Overview of Circulation & Vascular Distensibility and ...classpages.warnerpacific.edu/BDupriest/BIO...
Transcript of Overview of Circulation & Vascular Distensibility and ...classpages.warnerpacific.edu/BDupriest/BIO...
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Overview of Circulation & Vascular Distensibility and
Functions Chad Smurthwaite & Alex
Goncharov
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Chapter 14 - Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow and Resistance
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Blood Distribution aorta arteries arterioles
vena cava veins venules
capillaries Heart
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Blood Distribution Continued
Pulmonary - 9%
Heart - 7%
Arterial System
Arteries - 13%
Arterioles and
Capillaries - 7%
Venous System
Veins, Venules, and
Venous Sinuses - 64%
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Arterial System Made of two types of vessels
Conductance Vessels: Largest arteries with the thickest lumen near the heart. They contain
much more elastin that allows them to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood
allowing a constant flow of blood.
Resistance Vessels - Smaller arteries that contain more smooth muscle that constrict and
relax to allow vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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Venous System Capacitance Vessels: Veins
with large lumens and
thin walls that allow
expansion for storage of
blood.
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Capillaries Capillary Beds: Smallest blood vessels that allow for exchange of gases,
hormones and nutrients for most tissues in the body.
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Blood Pressure Throughout the Circulatory System Pressure ranges
between 120 and
80 mmHg in large
arteries.
Pressure then falls
off.
Venous system very
low pressure
system.
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Blood Flow Rate of flow: Ohm’s law
Proportional to the pressure difference
Inversely Proportional to the resistance
Flow = ΔPressure/Resistance
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Conductance and Poiseuille’s Law Conductance: A measure of the blood flow
through a vessel for a given pressure
difference.
Conductance = 1/resistance
Conductance ∝ Diameter4
Poiseuille’s Law
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Types of Flow Laminar Flow: When blood flows in streamlines, with each layer remaining the same distance
from the lumen.
Turbulent Flow: Blood is flowing in all directions in the vessel and continually mixing within the
vessel.
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Series vs. Parallel Circuits Series Circuits: When blood vessels are arranged in series
Parallel Circuits: When blood vessels branch and converge
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 …..
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Autoregulation of Tissue Blood Flow (Perfusion) Autoregulation: The automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in
proportion to the tissue’s requirements at any moment.
Metabolic Theory: When blood flow is too low to meet metabolic needs, oxygen levels
decline and metabolic products accumulate.
Metabolic factors- low oxygen, increases in hydrogen ions, potassium, adenosine, and
prostaglandins.
Myogenic Theory: When vascular smooth muscle responds directly to a passive stretch by
increased tone, which increases blood flow.
Both work together to determine the final autoregulatory response for a given tissue
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Chapter 15 - Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
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Vascular Distensibility and Compliance Vascular Distensibility: The ability of a blood vessel wall to expand and
contract passively with changes in pressure.
All blood vessels are distensible
Allows for non pulsatile flow at the capillaries
Reservoir function of Veins: can expand to store 0.5 to 1.0 L of extra blood
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Distensibility Veins are 8x more distensible than arteries
Pulmonary arteries are 6x more distensible than systemic arteries.
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Compliance (Capacitance) Total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation
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Volume-Pressure Curves Arterial vs. venous distensibility
Sympathetic stimulation/inhibition
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Delayed Compliance - stress relaxation Works when blood volume
is added or lost
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Functions of Arterial vs. Venous Systems Arterial Pressure Pulsations
The difference between systolic and diastolic is pulse pressure
Affects Pulse Pressure:
1. stroke volume output of the heart
2. compliance of arterial tree
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Abnormal pressure pulse contours
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Pulse Pressure Transmission
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Venous Pressure - Central Venous Pressure vs Peripheral Venous Pressure
1. Right Atrial Pressure (Central Venous Pressure)
Pressure taken in vena cava -- right before right atrial pressure
Values:
Normal = 0.0 mm Hg
Can increase to 20-30 mmHg in heart failure
Lower limit -3 to -5 mm Hg
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Venous Resistance low resistance - compressions
can lead to collapses
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Peripheral Venous Pressure
Pressure driving blood back
to heart is about 7 mm Hg.
If there is pressure gradient
from veins to the heart, blood will
flow back to the heart.
Valves/Muscles Pumps