Overview of Growth Management Tools and Programs from Across the U.S.
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Transcript of Overview of Growth Management Tools and Programs from Across the U.S.
Overview of Growth Management Tools and
Programs from Across the U.S.
Overview of Growth Management Tools and
Programs from Across the U.S.
Patricia E. NorrisMichigan State University
NPPEC, September 23, 2003
Context:
Andy assigned to me, and I accepted, an impossible task.
“Overview of Growth Management Tools and Programs from Across the U.S.”
Growth Management Tools and ProgramsGrowth Management Tools and Programs
Sprawl Growth management Federal programs and growth Institutional change and incentives
more than a marginal change Ongoing policy debates Our challenge
SprawlSprawl “I’ll know it when I see it.” the process in which the spread of development
across the landscape far outpaces population growth (Ewing, Pendall and Chen 2002)
Landscape hasa population widely dispersed, low densityrigidly separated home, shops and workplacesroad network with huge blocks and poor accesslack of well-defined, thriving downtowns or town centers
Growth ManagementGrowth Management
the deliberate and integrated use of planning, regulatory and fiscal authority of state and local governments to influence the pattern of growth and accommodate development that achieves broad public goals (Nelson et al. 2002)
Contrast with growth controls, which limit or ration development
Federal programs and growthFederal programs and growth
National attempts at land use planning failed1968 – 1975
Federal influences on land use are generally indirect, but can be powerful
The 800 lb. gorillastransportationhousing
Recent changes in federal lawRecent changes in federal law ISTEA, TEA-21 and SAFETEA
1991 – states can apply federal highway funds to mass transit, bicycle and pedestrian projects1998 – piloted a program of research and grants to investigate transportation and community and system preservation2003 (proposed) – transportation-related land use planning and growth management by regions and states can receive federal grants
Proposed: Transportation, Community and System Preservation Program
Proposed: Transportation, Community and System Preservation Program
States , local governments and metropolitan planning organizations eligible for grants to:
improve the efficiency of the transportation systemreduce environmental impacts of transportationreduce the need for costly future public infrastructure investmentsensure efficient access to jobs, services and shopsexamine private sector development patterns and investments that support these goals
Location Efficient MortgagesLocation Efficient Mortgages
pilot program in Chicago, Seattle, San Francisco Bay area, and Los Angeles County
Location efficient neighborhoodsresidents can walk to stores, schools, recreation and public transportationtransportation costs are lower
Reduced transportation costs figured into mortgage qualification
(Institute for Location Efficiency and Fannie Mae)
Smart GrowthSmart Growth
enhances and assures neighborhood livability does not depend upon automobile for transport focuses on needs of existing communities first enables all residents to be beneficiaries of
prosperity costs less to support so lower taxes protects open space
(Smart Growth America)
Downtown RevitalizationDowntown Revitalization Situation: large stock of residential and commercial
buildings in need of rehabilitation Problem: state building codes and construction
standards designed to address new construction Solution: New Jersey wrote a new Rehabilitation
Subcodebuildings judged on meeting the requirements to provide a safe buildingbasis for a national model code (HUD)
Focused Growth and DevelopmentFocused Growth and Development Situation: Sprawl Problem: Costs of services, community, loss of
downtowns Solution: Maryland’s Smart Growth agenda
limits expenditures of state funds for schools, roads, sewer and water development to “Priority Funding Areas”targets state buildings, economic development funds, housing loans and industrial development financing to PFAs
Focused Growth and DevelopmentFocused Growth and Development Situation: School buildings in older neighborhoods need
repair or are too small so communities build big new schools on large sites in remote areas
Problem: states use percentage-based rules to allocate funds for school construction, e.g. “60 percent rule”
Solution: Pennsylvania and Maryland no longer use percentage based rules; Maryland provides incentives to maintain and renovate existing schools
Open Space ProtectionOpen Space Protection Situation: Large areas of open space are being
developed or fragmented by development Problem: Agriculture, ecosystems, critical habitat are
sacrificed Solution: New Jersey amended constitution to provide
up to $200 M per year to open space protectionpurchase in fee simple and add to public landpurchase development rightspurchase in fee simple, restrict deed, and re-sell
Open Space ProtectionOpen Space Protection Situation: PDR programs are expensive and regulations
are politically challenging Problem: Rural zoning ordinances Solution: Cluster development, including conservation
design, appeases landowners’ property rights concerns and addresses open space concerns
public and private interests have developed resource manuals and guidebooks to assist local planning commissioners in modifying zoning ordinances
On-going policy debatesOn-going policy debates
Dillon’s rule or home rule? Regional cooperation Open space protection – permanent or
temporary?
Our challenge:Our challenge: Funds allocated for downtown revitalization are not
available for open space preservation Challenge for growth management programs is finding
the right balance across tools and programs Key to finding that balance is public understanding of
alternative approaches, their costs, their benefits, and the trade-offs that may be necessary
Public policy education is necessary to assure public understanding