinels
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Viral Encephalitis:The Bioweapon
Viral Encephalitis:The Bioweapon
• Easy to produce• Aerosolization• High rate of infection• Person-to-person transmission
possible
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Viral Encephalitis:The Response
Viral Encephalitis:The Response
• Supportive care• Vaccine
−Equine−Human: High risk
• Virus unstable in environment
CDC Category C
Nipah
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Nipah Virus: The AgentNipah Virus: The Agent
• Paramyxovirus• Fruit bat reservoir• Clinical signs
−Humans: Encephalitis−Pigs: Respiratory, neurological−Dogs and cats: “Distemper”
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Nipah Virus: The BioweaponNipah Virus: The Bioweapon
• Aerosolization potential
• Wide host range• No person-to-person
transmission expected
• High morbidity and mortality
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Nipah Virus: The ResponseNipah Virus: The Response
• Avoid contact with all infected animals and fluids
• Vaccine being researched• Call authorities
immediately
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Other Important Diseases
Other Important Diseases
• Rift Valley Fever• Hendra Virus
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Rift Valley Fever: The AgentRift Valley Fever: The Agent
• Phlebovirus in family Bunyaviridae• Transmission: Mosquito, inhalation,
contact with infected body fluids• Clinical signs
−Humans: Flu-like, fever, headache Severe disease: Retinitis, hemorrhagic
fever
−Animals: Abortions, death in neonates
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Rift Valley Fever: The Bioweapon
Rift Valley Fever: The Bioweapon
• WHO estimate: 1970−50 kg of virus aerosolized−35,000 incapacitated−400 deaths (1% mortality)
• Stable at most temperatures• Inactivated by various chemicals
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Rift Valley Fever: The Response
Rift Valley Fever: The Response
• Vaccinate ruminants in endemic areas
• Control mosquitoes• Avoid contact with
infected tissues & blood−Wear protective clothing
• No person-to-person transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Hendra Virus: The AgentHendra Virus: The Agent
• Newly discovered−Australia
• Fruit bats• Transmission: Urine, body fluids• Humans
−Flu-like illness, respiratory failure• Horses, cats
−Acute respiratory signs, nasal discharge, fever, encephalitis, sudden death
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Hendra Virus: The ResponseHendra Virus: The Response
• Little is known about disease• Highest level of security to work with
the agent• Potentially serious consequences
−High mortality rate−Lack of treatment
Additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens
Additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens
• African horse sickness• African swine fever• Akabane• Avian influenza (HP)• Bluetongue• BSE• Classical swine fever• Coccidioidomycosis• Contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia• Contagious caprine
pleuropneumonia• Foot and mouth disease
• Heartwater• Japanese encephalitis• Lumpy skin disease• Malignant catarrhal fever • Menangle• Newcastle disease• Peste des petit ruminants• Rinderpest• Screwworm myiasis• Sheep/goat pox• Swine vesicular disease• Vesicular stomatitis
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
World Organisation for Animal Health
World Organisation for Animal Health
• Early Warning System
• Disease reported within 24 hours
• Informs countries at risk
• Trade shut down until further notice
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
African Horse SicknessAfrican Horse Sickness
• Viral infection• Horses, mules, donkeys
−Lethal disease
• Arthropod-borne−Culicoides sp. (biting midges)
• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa• Peak: Late summer - early autumn
−Prevalence influenced by climate
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AHS: The DiseaseAHS: The Disease
• Incubation period: 2-14 days−Clinical signs typically seen in 5-7 days
• Four forms of the disease−Pulmonary
Mortality 100%−Cardiac
Mortality 50-70%−Mixed-pulmonary and cardiac−Horsesickness fever
Rarely fatal
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AHS: Impact & ResponseAHS: Impact & Response• 1989: Portugal outbreak
−Eradication cost $1.9 million • U.S. Horse Industry
− Inventory: 5.25 million horses−Value of sales: $1.75 billion
• Vaccine available in endemic areas• No natural human infection• Vector control imperative to disease
control
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
African Swine FeverAfrican Swine Fever• Viral infection • Swine
−Febrile, contagious, systemic disease
• Garbage feeding− Infected pork-scraps
• Tick-borne−Ornithodoros sp. (soft ticks)
• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
ASF: The DiseaseASF: The Disease• Incubation period: 48-72 hours• Chronic infection
−Low fever, multi-focal erythema (raised and necrotic), pneumonia, painless swelling of joints
• High virulence (100% mortality)−High fever, recumbency, erythema,
anorexia, death • Low virulence (seroconversion)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
ASF: Impact and ResponseASF: Impact and Response
• Morbidity approaches 100%−Mortality varies with virulence (0-100%)
• Import/export ban of hogs− Isolation and slaughter required
for eradication−Huge economic impact
• No treatment or vaccine• Humans not susceptible to disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
AkabaneAkabane
• Viral infection• Cattle, sheep, goats
−Reproductive disorders−Asymptomatic dams
• Mosquitoes, biting midges• Tropics and subtropics
−Australia, Japan, Israel, Korea− Incidence related to climate, season
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Akabane: The DiseaseAkabane: The Disease
• Viremia: 1-6 days post-infection
• Adults asymptomatic• Pregnant ruminants
−Abortion and stillbirths−Dystocia
• Congenital abnormalities−Varies with stage of gestation
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Akabane: Impact and Response
Akabane: Impact and Response
• 2002 U.S. livestock statistics−Calves: 38.2 million head−Lambs: 4.36 million head −U.S. livestock naïve
• No effective treatment• No natural human infection• Potential vectors found in U.S.
−Control vector to control disease• Vaccine used in Japan
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Avian Influenza, Highly PathogenicAvian Influenza,
Highly Pathogenic• Type A virus• Domestic and wild birds• Humans• Reservoir: Migratory water fowl
−Aerosols, contaminated drinking water
• Infected flock- source of virus for life• Worldwide distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HPAI: The DiseaseHPAI: The Disease
• Incubation period: 3-14 days • Birds
−Sudden death−Egg production drops−Neurological signs
• Humans−Conjunctivitis and
respiratory signs−Death possible
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HPAI: Impact and ResponseHPAI: Impact and Response
• Direct losses− Depopulation and disposal− High morbidity and mortality− Quarantine and surveillance− Indemnities
• 2003: European outbreak (H7N7)−30 million birds destroyed−Estimated at $338 million USD
• 2004: Asian outbreak (H5N1)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HPAI: Impact and ResponseHPAI: Impact and Response
• Treatment−Poultry- none−Humans- antivirals
• Control outbreak through depopulation/disinfection
• Prompt response to MP AI outbreak• Vaccine
−Poultry: Expensive, no cross protection−Human: No cross protection
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
BluetongueBluetongue
• Viral disease• Ruminants: Primarily sheep • 24 serotypes worldwide
−5 isolated in the U.S.
• Vector-borne−Culicoides (biting midge)
• Worldwide distribution−Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Bluetongue: The DiseaseBluetongue: The Disease• Incubation period: 5-20 days• Sheep
−Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge
−Cyanotic (blue) tongue−Reproductive disorders
• Cattle, goats−Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia
• Wildlife−Hemorrhages, sudden death
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Bluetongue: Impact and Response
Bluetongue: Impact and Response
• Affects cattle industry−$125 million per year in lost trade and
animal testing• No treatment; supportive care• Vector control• Vaccine available
−Serotype specific, adverse effects• Humans: Low risk of infection
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
• Prions• Cattle and humans
−Progressively fatal neurologic disease
• Transmission−Consumption of scrapie-
infected feed−Spontaneous mutation
• Worldwide distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
BSE: The DiseaseBSE: The Disease
• Cattle (BSE)− Incubation period: 2-8 yrs− Initial signs subtle−Final stages
Excitable, hypermetria, ataxic, tremors, loss of condition, death
• Humans (vCJD)− Incubation unknown−Neurological signs progressing to death−28 years old (mean age at death)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
BSE: Impact and ResponseBSE: Impact and Response
• United Kingdom−£3.7 billion by end of 2001/02 financial
year• No effective treatment or
vaccine • Surveillance program• Restrictions in place
− Import, animal feeds, slaughter, mammalian products
• Very resistant
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Classical Swine FeverClassical Swine Fever
• Viral infection• Pigs and wild boars
−Highly contagious reservoir
• Transmission−Oral (contaminated garbage), direct
contact, aerosol, vertical, insects, fomites
• Worldwide distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CSF: The DiseaseCSF: The Disease
• Incubation period: 2-14 days• Variable clinical signs
−Acute to asymptomatic Fever, weakness, anorexia, purplish
discoloration of ears/thighs Chronic infection fatal
−Strain of virus−Susceptibility of pigs− Indistinguishable from ASF
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CSF: Impact and ResponseCSF: Impact and Response
• Mortality approaches 100% in acute/chronic infections
• Ban on import/export of pigs/products− Huge economic impact
• No treatment• Control through quarantine, slaughter• Vaccine in endemic countries• Humans not susceptible to disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CoccidioidomycosisCoccidioidomycosis
• Dimorphic fungus−Saprophytic and parasitic
phase• Dogs, cats, horses, humans• From soil or dust
−Arthroconidia become airborne, inhaled
• Endemic in southwest U.S., northern Mexico, Argentina
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Coccidioidomycosis: The Disease
Coccidioidomycosis: The Disease
• Incubation period: 1-3 weeks• Disease varies in severity and species
affected• Asymptomatic to disseminated• Primary form
−Fever, lethargy, dry/harsh cough
• Disseminate form−Lameness, joint swelling, abscesses and
draining skin lesions
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Coccidioidomycosis: Impactand Response
Coccidioidomycosis: Impactand Response
• Infection is costly−1990: Kern County, CA
Cost more than $66 million−Can be widespread in livestock
• Not communicable or zoonotic• Anti-fungal treatment• No vaccine• Prevent exposure to dust in
endemic areas
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
• Bacteria−Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides−Small colony type
• Bovine and zebu• Transmission via close contact
(inhalation); transplacental• Endemic in Africa
−Eradicated in Western Hemisphere
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CBPP: The DiseaseCBPP: The Disease
• Incubation period: 20-123 days• Respiratory signs
−Cough, broad stance• Chronic infections
−Depressed, thin, polyarthritis−25% Subclinical carriers
• Morbidity ~100%• Mortality 10-70%
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CBPP: Impact and ResponseCBPP: Impact and Response
• High economic, social impact− Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana− Drought leading to spread of
disease
• Treatment not always effective− Organism sequestered
• Vaccine available in endemic areas− Not always economically feasible
• Humans not susceptible
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
• Bacteria−Mycoplasma capricolum −Mycoplasma mycoides capri
• Goats• Transmission by direct contact
− inhalation
• Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union, Far East
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CCPP: The DiseaseCCPP: The Disease• Incubation period: 6-28 days• Mycoplasma F38 strain
−Respiratory symptoms Coughing, labored respiration, nasal
discharge,
−Chronic cases: Carriers
• M. mycoides capri−Septicemia, reproductive, GI, respiratory
symptoms
• Morbidity 100%; Mortality 60-100%
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
CCPP: Impact and ResponseCCPP: Impact and Response
• Africa and Asia−Goats essential to economics
Meat, milk, hides
• Treatment with antibiotics possible early−Newly infected countries: Slaughter
recommended
• Vaccine available in some countries• Humans not susceptible
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Foot and Mouth Disease: FMDFoot and Mouth Disease: FMD
• Viral infection−Highly contagious
• Cloven-hooved animals −Not horses
• Transmission: Direct contact, aerosol, fomites
• Worldwide distribution−Eradicated from U.S. in 1929
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Present
Recent Activity
Free
(Rev. 3-25-01)
Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseDistribution and Recent Activity
Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseDistribution and Recent Activity
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
FMD: The DiseaseFMD: The Disease
• Incubation period: 2-12 days• Cattle
− Indicator host− Fever, vesicles, salivation,
lameness• Sheep and goats
− Maintenance hosts− Mild clinical signs
• Pigs: Amplifying host− Lameness predominant sign
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
FMD: Impact and ResponseFMD: Impact and Response
• 2001, U.K. Outbreak−Total costs over $18 billion
USD
• 6 million animals slaughtered−FMD free in less than 1 year
• Public perception−Animal welfare−Smoke pollution
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
FMD: Impact and ResponseFMD: Impact and Response
• Most important livestock disease in the world
• USDA upgrading safeguarding measures
• Quarantine, depopulation, disinfection• Vaccination – complex decision• Extremely rare, mild symptoms in
people
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
HeartwaterHeartwater
• Rickettsial bacterium• Cattle, sheep, goats, and water
buffalo−Severe disease
• Arthropod-borne−Amblyomma sp.
• Endemic in Africa and Caribbean islands
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Heartwater: The DiseaseHeartwater: The Disease
• Incubation period: 14-18 days• Four forms of the disease
−Peracute (rare) Sudden death
−Acute (most common) High fever, respiratory distress,
nervous signs−Subacute (rare)
Prolonged fever and pulmonary edema−Mild or subclinical
Transient fever
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Heartwater: Impact and Response
Heartwater: Impact and Response
• Zimbabwe national losses−$56 million
• Potential outbreak in U.S.−Estimated 40–100% mortality
• Treat with tetracycline• Vaccine is available• Vector control
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Japanese EncephalitisJapanese Encephalitis
• Viral infection• Humans, pigs, and
other domestic species• Arthropod-borne
−Culex sp.
• Endemic in temperate and tropical Asia
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
JE: The DiseaseJE: The Disease
• Incubation period: 6-10 days• Horses
−Fever and neurologic signs
• Swine−Stillbirths
• Humans−Fever, headache−Fatal encephalitis possible
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
JE: Impact and ResponseJE: Impact and Response
• High financial loss in pigs• No effective treatment
−Supportive care
• Vector control measures• Vaccine
−Horses and swine−Humans
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Lumpy Skin DiseaseLumpy Skin Disease
• Viral infection• Cattle• Arthropod vector
−Mosquitoes and biting flies
• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa
• Peak: Rainy season
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Lumpy Skin Disease:The Disease
Lumpy Skin Disease:The Disease
• Incubation period: 2-5 weeks
• Fever, abortions, decreased milk production−Nodules typically appear
10 days later
• Mortality rates vary− 2-85%
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Lumpy Skin Disease: Impact and ResponseLumpy Skin Disease: Impact and Response
• Severe economic losses due to decreased animal production
• Control secondary infections
• Attenuated LSD vaccine−South Africa
• Sheep and goat pox vaccine−Kenya, Egypt
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Malignant Catarrhal FeverMalignant Catarrhal Fever
• Viral infection• Wildebeest- Africa• Sheep/goats- N. America• Susceptible species:
Cattle, bison, other wild ruminants−Dead-end hosts
• Aerosol or mechanical transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
MCF: The DiseaseMCF: The Disease
• Incubation period: 9-77 days• Four clinical forms
−Acute Sudden death
−Head and eye Fever, necrotic lesions
− Intestinal Severe diarrhea
−Mild
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
MCF: Impact and ResponseMCF: Impact and Response
• High economic losses in exotics• Mortality near 100% in clinically ill
animals• No effective treatment
−Supportive therapy
• No current vaccine• Human disease not
documented
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Menangle virusMenangle virus
• Viral infection−Recently discovered
• Swine reproductive disease• Humans infected• Not highly contagious• Fruit bat reservoir
−Fecal-oral or urinary-oral • Single outbreak
−New South Wales, Australia
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004
Menangle: The DiseaseMenangle: The Disease
• Incubation period: Unknown−Pigs seroconvert in 10-14 days
• Disease in developing fetuses−Mummification −Stillbirth−Deformities
• Decreased farrowing rate• No signs in postnatal pigs
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Menangle: Impact and Response
Menangle: Impact and Response
• Great economic impact in naïve swine populations
• 1977 outbreak−Farrowing rate decreased 44%−Decreased litter size −Strong immunity after infection
• No vaccine• Humans
−Malaise, fever, chills−Full recovery
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Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)
Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)
• Virus affecting poultry−Four pathotypes
• Migratory birds−Secondary human spread
• Feral pigeons• Psittacines shed virus for >1 year• vND endemic in Asia, Middle East,
Africa, Central/ South America
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END: The DiseaseEND: The Disease
• Incubation period: 2-15 days• Drop in egg production,
neurological damage, GI signs, respiratory distress
• Numerous deaths within 24-48 hours
• Deaths continue for 7-10 days• Morbidity 100%, mortality 90%
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END: Impact and ResponseEND: Impact and Response
• Most costly poultry disease worldwide• 2002-2003: California outbreak
−$160 million impact• Developing countries
−Affects quality and quantity of dietary protein
• Vaccine available• Human’s can acquire eye infections
from contact with virus
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Peste des Petits RuminantsPeste des Petits Ruminants
• Viral infection• Goats and sheep• Close contact
−Aerosol, fomites?
• Morbidity and mortality up to 100%
• Africa, the Middle East, India
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Peste des Petits Ruminants:The Disease
Peste des Petits Ruminants:The Disease
• Incubation period: 3-10 days• Sudden onset
−Fever, erosive stomatitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
−More severe in young−Abortions−Diarrhea, dehydration and death
• Prognosis correlated with extent of mouth lesions
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Peste des Petits Ruminants: Impact and Response
Peste des Petits Ruminants: Impact and Response
• Ecomonic losses−Loss of production, death, abortion−Limit trade, export −Constraints on availability of
protein for human consumption
• No specific treatment• Rinderpest vaccine
−Protects for 12 months−Hinders rinderpest campaign in Africa
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RinderpestRinderpest
• Viral infection• Highly contagious• Cattle, domestic buffalo
−Other ungulates can carry disease
• Direct or close contact−Also contaminated food,
water, fomites
• East Africa, possibly Asia
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Rinderpest: The DiseaseRinderpest: The Disease
• Incubation period−3-15 days
• Four forms−Classical: Fever, diarrhea, nasal/ocular
discharge, oral erosions−Peracute: Young animals, rapidly fatal−Subacute: Mild signs, low mortality−Atypical: Irregular fever, mild diarrhea
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Rinderpest:Impact and Response
Rinderpest:Impact and Response
• Africa: 1982-84 outbreak cost $500 million
• $100 million spent annually on vaccination world-wide
• Diagnosis usually means slaughter• Vaccine offers life-long immunity• Humans not susceptible to disease
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Screwworm MyiasisScrewworm Myiasis
• Larvae of the Family Calliphoridae• All warm-blooded animals• Humans and animals infected
when female fly deposits eggs into wound
• Morbidity variable, can reach 100%• Tropical regions
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Screwworm Myiasis: The Disease
Screwworm Myiasis: The Disease
• Larvae−Emerge in 8-12 hours−Visible within 3 days
• Wounds−Bloody discharge−Foul odor−Secondary infection
• Depression, off feed, rubbing• Signs similar in humans
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Screwworm Myiasis:Impact and ResponseScrewworm Myiasis:
Impact and Response• Estimated losses if reintroduced
−$540 million annually−$1.27 billion for eradication
• Treatment−Removal of larvae−Topical larvicide 2-3 days
• Sterile fly technique−U.S. free in 1966−Mexico free in 1991
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Sheep and Goat PoxSheep and Goat Pox
• Viral infection−Capripoxvirus−Contagious
• Most important pox disease of domestic animals
• Direct contact− Inhalation, insects?
• Parts of Africa, Asia, India, and the Middle East
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Sheep and Goat Pox: The Disease
Sheep and Goat Pox: The Disease
• Incubation period: 4-13 days• Clinical signs include
−Fever, conjunctivitis, dyspnea−Skin lesions take up to 6
weeks to heal• Mortality
−50% in susceptible flock−100% in young
• No chronic carriers
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Sheep and Goat Pox: Impact and ResponseSheep and Goat Pox: Impact and Response
• Infection can limit trade of live animals and product
• Treat secondary infections• Vaccination
−Endemic areas with attenuated virus
• Slaughter should be considered• Humans not susceptible
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Swine Vesicular DiseaseSwine Vesicular Disease
• Viral infection−Resistant to heat, pH, curing−Moderately contagious
• Swine and humans• Ingestion or close contact • Previously Europe and Hong Kong
−Only in Italy as of 2002
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SVD: The DiseaseSVD: The Disease
• Incubation period:− Ingestion: 2-5 days−Direct contact: 2-7 days
• Clinically resembles FMD • Fever, salivation, lameness• Vesicles
−Snout, mammary gland, coronary band
• Mortality low
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SVD: Impact and ResponseSVD: Impact and Response
• Control measures costly• Export restrictions• Supportive care• Vaccine not commercially available• Human infection not common
− Incubation period: 1-5 weeks−Mild influenza-like symptoms−Vesicular lesions not seen
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Vesicular Stomatitis Vesicular Stomatitis
• Viral infection• Horses, donkeys, cattle, swine,
South American camelids• Arthropod-borne, direct contact,
aerosol• Morbidity 90%, mortality low• Southwest United States
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VSV: The DiseaseVSV: The Disease• Animals
− Incubation period 3-5 days−Oral/mammary/coronary band
lesions, salivation, lameness Resembles FMD
−Recovery in 2 weeks• Humans
− Incubation period 1-6 days− Influenza-like symptoms, rarely oral
vesicles−Self limiting
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VSV: Impact and ResponseVSV: Impact and Response
• Outbreaks every 10 years in the U.S• 1982 and 1995: $53-$202 per head
lost on cattle• 1998: Equine outbreak• Supportive treatment • Vaccines available during
an outbreak
The Veterinarian’s Responsibility
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The Veterinarian’s Responsibility
The Veterinarian’s Responsibility
• Guardian of animal and public health• Sharpen awareness of disease
agents• Alert officials early• Be involved with emergency
response plans at all levels• You are the expert
−Provide leadership and input to clients and community
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ContactsContacts
• Phone numbers to know−State Veterinarian−State Public Health
Veterinarian−APHIS- Area Veterinarian
in Charge−Public Health Officials
Conclusion
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SummarySummary
• Importance of agriculture and livestock
• Specific disease agents on high consequence livestock pathogen list−Zoonotic potential
• Veterinarian’s responsibilities• Awareness education imperative
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ConclusionConclusion
“The best prescription,is knowledge.”
Dr. C. Everett KoopFormer U.S. Surgeon General
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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Author:
Co-author:
Reviewer:
Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH
Katie Steneroden, DVM, MPHStacy Holzbauer, DVM
James Roth, DVM, PhDGlenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH