Overview - mi.kriwi.demi.kriwi.de/cdis/CDIS-02-Overview-JC-slides.pdf ·...

RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Overview

Jörg Cassens

SoSe 2019

Contextual Design of Interactive Systems

SoSe 2019 Jörg Cassens – Overview 1 / 81

RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Foreword

Does good design pay?

A simple premise: If we design and develop digital products in such a way that thepeople who use them can easily achieve their goals, they will be satisfied, e�ective,and happy. They will gladly pay for our products—and recommend that others dothe same. Assuming that we can do so in a cost-e�ective manner, this will translateinto business success. (Cooper et al., 2014)

Does it? What do you think?


RequiredReadingWeek 1

Academic Literacy:Reading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Required Reading




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Week 1




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Assignment 2.1: D. NormanRequired Reading

Required reading for week 1Norman, Donald A. “Human-centered design considered harmful.” interactions12, no. 4 (2005): 14-19.

The text will be discussed in the tutorial 16.04.2019

Course readings can be downloaded in the learnwebEvery text has a wiki-page in the learnweb

Use it to describe the textUse it to link the text to the course

Results of the discussion may also be written up




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Academic Literacy: Reading




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

General StructureTitleAbstractIntroductionMethods

AnalysisDesignImplementation

ResultsEvaluation

Discussion/ConclusionsFurther Works

AcknowledgementsReferences + xkcd: dubious study


https://www.xkcd.com/1847/



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Skim & ReadDo not read from start to finish

1 Abstract2 Conclusions3 Introduction4 “the rest”

Whether you continue with the conclusions or the introduction depends onyour familiarity with the topics. . .and on the length of the sections

+ Calamities of Nature


http://www.calamitiesofnature.com/archive/?c=635



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Skim, Re-Read, Examine, Summarize

Another approach championed by Natalia RodriguezFour steps

SkimRead for “big picture”

Re-readExamine graphs, tables, figuresInterpret the data yourself

ExamineWhat problems are addressed?Why is it important?Is the method good?

SummarizeWrite a summary of key point in own words

+ Elsevier Connect,+ research4life.org


https://www.elsevier.com/connect/infographic-how-to-read-a-scientific-paper

http://www.research4life.org/how-to-read-a-scientific-paper/



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Three Pass Reading

Read the Paper in three passes1 Quick scan to get a bird’s-eye view of the paper to be able to answer the five C:

1 Category: What type of paper is this?2 Context: Which other papers is it related to?3 Correctness: Do the assumptions appear to be valid?4 Contributions: What are the main contributions?5 Clarity: Is the paper well written?

2 Read the paper with greater care, but ignore details such as proofsA�erwards, you be able to summarize the main thrust of the paper, with supportingevidence, to someone else

3 Attempt to virtually re-implement the paperMaking the same assumptions as the authors, try to re-create the work

+ S. Keshav: How to Read a Paper


http://blizzard.cs.uwaterloo.ca/keshav/home/Papers/data/07/paper-reading.pdf



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

What to Look For

Five elements to look out for:1 A significant question or claim2 A position in the academic debate3 An explanation of the research method or approach4 A presentation of the findings and argument5 A statement of the implications and contributions of the research study

You should also aim to place a journal article within the broader academicdebate+ Nicholas Carah and Eric Louw: Guide to reading journal articles


https://study.sagepub.com/carahandlouw/student-resources/guide-to-reading-journal-articles



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Paper on Reading Papers

RV Subramanyam

“The reader should begin by reading the title, abstract and conclusions first. If adecision is made to read the entire article, the key elements of the article can beperused in a systematic manner e�ectively and e�iciently. A cogent and organizedmethod is presented to read articles published in scientific journals.”

Subramanyam R V. Art of reading a journal article: Methodically and e�ectively. JOral Maxillofac Pathol [serial online] 2013; 17:65-70. Available from:http://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2013/17/1/65/110733


http://www.jomfp.in/text.asp?2013/17/1/65/110733



Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Notes & Annotations

AnnotationsThe paper advantageNotes, marks, scribbles, Post-Its are sign of active, creative examination of thecontent

NotesNever read a text without pen & paper

cc by-nc Manuel Sanfuentes cc by Kristian D.




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Excerpts

Reproducing parts of a textParaphrased or word-by-wordWordNet synonyms: excerpt, excerption, extract, selection

1 OrientationGet a grip of the structure of the text

2 ExcerptWork with the text – “what is the contribution of this part of the text?” and “whatare the main points made?”

3 CompactSummarize the texts and the excerpts




Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Visualisation

VisualisationMindmaps, Concept Maps, . . .

Individual preferences

cc by-nc-sa Kevin Lim cc 0


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Introduction


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Assignment 2.2: Buzzword BingoDiscussion

Please share your associations with the following terms:


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer Interaction

Design rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rules

Human-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design Processes

User testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser tests

Field studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studies

StoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboards

PersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonas

ScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenarios

PrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypes

Evaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References


Human-Computer InteractionDesign rulesHuman-Centred Design ProcessesUser testsField studiesStoryboardsPersonasScenariosPrototypesEvaluation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Errors


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Notes

Quelle: + The Daily WTF


http://thedailywtf.com/Articles/REGISTER_NOT_FOUND.aspx

RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Word of the Day



http://thedailywtf.com/Articles/10,-10,-or-15.aspx

RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Google Quick Search



http://thedailywtf.com/Articles/Mind-Your-Qs-and-Zs.aspx

RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

What do youmean?


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

OK or Cancel?

Quelle: + Ryan from gdgt


https://twitter.com/ryan

RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Quicktime


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Brill Publishing


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Fabricland


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Choices


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Icons PC


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Icons Mobile


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Calculators


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Font Preferences


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Hardware


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Ballot

cc by-nc-nd+ Julian Bleecker – Easily readable. . . for whom?


http://www.flickr.com/photos/julianbleecker/2968298396/sizes/m/

RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Knobs and Arows

How to prepare for the presentation? (cc Danny Hope)


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

A�ordances

“Push here”, “Pull here”


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Superficial

These problems are only “skin deep”What about problems that do not manifest themselves in what we see?What about problems stemming from the fact that some activity is notsupported?Common problems: Computers. . .

. . .are rude, the user is at fault

. . . require you to think like a computer, e.g. “Enter SSID”

. . .are sloppy, e.g. asking you to save a document a�er you printed it

. . . require humans to do the heavy li�ing, e.g. try to paste formatted text


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Mitigation


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Introduction

Development and design of digital media and so�ware applications canbecome very costly for larger projectsFor small projects with one or few developers, ad-hoc approaches may workMore extensive productions require communication and coordinationClassic problem of so�ware developmentO�en amixture of di�erent areas

So�ware designMedia designUsability designUser experience design

Focus hereIterative processesHuman-centred models


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

UX

User experience (UX) design has three overlapping concerns(Cooper et al., 2014)


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Design

DefinitionHuman-oriented design activities include:

Understanding the desires, needs, motivations, and contexts of people usingproductsUnderstanding business, technical, and domain opportunities, requirements,and constraintsUsing this knowledge as a foundation for plans to create products whose form,content, and behavior are useful, usable, and desirable, as well as economicallyviable and technically feasible


RequiredReading

IntroductionErrors

What do youmean?

Choices

Hardware

Mitigation

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Learning outcomes

Understanding the necessities of design processesSpecific challenges when developing and designing interactive systems

Particularly involving digital media

Di�erent human-centred processes and their advantages and shortcomingsBe aware that there are di�erent challenges for

Interactive productivity so�wareGamesDigital media

One needs to find a fitting model and then understand how to use it


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Design Processes


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Goals

The design process should be . . .goal-orientedhave the desired use, material, cost, usability and user experience in mindshould enable creativityinclude cost and goal planingmake decisions traceable

We also need plans and requirementsWhere are we?What is missing?

Flexibility and alternatives should be possible


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Usability Engineering

Usability Engineering and user experience design cannot stand on their ownThey need to be connected to so�ware development methodologiesDi�erent process models and design philosophies are di�erently suitableMediation between di�erent “stakeholders” is a key issue for usability experts

We need to know and understand so�ware engineering processesWe need to know and understand artistic and design processesWe need to communicate with customers and users


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Assignment 2.3: Gadget DesignGroup Work

What about a new gadget that includes:

FM-Radio“something with USB”CD-PlayerTelephoneAnswering machine(Alarm) ClockLamp (night stand or desk)Maybe even:

TV“Smart features” (controlling toaster, co�ee machine)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Assignment 2.3: Project IdeaGroup Work

Form groups of 3-6Describe product & processProduct:

Develop the outline of a project idea which would implement such a systemPrepare a short pitch

Process:Howwould youmanage developmentHowwould youmake sure your product is usable and can be implemented?

Pitch your idea in the course


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Linear Models


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Systems Engineering

According to Bahill and Gissing (1998)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Waterfall

“In my experience, . . . the simpler model has never worked on large so�waredevelopment e�orts . . .” – Royce (1970)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Advantages and Disadvantages

AdvantagesClear demarcation of phasesEasy planing and controlSimple cost estimates

DisadvantagesDoes not scaleInflexible requirementsRealization starts lateLate discovery of faulty conceptualizations


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

Results

What is interesting is more the aspects than the structureAnalysis – Understanding the worldConcept – Designing a solutionImplementation – Realization of said solutionEvaluation – Test of said solution

Wewill need to cover these aspects


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModelsAnalysis

Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Iterative Models


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Waterfall – Do it twice

Royce (1970)SoSe 2019 Jörg Cassens – Overview 54 / 81

RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Praxis

Development processes are rarely as simple and straight as the linear modelssuggestChanges in requirements or requirements that are hard to formalize make the“waterfall” di�icult to followWorst case: develop a product removed from user requirements that will not beusableSo�ware engineering has therefore developed di�erent process models tocounter these aspectsJust a few examples

Spiral modelUnified process model (rational)Agile Models

Feature driven developmentScrum


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Iterative Models

Iterative models paint s a muchmore realistic picture of developmentprocessesIn real world settings, there will be phases where di�erent sub tasks will beworked on independently

Producing media

Later project phases will need a stronger relationshipIt is important to keep some aspects in mind

Di�erent design activities can take a di�erent amount of time and cannot easilybe parallelizedDecision in some areas might be costly to revise later (music, video production)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

User-Centred Design

DefinitionA User-Centred Design Process

is a method, that includes relevant human factorscaters for conscious and accountable decisionshelps set the focus on important questions and requirementssupports evaluation and testing of assumptions

Process as well as product are based on goals, activities, tasks, capabilities, needsand context of users. Therefore, user participation plays a role early in the process.To be able to measure success, requirements need to be translated into quantifiableandmeasurable criteria


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

ISO Model

PlanningUCD

Process

FinishedProduct


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

ISO Model

PlanningUCD

Process

FinishedProduct

RequirementsElicitation


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

ISO Model

PlanningUCD

Process

FinishedProduct


RequirementsSpecification


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

ISO Model

PlanningUCD

Process

FinishedProduct



Design &Production


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

ISO Model

PlanningUCD

Process

FinishedProduct



Design &Production

Evaluation


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Usability

DefinitionThe o�icial ISO 9241-11 definition of usability is: “the extent to which a product canbe used by specified users to achieve specified goals with e�ectiveness, e�iciencyand satisfaction in a specified context of use.”

It should be easy for the user to become familiar with and competent in usingthe user interface during the first contactIt should be easy for users to achieve their objective through using the interfaceIt should be easy to recall the user interface and how to use it on subsequentvisits


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Processes and Steps

The ISO-Standard gives only a broad definition of human-centred processesA couple of di�erent approaches can be classified as being instantiations ofsuch an abstract definitionWe will o�en find the following aspects

Analysis (Requirements Elicitation)Description of contextDescription of userActivity analysisArtefact analysis

Concept (Requirements Specification)Activity designInformation designInteraction design

Prototypical Implementation (Design & Production)Evaluation (Evaluation)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Assignment 2.4: Learning Support SystemsGroup Work

What about a new learning management system that can help you

Access course materialConnect material from di�erent sourcesUpload and share your ownmaterialHelps you organize your study groupsGives you early feedback on your learning outcomesHelps you write reports and do assignments


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Assignment 2.4: Project IdeaGroup Work

Form groups of 3-6Describe product & processProduct:

Develop the outline of a project idea which would implement such a systemPrepare a short pitch

Process:Howwould youmanage developmentHowwould youmake sure your product is usable and can be implemented?

Pitch your idea in the course


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Analysis


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Context- and Institutional Analysis

To begin with, we need to describe the context of use of the productProduction, safety-critical, entertainmentMarket analysis – expectations of users

Description of the spatio-temporal setting for using the systemIs it to be used outside? At what time?

Description of the institutional context of usefor business so�ware, how is it used in the business


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

User Analysis

Description of the target audience of the systemPhysical and cognitive abilitiesCultural and social factors

Di�erent methods availableUser classes – the potential users of the system are categorized into di�erentclasses, using a range of criteria

Experts, casual usersRoles they have using the system

Personas – concrete, but fictitious description of person dealing with the systemPrimary, secondary, negative


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Task Analysis

Di�erent techniques can be used, such as interviews or ethnological studiesFirst we need to know, how the users work today

And that is not how they (or their boss) thinks how they do it

Individual activities, tasks and operations can be identified and e.g.hierarchically organizedDi�erent models exist, for example the Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)Example: In a bank, the tasks REVIEW-ACCOUNTS can be divided into:

RETRIEVE-ACCOUNT-LISTFIND-RECENT-ACTIVITYREVIEW-ACTIVE-ACCOUNTS


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Hierarchische Aufgabenanalyse

+ Nick Gibbins


http://web.cs.dal.ca/~jamie/teach/NickGibbins/task-analysis.html

RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Artefact Analysis

Description of artefacts usedWhat are the “things” that are being used? And how?What is an artefact? A culturally defined object.

O�ice furniturePens, staplers, hole punchersProtocolsFormsFilesComputer (Hard- and So�ware)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Artefacts

cc by-nc-sa Ian Lewis


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Assignment 2.5: ArtefactsDiscussion

What artefact use do you notice?


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Concept & Design


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Activity Design

First step: what activities are to be supported by the new system?Some process models have this as an explicit step (e.g. Scenario-BasedDevelopment)Challenges and opportunities of current situation are transformed into systembehaviour

Keep opportunities and address challengesGoal: specification of what can be done with the system

What information is made available?What operations are possible?What kind of results is getting delivered?

Activity design defines the opportunities, but the experience is constructedthrough the interfaceThe activity design has to be transformed into a design that supportsbi-directional interaction of human and computer


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Gulfs


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Information DesignThe objects and actions possible in a system are represented and arranged ina way that facilitates perception and understandingIncludes the design of

Application screensWeb pagesMenusDialogsIcons

Other modalitiesSound

Speech synthesisTactile

Force feedback game controlsVisual

3D-displays (geowall)

Addresses the Gulf of EvaluationSoSe 2019 Jörg Cassens – Overview 74 / 81

RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Interaction Design

Goal: specify the mechanisms for accessing andmanipulating task informationInformation design focuses on determining which task objects and actions toshow and how to represent themInteraction design tries to make sure that people can do the right things atthe right timeBroad scope:

Selecting and opening a spreadsheetPressing and holding a mouse button while dragging itSpecifying a range of cells

Addresses the Gulf of Execution


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Implementation


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Prototypical Implementation

Instead of “Do it right the first time” we will develop iterative prototypesA prototype is a concrete but partial implementation of a system designConstructed and evaluated to guide redesign and refinementCreated to explore many questions during system design

System reliabilityBandwidth consumptionHardware compatibility

User interface prototypeBuilt to explore usability issues

User interface prototypes can be built early on in the design processPaper prototype

Late prototypes will probably be very close to the actual system (depending onprocess model)


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Evaluation


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Evaluation

Necessary to assess progress and satisfaction of requirementsFormative and summative

Helps understanding the activity and resulting requirementsThis leads to enhanced specifications and implementationsEvaluation can start early in the process

Not only “finished” So�ware can be evaluatedEvaluation of User-Interface-Specifications

Evaluations help to detect deficits in the design early on and to correct mistakes


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Assignment 2.6: Evaluation and AnalysisGroup Work

Form groups of 3-6Use a system you are acquainted with and research your use of it

LearnwebWebmailLSF

Let groupmembers use the system and describe their activities and problemsE.g. download of course material

Document your findingsPresent your findings in the course


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models


Concept & Design

Implementation

Evaluation

References

Overview

Jörg Cassens

SoSe 2019

Contextual Design of Interactive Systems


RequiredReading

Introduction

DesignProcesses

Linear Models

IterativeModels

References

References I

Bahill, A. T. and Gissing, B. (1998). Re-evaluating systems engineering concepts usingsystems thinking. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C(Applications and Reviews), 28(4):516–527.

Cooper, A., Reimann, R., Cronin, D., and Noessel, C. (2014). About Face (fourthedition): the essentials of interaction design. John Wiley & Sons.

Norman, D. A. (2005). Human-centered design considered harmful. interactions,12(4):14–19.

Royce, W. W. (1970). Managing the development of large so�ware systems: conceptsand techniques. In Proceedings IEEE WESTCON, pages 1–9, Los Angeles.


Overview - mi.kriwi.demi.kriwi.de/cdis/CDIS-02-Overview-JC-slides.pdf ·...

Documents

Transcript of Overview - mi.kriwi.demi.kriwi.de/cdis/CDIS-02-Overview-JC-slides.pdf ·...