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![Page 1: Overview: CDM Small-Scale Projects Climate Change Information Center Manila Observatory Ateneo de Manila University.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022013004/56649e0e5503460f94af84be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview:CDM Small-Scale Projects
Climate Change Information CenterManila Observatory
Ateneo de Manila University
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Contents
1. Mechanics of CDM
2. CDM Eligible Projects
3. CDM Transaction Costs
4. Challenge of Small-Scale Projects
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1. Mechanics of CDM
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Clean Development Mechanism• Enables developed countries (known as
Annex B countries) to meet their emission reduction commitments in a flexible and cost-effective manner
• Assists developing countries (non-Annex B countries) in meeting their sustainable development objectives
• Investors benefit by obtaining Certificates of Emissions Reductions (CERs)
• Host countries benefit in the form of investment, access to better technology, and local sustainable development
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Simplistic numerical example
Provide electricity for a barangay• “Business-as-usual” (baseline): Diesel
generator sets– Cost of project $10– Emissions 1 tC
• Cleaner project (CDM-eligible): Micro-hydro– Cost of project $13– Zero Emissions
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Simplistic numerical example
• CDM Investor (e.g. Japan)– Invests $3 ($13-$10, difference between
cleaner and business-as-usual project)
– Gains Certificate of Emissions Reduction of 1 tC, which it can meet some of its Kyoto Protocol commitments to reduce emissions
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CDM Project
• Achieves Sustainable Development objectives for the host developing country
• Reduces GHG Emissions
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What are the Criteria for CDM Projects?
• Sustainable development– Host country criteria– Environmental Impact Assessment– Stakeholder consultations
• Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions– Environmental additionality
• Project additionality• Project viability
– Technologically proven– Financially sound
• Host country approval• Project validation and registration
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Sustainable development
• Economic impacts Employment, livelihood
• Environmental impacts Local air/water pollution control
• Social equity Impacts on disadvantaged groups
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Additionality
• Additionality is the key eligibility criterion in CDM projectsYou must do something that you would not
have done without the CDM
• Two types of additionality Project Additionality Environmental Additionality
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Project Additionality
• Without the ability to register under the CDM, the proposed project would be, or would have been, unlikely to occur
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Environmental Additionality
• If the proposed CDM project activity is not implemented, a less greenhouse gas friendly activity would have been initiated or continued instead.
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Environmental additionality and baseline
CO2 Emissions
CDM project CO2 emissions (observable)
Real, measurable and long-termAdditional CO2
emissions reduction
Years
Baseline scenario CO2 emissions (that would occur)
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Starting Point: Viable Project
• A potential CDM Project is a feasible project Technologically feasible Financially sound
• A potential CDM Project is a project which has an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
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CDM Project Cycle
C D C D4 MICC C
Project Design & Formulation
National Approval
Validation / Registration
Project Financing
Monitoring
Verification / Certification
Issuance of CERs
Project Design Document
Monitoring Report
Verification Report / Certification Report / Request of CERs
Operational Entity A
Investors
Project Participants
Operational Entity B
EB / Registry
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2. CDM Eligible Projects
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CDM Eligible Projects
• Renewable energy• Fuel switching• End-use energy efficiency improvements• Supply-side energy efficiency improvements• Agriculture (reduction of CH4 & N2O
emissions)• Industrial processes (CO2 from cement,
HFCs, etc)• Sink projects (only afforestation &
reforestation)
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Renewable energy
• Renewable energy for the grid• For electricity generation by households or
commercial users E.g., Solar home systems, solar water pumps,
photovoltaics, wind battery chargers
For mechanical energy by households or commercial users E.g. wind-powered pumps, solar water pumps, water
mills, wind mills
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Renewable energy
• Thermal energy for households or commercial users E.g., solar thermal water heaters and dryers, solar
cookers, energy derived from biomass for water heating, space heating or drying
Biomass combined heat and power (co-generation) systems
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End-use energy efficiency improvements
• Energy efficiency equipment Motors Lamps Ballasts
Refrigerators Fans
Air conditioners Appliances
Etc …
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Agriculture
• Reducing emissions from agricultural soils Use of ammonium sulfate instead of urea Use of phosphogypsum in combination with urea instead
of urea
• Reducing methane emissions from livestock• Conservation agricultural tillage• Agricultural land management practices
Use of composted rice straw instead of fresh rice straw
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Sink projects
• Afforestation Planting trees on agricultural land
Reforestation Planting trees on denuded forest land
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Clean Development Mechanism
Types of small-scale projects that could qualify for fast-track approval procedures
• Renewable energy projects up to 15 megawatts (MW) of output capacity
• Energy efficiency improvements that reduce energy consumption on the supply and/or demand side by up to 15 gigawatt-hours (GWh)/year
• Other project activities that both reduce emissions at source and directly emit less than 15 kilotons (kt) of CO2 equivalent annually
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3. CDM Transaction Costs
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Pre-implementation costs
• Search costs
• Negotiation costs
• Baseline determination costs
• Approval costs
• Validation costs
• Review costs
• Registration costs
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Implementation costs
• Monitoring costs
• Verification costs
• Review costs
• Certification costs
• Enforcement costs
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Trading costs
• Transfer costs
• Registration costs
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Transaction costs Relation to project size
Estimate (k€)
Search costs Fixed 15
Negotiation costs Degressive 25 – 400
Baseline determination costs Fixed 35
Approval costs Fixed 40
Validation costs Fixed 15 – 30
Registration costs Fixed 10
Monitoring costs Fixed 10
Verification costs Degressive 8 per turn
Certification costs Degressive NA
Enforcement costs Proportional
Transfer costs Proportional 1%
Registry costs Proportional 0.03%
Minimum fixed costs (k€) 150Source: Michaelowa et al (2003)
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Economies of scale
• Economies of scale are the most important determinant of transaction costs
• Due to the important role of fixed cost components
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Project size, types & total transaction costsSize Type Reduction
(t CO2 per yr)
€ / t CO2
Very Large
Large hydro, geothermal, landfill methane
>200,000 0.1
Large Wind power, solar thermal, energy efficiency
20,000 – 200,000
0.3 – 1
Small Boiler conversion, DSM, small hydro
2000 – 20,000 10
Mini Energy efficiency in housing & SME, mini-hydro
200 – 2000 100
Micro PV < 200 1000
Source: Michaelowa et al (2003)
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Project size thresholds
• PCF considers any project with a volume below 3 million € greenhouse gas benefits would not be attractive due to transaction costs Threshold of about 50,000 t CO2 per year for
a 20–year project• Transaction costs should not be more than 25%
of proceeds of CER sales to make a project viable (Shell, 2001)
• Cost threshold of about 1 € / t CO2
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Inferred Transaction Costs (TAC) of SSC project thresholds(Michaelowa, et al,2003)
Project type
Annual full load hours
GWh CERs per year
TAC/CER (€)
Hydro 15 MW
8000 120 108,000 0.5
Wind 15 MW
2700 40 36,000 2
Energy efficiency 15 GWh
NA 15 13,500 20
Fuel switch gas to coal
NA NA 23,350 5
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Viability of CDM Projects
• Given CER market price estimates of 1 – 5 € pet t CO2 (Jotzo and Michaelowa, 2001)
• Given PCF transactions priced at 3 – 4 € per t CO2
Only projects classified as large and very large are viable
Many small-scale projects would not be viable
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Ways to reduce transactions costs
Bundle projects to jointly undertake each step of the project cycle
1 2 3
4 5
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Ways to reduce transactions costs
• Do verification and certification not annually but at long intervals
• Exempt projects from one or more steps of the project cycle
• Streamline the information needs on each step of the project cycle
• Standardization of parameters
Source: Michaelowa et al (2003)
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Ways to reduce transactions costs
• Do unilateral CDM projects that reduce search and negotiation costs
• Registration and certification fees proportional to the size of the project
• Validation and verification fees proportional to the size of the project
Source: Michaelowa et al (2003)
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Contrasting the New FundsContrasting the New Funds
CF to small-scale energy projects
Generate high-value ERs (contract prices: $4-5t/CO2e)
“Development + Carbon”
CDM countries only:
emphasis on smaller, poorer
countries and communities
Multiple tranches
Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF) BioCarbon Fund
CF to agricultural, forestry, and land use
Generate cost-effective ERs (contract prices: $3-4/tCO2e)
Carbon + biodiversity cons., fight against desertification, reduction in rural poverty
CDM and JI
Learn-by-doing prototype
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4. Challenge of Small-Scale Projects
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Challenge of Small-Scale (SSC) projects
• SSC projects have substantial sustainable development benefits
• But unless high transaction costs are reduced, many SSC projects would not be viable
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Small-scale (SSC) projects
• Solar home systems, photovoltaics, wind-powered pumps, solar cookers
• Pico-hydro
• Reducing methane emissions from livestock
• Community-based forest management
• Agro-forestry
• Watershed protection
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Small-scale (SSC) projects
• SSC projects have the best potential for achieving sustainable development benefits
• SSC projects have the best potential for delivering benefits to the poor and to disadvantaged groups
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Roberto C. Yap, S.J., Ph.D.
Environmental Economist
Climate Change Information Center
Manila Observatory
Ateneo de Manila University
Tel +63 2 426-6144
Fax +63 2 426-6070