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Nick las Nordbäck

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Work ing Repor t 2010 -42

Outcome of the Geological Mapping ofthe ONKALO Underground Research Facility

Access Tunnel, Chainage 1980-3116

June 2010

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report

are those of author(s) and do not necessarily

coincide with those of Posiva.

Nick las Nordbäck

Geo log ica l Su rvey o f F in l and

Work ing Report 2010 -42

Outcome of the Geological Mapping ofthe ONKALO Underground Research Facility

Access Tunnel, Chainage 1980-3116

OUTCOME OF THE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF THE ONKALO UNDERGROUND RESEARCH FACILITY ACCESS TUNNEL, CHAINAGE 1980-3116

ABSTRACT

This report describes the lithology and geological structures of the ONKALO

underground rock characterization facility access tunnel in chainage 1980-3116. This

part of the tunnel was excavated and mapped from spring 2007 to autumn 2008. The

bedrock is very heterogeneous and mainly composed of veined gneiss and diatexitic

gneiss, but many felsic dykes and sections of pegmatitic granite also occur. In addition,

small sections of mica gneiss and K-feldspar porphyry are present. There are also

numerous inclusions of mica gneiss, quartz gneiss and skarn.

The foliation dips moderately towards SE. 14 fold axes and axial planes were measured

from the ONKALO tunnel in chainage 1980-3116 and all have been interpreted to

belong to deformation phase D3. The measured fold axes have various orientations, but

most have moderate plunges and ENE- or WSW-trending ones dominate. The axial

planes typically dip moderately towards SE. An almost vertical lineation was also

measured from mica gneiss on two locations.

A total of 7668 fractures were measured. Three main fracture sets were distinguished

from the measured orientations: set 1 fractures are vertical and strike approximately N-

S, set 2 fractures are more or less horizontal and set 3 fractures are vertical and ENE-

WSW-striking. The most common filling minerals are calcite, pyrite, chlorite, kaolinite,

epidote, muscovite, quartz, biotite, and illite. Of the measured fractures, 579 were

slickensided. The slickensided fractures are mainly either sub-vertical N-S-trending (set

1) or sub-vertical NE-SW-trending, with dip to SE. Slickenside surfaces show N-S- and

NE-SW-trending lineations, with shallow dip. The slickensided fractures are mostly

strike-slip faults with both sinistral and dextral sense of movement. The chainage 1980-

3116 contains 170 tunnel-crosscutting fractures. The orientation is mostly vertical N-S-

striking, sub-horizontal or vertical E-W- trending. 27 deformation zone intersections

were also observed, 23 brittle deformation zones and 4 high-grade ductile zones.

Q-classification was used in order to determine the rock mass quality for every ~5 m

long section of the tunnel. The Q-quality varies from very poor to exceptionally good,

being mainly extremely good. The exceptionally good rock quality is concentrated to

the first 500 m of the studied section; this is mostly due to the change in SRF value

from 1 to 5 after chainage 2500. At brittle fault zone intersections, the rock quality

varies typically from very poor to good.

Keywords: spent nuclear fuel disposal, Olkiluoto, ONKALO access tunnel, geological

and geotechnical mapping, outcome

MAANALAISEN TUTKIMUSTILA ONKALON AJOTUNNELIN GEOLOGISEN KARTOITUKSEN TOTEUMA, PAALUVÄLI 1980–3116

TIIVISTELMÄ

Tämä raportti kuvailee maanalaisen tutkimustila ONKALOn ajotunnelin litologiaa ja

geologisia rakenteita paaluvälillä 1980–3116. Kyseisen tunneliosan louhinta ja kartoitus

aloitettiin keväällä 2007 ja saatiin päätökseen syksyllä 2008. Kallioperä on hyvin

vaihtelevaa ja vallitsevat kivilajit tunnelissa ovat suonigneissi ja diateksiittinen gneissi.

Runsaasti pegmatiittisia graniittijuonia ja -osueita esiintyy myös. Näiden lisäksi

tavataan kiillegneissiä ja pieniä kalimaasälpäporfyyrijaksoja. Tutkittu tunnelijakso

sisältää myös suuren määrän kiillegneissi-, kvartsigneissi- ja karsisulkeumia.

Liuskeisuus kaatuu kohtalaisen jyrkästi kaakkoon. Paaluvälillä 1980–3116 mitattiin

ONKALO tunnelista 14 poimuakselia ja akselitasoa, joiden on tulkittu edustavan D3-

deformaatiovaihetta. Mitattujen poimuakseleiden suunta vaihtelee, mutta suurimman

osan kaade on kohtalaisen jyrkkä ja itäkoillis- tai länsilounassuuntaiset ovat vallitsevia.

Suurin osa akselitasoista kaatuu kohtalaisesen loivasti kaakkoon. Lähes pysty lineaato

mitattiin kiillegneissistä kahdesta paikasta.

Tutkitusta tunnelijaksosta mitattiin 7668 rakoa. Mitattujen suuntausten perusteella

voidaan erottaa kolme vallitsevaa rakosarjaa: sarja 1:n rakojen kaade on pysty ja suunta

pohjois-eteläinen, sarja 2 koostuu lähes vaaka-asentoisista raoista ja sarjaan 3 kuuluvien

rakojen kaade on pysty ja suunta lounaiseteläinen-koillispohjoinen. Tavallisimmat rako-

täytteet ovat kalsiitti, rikkikiisu, kloriitti, kaoliniitti, epidootti, muskoviitti, kvartsi,

biotiitti ja illiitti. Kaikista mitatuista raoista 579 on haarniskapintaisia. Haarniska-

pintaiset raot ovat pääasiassa joko pystyjä pohjois-eteläsuuntaisia (sarja 1), tai lähes

pystyjä, koillis-lounassuuntaisia ja kaakkoon kaatuvia. Haarniskapinnoilta mitatut

lineaatiot ovat pääasiassa loivia koillis-lounaissuuntaisia tai pohjois-eteläsuuntaisia.

Haarniskapintojen liikesuunta on pääasiassa sivuttainen mutta kätisyys vaihtelee.

Paaluväli 1980–3116 sisältää 170 tunnelin lävistävää rakoa, jotka ovat pääasiassa lähes

pystyjä, pohjois-eteläsuuntaisia, lähes vaaka-asentoisia tai pystyjä, itä-länsisuuntaisia.

Tunnelista kartoitettiin myös 27 deformaatiovyöhykeleikkausta (23 haurasta ja 4

korkean asteen duktiilia vyöhykettä).

Tunnelin kalliolaadun määrityksessä käytettiin Q-luokitusta ja laatu määritettiin erik-

seen jokaiselle n. 5 metriä pitkälle katkolle. Kallion Q-laatu vaihtelee erittäin huonosta

poikkeuksellisen hyvään ollen pääasiassa erinomaisen hyvä. Poikkeuksellisen hyvää

kallionlaatua esiintyy pääasiassa paaluvälin 1980–3116 ensimmäisessä osassa, johtuen

siitä että SRF arvo muutettiin 1:stä 5:een paalun 2500 jälkeen. Siirrosvyöhykeiden

kohdalla kalliolaatu vaihtelee tyypillisesti hyvästä erittäin huonoon.

Avainsanat: käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoitus, Olkiluoto, ONKALO ajotunneli,

geologinen ja geotekninen kartoitus, toteuma

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3

2 LITHOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 7

3 DUCTILE DEFORMATION ...................................................................................... 13

4 BRITTLE DEFORMATION ....................................................................................... 19 4.1 Fracturing .................................................................................................... 19

4.1.1 Fracture trace length ........................................................................ 19 4.1.2 Fracture density ............................................................................... 20 4.1.3 Fracture sets .................................................................................... 21 4.1.4 Fracture filling mineralogy ................................................................ 30 4.1.5 Fracture profile ................................................................................. 33 4.1.6 Slickensided fractures ...................................................................... 34 4.1.7 Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF) ................................................. 38

5 DEFORMATION ZONE INTERSECTIONS .............................................................. 41

6 ALTERATION .......................................................................................................... 55

7 WATER LEAKAGE .................................................................................................. 59

8 ROCK MASS QUALITY (Q-CLASSIFICATION) ....................................................... 63

9 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 67

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 69

APPENDICES............................................................................................................. 71

3

1 INTRODUCTION

Excavation of the ONKALO underground rock characterization facility tunnel began in

September 2004. Chainage 1980-3116 was excavated and mapped between 31nd

of May

2007 and 21th

of October 2008. This distance constitutes the third full loop of the

ONKALO access tunnel (Fig. 1-1).

The quarrying was performed in a cycle comprising: (1) drilling of probe holes (15–26

m in length); (2) pre-grouting if required; (3) excavation of three to four rounds, 4–5 m

each (drill and blast). The geological mapping was divided into three different stages:

round mapping, systematic mapping and supplementary studies. The supplementary

studies included identification of Tunnel Crosscutting Fractures (TCF), recognition of

deformation zone intersections and water leakage mapping (performed by a

hydrogeologist) (Engström & Kemppainen 2008).

The round mapping is performed soon after the excavation and its main purpose is to

obtain geological data to assist the geotechnical estimation of the rock mass in the

tunnel for the ongoing excavation. Therefore, the main parameters obtained in the round

mapping are the six parameters of Q-classification: rock quality designation (RQD),

joint set number (Jn), joint roughness (Jr), joint alteration (Ja), joint water reduction

number (Jw) and stress reduction factor (SRF) (Barton et al., 1974; Grimstad & Barton,

1993, see also Appendix 5). In addition to the Q-parameters, observations of main

fracture orientations, rock types and grain size variations are also included.

Systematic geological mapping is carried out tens to hundreds of metres behind the

ongoing quarrying area. The systematic geological mapping is done in the following

manner: all mapping data is collected in one single table sheet. The table includes

designation details such as the number of the chainage, from the beginning to the end of

the mapped section. The structural elements are described as single observations and are

marked on the tunnel wall with corresponding numbers. The structural observations

include, in addition to fracture- specific data, information on rock type, foliation, water

leakages, folding and deformation phase. The fracture attribute data include, among

other things, orientation, descriptions of length, fracture surface and fillings,

termination, undulation and, for fractures with discernible movement indicators, also

lineation (fault-slip datum). The Q-parameters are also re-defined during the systematic

mapping stage. Observations are drawn as a sketch on paper and are later digitised into

a 3-D tunnel layout using the Surpac Vision 3D-program. The table sheet used in the

mapping is attached as Appendix 7.

In addition to these two main mapping stages, the so-called Tunnel Crosscutting

Fractures (TCF) are also mapped. The TCF are defined as continuous fractures or

shorter, irregular fractures that, combined with adjacent fractures, form one continuous

feature crosscutting the whole ONKALO tunnel from one wall to another. The last

geological mapping stage is the recognition and description of deformation zones that

intersect the tunnel. These deformation zone intersections are classified as brittle, semi-

brittle or ductile following the methodology developed by Milnes et al. (2007).

4

Figure 1-1. 3D view of the ONKALO access tunnel. Chainage 1980-3116, the part

covered by this report, is coloured with red. The view is from SW.

The profile of the tunnel changes along the tunnel, in table 1-1 the dimensions of the

different tunnel profiles is listed. Table 1-2 and figure 1-2 displays the distribution of

the different tunnel profiles in ONKALO chainage 1980-3116. Between the different

profiles, there is a transition zone up to ten meters in length. The tunnel in this part of

ONKALO contains niches; they were, however, excavated and mapped afterwards and

are, therefore, excluded from this study. At chainages 2285-2305, 2535-2575, 2650-

2690, 2780-2830 and 2875-2895, the roof was shotcreted due to poor rock quality and

no systematic mapping of the roof was therefore done in these sections.

Table 1-1. Dimensions of the different tunnel profiles.

Profile Width (m) Height (m) Area (m2)

Profile 1 5.5 6.65 34.62

Profile 2 8.5 7.25 57.05

Profile 2A 8.5 6.65 53.8

Profile 3 8 6.65 53.2

5

Table 1-2. The distribution of the different tunnel profiles in ONKALO chainage 1980-

3116.

Profile From To Length (m)

Profile 1 1980 2095 115

Profile 2A 2095 2155 60

Profile 1 2155 2265 110

Profile 2A 2265 2325 60

Profile 1 2325 2425 100

Profile 3 2425 2465 40

Profile 1 2465 2655 190

Profile 2A 2655 2720 65

Profile 1 2720 2790 70

Profile 3 2790 2820 30

Profile 1 2820 2875 55

Profile 2A 2875 2940 65

Profile 1 2940 3010 70

Profile 2 3010 3115 105

Profile 1 3115 3120 5

6

Figure 1-2. Layout of the ONKALO access tunnel in chainage 1980-3120, in map view.

7

2 LITHOLOGY

The practice of naming rocks used in the geological mapping is introduced in the

working report "A system of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto" (Mattila 2006). The

gneisses of Olkiluoto usually have a migmatitic appearance and, therefore, the

descriptive terminology of migmatites (Wimmenauer & Bryhni 2007) is useful.

Leucosome is the leucocratic, light-coloured portion of the migmatite with plutonic

appearance. Mesosome is the mesocratic portion with metamorphic appearance (in the

case of Olkiluoto, mostly mica gneiss), and melanosome, the darkest part of the

migmatite, here refers to the biotite rich stripes or narrow bands (schlieren) in the

migmatite.

On the basis of the migmatite structure, the migmatitic gneisses at Olkiluoto can be

divided into three groups: veined gneiss, stromatic gneiss and diatexitic gneiss (Kärki &

Paulamäki 2006). The leucosome of the veined gneiss shows vein-like, more or less

linear traces with features similar to large-scale augen structures. Planar, sheet-like

leucosome dykes characterise the stromatic gneiss. The structure of the diatexitic gneiss

is more asymmetric and irregular. The distribution of the main rock type in different

sections of chainage 1980-3116 is listed in Table 2.1 and descriptions for each of the

mapped sections can be found in Appendix 1. The rock type in chainage 1980-3116 of

the ONKALO tunnel is mainly veined gneiss (VGN) or diatexitic gneiss (DGN), but

many dykes and sections of pegmatic granite also occur (Fig. 2-1 & Fig. 2-2). In

addition, sections of mica gneiss (MGN) and K-feldspar porphyry (KFP) are present.

8

Table 2-1. Distribution and quantity of the main rock types in chainage 1980-3116 of

the ONKALO access tunnel.

Chainage Rock Type Length of

section (m) Chainage Rock Type

Length of

section (m)

1980-2060 VGN 80 2525-2530 DGN 5

2060-2065 DGN 5 2530-2540 VGN 10

2065-2075 VGN 10 2540-2550 DGN 10

2075-2100 DGN 25 2550-2560 PGR 10

2100-2110 VGN 10 2560-2600 VGN 40

2110-2120 DGN 10 2600-2605 DGN 5

2120-2255 VGN 135 2605-2615 VGN 10

2255-2265 PGR 10 2615-2620 DGN 5

2265-2275 VGN 10 2620-2625 VGN 5

2275-2305 MGN 30 2625-2670 DGN 45

2305-2310 PGR 5 2670-2680 VGN 10

2310-2315 DGN 5 2680-2695 DGN 15

2315-2320 VGN 5 2695-2705 PGR 10

2320-2325 DGN 5 2705-2720 VGN 15

2325-2400 VGN 75 2720-2725 PGR 5

2400-2410 PGR 10 2725-2765 DGN 40

2410-2425 VGN 15 2765-2835 VGN 70

2425-2430 DGN 5 2835-2905 DGN 70

2430-2455 VGN 25 2905-2925 PGR 20

2455-2460 DGN 5 2925-3040 DGN 115

2460-2470 VGN 10 3040-3045 KFP 5

2470-2475 DGN 5 3045-3055 VGN 10

2475-2495 VGN 20 3055-3060 DGN 5

2495-2510 DGN 15 3060-3070 VGN 10

2510-2515 VGN 5 3070-3090 DGN 20

2515-2520 DGN 5 3090-3116 VGN 26

2520-2525 VGN 5

Also, some sections in the northern parts contain large, angular blocks of mica gneiss

surrounded by pegmatitic granite; these sections can be defined as schollen-type

migmatites, but have been predominantly mapped as mica gneiss or diatexitic gneiss. In

chainage 1980-3116, the amount of the leucosome in the gneisses varies from 30 % to

more than 80 %, the average being 40-60 %. There are also numerous inclusions of

mica gneiss (MGN), quartz gneiss (QGN) and skarn within the gneisses.

Figure 2-1. Lithological map of the rock types in the ONKALO access tunnel at chainage 1980-3116. The view of the

map is from above, thus showing only the distribution of rock types in the roof of the tunnel.

9

10

Main rock type amounts in chainage 1980-3116

54 %37 %

6 %3 % 0 %

VGN

DGN

PGR

MGN

KFP

Figure 2-2. Relative amounts of the main rock types at chainage 1980-3116.

The veined gneiss in chainage 1980-3116 consists of foliated mica gneiss mesosome

and granitic leucosome veins, aligned parallel to the foliation (Fig. 2-3A). The greyish

mica gneiss mesosome is fine- to medium-grained, relatively homogenous and the laths

of mica minerals are aligned forming a foliation. The leucosome component (varies

from 30-60 %, mostly 50 %) is whitish or reddish, medium- to coarse-grained, massive

granite or pegmatitic granite, which forms veins, bands and nodules within the mica

gneiss mesosome. The veined gneiss is distinctly banded and folding and boudinage of

leucosome veins, which often show shearing-related rotation, are also present.

In some parts, the veined gneisses grade slowly into the diatexitic gneiss. In figure 2-

3B, the rock in chainage 2470-2475 grades from a weakly banded veined gneiss (upper

right corner) to a weakly banded diatexitic gneiss (center) and in the end into pegmatitic

granite (lower left corner). The diatexitic gneiss, like the veined gneiss, consists of mica

gneiss mesosome and pegmatite granite leucosome, but the diatexitic gneiss usually has

a higher proportion of leucosome and coarser grain size than the veined gneiss. The

amount of leucosome in the diatexitic gneiss in chainage 1980-3116 varies is 40-80 %,

the average being 60 %. The diatexitic gneiss has irregular, schlieren-like structures and

a nebulitic appearance. The mesosome is usually medium-grained and the rock is

typically weakly banded. Intense and complex folding is also observed locally in the

diatexitic gneiss (Fig. 2-3C). Small sections of the diatexitic gneiss appear intercalated

11

with the veined gneiss in many parts of the tunnel, but in chainage 2625-2765 and 2835-

3040, the diatexitic gneiss is the main rock type.

The pegmatitic granite prevails in chainages 2255-2265, 2400-2410, 2550-2560, 2695-

2705, 2720-2725 and 2905-2925 and is also present as dykes and veins of different size

in most of chainage 1980-3116. The dykes are mostly parallel to the foliation (see

Section 3) of the surrounding gneisses, but a younger pegmatitic granite dyke cutting

the foliation (dip/dip direction 78/298°), was observed in chainage 3025-3030. The

pegmatitic granite is a coarse-grained rock type that typically contains large feldspar

phenocrysts. The rock has a reddish-pinkish colour and the wider sections and dykes

enclose gneiss inclusions and mafic melanosomes of biotite schlieren (Fig. 2-3D). The

large pegmatite granite sections and dykes usually also contain large (up to 5 cm in

diameter) tourmaline and pinitised cordierite grains.

In chainage 2275-2305, the rock consists mostly of mica gneiss, but the rock could also

be classified as schollen-type migmatite or diatexitic gneiss. The rock is composed of

large, elongated blocks of mica gneiss surrounded by dykes, veins and sections of

coarse-grained pegmatitic granite (Fig. 2-3E). In the nomenclature of metamorphic

rocks in Olkiluoto, the term diatexitic is applied as a qualifier term for a certain variety

of migmatitic gneisses, which typically have a high proportion (20-80 %) of leucosome,

and in which the shapes of the palaeosome and leucosome are random, structurally

asymmetric and have diffuse contacts. Migmatitic gneisses that are nebulitic, stictolithic

and schollen are included in this sub-group.

There are also small occurrences of K-feldspar porphyry (KFP) in this section of the

tunnel. This rock type consists of coarse-grained neosome grains (mostly K-feldspar)

scattered in a fine-grained mesosome matrix. The rock type is often found in association

with sub-horizontal fault zones and at many places, long sub-horizontal fractures are

found in the vicinity of horizontal KFP “layers”. However, KFP also occurs outside the

deformation zones and is sometimes found as irregular sections associated with large,

irregular PGR or DGN sections. At chainage 3030-3040 (MKU-3038), there is a several

metres wide sub-horizontal KFP zone (Fig. 2-3F). This zone lies beneath the brittle

deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-3027.

In addition to the main rock types, this section of the tunnel contains countless mica

gneiss (MGN), quartz gneiss (QGN), mafic gneiss (MFGN) and skarn inclusions, which

vary considerably in shape and size (the largest ones up to 3 m in diameter) (Fig. 2-3G).

The mica gneiss is typically fine grained and consists of various amounts of quartz,

biotite and feldspars. The protholith of the mica gneiss was probably psammitic. More

calcic, skarn-like variants also exist, and they can be identified by their layered, rimmed

appearance, where different layers probably represent different sedimentary protholiths

(Fig. 2-3H). The inclusions are usually elongated parallel to the foliation and are often

more densely fractured than the surrounding rocks. Typically, the inclusions contain

planar, smooth fractures with calcite and pyrite fillings.

12

Figure 2-3. A) Moderately banded veined gneiss in chainage 2345-2350. B) Rock

grading from VGN through DGN into PGR, chainage 2470-2475. C) Irregularly folded

DGN, chainage 2995-3000.D) Whitish, coarse-grained pegmatitic granite section at

chainage 2695-2700. E) Mica gneiss blocks “floating” in pegmatitic granite (schollen

migmatite), chainage 2275-2280. F) K-feldspar porphyry zone at chainage 3030-3040.

G) Mica gneiss inclusions in whitish pegmatitic granite at chainage 2305-2310. H)

Skarn inclusion in irregularly banded diatexitic gneiss, chainage 2985-2990.

A B

E F

D C

G H

13

3 DUCTILE DEFORMATION

The geological mapping of ductile features includes observations of foliation, lineation,

fold axis and axial planes. The foliation is classified according to a system that takes

into account the intensity and type of the foliation. The intensity is classified from 0–3,

corresponding to the intensity values from non-existent to high. The different foliation

types are gneissic (GNE), banded (BAN), schistose (SCH), irregular (IRR) and massive

(MAS). The intensity of foliation in the gneissic, banded and schistose types are

described with values 0–3, the intensity value for irregular and massive types is 0

(Milnes et. al, 2006).

A total of 114 foliation measurements were made from chainage 1980-3116. The most

common foliation type is banded (BAN; 113 measurements) with most of the

measurements (83) acquired from veined gneiss. A total of 30 banded measurements are

from diatexitic gneiss (DGN). There is one measurement of schistose (SCH) foliation

from pegmatitic granite. The intensity of the foliation varies from 1 to 3, where 2 is the

most typical value with about 51.8 % of all measurements. 41.2 % of the measurements

have the intensity of 1 and only 7.0 % are of intensity 3 (Fig. 3-2). The intensity of the

foliation is generally lower in diatexitic gneiss compared to veined gneiss. Figure 3-1

displays photos of different types of foliation from chainage 1980-3116.

The foliation measurements (Fig. 3-3) have varying dip and dip direction (10–81°/015–

355°), with an average orientation of 43/130° and a maxima around 39/127° (Fig. 3-

4A). The foliation varies gradually at different sections of the tunnel from SE- to ESE-

dipping (see Fig. 3-4?); this is interpreted as D4 deformation phase, where the S2/3

composite structures were zonally reoriented towards NNE-SSW-trending and SSE-

dipping F4 axial planes (Paananen et al., 2006). The foliation is much steeper in the first

half of the tunnel section and more ESE-trending in the second half: the maxima of the

foliation in chainage 1980-2550 is 52/137° (Fig. 3-4B) and in chainage 2550-3116, it is

29/122° (Fig. 3-4C). This might be due to the fact that in chainage 1980-3116, there are

significant differences between the directions of the foliation of veined gneiss and

diatexitic gneiss (Fig. 3-4D&E) and the diatexitic gneiss is most abundant in the second

half of this tunnel section. The only observation of foliation from pegmatitic granite has

a moderate dip towards NE.

14 fold axes and axial planes were measured in the ONKALO tunnel at chainage 1980-

3116. The folds are seen as folded leucosome veins in the veined gneiss and diatexitic

gneiss (see Fig. 3-1) and all of them have been interpreted as belonging to deformation

phase D3. The measured fold axes have various orientations, but they mostly plunge

moderately towards ENE or WSW (Fig. 3-4F). Most axial planes dip moderately

towards SE (Fig. 3-4G). Two sub-vertical, NE-trending lineations were also measured

from mica gneiss at chainage 1980 and 1995 (Fig. 3-4H).

14

Figure 3-1. A) Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss, chainage 2565-2570. B) Moderately

banded veined gneiss, chainage 2745-2745. C) Intensively banded veined gneiss, chainage

1995-2000. D) Pegmatitic granite with weak schistose foliation, chainage 2940-2945. E)

Folded moderately banded veined gneiss, chainage 3100-3105. F) Intensively folded and

weakly banded diatexitic gneiss, chainage 3005-3010.

A

C D

F E

B

Figure 3-2. Map displaying intensity of foliation in the ONKALO tunnel at chainage 1980-3116.

15

Figure 3-3. Map displaying observations on the orientation of the foliation in the ONKALO tunnel at chainage 1980-3116, numbers give

dip angle.

16

17

Figure 3-4. Distribution of poles to foliation at A) chainage 1980-3116, B) chainage 1980-

2550 and C) chainage 2550-3116. Distribution of poles at chainage 1980-3116 in D)

veined gneiss and. E) diatexitic gneiss. F) Distribution of fold axis and G) poles to axial

planes in chainage 1980-3116. H) Distribution of poles to lineation at chainage 1980-

3116. The declination has not been added to the stereograms (equal area, lower

hemisphere projection).

A B

C D

E F

G H

19

4 BRITTLE DEFORMATION

4.1 Fracturing

In chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel, a total of 7668 fractures were mapped

and measured. During the mapping, each fracture was assigned with a unique label (e.g.

2545_11, where 2545 stands for the tunnel section and 11 for the fracture number) and a

fracture attribute table was built from the mapping data. The attributes mapped from

each fracture are: fracture length, dip and dip direction, joint roughness number (Jr),

joint alteration number (Ja) (corresponding to the Q-classification scheme, see

Appendix 5), fracture filling minerals, aperture, fracture form and termination, water

leakage, and rock type. All observed fractures were investigated.

4.1.1 Fracture trace length

Statistical data of fracture trace lengths is presented in Figure 4-1. The traces of

approximately 70 % of the fractures are less than 1 meter in length, the average trace

length being 1.16 m and the median trace length 0.55 m.

Fracture trace length distribution in tunnel section 1980-3116

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1

Length (m)

Nu

mb

er

0.00 %

20.00 %

40.00 %

60.00 %

80.00 %

100.00 %

120.00 %

Frequency Cumulative %

Figure 4-1. Fracture trace length distribution in the ONKALO tunnel section 1980-

3116.

Number: 7668

< 1 m: 5339

1 m: 2329

Aver. 1.16 m

Min 0.05 m

Max 56.00 m

Mode 0.31

Median 0.55

Stand. dev. 2.22

Mean dev. 1.01

20

4.1.2 Fracture density

A rough evaluation of fracture density variations can be done from the mapping data by

using the number of mapped fractures per tunnel length. According to this method, the

overall fracture density in the ONKALO chainage 1980-3116 is 6.8 fractures/m (7668

fractures divided by 1136 meters). Respective densities for specific tunnel sections are

shown in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-2. Generally, the first half of the chainage 1980-3116

contains more fractures than the second, but the density increases locally at the areas of

brittle deformation zone intersections.

Fracturing and fracture density

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1980

-200

0

2000

-202

0

2020

-204

0

2040

-206

0

2060

-208

0

2080

-210

0

2100

-212

0

2120

-214

0

2140

-216

0

2160

-218

0

2180

-220

0

2200

-222

0

2220

-224

0

2240

-226

0

2260

-228

0

2280

-230

0

2300

-232

0

2320

-234

0

2340

-236

0

2360

-238

0

2380

-240

0

2400

-242

0

2420

-244

0

2440

-246

0

2460

-248

0

2480

-250

0

2500

-252

0

2520

-254

0

2540

-256

0

Nr

of

fractu

res

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Chainage

Den

sit

y (

fractu

res/m

)

All Fractures Fractures over 1 mFracture density for all fractures Fracture density for fractures over 1 m

Fracturing and fracture density

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2560

-258

0

2580

-260

0

2600

-262

0

2620

-264

0

2640

-266

0

2660

-268

0

2680

-270

0

2700

-272

0

2720

-274

0

2740

-276

0

2760

-278

0

2780

-280

0

2800

-282

0

2820

-284

0

2840

-286

0

2860

-288

0

2880

-290

0

2900

-292

0

2920

-294

0

2940

-296

0

2960

-298

0

2980

-300

0

3000

-302

0

3020

-304

0

3040

-306

0

3060

-308

5

3085

-310

0

3100

-311

6

Nr

of

fractu

res

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Chainage

Den

sit

y (

fractu

res/m

)

All Fractures Fractures over 1 mFracture density for all fractures Fracture density for fractures over 1 m

Figure 4-2. Fracture density in respect to specific tunnel sections.

21

Table 4-1. Fracture density in respect to specific tunnel sections.

Chainage 1980

-3116

1980-

2000

2000-

2020

2020-

2040

2040-

2060

2060-

2080

2080-

2100

2100-

2120

2120-

2140

2140-

2160

2160-

2180

2180-

2200

2200-

2220

2220-

2240

All Fractures 7668 102 109 120 158 114 127 169 112 160 308 221 89 170

Fracture density for all fractures

6.8 5.1 5.45 6 7.9 5.7 6.35 8.45 5.6 8 15.4 11.0

5 4.45 8.5

Fractures over 1 m 2327 11 9 9 9 17 53 41 10 13 26 95 22 43

Fracture density for fractures over 1 m

2.0 0.55 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.85 2.65 2.05 0.5 0.65 1.3 4.75 1.1 2.15

Chainage

2240

- 2260

2260 -

2280

2280-

2300

2300-

2320

2320-

2340

2340-

2360

2360-

2380

2380-

2400

2400-

2420

2420-

2440

2440-

2460

2460-

2480

2480-

2500

2500-

2520

2520-

2540

All Fractures 223 186 133 152 168 80 201 320 183 92 83 216 198 240 206

Fracture density for all

fractures

11.15

9.3 6.65 7.6 8.4 4 10.0

5 16 9.15 4.6 4.15 10.8 9.9 12 10.3

Fractures over 1 m

46 69 42 81 77 4 38 92 72 26 14 39 42 63 46

Fracture density for fractures over 1 m

2.3 3.45 2.1 4.05 3.85 0.2 1.9 4.6 3.6 1.3 0.7 1.95 2.1 3.15 2.3

Chainage 2540

- 2560

2560-

2580

2580-

2600

2600-

2620

2620-

2640

2640-

2660

2660-

2680

2680-

2700

2700-

2720

2720-

2740

2740-

2760

2760-

2780

2780-

2800

2800-

2820

2820-

2840

All Fractures 118 127 154 215 253 102 46 156 131 134 158 87 16 31 37

Fracture density for all

fractures 5.9 6.35 7.7 10.8 12.7 5.1 2.3 7.8 6.55 6.7 7.9 4.35 0.8 1.55 1.85

Fractures over 1 m 68 25 85 75 84 41 27 89 77 76 75 38 6 10 5

Fracture density for fractures over 1 m 3.4 1.25 4.25 3.75 4.2 2.05 1.35 4.45 3.85 3.8 3.75 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.25

Chainage 2840 -

2860

2860-

2880

2880-

2900

2900-

2920

2920-

2940

2940-

2960

2960-

2980

2980-

3000

3000-

3020

3020-

3040

3040-

3060

3060-

3085

3085-

3100

3100-

3116

All Fractures 12 67 36 54 163 47 30 52 93 96 199 166 97 151

Fracture density for all fractures 0.6 3.35 1.8 2.7 8.15 2.35 1.5 2.6 4.65 4.8 9.95 6.64 6.5 9.4

Fractures over 1 m 2 7 20 23 98 27 13 12 27 41 40 38 14 75

Fracture density for fractures over 1 m 0.1 0.35 1 1.15 4.9 1.35 0.65 0.6 1.35 2.05 2 1.52 0.93

4.6875

4.1.3 Fracture sets

In Figure 4-3A, all 7668 mapped fractures are plotted on a stereogram, which shows the

plunges and trends of poles normal to the fracture planes. In Figure 4-3B, the three main

sets are distinguished: set 1 fractures are vertical, N-S-striking; set 2 fractures are

horizontal; set 3 fractures are vertical and ENE-WSW-striking.

22

Figure 4-3. A) Distribution of poles to all fractures in chainage 1980-3116. B)

Distribution of the main fracture sets in chainage 1980-3116. The declination has not

been added to the stereograms (equal area, lower hemisphere projection). Great circles

indicate the mean orientation of the sets outlined in the red boxes.

In Figure 4-4, fracture orientation data is plotted on a stereogram in respect to fracture

length. Fractures that are less than 1 m in length (Fig. 4-4A) plot in a similar pattern as

all the fractures (Fig. 4-4B). Horizontal fractures are rarer among the longer fractures,

whereas fractures parallel to foliation occur more frequently but do not form a clear set

(Fig. 4-4B, C & D). The proportion of vertical, ENE-WSW-striking set 3 fractures

reduces as the fracture length increases. Set 2 fractures are often slightly sub-horizontal

among the short fractures but get more horizontal, when the fracture length increases

(Fig. 4-4B, C & D).

A B

23

Figure 4-4. Distribution of poles to fractures in respect to fracture length in chainage

1980-3116. A) Fractures 0-1 m in length. B) Fractures 1-2 m in length. C) Fractures 2-3

m in length. D) Fractures exceeding 3 m in length. The declination has not been added

to the stereograms (equal area, lower hemisphere projection). Great circles indicate the

mean orientation of the sets outlined in the red boxes.

In Figure 4-5, the major fractures from chainage 1980-3116 have been plotted on

stereograms based on rock type. The VGN exhibits all three main sets, but the third set

is quite indistinctly visible. Compared to the upper parts of ONKALO, very modest

foliation-parallel fracturing is present in the VGN of this section. The set 2 fractures are

somewhat more sub-horizontal in the VGN than in the other rock types. The DGN also

shows all three main fracture sets and, despite that this rock type often has only a weak

or irregular foliation, there seems to be some foliation-parallel fracturing in the rock.

The pegmatitic granite contains all the three main sets, but the set 3 fractures are quite

rare. In addition, the pegmatitic granite contains a fourth set of NE-SW trending

fractures with moderate dip to SW. This set is not observed in any other rock type. The

MGN sections and inclusions typically contain the three main sets of fractures, but the

third set is quite vaguely visible. The QGN inclusions contain all three main sets of

fractures and are frequently more densely fractured than the surrounding rock. The KFP

is randomly fractured, but the amount of data from this rock type is very small from this

section of ONKALO.

A B

D C

24

Figure 4-5. Distribution of poles to fractures in different rock types in chainage 1980-

3116 m (equal area, lower hemisphere projection). The declination has not been added

to the stereograms. Great circles indicate the mean orientation of the sets outlined in

the red boxes.

There are some variations in the fracturing between the different rock types, some being

more fractured than others; intensively folded rock sections are commonly the least

fractured ones. Some rock types are also more favourable for specific fracture sets (Fig.

4-6). When dividing total amount of fractures in a specific rock type by the occurence of the

rock, DGN is the least fractured rock type but also the VGN rocks are quite intact. The

MGN and QGN inclusions are the most fractured rock types (Fig. 4-7).

KFP

VGN

PGR

DGN

MGN QGN

25

Rock type distribution in the main sets

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

SET 1 SET 2 SET 3

VGN

DGN

MGN

QGN

PGR

KFP

Figure 4-6. Distribution of rock types in the main fracture sets in chainage 1980-3116

m.

Distribution of fractures between the different rock types in chainage 1980-3116 m

21542070

1398

1135

886

24 10

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

QGN VGN MGN DGN PGR KFP TGG

Rock type

Nu

mb

er o

f fr

act

ure

s

Figure 4-7. Distribution of fractures/fracture observations between the different rock

types in chainage 1980-3116 m.

Table 4-2 displays the occurrences of the main sets in different parts of the chainage

1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel. Most parts of this tunnel section contain only two

of the main fracture sets and some parts also exhibit other fracture sets than the three

main ones. Set 1 fractures are rare in the first 160 m of this section, but form a clear set

in most other parts. Set 2 fractures are present in most parts but between 2440-2600,

they are more infrequent. Set 3 fractures are present in most parts, but occur slightly

more frequently between chainage 2425-2880 and are less regularly encountered at

chainages 1980-2425 and 2880-3045. Sets with other directions than the three main

ones are mostly found at the beginning and end of chainage 1980-3116. In Table 4-3

and Figures 4-8 to 4-10, the fracture orientation data is presented in intervals of 10-175

m in length. The length of the intervals was selected based on fracture orientation

variations.

26

Table 4-2. Occurrence of the main fracture sets in different parts of the ONKALO

access tunnel in chainage 1980-3116.

Depth from

Depth to Section length

(m) Rock type SET 1 SET 2 SET 3 OTHER

1980 1985 5 VGN X X

1985 2000 15 VGN X

2000 2015 15 VGN X X

2015 2035 20 VGN X X

2035 2090 55 VGN/DGN X X

2090 2115 25 VGN/DGN X

2115 2140 25 VGN/DGN X X

2140 2155 15 VGN X X X

2155 2200 45 VGN X X

2200 2210 10 VGN X

2210 2245 35 VGN X X

2245 2270 25 VGN X X

2270 2315 45 MGN/PGR/DGN X X

2315 2340 25 VGN/DGN X X

2340 2365 25 VGN X X X

2365 2375 10 VGN X X

2375 2425 50 VGN/PGR X X

2425 2435 10 VGN/DGN X X

2435 2440 5 VGN X

2440 2495 55 VGN/DGN X X

2495 2510 15 DGN X

2510 2600 90 VGN/DGN X X

2600 2640 40 VGN/DGN X X X

2640 2650 10 VGN/DGN X

2650 2680 30 VGN/DGN X X X

2680 2695 15 DGN X X

2695 2735 40 VGN/DGN/PGR X X X X

2735 2755 20 DGN X X

2755 2765 10 DGN X X X

2765 2780 15 VGN/DGN X X

2780 2855 75 VGN/DGN X

2855 2870 15 DGN X X X

2870 2880 10 DGN X X

2880 2920 40 DGN/PGR X X X

2920 2945 25 DGN/PGR X X

2945 2965 20 DGN X

2965 2995 30 DGN X X X

2995 3020 25 DGN X X

3020 3035 15 DGN X X X

3035 3045 10 DGN/KFP X X

3045 3116 71 VGN/DGN X X X

27

Table 4-3. Fracture set mean orientations in different parts of the ONKALO access

tunnel in chainage 1980-3116.

Depth from

Depth to

Section length

(m) Rock type

SET A DIP

SET A DDR

SET B DIP

SET B DDR

SET C DIP

SET C DDR

SET D DIP

SET D DDR

1980 1985 5 VGN 83 174 57 124

1985 2000 15 VGN 10 3

2000 2015 15 VGN 13 2 87 350

2015 2035 20 VGN 13 21 87 53

2035 2090 55 VGN/DGN 16 349 86 180

2090 2115 25 VGN/DGN 13 10

2115 2140 25 VGN/DGN 27 2 85 41

2140 2155 15 VGN 17 354 70 307 86 68

2155 2200 45 VGN 29 5 86 78

2200 2210 10 VGN 52 349

2210 2245 35 VGN 33 350 87 249

2245 2270 25 VGN 89 252 66 333

2270 2315 45 MGN/PGR/DGN 87 81 12 344

2315 2340 25 VGN/DGN 82 92 89 180

2340 2365 25 VGN 12 14 90 77 73 328

2365 2375 10 VGN 85 262 50 5

2375 2425 50 VGN/PGR 11 39 88 85

2425 2435 10 VGN/DGN 83 81 60 137

2435 2440 5 VGN 6 126

2440 2495 55 VGN/DGN 81 332 82 57

2495 2510 15 DGN 90 10

2510 2600 90 VGN/DGN 87 88 83 166

2600 2640 40 VGN/DGN 87 95 3 100 83 165

2640 2650 10 VGN/DGN 90 290

2650 2680 30 VGN/DGN 78 164 77 285 2 257

2680 2695 15 DGN 6 344 87 206

2695 2735 40 VGN/DGN/PGR 88 73 53 230 83 341 2 64

2735 2755 20 DGN 81 81 5 95

2755 2765 10 DGN 80 89 83 179 11 91

2765 2780 15 VGN/DGN 83 148 14 216

2780 2855 75 VGN/DGN 86 258

2855 2870 15 DGN 81 26 5 61 89 84

2870 2880 10 DGN 85 165 88 258

2880 2920 40 DGN/PGR 10 65 82 256 79 309

2920 2945 25 DGN/PGR 85 321 86 259

2945 2965 20 DGN 89 108

2965 2995 30 DGN 4 133 88 104 49 248

2995 3020 25 DGN 5 183 86 149

3020 3035 15 DGN 3 292 84 264 86 138

3035 3045 10 DGN/KFP 46 186 89 97

3045 3116 71 VGN/DGN 85 156 84 91 3 156

28

Figure 4-8. Distribution of poles to fractures and the different fracture sets in various

tunnel sections in chainage 1980-2365 m (equal area, lower hemisphere projection). The

declination has not been added to the stereograms. Great circles indicate the mean

orientation of the sets outlined by red boxes.

1980–1985 m 2000–2015 m 1985–2000 m

2035–2090 m 2015–2035 m 2090–2115 m

2115–2140 m 2140–2155 m 2155–2200 m

2200–2210 m 2210–2245 m 2245–2270 m

2270–2315 m 2315–2340 m 2340–2365 m

29




orientation of the sets outlined in the red boxes.

2365–2375 m 2375–2425 m 2425–2435 m

2735–2755 m 2755–2765 m

2765–2780 m

2495–2510 m

2510–2600 m

2435–2440 m 2440–2495 m

2600–2640 m 2640–2650 m

2695–2735 m 2650–2680 m 2680–2695 m

30




orientation of the sets outlined in the red boxes. 4.1.4 Fracture filling mineralogy

The fracture filling mineralogy is based on visual observations made during the

geological mapping of the tunnel. The mineral fillings were identified from one or more

points of a fracture surface. The thickness and mineralogy of fillings may vary along a

fracture surface. The most common filling minerals are calcite (CC) 48.6 %, pyrite (SK)

22.8 %, chlorite (KL) 9.2 %, kaolinite (KA) 4.8 %, epidote (EP) 4.5 %, muscovite (MU)

3.3 %, quartz (KV) 2.2 %, biotite (BT) 1.4 %, and illite (IL) 1 %. Also, small amounts

2870–2880 m 2780–2855 m 2855–2870 m

2880–2920 m 2920–2945 m 2945–2965 m

3020–3035 m 2965–2995 m 2995–3020 m

3035–3045 m 3045–3116 m

31

of graphite (GR) 0.9 %, unidentified clay minerals (SV) 0.7 %, pyrrhotite (MK) 0.04 %

and sericite (SR) 0.03 % were identified in some fractures. Pre-grouting cement (IM) is

found on 0.1 % of the fracture surfaces (Fig. 4-11). There are only some small

differences in filling mineralogy between the main fracture sets (Fig. 4-12). The filling

thickness varies from 0-100 mm, the average being 0.7 mm and the median 0.3 mm.

Fracture mineral distribution for all fractures

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

CC SK KL KA EP MU KV BT IL GR SV IM

Nu

mb

er o

f o

bse

rv

ati

on

s

Figure 4-11. Fracture mineral distribution in chainage 1980-3116.

Fracture filling distribution in the main sets

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

SET 1 SET 2 SET 3

Nu

mb

er o

f o

bse

rv

ati

on

s

CC

SK

KA

KL

BT

EP

SV

MU

KV

IL

GR

IM

Figure 4-12. Fracture mineral distribution in the main sets in chainage 1980-3116.

There are some noticeable differences in fracture filling mineralogy between different

sections of chainage 1980-3116 (Fig.4-13). Calcite is most dominat in the beginning

and end, slightly decreasing in the central parts. Epidote is not present at the beginning,

but is quite common in the central parts and at the end. Illite is most common in the

middle parts, graphite towards the end. Pyrite, chlorite and quartz are most dominant in

32

the central parts, but occur throughout this part of ONKALO. Muscovite occurs in most

parts of ONKALO and is normally found as filling mineral in the fractures of

pegmatitic granite. Biotite, pre-grouting cement, kaolinite, and unidentified clay

minerals show no considerable variations.

Fracture fillings in tunnel section chainage 1980-3116

0 %

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100 %

1980

-200

0

2020

-204

0

2060

-208

0

2100

-212

0

2140

-216

0

2180

-220

0

2220

-224

0

2260

-228

0

2300

-232

0

2340

-236

0

2380

-240

0

2420

-244

0

2460

-248

0

2500

-252

0

2540

-256

0

2580

-260

0

2620

-264

0

2660

-268

0

2700

-272

0

2740

-276

0

2780

-280

0

2820

-284

0

2860

-288

0

2900

-292

0

2940

-296

0

2980

-300

0

3020

-304

0

3060

-308

5

3100

-311

6

BT CC EP GR IM IL KA KL KV MU SK SV

Figure 4-13. Fracture filling mineralogy in the ONKALO access tunnel chainage 1980-

3116.

33

4.1.5 Fracture profile

The profile and surface of each fracture mapped in the ONKALO is classified according

to the Joint roughness classification (Jr value) from the Q-classification scheme (Barton

et al., 1974; Grimstad & Barton, 1993). A description of the various Q-parameters is

found in Appendix 5. The profile can be planar, undulating or stepped. For the

undulating and stepped fractures, undulation is measured. In the tunnel chainage 1980-

3116, undulation varies between 1-22 cm/m, the average being 1.9 cm/m and the mean

2 cm/m. The fracture surface can be slickensided, smooth or rough. The most common

fracture profiles in chainage 1980-3116 are planar rough (35.6 %) and planar smooth

(35.6 %) (Fig. 4-14). 71.8 % of all fractures are planar, 28.1 % are undulating and only

a fraction (8 pcs) is stepped. 48.9 % of the fractures have a rough surface, 43.5 % are

smooth and 7.6 % are slickensided. There are some small differences in profiles

between the main fracture sets (Fig. 4-15).

Fracture profiles in the ONKALO access tunnel chainage 1980-3116

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

PSL PSM PRO USL USM URO SSL SSM SRO

Nu

mb

er o

f o

bse

rv

ati

on

s

Figure 4-14. Fracture profiles in chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO access tunnel. P

= planar, U = undulating, S = Stepped, SL = slickensided, SM = smooth, RO = rough.

34

Fracture profile in the main sets

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

SET 1 SET 2 SET 3

Nu

mb

er o

f o

bse

rv

ati

on

s PSL

PSM

PRO

USL

USM

URO

SSL

SSM

SRO

Figure 4-15. Fracture profiles in the main fracture sets in the ONKALO access tunnel

chainage 1980-3116.

4.1.6 Slickensided fractures

In chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel, a total of 579 slickensided fractures

was recorded (Joint Roughness, Q-classification). Figure 4-16 is a detail photo of the

slickensided fracture 2735_10.

35

Figure 4-16. Detail photo of a slickensided fracture from chainage 2725 (fracture id:

2735_10, TCF P269). The width of the calcite and quartz filling is approximately 2 cm.

Lineations (slip direction) on the slickenside surfaces were observed in 299 fractures

and it was possible to determine a sense of movement in 159 of them (Appendix 2). The

fractures are classified using the Q-classification parameters and a fracture plane may

have the properties of a slickenside even though a striation is impossible to measure.

For kinematical analysis only fractures with measured lineation are used. The

slickensided fractures are mainly sub-vertical, N-S trending (main set 1) or sub-vertical

NE-SW trending, with dip to SE (Fig. 4-17A). The shape of the slickenside fractures is

commonly undulating (Fig, 4-14). Measurements from slickenside surfaces show

mostly N-S and NE-SW trending lineations, with shallow dip (Fig. 4-17B).

The kinematics or “fault-slip datum” (after Marret & Allmendinger 1990) of faults is

characterized by fault plane orientation, slip direction and sense-of-movement. A basic

problem which arises during the measurement of fault-slip data is that the orientation of

the fault plane is measured independently from the slip direction, which causes misfit

within the fault-slip datum, i.e. measured slip directions are not located on the fault

plane, but make an (acute) angle with it. In the Posiva Oy’s data acquisition programme

the maximum allowed misfit is set to 20 degrees and any fault-slip datum with a misfit

greater than this is omitted from any further analysis; misfits smaller than this are

considered as feasible from the point of view of qualitative fault slip analysis (Mattila et

al. 2008). The correction and analysis of the fault-slip data is done with TectonicsFP-

program (Ortner et al. 2002). Approximately 86 % of the measured fault-slip datum in

36

chainage 1980-3116 has a misfit less than 20 degrees, with an average value of 10.5

degrees.

Figure 4-17. A) Main sets of slickensided fractures in chainage 1980-3116 of the

ONKALO access tunnel. B) Distribution of striations on slickensided fractures. The

declination has not been added to the stereograms (equal area, lower hemisphere

projection).

In Figure 4-18, the corrected fault-slip data from chainage 1980-3116 is plotted in an

Anglier-plot, where the orientation of the fault is shown as a great circle and slip

direction as a point. The sense of movement is shown by arrow, which indicates the

direction of movement of the hanging-wall block. In the case of strike-slip faults, the

sense of movement is indicated by double tip arrow. The measurements with angular

misfits greater than 20 degrees have been removed.

A)

B)

37

In figure 4-19, the fault-slip data is divided into two main types based on the direction

of the fault planes (see Fig. 4-17A). The N-S-striking, vertical to sub-vertical

slickensides are mainly strike-slip faults with both sinistral and dextral sense of

movement (Fig 4-19A). The sub-vertical NE-SW-trending slickensides, with dip to SE,

are also mostly strike-slip faults with both sinistral and dextral sense of movement (Fig

4-19B).

Figure 4-18. Corrected fault-slip data from chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO

access tunnel, shown as an Anglier-plot (equal-area, lower hemisphere projection).

Angular misfits greater than 20 degrees have been removed.

Figure 4-19. Two sets, based on orientation of the fault plane, of corrected fault-slip

data from chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO access tunnel, shown as Anglier-plots

(equal-area, lower hemisphere projection). Angular misfits greater than 20 degrees

have been removed.

A)

B)

38

4.1.7 Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF)

The definition for a TCF is: a continuous fracture or an array of shorter, irregular

fractures that, combined with adjacent short fractures, form a continuous structural

feature which crosscuts the whole ONKALO tunnel, one wall to the other (Engström &

Kemppainen, 2008). The TCF corresponds to SKB’s definition Full Perimeter

Intersection (FPI) (Munier 2006). In the RG-classification scheme (see Table 4.2-2 in

the next chapter) developed by Gardemeister et al. (1976), these fractures are classified

as RiI fracture zones. Section 1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel contains 170 tunnel

crosscutting fractures formed by 177 individual fractures, which are listed in Appendix

3 and presented on a map in Fig. 4-20. The orientation of these fractures is mostly

vertical N-S-trending, sub-horizontal or vertical E-W-trending (Fig. 4-21). The most

common fracture filling minerals are calcite, pyrite, calcite, chlorite and epidote. A

majority of these fractures have an undulating slickensided surface and 10 of them are

water-conductive.

Figure 4-20. Distribution of poles to TCF in chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO

access tunnel. The declination has not been added to the stereograms (equal area,

lower hemisphere projection).

Figure 4-21. Tunnel crosscutting fractures(TCF) in the ONKALO access tunnel chainage 1980-3120.

39

41

5 DEFORMATION ZONE INTERSECTIONS

During the geological mapping, special attention was paid to the recognition of

deformation zones that intersect the tunnel. The type of a deformation zone intersection

was determined following the methodology explained in Milnes et al. (2007) and used

in the geological modelling of the Olkiluoto site (Paulamäki et al. 2006; Mattila et al.

2008). This methodology is derived from the fault rock classification of Sibson (1977),

which was developed by Scholz (2002). The deformation zones can be divided into five

categories: two with brittle character, two with ductile character and one intermediate

(Table 5-1). The brittle deformation zones show cohesionless or low-cohesive

deformation products: gouge, breccia, fractured rock and their partially or wholly

mineralized equivalents, while the semi-brittle and ductile deformation zones show

cohesive deformation products (Milnes et al. 2007).

Table 5-1. Classification of deformation zones (Milnes et al. 2007).

BJI Brittle Joint zone

Intersection The intersection shows no clear signs of lateral movement.

BFI Brittle Fault zone

Intersection The intersection shows clear signs of lateral movement.

SFI Semi-brittle Fault

zone Intersection

The zone shows fine-grained cohesive deformation products (e.g.

cataclasites, pseudotachylite and welded crush rocks), which are massive

and structureless.

DSI

Low-grade Ductile

Shear/deformation

zone Intersection

The zone shows fine-grained cohesive deformation products (e.g.

mylonites and phyllonites), which are strongly laminated and/or foliated,

and features which indicate that the deformation took place under low

PT conditions (retrograde with respect to the high-grade metamorphic

mineralogy of the wall rock).

HGI

High-Grade ductile

deformation zone

Intersection

The zone shows medium to coarse-grained cohesive deformation

products (e.g. blastomylonites), with strong foliation of banded or

schistose type, and features which indicate that the deformation took

place under high PT conditions (same as the wall rock, i.e. same high-

grade metamorphic mineralogy).

The deformation zone intersections are mapped according to the procedure described in

Engström & Kemppainen (2008). The attributes recorded for every intersection are

class, orientation, description, width of the whole zone and width of the core zone,

water leakage and possible connections to previously mapped intersections. A detailed

Q-classification is also carried out with specific Q-values for pre-, post- and core zones,

where the pre zone denotes the upper part of the intersection (towards the entrance of

the tunnel) and the post zone denotes the lower side of the intersection (towards the face

of the tunnel).

The ONKALO tunnel in the chainage 1980-3116 contains a total of 27 deformation

zone intersections, where the bedrock is more fractured, altered and/or deformed than

the surrounding rock (Fig. 5-1). These intersections fall into three of the five

deformation zone categories: the two brittle types BJI and BFI, and the high-grade

ductile type HGI. The brittle deformation zone intersections in the tunnel chainage

1980-3116 are primarily of the BFI-type (22 pcs.), showing signs of lateral movement

(fault zones), whereas only one BJI-type intersection is encountered. The high-grade

ductile deformation zone intersections are mainly zones of intensively banded

42

migmatitic gneisses or sections of KFP type rock, which have a characteristic

appearance denoted by K-feldspar porphyroblasts. Four HGI-type deformation zone

intersections were mapped in chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel.

Figure 5-1. Map of deformation zone intersections encountered in the ONKALO access tunnel, between chainage 1980 and 3120.

43

44

The deformation zone intersections roughly follow the general trend of the fracturing,

but a few characteristics are noteworthy (Fig. 5-2). The BJI deformation zone

intersection is sub-horizontal. The BFI-type deformation zone intersections are

primarily sub-vertical with an N-S-trending orientation, although they are also found in

the other two main fracture sets. The HGI-type deformation zone intersections mainly

follow the general trend of the foliation. All deformation zone intersections are

described in Appendix 4. Some intersections representative of the different types, is also

described in the text below.

Figure 5-2. Distribution of poles for deformation zone intersections in ONKALO access

tunnel, chainage 990-1980. The declination has not been added to the stereogram

(equal area, lower hemisphere projection).

The ONK-BJI-2390 (Fig. 5-3) intersection in chainage 2390-2422 has a 20°/024°

direction and is located in an unaltered, banded veined gneiss with quarts gneiss and

mica gneiss inclusions. Some pegmatitic granite and diatexitic gneiss are also found in

places. The intersection consists of numerous sub-horizontal fractures, the length of

which varies from tens of centimeters to almost twenty meters. The profile of the

fractures is usually planar rough, but undulating rough ones also exists. The fractures

commonly have calcite fillings with some pyrite also present. Some of the long

fractures were water-conducting before grouting. The intersection consists of the TCFs

P190, P191, P192, P193 and P196.

45

Figure 5-3. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BJI-2390 in the left wall of the

ONKALO access tunnel in chainage 2390-2405.

ONK-BFI-2185 (81°/055°) (Fig. 5-4) is a 4 m wide brittle fault zone intersection that

mainly comprises four different fractures, with some conjugate fractures in between. The

intersection contains no distinct core zone. The main fracture of the zone is TCF P158.

All fractures show a slickensided surface, but no kinematic indicators could be detected.

The intersection is located mainly in veined gneiss, which shows a weak epidotization in

the left wall of the tunnel. All main fractures contain a variety of clay minerals shifting

between KA, IL and SV.

46

Figure 5-4. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2185, in the right wall of the

ONKALO tunnel in chainage 2185-2190.

The 0.5 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2481 (70°/091°) (Fig. 5-5) is

dominated by TCF P199, which is splayed into multiple fracture planes. The long

fracture P200 is also part of the intersection, but is found outside the core. The core

zone of the intersection consists of about 25 cm thick fault gouge, which is not

continuous. This gouge is partly incohesive and composed mainly of grayish green clay

47

material. About 2 to 10 cm thick calcite fillings that are commonly accompanied by

galena, graphite, chlorite, epidote, quartz and pyrite. The small fracture surfaces within

the zone are slickensided. The intersection is inside VGN; however, the fracture planes

of the P199 go around one QGN inclusion (diameter > 0.5m) in the roof of the tunnel.

Figure 5-5. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2481, in the right wall of the


48

ONK-BFI-2515 (70°/099°) (Fig. 5-6) is 2 m wide and consists of TCFs P209, P210 and

P208. The TCF P206 is a splay from the intersection, but is not part of it. The core zone

of the intersection is composed of a cohesive breccia, which consists of calcite, quartz

and epidote. Fracture surfaces are slickensided and have chlorite and graphite coatings.

The thickness of the fillings varies from 1 to 20 cm.

Figure 5-6. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2515 with TCF P209, in the left

wall of the ONKALO access tunnel in chainage 2510-2520.

49

The 1 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2619 (72°/085°) (Fig. 5-7) is

constrained by the TCF P237, which contains 10 cm thick CC, KL, KV, SK, SV and ZN

fillings. The rock type is DGN, with some MGN inclusions in the tunnel roof. The

intersection is damp, and one spot in the right side of the roof, is dripping.

Figure 5-7. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2619 with TCF P237, in the left

wall of the ONKALO access tunnel in chainage 2615-2620.

50

The 6 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2931 (89°/107°) is composed of

TCFs P279-P282. Between the main faults there are several conjugate fractures, most of

which are dripping. The intersection is partly inside a niche on the left side. The

intersection is a sub-vertical fault with mainly strike-slip component and consisting of

two seemingly similar core sections with approximately 5 m distance from each other.

The thickness of the core sections are ca. 40-70 cm but the actual brecciated parts

consists of appr. 5-10 cm thick sections (small brecciated seams in the order of few cm).

On the edges of the cores, chlorite bearing surfaces show horizontal slickensides. The

core section also contains “implosive breccia” i.e. angular rock coasts of the size of few

mm to 10 cm within thick quartz matrix. Minerals inside the fault are: quartz, chlorite,

sulphides. Some clay bearing breccia seams crosscut the quartz matrix.

Figure 5-8. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2931 in the right wall of the


ONK-BFI-3113 (45°/110°) (Fig. 5-9) is 6.5 m wide and composed of multiple fractures

with variable orientations. Epidote alteration is observed within and close to the main

fracture TCF P315 that also has plagioclase + minor hydrothermal quartz filling of up to

ca. 2 cm. Fracture fillings also include pyrite, some chlorite and only some clay

minerals. Ductile background deformation is strong, in places almost mylonitic. The

zone also contains TCFs P315 and P316. This intersection is probably part of the same

zone as ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-39, ONK-KPE3-3032-BFI-18 and ONK-KPE2-3080-

BFI-15.

51

Figure 5-8. Deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-3113 in the right wall of the


52

ONK-HGI-1994 (61°/132°) (Fig. 5-9) differs from the surrounding rock mainly by its

banding and foliation. The rock type is veined gneiss but there are also some stromatic

features at places. In this section the banding is strong (BAN3) whereas in surrounding

rock it is weaker, BAN1-BAN2. The foliation is steep, crosscutting sharply the foliation

of the surrounding rock. Large mica gneiss inclusions are common. Foliation in this

intersection is 76°/126° as after the intersection it is 43°/144° and before 50°/130°. The

intersection contains also some pegmatitic granite inclusions and veins, which are 5-15

cm wide at average. Neosome content is ca. 50-60 %.

Figure 5-9. Deformation zone intersection ONK-HGI-1994 in the right wall of the


ONK-HGI-3018 (59°/307°) (Fig. 5-10) is a zone with migmatitic leucosome intruded in

the shear plane, sense of shear is reverse. The core zone is best visible in the right wall,

on left wall "intruded" by the leucosome. Possibly a local zone, but together with other

similar, smaller zones nearby may define a ductile deformation pattern. No visible

alteration in the core zone in right wall.

53

Figure 5-10. Deformation zone intersection ONK-HGI-3018 in the left wall of the

ONKALO tunnel in chainage 3020. Foliation is bending due to ductile shearing; arrows

indicate the dextral apparent sense of movement.

55

6 ALTERATION

According to the current geological model of the ONKALO area (Kemppainen et al.

2007), the bedrock in Olkiluoto was subjected to extensive hydrothermal activity and

local metasomatic alteration, which were linked to the tectonothermal evolution of the

area. During this evolution, zones of high permeability have repeatedly acted as

pathways for the hydrothermal fluids. Weathering and circulation of meteoric water

have also contributed to the alteration of the bedrock. The main alteration types

observed in Olkiluoto are kaolinisation and illitisation (formation of clay minerals),

carbonatisation and sulphidisation.

The rock in chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO access tunnel is mainly unaltered and

no noteworthy pervasive alterations were recorded. Some minor local substitutions of

cordierite by pinite, mica by chlorite and feldspar by kaolinite were, however, observed.

The geological mapping of the fracture-controlled alteration in the ONKALO access

tunnel is based on the fracture minerals determined during the systematic geological

mapping (see Fig.4-13). On the basis of the geological mapping and joint alteration

number (Ja) given for each mapped fracture for the Q-classification (see Appendix 5),

most fractures are unaltered or only slightly altered in chainage 1980-3116 of the

ONKALO tunnel (Fig. 6-1) and there are no great differences between the main fracture

sets (Fig. 6-2). The degree of carbonitisation is constantly high in all parts of this tunnel

section. The amounts of pyrite and kaolinite are greatest in the central parts. Illite is

most common in the second quarter of chainage 1980-3116, while small amounts of

clay occur here and there, mostly in association with deformation zones. Epidotisation

is quite pronounced in the second half of this section (Fig. 6-3 and 6-4).

56

Ja for all fractures

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0.75 1 2 3 4 >=5

Figure 6-1. The distribution of joint alteration numbers for fractures in chainage 1980-

3116 of the Onkalo access tunnel.

Ja value in the main sets

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

SET 1 SET 2 SET 3

0.75

1

2

3

4

>=5

Figure 6-2. The distribution of joint alteration numbers for fractures in the main sets in

chainage 1980-3116 of the Onkalo access tunnel.

57

Alteration minerals

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1980-

2040

2040-

2100

2100-

2160

2160-

2220

2220-

2280

2280-

2340

2340-

2400

2400-

2460

2460-

2520

2520-

2580

2580-

2640

2640-

2700

2700-

2760

2760-

2820

2820-

2880

2880-

2940

2940-

3000

3000-

3060

3060-

3116

Chainage

% o

f fr

actu

res

CC IL KA SK SV EP

Figure 6-3. The occurence of alteration minerals calcite (CC), illite (IL), kaolinite

(KA), pyrite (SK), unidentified clay minerals (SV) and epidote (EP) in the fractures

observed in the ONKALO access tunnel, chainage 1980-3116.

Alteration minerals

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1980-

2040

2040-

2100

2100-

2160

2160-

2220

2220-

2280

2280-

2340

2340-

2400

2400-

2460

2460-

2520

2520-

2580

2580-

2640

2640-

2700

2700-

2760

2760-

2820

2820-

2880

2880-

2940

2940-

3000

3000-

3060

3060-

3116

Chainage

% o

f all m

inera

ls

CC IL KA SK SV EP

Figure 6-4. The relative alteration mineral distribution as percent of all alteration

minerals in different sections of the ONKALO access tunnel, chainage 1980-3116.

Calcite (CC), illite (IL), kaolinite (KA), pyrite (SK), unidentified clay minerals (SV) and

epidote (EP).

59

7 WATER LEAKAGE

Water leakages, where present, were also characterised during the geological mapping.

Waterleakage mapping is also done afterwards on several occasions. The

characterisation is based on visual observations and the following classification (1-5):

1. The surface of a fracture is dry.

2. The surface of a fracture is damp.

3. The surface of a fracture is wet.

4. The surface of a fracture is dripping.

5. Water flowing from a fracture surface.

The tunnel sections are washed before mapping; as a result, the mapped area is usually

wet and observation of weak water leakages is difficult.

The 19 water-leaking fractures found during the systematic mapping of chainage 1980-

3116 are presented in Table 7-1. The observed water leakages were classified as damp,

wet or dripping. Many of these fractures are horizontal or vertical and N-S- trending

(Fig. 7-1), and 8 of them are tunnel crosscutting (TCF) (Table 7-1). The mapping of

water leakages was carried out on several occasions after the systematic geological

mapping. The water leakage map in Fig. 7-2 is a result of mappings carried out by Jari

Heikkinen on 22.1.2009, 5.5.2009 and 12.5.2009.

Figure 7-1. Distribution of poles to all water conducting fractures in chainage 1980-

3116. The declination has not been added to the stereograms (Equal area, lower

hemisphere projection).

60

Table 7-1. Water conducting fractures in the ONKALO access tunnel in chainage 1980-

3116. See the bottom of the table for abbreviations.

# Structural element

Orientation Fracture length

(m) Ja

Fracture filling Rock type

Water leakage

TCF ID Chainage

and fracture nr Dip

Dip dir.

Minerals + oxidation Width

1 JO 19 214 0.27 1 CC SK 0.2 QGN DAMP 2015_8

2 JO 59 134 1.92 4 KL CC SK IL 6 VGN Wet 2185_38

3 TCF 86 94 15.5 3 CC KL 40 VGN Wet P165 2225_1

4 JO 10 209 2.07 1 CC 0.2 PGR Damp 2400_16

5 JO 73 128 3 2 KA SK KV KL 0.4 VGN Damp 2475_13

6 TCF 84 127 15 1 SK CC KV KL 2 DGN Damp P229 2575_3

7 JO 78 142 5 1 CC SK KL 0.5 DGN Damp 2580_5

8 JO 40 15 1.1 2 CC SK KA SV 1 VGN Wet 2585_30

9 TCF 80 88 16 4 KV KL SK PB SV ZN 100 DGN Wet P237 2615_5

10 TCF 89 76 18 4 CC KL GR SV KV SK 40 VGN Damp P238 2620_1

11 TCF 81 96 16 4 KL KV CC SK GR 100 DGN Damp P273 2755_9

12 TCF 79 74 20 4 KL GR CC KV SV SK 100 DGN Dripping P279 2925_3

13 JO 35 288 2.88 3 CC EP SV GR SK BT 0.8 PGR Dripping 2930_21

14 JO 63 234 2.55 2 CC EP GR SK BT KV 0.5 PGR Dripping 2930_22

15 JO 43 296 2.91 1 CC KV EP 0.3 PGR Damp 2930_24

16 JO 82 309 4.5 1 CC KV EP 0.4 PGR Damp 2930_25

17 TCF 88 262 15 2 GR CC KL SK 2 DGN Dripping P281 2930_39

18 TCF 81 89 20 6 SV KL CC KV EP GR 70 DGN Dripping P282 2935_11

19 JO 81 340 4 2 CC SK KL 0.9 DGN Damp 2935_30

JO = Fracture, TCF = Tunnel Crosscutting Fracture

Biotite (BT), calcite (CC), epidote (EP), graphite (GR), illite (IL), kaolinite (KA), chlorite (KL), quartz (KV), pyrite (SK), sphalerite (ZN), galena (PB) and unidentified clay minerals (SV).

VGN = Veined Gneiss, MGN = Mica Gneiss, QGN = Quartz Gneiss

61

Figure 7-2. Water leakage in the ONKALO access tunnel at chainage a) 2040-2580

(22.1.2009), b) 2560-2760 (5.5.2009), c) 2760-3000 (12.5.2009) and d) 3000-3160

(12.5.2009).

B)

A)

D)

C)

63

8 ROCK MASS QUALITY (Q-CLASSIFICATION)

The Q-classification scheme (Barton et al. 1974; Grimstad & Barton 1993) was used in

order to determine the rock mass quality. Descriptions of the various Q-parameters is

found in Appendix 5; these parameters were estimated visually for each section. The

rock quality designation (RQD) was defined on the basis of visual estimation of the total

amount of fracturing in the tunnel. The joint set numbers (Jn) were first estimated

visually in the tunnel and later verified from stereograms. Joint roughness (Jr) and

alteration (Ja) numbers were determined for each fracture. For each mapped section, the

Jr and Ja numbers were calculated (1st quarter, 3

rd quarter, average and median) from all

measured fractures over 1 m in length. In the calculation of the Q-value, Jr and Ja

number median values were used. Joint water reduction number (Jw) and stress

reduction factor (SRF) were estimated visually for each section. The Q-value was

calculated using the following equation (Barton et al. 1974; Grimstad & Barton 1993):

SRF

J

J

J

J

RQDQ w

a

r

n

**

The Q-classification for chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO tunnel was done for

every ~5 m long section; the results are listed in Appendix 6 and presented as a map in

Fig. 8-2. For the deformation zones, a more detailed classification was carried out

regarding core-, pre- and postcore zones. The Q-quality varies from very poor to

exceptionally good, being mainly extremely good. The exceptionally good rock quality

is concentrated to the first 500 m of chainage 1980-3116; this is mostly due to the

change of the SRF value from 1 to 5 after chainage 2500. At brittle fault zone

intersections, the rock quality varies typically from good to very poor.

Appendix 6 contains also a geological strength index (GSI) value, which was calculated

using the following equations (Hoek et al. 1995):

44´ln9 QGSI , where a

r

n J

J

J

RQDQ *´

The GSI value can also be estimated visually, which is the procedure for drillhole

logging at the Olkiluoto study site. The two parameters that are considered when

estimating the GSI value visually (using the table for Schistose metamorphic rocks in

Hoek & Karzulovic, 2001) are the rock mass structure and the surface conditions of the

fractures. The rock mass structure takes into account the foliation and folding of the

rock, while the surface conditions takes into account the roughness and filling of the

fractures. The GSI value varies between 0-100, 0 implicating bad and 100 implicating

excellent rock quality (Hoek et al. 1995). In chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO

tunnel, the GSI value varies between 62 and 100 (Appendix 6).

For each joint set, the mean orientation, friction angle, waviness angle and mean length

of the fractures were calculated using Dips programme. All fractures less than 1 m in

length were excluded from these calculations. The friction angle ( ' ) takes into account

64

the ratio between roughness (Jr) and alteration (Ja) numbers for the fractures, and is

calculated with the following equation (Barton, 2002):

o

a

r

J

J)(tan ' 1

The friction angle for fractures varies from clean-and-rough-and-discontinuous (79°) to

slickensided-and-thinly-clay-filled (2°) (Barton, 2002). In chainage 1980-3116 of the

ONKALO tunnel, the friction angle for the joint sets varies from 9° to 71° (Appendix

6).

The waviness angle is calculated with the simplification that a fracture undulates like a

right-angled triangle, as shown in Figure 8-1; accordingly, the following equation was

used in the calculation:

)50

)/((tanangle Waviness 1

cm

mcmUndulation

Figure 8-1. Illustration showing the assumptions used in the calculation of waviness

angle.

The waviness angle for the joint sets in chainage 1980-3116 varies from 0° to 6.8° and

the mean length in the joint sets varies from 1.01 m to 56 m (Appendix 6).

Figure 8-2. Map presenting the rock mass quality (Q) of the ONKALO tunnel in chainage 990-1980.

65

67

9 SUMMARY

The bedrock in chainage 1980-3116 of the ONKALO access tunnel is mainly composed

of veined gneiss and diatexitic gneiss. In addition, many dykes and sections of pegmatic

granite, sections of mica gneiss and K-feldspar porphyry are also present. There are also

numerous inclusions of mica gneiss, quartz gneiss and skarn. On the basis of the

geological mapping in chainage 1980-3116, the rock is mostly unaltered. Only some

moderately altered sections are present and most alterations are fracture-controlled. The

carbonitisation of fractures is constantly high in all parts of this section. The amount of

pyrite and kaolinite is greatest in the central parts of this tunnel section. Illite is most

common in the second quarter, while small amounts of clay occur here and there,

mostly in association with deformation zones. Epidotisation is quite pronounced in the

second half of chainage 1980-3116.

The pervasive foliation of the gneisses dips moderately towards southeast. 14 fold axes

and axial planes were measured and all have been interpreted as belonging to

deformation phase D3. The measured fold axes have various orientations, but mostly

plunge moderately towards ENE or WSW. The axial planes typically dip moderately

towards SE. Two sub-vertical, NE-trending lineations were also observed. Three main

fracture sets were distinguished from the measured orientations: set 1 fractures are

vertical and strike approximately N-S, set 2 fractures are more or less horizontal and set

3 fractures are vertical and E-W-striking. Horizontal fractures are rarer and more

foliation-parallel ones occur among the longer fractures (1 m and over in length). There

are, however, large variations between different tunnel sections and between different

rock types and most parts contain only two of the three main sets.

A total of 579 slickensided fractures were mapped. The slickensided fractures are

mainly sub-vertical, N-S-striking (main set 1) or sub-vertical, NE-SW-trending ones

with dips to SE. Measurements from slickenside surfaces show N-S and NE-SW

trending lineations with shallow dips. Most os the slickensided fractures are strike-slip

faults and exhibit sinistral and dextral sense of movement. Chainage 1980-3116

contains 170 tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF) with mostly vertical. N-S-trending or

sub-horizontal or vertical E-W trending orientation.

27 deformation zone intersections were observed, 23 brittle deformation zone

intersections and 4 with high-grade ductile character. The Q-classification was used in

order to determine the rock mass quality along the tunnel, separately for every ~5 m

long section. The Q-quality varies from very poor to exceptionally good, being mainly

extremely good. The exceptionally good rock quality is concentrated to the first 500 m

of this tunnel section; this is mostly due to the change of the SRF value from 1 to 5 after

chainage 2500. At brittle fault zone intersections, the rock quality varies typically from

good to very poor.

69

REFERENCES

Barton, N. 2002. Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterization and

tunnel design. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002)

Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 185–216.

Barton, N. Lien & R. Lunde, J. 1974. Engineering classification of rock masses for the

design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, Vol 6, No 4, p. 189–236.

Engström, J. & Kemppainen, K. 2006b. Geological outcome from the ONKALO

underground reasearch facility, chainage 310-700. Posiva Oy. Memorandum ONK-

002621.

Engström, J. & Kemppainen, K. 2007. Geological outcome from the ONKALO

underground reasearch facility, chainage 700-850. Posiva Oy. Memorandum.

Engström, J. & Kemppainen, K. 2008. Evaluation of the Geological and Geotechnical

Mapping Procedures in use in the ONKALO Access Tunnel. Posiva Oy. Working

Report 2008-77.

Gardemeister, R., Johansson, S., Korhonen, P., Patrikainen, P., Tuisku, T. & Vähäsarja,

P. 1976. Application of the Finnish engineering geological classification (in Finnish).

Espoo, Finland: Technical Research Centre of Finland, Geotechnical laboratory,

Research note 25, 39 p.

Grimstad, E. & Barton, N. 1993. Updating of the Q-system for NMT. Proc. of the

International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete. Fagernes, Norway. Kompen, E. Opsahl,

Berg. Norwegian Concrete Association, p. 46–66.

Hoek, E., Kaiser, P. K. & Bawden, W.F. 1995. Support of Underground Excavations in

Hard Rock. Balkema, Rotterdam, 215 p.

Hoek, E & Karzulovic, A. 2001. Rock mass properties for surface mines, In: Slope

stability in surface mining, Chapter 6, 59-703-202, (Eds.Hustrulid, W.A., McCarter

M.K. & Van Zyl, D.J.A.), Littleton, Society forMining, Metallurgy, and Exploration,

Inc. (SME).

Kemppainen, K., Ahokas, T., Ahokas, H., Paulamäki, S., Paananen, M., Gehör, S. &

Front, K. 2006. The ONKALO area model, version 1. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy.

Working Report 2007-71.

Kärki, A. & Paulamäki, S. 2006. Petrology of Olkiluoto. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy.

Posiva 2006-02. 77 p.

Lehtinen, A. & Hirvonen, H. 2007. Watersampling from the leaking structures and

fractures after grouting in ONKALO 2005-2006. Posiva Oy. POSIVA 2006-28.

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Marret, R., & Allmendinger, R. W., 1990. Kinematic analysis of fault slip data. Journal

of Structural Geology, Vol. 12, No. 8. pp 973-986.

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Front, K., Gehör, S., Kärki, A. & Ahokas, T., 2008. Geological Model of the Olkiluoto

Site, Version 1.0. Posiva Oy. Working Report 2007-92.

Mattila, J. 2006. A system of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto. Posiva Oy.

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Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. p. 43-45.

71

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Lithological descriptions of all the mapped sections.

Appendix 2: Fractures showing kinematic indicatiors.

Appendix 3: Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF).

Appendix 4: Deformation zone intersections.

Appendix 5: Description of the various Q-parameters: RQD, Jn, Jr, Ja, Jw and SRF.

Appendix 6: Q-parameters and Q-quality for each 5 m chainage.

Appendix 7: Table sheet used in the systematic geological mapping of the ONKALO

tunnel.

73

Appendix 1. Lithological descriptions of all the mapped sections at chainage 1980-3116.

From To Rock Type

Description

1980 1985 VGN

Intensely banded and moderately folded VGN BAN3. Some MGN/QGN inclusions which have clear lineation in mica grains at places. Some MGN inclusions have QGN rim which is about 10 cm wide. Neosome content ca. 40-50 %. All fractures are in MGN or in QGN inclusions.

1985 1990 VGN

Moderately and partly intensely banded VGN with some PGR veins and MGN/QGN inclusions. Some quite large MGN inclusions are surrounded by QGN rims at places. In these cases the biotite rich core in MGN is more coarse-grained than the QGN parts. Intact rock.

1990 1995 VGN

Moderately and partly intensely banded VGN with some PGR veins and MGN/QGN inclusions. Some quite large MGN inclusions are surrounded by QGN rims at places. In these cases the biotite rich core in MGN is coarser than the QGN. Intact rock, neosome content ca 55 %.

1995 2000 VGN Moderately and partly intensely banded VGN with some PGR veins and quite large MGN/ (QGN) inclusions. PGR contains also some pinite in places. Intact rock, neosome content ca.55 %.

2000 2005 VGN Intensely banded (BAN2-3) VGN with some elongated QGN/MGN inclusions. Also some pinite bearing PGR sections especially in the roof. Neosome content ca. 45–55 %. Intact rock.

2005 2010 VGN Moderately banded VGN with QGN inclusions. Some PGR sections with pinite grains, especially in the right wall. Intact rock. Neosome content ca. 45–55 % VGN.

2010 2015 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded VGN, also some diatexitic features. Some QGN inclusions and PGR sections. Almost all fractures are in QGN. Neosome content ca. 50–60 %.

2015 2020 VGN

Weakly banded veined gneiss with 40 % neosome amount. The rock contains 1-30 cm wide boudinaged veins. Some folding of the veins is also visible. Some pyrite dissemination occurs. Very intact rock with only minor fractures in QGN inclusions.

2020 2025 VGN Weakly to moderately banded, folded VGN, 35 % leucosome, very intact rock with only minor fractures

2025 2030 VGN

Moderately banded veined gneiss with a very linear structure and almost vertical foliation. Very intact rock with only minor fractures in QGN inclusions and VGN, most are sub-horizontal and CC filled. A large MGN inclusion in the roof.

2030 2035 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some QGN/MGN inclusions. Good intact rock, fractures are mostly in inclusions.

2035 2040 VGN Mainly moderately banded veined gneiss, some MGN / QGN inclusions. Neosome content 45–55 %.

2040 2045 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. Neosome content ca. 55 %, also some PGR inclusions and veins

2045 2050 VGN Moderately banded VGN, 35 % neosome. Intact rock with only minor fractures in MGN / QGN inclusions.

2050 2055 VGN

Weakly to moderately banded VGN containing ca 40 % PGR neosome veins. Some parts get a bit nebulitic and coarse-grained (close to DGN) but others are clearly banded. The widht of the veins is normally 1 - 2 cm but varies from 0.1 - 30 cm. Very intact rock with only one long slickensided fracture in left wall and roof.

2055 2060 VGN

The rock is very varying in texture. The first 3 m consists of a moderately to intensely banded VGN but at the end the rock gets coarse grained and nebulitic in character and the rock type changes into DGN. One major slickensided fracture. In right wall also a few PGR dykes (boudinaged).

74

From To Rock Type

Description

2060 2065 DGN

Diatexitic gneiss containing ca 65% PGR neosome. Coarse grained rock with many small roundish or elongated MGN/QGN inclusions. A large MGN inclusion in the roof. In the right wall shearband (dextral) is visible with the approximate direction of 58/308 degrees.

2065 2070 VGN Irregularly banded VGN, with some diatexitic features especially in the rigth wall. Also some QGN / MGN inclusions. Neosome content ca 55 %. Partly intensely folded, chevron folds, at places.

2070 2075 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with large MGN inclusions. Neosome content in VGN ca 50 %. Some places intensively folded. The amount of pyrite seems to increase at places.

2075 2080 DGN Irregularly banded diatexitic gneiss with some large MGN inclusions. Also some veined gneiss at places and PGR lenses.

2080 2085 DGN Left wall DGN, roof VGN, right wall PGR + VGN. VGN weakly banded with some folding. Some minor fractures in QGN inclusions. Neosome content 60 %.

2085 2090 DGN Weakly banded VGN on right wall and roof, left wall irregularly banded DGN. Some PGR veins and QGN inclusions. Most fractures are in the inclusions.

2090 2095 DGN

Irregularly banded DGN which also consist of some quite large elongated MGN inclusions as well as large PGR veins. PGR is strongly epidotized at places. Some parts are also strongly folded. Most fractures are in MGN inclusions.

2095 2100 DGN Large mica gneiss inclusions surrounded by coarse grained PGR and DGN. Almost all fractures are sub-horizintal and in MGN. Boundaries between DGN and PGR are not clear.

2100 2105 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with some PGR veins and MGN inclusions, especially in the roof.

2105 2110 VGN Irregularly banded VGN, partly intensively folded. On the left wall some large MGN inclusions and PGR veins surrounding the inclusions.

2110 2115 DGN In both walls large MGN inclusions, otherwise DGN + PGR. DGN is irregularly banded. Most fractures are in MGN inclusions, some PGR veins also in MGN. The veins are folded and locally boudinged.

2115 2120 DGN Mostly irregularly banded DGN with some PGR. There are also small QGN inclusions. Neosome content is ca. 70 %.

2120 2125 VGN VGN with some diatexitic features. Irregularly banded with some MGN / QGN inclusions. Also some PGR veins.

2125 2130 VGN Irregularly banded VGN, left wall partly diatexitic gneiss. Also some PGR veins and MGN / QGN inclusions.

2130 2135 VGN Weakly banded VGN with some MGN ang QGN inclusions. Some larger PGR bodies. Neosome content c. 55 %. Most of the fractures are in the inclusions.

2135 2140 VGN Weakly banded VGN with PGR dykes on both walls. Some small QGN inclusions. Neosome content c. 55 %.

2140 2145 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with some MGN / QGN inclusions. One large PGR vein crosscuts whole section. Intact rockmass.

2145 2150 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. One larger PGR vein goes from the wall to the roof. Intact rock.

2150 2155 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some larger PGR veins. Some small MGN and QGN inclusions. Most of the minor fractures are inside inclusions.

2155 2160 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some PGR veins in the roof. Some MGN and QGN inclusions. Most fractures are close to the TCF in the next round.

2160 2165 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN. Locally very intense folding. Some QGN inclusions. One TCF with moderate dip. Small fractures are either in inclusions or joined with the TCF.

75

From To Rock Type

Description

2165 2170 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some MGN and QGN inclusions. Fairly intense folding with sub-horizontal axial plane. Neosome content 66 % with some kaolinite spots. Most fractures are inside inclusions.

2170 2175 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some QGN, MGN inclusions. Most fractures are joined or near croscutting TCF, or inside the inclusions. Neosome content 55 %.

2175 2180 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some large MGN inclusions and some PGR parts. Most fractures are inside inclusions or joined with TCF 2155_36.

2180 2185 VGN

Moderately banded VGN especially in the left wall and roof. Right wall irregularly banded. Some MGN / QGN inclusions. Long TCF fracture (2155_36) ends in the right wall. Some long sub-vertical fractures appear in the right wall. Neosome content ca. 40 %.

2185 2190 VGN

Irregularly banded VGN with some MGN / QGN inclusions. Clear BFI intersection especially on the right wall where some sub-vertical USL fractures are crosscutting the tunnel. There are also some shorter USL fractures between them.

2190 2193.7 VGN Moderately banded VGN, with some QGN / MGN inclusions. Neosome content 50 %.

2193.7 2193.8 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded VGN with QGN inclusions. Intact rock. Neosome content ca. 45 - 50 %.

2193.8 2200 VGN Tunnel face. Moderately banded VGN. Some QGN, MGN inclusions. Neosome content 50 %. PGR has pinite / cordierite grains.

2200 2205 VGN Moderately banded VGN. Intackt rock with some QGN inclusions. Neosome content ca. 50 %.

2205 2210 VGN Irregularly banded VGN, very intact rock. Neosome content ca. 55 - 60 %.

2210 2215 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded VGN with some QGN inclusions. In the roof one large but quite narrow QGN inclusion, 10 - 30 cm wide and ca. 8 m long. Neosome content ca. 50 - 55 %.

2215 2220 VGN Irregulary banded VGN, near QGN inclusions banding becomes intense. This section contains some quite long but thin QGN inclusions. Contacts are biotite-rich and some alterations to chlorite can be observed.

2220 2225 VGN Roof contains a moderately banded VGN. Right wall mainly MGN, due to the cut effect. Left wall weakly banded VGN. Most fractures are in MGN or QGN inclusions on in the contacts.Neosome content ca. 50 %.

2225 2230 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some large MGN inclusions.Neosome content 45-50 %.

2230 2235 VGN

Weakly to moderately banded VGN, some large MGN inclusions and many smaller MGN and QGN inclusions. TCF's cut the inclusions which contain most of the fractures.TCF2225_1 contain some unidentified mineral. Neosome content ca 40 %. A few 1-10 cm size tourmaline crystals in PGR.

2235 2240 VGN

Weakly banded VGN that in the lower parts of the left wall turns towards diatexitic type of gneiss. The rock also contains a few ireggularly shaped MGN Inclusions. The neosome content is 40-50 %. The two TCF (2225_1 & 2230_1) from the previous round reaches this round in the left wall and therfore the rock is more intensely fractured there, otherwise very intact.

2240 2245 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. In the left wall small DGN + PGR bodies. Neosome content ca. 60 %.

2245 2250 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. Most fractures are near TCF. Neosome content ca. 50 %.

2250 2255 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with PGR veins especially in the left wall and roof. One TCF fracture crosscuts the round. Also some MGN inclusions. Most fractures near TCF fracture 2245_1.

2255 2260 PGR Mostly coarse grained PGR. Some VGN at places

76

From To Rock Type

Description

2260 2265 PGR Coarse grained PGR with some small VGN inclusions. On the left wall densely fractured large MGN inclusion. Inclusion contains some long USL fractures and many shorter ones. Clear BFI.

2265 2270 VGN Moderately banded VGN, some MGN in the roof, a BFI intersection with one clear TCF fracture 2260_9.

2270 2275 VGN

Weakly banded VGN intercalated in between parts of PGR and MGN inclusions. The BFI from the previous section crosscuts the roof and the right wall. Locally very well formed leucosome/melanosome pairs. Leucosome content in the VGN is 45-55 %. Intact rock unit with few fractures.

2275 2280 MGN Large partly elongated MGN inclusions surrounded by PGR. Leucosome content approximately 45-50 %. Walls are weakly banded.

2280 2285 MGN Large elongated MGN inclusions surrounded by coarse grained PGR veins. Leucosome content varies between 35-40 %. Left wall and roof are moderately banded.

2285 2290 MGN

The roof of the tunnel was due to safety reasons sprayed with concrete immediately after the excavation, thus the roof is excluded in the systematic mapping of this section. Long elongated MGN inclusions and coarse grained PGR between them.

2290 2295 MGN Banded MGN. PGR as leucosome. Intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 30 %. Roof covered by shotcrete.

2295 2300 MGN Mainly MGN, left wall is composed of diatexitic gneiss. Also some PGR and VGN. MGN contains many sub-vertical fractures. Roof covered by shotcrete because of some long sub-horizontal fractures

2300 2305 MGN Mostly MGN, left wall consist of DGN, VGN and PGR with some MGN inclusions. Right wall and roof MGN. Roof covered by shotcrete because of some long sub-vertical fractures.

2305 2310 PGR

PGR that is intercalated with primarily elongated MGN inclusions. The PGR has a pale grey to white colour and it is medium to coarse grained. The PGR also contains occasionally some cordierite or its alteration derivate pinite. The section contains quite long planar fractures, often with a shallow dip.

2310 2315 DGN Intact diatexitic gneiss with MGN/QGN inclusions and PGR veins.

2315 2320 VGN Irregulary banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. Also some pegmatitic granite and DGN. Clear BFI in the right wall, this area is densely fractured and contains a TCF.

2320 2325 DGN

Mostly irregulary banded DGN with some VGN and PGR. Also MGN/QGN inclusions. One 40 cm wide mica rich layer with pyrite and graphite occurs. Mostly intackt rock. One TCF 2315_6 crosscuts roof. Niche in the left wall.

2325 2330 VGN

Irregulary banded VGN, left wall PGR, some MGN in the roof. Clear BFI crosscuts this round, ca. 1 m wide with main fracture TCF 13. Also some long fractures from earlier rounds continue to this section.

2330 2335 VGN Moderately banded VGN also PGR and MGN. Mainly intact rock but on the left wall some long fractures parallel to the banding. Also TCF 2325_13 starts from the right wall.

2335 2340 VGN Irregulary banded VGN but also some diatexitic areas. Some MGN/QGN inclusions.

2340 2345 VGN From moderately to irregularly banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions and also DGN at places. Very intact rock

2345 2350 VGN

Moderately to intensively banded VGN with some small MGN/QGN inclusions. Most fractures are inside inclusions. Leucosomes are boudinaged and folded. Mica layers form schlierens. Leucosome content ca. 50 %, intact rock.

77

From To Rock Type

Description

2350 2355 VGN

Moderately to intensively banded VGN with some small MGN/QGN inclusions. Most fractures are in inclusions. Leucosomes are boudinaged and folded. Mica layers form schlierens. Leucosome content ca. 55 %, intact rock.

2355 2360 VGN Intensively banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. Very intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 50 %

2360 2365 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. Most fractures are near crosscutting TCF 2355_11. Neosome content ca. 60 %

2365 2370 VGN Partly strongly banded VGN with QGN/MGN inclusions. Also one large elongated MGN inclusion which crosscuts the whole tunnel. TCF 19 and 15 are in the contacts.

2370 2375 VGN Intensively banded VGN with some quite large elongated MGN/QGN inclusions. These inclusions are in many places surrounded by long fractures.

2375 2380 VGN Moderately to intensively banded VGN with some small MGN/QGN inclusions. Intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 45 %

2380 2385 VGN Moderately to intensively banded .VGN with some elongated MGN inclusions and small QGN inclusions. Most fracrures are close to the crosscutting TCF 9. Possible BFI. Leucosome content ca 55 %.

2385 2390 VGN

Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some small MGN/QGN inclusions. Crosscutting TCF 11 which has numerous long fractures joined. Also TCF 2380_9 cuts the chainage as well as TCF 16. Some long fractures either join or intersect each other in the chainage. Neosome content ca. 60 %.

2390 2395 VGN Irregular to moderately banded VGN with MGN/QGN inclusions. One BFI crosscuts this round from right to left. Also many shorter sub-horizontal fractures in the walls.

2395 2400 VGN

Moderately banded VGN with some elongated MGN inclusions. BFI ends in the left wall. Some PGR in the roof. One larger MGN inclusion in the right wall. Two fracture sets, sub-vertical one is in BFI, and the other is sub-horizontal.

2400 2405 PGR

Mainly coarse-grained PGR with quite large feldspar grains. The PGR has a white to pale-pinkish colour. One large MGN inclusion in the roof and partly in the left wall. Also some small sections of VGN with weak banding (BAN1). The section contains several long sub-horizontal fractures, thus giving a Jn=2.

2405 2410 PGR

PGR and VGN, most of the left wall contains PGR while right wall is VGN dominated. In roof fairly unfractured MGN 1m in diameter, rest of the roof PGR. VGN weakly to irregulary banded. One vertical TCF fracture cuts x2 the round and the horizontal fracture from previous rounds continues.

2410 2415 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. VGN is quite strongly folded and foliation changes from sub-horizontal to sub-vertical. Most fractures are in inclusions. Leucosome content ca. 50 %.

2415 2420 VGN DGN with some small patches of VGN. Some earlier sub-vertical fractures continue to this round otherwise intact rock. Leucosome contenty ca.80 %.

2420 2425 VGN Very irregularly banded and folded VGN. Some larger PRR sections and MGN/QGN inclusions. Also some diatexitic features at places.

2425 2430 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions mainly on the right wall. Some VGN in the roof. Very intact rock, leucosome content ca. 70 %.

2430 2435 VGN Irregularly banded VGN also some DGN and PGR at places as well as MGN/QGN inclusions. Intact rock. Some kaolinization (JO17 parallel to the foliation) between mica layers in the roof ca. 1m wide and 3m long area.

2435 2440 VGN From moderately to intensively banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. TCF 2430_4 crosscuts this round. Niche on the left side.

78

From To Rock Type

Description

2440 2445 VGN

VGN, mostly moderately banded but also intensively at places. Well folded. Some MGN/QGN inclusions as well as some PGR veins. Intact rock. There is also quite strong kaolinization between mica layers especially in the roof.

2445 2450 VGN VGN, mostly moderately banded but also intensively at places. Well folded. Some MGN/QGN inclusions as well as some PGR veins. Intact rock. Leucosome content ca.45-55 %.

2450 2455 VGN VGN, mostly moderately to irregularly banded. Well folded at places. Some MGN/QGN inclusions as well as some PGR veins. Intact rock.

2455 2460 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions and PGR veins. Intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 45-55 %.

2460 2465 VGN

Watertank was blocking the view of left wall. Several QGN inclusions especially on the tunnel roof. Main rocktype is VGN, but there are also large PGR veins and QGN. Foliation is moderate. BAN 2.

2465 2470 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions. PGR especially on the lower parts of round. Leucosome content ca 45 %.

2470 2475 DGN Moderately to irregularly banded DGN with some MGN/QGN inclusions and PGR veins especially in the lower parts of round. Also some VGN at places. Leucosome content ca 45-55 %.

2475 2480 VGN

VGN, tunnel is crosscut by a long fracture/brittle fault intersection, many of fractures are riedel fractures related to the BFI. Moderate grain size, moderately banded. BFI has clearly brecciated (fault gauge) core, where is also thick (15 cm in places) calcite and probably some galena filling.

2480 2485 VGN

Mostly banded veined gneiss that varies from weak to intense. A TCF fault cuts through the roof and right wall and areound this the rock is densely fractured, otherwise quite intact. There is a couple of PGR sections and also some QGN inclusions in the rocks.

2485 2490 VGN

Moderately banded veined gneiss containing ca 35-40 % PGR neosome veins. The rock contains some mica bands in some places which causes some exfoliation locally in the roof. Extremely intact rock with only minor fractures mostly in QGN inclusions.

2490 2495 VGN Moderately banded veined gneiss with some QGN inclusions, leucosome amount 40 %. Extremely intact rock with just some minor fractures in the inclusions. Some mica rich layers or schlieren.

2495 2500 DGN

Moderately to weakly banded verined gneiss/DGN which has an increased amount of leucosome compared to the previous round, amount is ca 50-60 %. The rock is pretty intact but towards the end there is appearing a TCF and some longer fractures. Around these there is also more fractures. There is also some PGR dykes and QGN/MGN inclusions.

2500 2505 DGN

Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss that shifts into veined gneiss in some parts, neosome amount ca. 60 %. There are also some slightly epidotised PGR sections. The round is cut by several TCF fractures and the rock is also otherwise quite densely fractured by vertical fractures.

2505 2510 DGN

Weakly to moderately banded diatexitic gneiss that varies and some "layers" or parts are close to veined gnaiss. The round is cut by a couple of nearly vertical TCF fractures and there are also many minor horizontal fractures. A few < 1 m wide PGR dykes are also present.

2510 2515 VGN

Weakly banded veined gneiss with some sections of PGR especially in the roof. There is a strong TCF fault at the end of this round which has lots of CC, KV and other fillings, partly healed. There is also some elongated QGN inclusions in the gneiss.

79

From To Rock Type

Description

2515 2520 DGN

Weakly banded, heterogenic diatexitic gneiss with PGR sections intercalated. Also long elongated QGN/MGN inclusions appear. These inclusions are sometimes cut by horizontal TCF faults that are common in this part and sometimes quite large displacements can be observed. It is however unclear if there is an underlying ductile shearing of the rocks because the lineations indicate horizontal movements while the traces on the inclusions indicates strong vertical movement.

2520 2525 VGN Mainly VGN, large (1 m diameter) elongated QGN/MGN inclusions in both walls that are surrounded by DGN. VGN mediumgrained and some kaolinisation in the VGN. Bad roof.

2525 2530 DGN

Irregularly banded DGN with some long elongated QGN inclusions also some VGN at places. Some kaolinization between mica bands seen especially on the roof. Several sub-vertical fractures on the left wall. Right wall intact rock.

2530 2535 VGN VGN, moderate grain size, few MGN inclusions > 1m diameter. Moderately banded, kaolinitisation.

2535 2540 VGN

Shotcrete on the left upper wall, roof part of VGN, some MGN inclusions, lower parts of the walls PGR. Tunnel profile widens into a niche. Moderate banding, which is fairly irregular. Grain size in VGN moderate.

2540 2550 DGN

Large section of coarse-grained PGR and some sections of DGN/VGN intercalated. There is also a couple of large MGN iclusions that contain many CC filled short fractures. Towards the end of this section there are also a few TCF fractures that continue under the shotcrete and are visible in lower parts of the niche on the left side of the tunnel. Not as much exfoliation -> lower SRF value.

2550 2560 PGR Coarse-grained PGR rock with two sets of long fractures (One vertical one sub-horizontal). Roof covered by shotcrete -> impossible to determine the continuation of some of the fractures.

2560 2565 VGN Weakly banded veined gneiss, with ca 45 % PGR neosome veins. Very intact rock with only a few long fracures. Roof and parts of the walls covered by shocrete.



2575 2580 VGN Weakly banded and intensely folded veined/diatexitic gneiss, with ca 50 % PGR neosome veins. The structure of the rock is varying and a bit nebulitic and close to diatexitic in some parts. Very intact rock.

2580 2585 VGN

Weakly banded, intensely folded diatexitic gneiss, with ca 50 % PGR neosome. The structure of the rock chainging towards a more heterogenic and nebulitic rock compared to the previous round. There is starting to appear some vertical slickensided TCF and the rock gets more fractured.

2585 2590 VGN

Left wall mostly DGN, right wall VGN, the change is gradual. There are several long fractures that follow the direction of the foliation. Rock is unaltered. Banding is more regular in the right wall, left is irregular, but also BAN 2. Few small MGN inclusions (diameter < 0.5m). The right edge of the roof is moderately kaolinitized.

2590 2595 VGN VGN, BAN 2, banding irregular. Roof is kaolinitized and the foliation forms slabs of rock in the roof, which is quite loose. Some small QGN inclusions, diameter < 0,5 m.

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From To Rock Type

Description

2595 2600 VGN

VGN, small PGR vein in left wall, few QGN inclusions, diameter < 0.5 m. One TCF cuts the section as a single fracture in the left wall and as fracture array in the right. Clear signs of movement. BAN 2 but the banding is irregular. Some kaolinitisation which is most visible in the roof.

2600 2605 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN inclusions and PGR veins. Leucosome content ca. 40 %.

2605 2610 VGN VGN, few QGN inclusions, unaltered rock, irregular foliation, PRG vein in the right wall, the contctact is unclear.

2610 2615 VGN

Mainly ambigous DGN intercalated with VGN. Neosome content approximately 40 %. At som parts the diatexitic gneiss is weakly banded. The section also contains some small (biggest ~0.75*1.5 m) QGN inclusions.

2615 2620 DGN

Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN inclusions. One clear BFI crosscuts the tunnel from left to right (TCF5), which is a 10 cm wide KV, CC filled fracture with shorter riedel fractures. Right wall intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 40 %.

2620 2625 VGN

VGN, unaltered with some DGN characteristics. One TCF with thick CC + KV dominated fillings cuts the tunnel. The fracturing is dominated by the TCF geometry. There is a QGN inclusion cut by the TCF on the left wall. Rock is foliated but the banding is irregular.

2625 2630 DGN Irregularly banded DGN. Some MGN/QGN inclusions. TCF 2620_1 ends in the right wall. Leucosome 50 %.

2630 2635 DGN DGN, irregularely banded (BAN2), unaltered, several small QGN inclusions, diameter < 0,5 m, leucosome content 80 %.

2635 2640 DGN DGN, unaltered, leucosome content 75 %, foliation BAN 2, one TCF, few QGN inclusions, < 0,7 m.

2640 2645 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN inclusions. Two TCF crosscuts this round. Some VGN at places, leucosome content ca 50 %.

2645 2650 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN/MGN inclusions. Some VGN in the right wall. Especially in the roof there seems to be pervasive graphitisation and some sulphidisation.

2650 2660 DGN Irregularly banded DGN. Shotcrete in the roof and partly in the walls. Niche on the left wall.

2660 2670 DGN Shotcrete in roof and niche on left side. Weakly to moderately banded veined gneiss. There are several vertical long fractures that crosscut the tunnel in approximately N-S direction.

2670 2675 VGN Shotcrete in roof. Weakly to moderately banded veined gneiss. There are several vertical TCF fractures (BFI) that crosscut the tunnel.

2675 2680 VGN Shotcrete in roof and right wall. Moderately banded veined gneiss. There are several vertical TCF fractures in the area.

2680 2685 DGN Shotcrete in roof and right wall. Mainly DGN with an ambigous structure. The DGN contains 40-50 % neosome. Some sections with more veined character thus VGN.

2685 2690 DGN

Shotcrete in roof and right wall. Mainly DGN with an ambigous structure. The DGN contains 40-50 % neosome. Some sections with PGR, which at some places contain tourmaline minerals.

2690 2695 DGN

Mainly DGN with an ambigous structure. The DGN contains 40-50 % neosome. Latter part of the left wall (and partly the roof) contains a larger section of PGR which continues into the next round. The PGR contains quite many long fractures with two directions.

2695 2700 PGR PGR, coarse grained, unaltered, few MGN (diameter ~1 m) and QGN inclusions, typical fracturing for PGR, which includes several fractures with only epidote as filling.

81

From To Rock Type

Description

2700 2705 PGR

Left wall and the roof is PGR, right wall VGN. PGR has typical EP and MU filled fractures and some water is dripping from the boltholes in the roof (PGR). VGN is quite unfractured compared to PGR. In VGN the foliation is BAN2, but the banding is irregular. Few MGN inclusions in VGN.

2705 2710 VGN Mainly VGN (roof and upper part of walls) PGR vein on the lower parts of walls. Unaltered, leucosome content ~40 % in VGN. Clear foliation (BAN2).

2710 2715 VGN

The roof of the tunnel is VGN, nearly totally fracture free, lower walls are PGR and relatively fractured. TCF begins from the right wall and splays into several joints in PGR. In VGN the TCF is constrained to a signle feature. VGN is foliated (BAN2).

2715 2720 VGN

Lower parts consist of pale greyish coarse-grained pegantitic granite with some large cordierite grains. Upper parts are weakly banded veined gneiss. The roof is intersected by a TCF that in the walls in the former and next round breaks up to several fractures. Relatively intact rock in this round.

2720 2725 PGR

PGR, some VGN on the tunnel roof. A set of nearly vertical TCFs crosscutt the tunnel in about 45 degree angle. Deformed MGN inclusion (> 1 m in diameter) on the right wall. PGR coarse grained, unaltered, no banding. The TCFs show indications (displacement of a near horisontal joint) of right-handed vertical movement.

2725 2730 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN/MGN inclusions. This round includes quite many long USL fractures on both walls. Leucosome content ca 50 %.

2730 2735 DGN DGN, banding is weak and irregular, medium grainsize, few QGN inclusions in the right tunnel wall, TCF cuts the rifght wall, SK is abundant in TCF.

2735 2740 DGN

DGN, irregularly banded (BAN1), unaltered. Set of TCF:s with slickensided surfaces cuts the tunnel. The fractures have usually thick, CC dominated fillings. Few small QGN inclusions. Movement in TCFs usually right handed.

2740 2745 DGN Irregularly banded DGN some parts of the walls VGN. Some TCF crosscuts this round.

2745 2750 DGN

Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss with ca 70 % PGR neosome, some parts consist almost entirely of PGR, some small sections in the upper parts are close to veined gneiss. Coarse-grained rock. A TCF cuts through the middle of the roof in this round.

2750 2755 DGN Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss with ca. 70 % PGR neosome, some parts consist almost entirely of PGR. Coarse-grained rock, slightly porphyric. A TCF cuts through the left wall. Right wall intact.

2755 2760 DGN

Heterogenic rock, right wall is neosome rich diatexitic gneiss with some porphyric PGR rich sections. The DGN has a weak banded foliation. Left wall has lower neosome amount and is starting to look more like veined gneiss (smaller grainsize, stronger banding). There is moderate graphitisation in the rock and especially at some mica rich schlieren inclusions in the gneisses (left wall). Some MGN inclusions in the left wall. Several N-S trending slickensided TCF fractures in this area and from the right wall in this round one with 10 cm thick calcite fillings appears.

2760 2765 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some VGN at places also some PGR in the roof. In the left wall several USL fractures with CC, GR, KV fillings. Right wall intact rock.

2765 2770 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some PGR on the lower parts of the left wall. Some graphite filled fractures on the roof. Leucosome content ca. 40 %. Intact rock.

2770 2775 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded VGN with some DGN features also some PGR. Intact rock, leucosome ca. 40–45 %.

82

From To Rock Type

Description

2775 2780 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some PGR veins and inclusions. Also some QGN inclusions. Leucosome content ca. 45 %. Some pervasive graphitisation and sulphidisation. Intact rock.

2780 2785 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded veined gneiss. Some graphitisation and sulphidisation among mica bands at places. Over the half of this round is covered by shotcrete. Some PGR veins.

2785 2795 VGN Irregularly banded VGN with PGR veins and QGN inclusions. The roof and walls are mostly covered by shotcrete.

2795 2800 VGN Moderately banded VGN, with a neosome amount of 45 % very intact rock section. Some MGN rich parts in right wall. Roof is not stable -CT-bolts #1.8 m. Stress induced damage.

2800 2805 VGN

VGN, unaltered, clear foliation with felsic segregation bands (BAN2). Wall rocks snap. Walls are fairly unfractured, clear fracture set in the tunnel roof. Roof is not stable -CT-bolts #1.8 m. Stress failure in roof which is unfractured and mica-rich. 0.5 m loose rock.

2805 2820 VGN

Modrately/distinctily banded VGN, with a neosome amount of 30-40 %. Several foliation parallel fractures creating an own set of fracturing. Some of these fractures contain clay minerals which increases the Ja value. In calculations Jr +1. Roof is not stable -CT-bolts #1.8 m. Stress failure in the roof.

2820 2830 VGN Irregularly to moderately banded VGN with some QGN inclusions. Shotcrete in the roof and partly walls.

2830 2835 VGN Irregularly banded intact VGN which turns to DGN. Some graphitisation at places near wider mica sections. Leucosome content between 40-50%.

2835 2840 DGN Irregularly banded intact DGN. In the upper parts of the left wall one wider PGR vein with pinitization. Leucosome content in the roof ca 35-45 % and in walls 45-55 %.

2840 2845 DGN Irregularly banded DGN PGR in the left wall. Intact rock with some QGN inclusions.

2845 2850 DGN Weakly banded DGN, very close to VGN in some parts. Intact rock with some QGN inclusions. Some exfoliation in the roof.

2850 2855 DGN

Mainly weakly/ambigously banded/structured DGN, with som small sections of VGN intercalated in between. Neosome content is 40-50 %. The section also contains some small patches of PGR that contains cordierite or its metamorphic derivate pinite. Extremely intact rock section.

2855 2860 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with some QGN inclusions. Some graphitisation among mica bands. Also some PGR with pinitisation.

2860 2865 DGN Irregularly banded DGN with QGN inclusions. Some PGR especially in the left wall-leucosome content 55-70 %, pinitized. Also some graphite in mica bands.

2865 2870 DGN DGN with some QGN inclusions. Some graphitization. Also some PGR in the left wall.

2870 2875 DGN Irregularly banded DGN, some QGN inclusions and PGR veins. Intact rock.

2875 2880 DGN Mostly irregularly banded DGN but also some VGN and PGR. Shotcrete on the roof. Niche starts from the left. Also some graphitization.

2880 2890 DGN DGN. The roof and partly walls cevered by shotcrete. Two USL surfaces, one is TCF.

2890 2895 DGN DGN with QGN inclusions. Shotcrete in the roof and walls. Also some VGN in the lower parts.

2895 2900 DGN

Lower parts of left wall are composed of a coarse grained PGR section containing large tourmaline sections. Right wall and roof are composed of a DGN that consists of PGR dykes and VGN layers intercalated. Neosome amount of the gneiss is ca. 60 %. Intact rock with only few long fractures.

83

From To Rock Type

Description

2900 2905 DGN Lower parts coarse grained pale PGR, upper parts DGN with PGR dykes and VGN and MGN layers intercalated. Very intact rock with only some sub-horisontal fractures.

2905 2910 PGR Mainly coarse grained PGR that is very intact and contains only one long TCF (2900_4). Parts of the roof are DGN.

2910 2915 PGR Coarse grained pale PGR rock with large amounts of tourmaline grains. Some schlieren gneiss inclusions occur in the rock. Very intact rock.

2915 2920 PGR

PGR dominated section which in places is abundant in quartz. The PGR has a greyish colour and contains cordierite grains, largest ones 3 - 4 cm in diametre. The PGR is coarse grained and partly shattered during blasting. Two TCF:s cut the section.

2920 2925 PGR A section solely composed of PGR. Some VGN occuring in right wall but otherwise PGR. PGR/VGN contacts very diffuse (no clear contact) but slightly following foliation. Intact rock.

2925 2930 DGN

Some parts of the round are irregularly formed sections/dykes consisting of pale reddish coarse-grained PGR. Right wall is a veined rock that is intermediate between VGN and DGN, neosome amount ca 50 %. Roof and left wall contain sections of clearly irregular DGN. Parts of the ONK-100 fault cuts through the left wall and the rock is more fractured here. Right wall very intact.

2930 2935 DGN

ONK-100 faultzone cuts through the roof of this round. The fault consists of two separate long slickensided main fractures and in between these the rock is fractured and water leakages occur. The rock is mostly diatexitic gneiss with ca 60 % PGR neosome that occurs as irregular bands in the rock. The roof consists partly of a PGR section that is cut by a web of fractures connected to each others and many of theese are dripping.

2935 2940 DGN DGN with some PGR veins and QGN inclusions. "Hallinpohja" fault intersection crosscuts this section. Main fracture TCF 11 branches in the right wall into several parallel fractures.

2940 2945 DGN

Mainly diatexitic gneiss but some PGR sections also present. One KFP section in the roof where a PGR section gets somewhat porphyric locally. The fracture frequency drops significantly when the ONK-100 is passed. Neosome amount in the DGN about 60 %.

2945 2950 DGN Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss with ca 60 % PGR neosome veins. Some almost entirely pegmatitic sections also present. Very intact rock.

2950 2955 DGN Weakly banded diatexitic gneiss with ca 60 % PGR neosome veins. Some almost entirely pegmatitic sections also present. Very intact rock.

2955 2960 DGN Intact irregularly banded DGN. Some PGR in the roof with pinitization.

2960 2965 DGN Very irregularly banded DGN with some VGN sections. Intact rock. Leucosome content ca. 45 %.

2965 2970 DGN Very irregularly banded DGN with some VGN sections. Intact rock. Some PGR in the roof.

2970 2975 DGN Intact DGN with some VGN and PGR sections. Also some QGN inclusions. PGR pinitized.

2975 2980 DGN

Weakly to irregularly banded DGN, with a neosome amount of appx. 55 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts. The section also contains a few quite small (0.5 x 0.5 m) MGN inclusions. One TCF crosscuts the round.

2980 2985 DGN

Weakly to irregularly banded DGN, with a neosome amount of appx. 45 %. The banding is slightly more pronunced in this section than in the previous, also some small-scale folding occurs.The neosome consits of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite

84

From To Rock Type

Description

2985 2990 DGN

Weakly to irregularly banded DGN, with a neosome amount of 40-50 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts. The section also contains irregularly shaped sections of PGR and a few inclusions of MGN/QGN (0.5 x 0.5 m).

2990 2995 DGN

Weakly to irregularly banded DGN, with a neosome amount of 40-50 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts.The gneiss is folded at the end of this section. The section also contains irregularly shaped sections of pinkish PGR and a few inclusions of skarn/MGN/QGN (0.5 x 0.5 m).

2995 3000 DGN

Folded DGN, with 40-50 % Neosome consisting of greyish coarse-grained PGR with cordierite porphyroblasts. The section contains irregularly shaped pinkish PGR and a few inclusions of skarn/MGN/QGN (1 x 0.5 m). A few short fractures with KA filling, otherwise very intact rock.

3000 3005 DGN

Intact rock. Irregularly banded and folded DGN, with 50-60 % neosome consisting of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts. In the right wall there is a large PGR dyke that is folded (6 m large fold). There are also some quartz-rich skarn inclusions in the gneiss.

3005 3010 DGN

Extremely intact rock. Irregularly banded and folded DGN, with a neosome amount of 50-60 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite and tourmaline porphyroblasts. In the right wall there is a large PGR dyke that is folded (6 m large fold). The large PGR sections are more reddish than the neosome parts in the gneiss, probably more K-feldspar.

3010 3015 DGN

Irregularly banded and folded DGN, with a neosome amount of 50-60 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite and tourmaline porphyroblasts. In the end of the section (roof and left wall) a HGI intersection (D4) is appearing crosscutting and bending the foliation. The intersection is dextral (displacement ca. 20-30 cm) the left wall viewing it from the north. The intersection is composed of KFP with a pegmatitic core (ca. 0.5 - 1 m wide). Intact rock.

3015 3020 DGN Folded DGN, with 50-60 % neosome consisting of greyish coarse-grained PGR with cordierite and tourmaline porphyroblasts. The section is crosscut by a HGI (D4) which is bending the foliation.

3020 3025 DGN

Irregularly banded and folded DGN, with a neosome amount of 50-60 %. The neosome consists of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts. At the latter part of the section the rock appears slightly more VGN like. The section contains a few veins of PGR 0.5-1 m wide.

3025 3030 DGN

Folded DGN, with 30-55 % neosome consisting of greyish coarse-grained PGR containing cordierite porphyroblasts. The rock is turning into VGN in the left wall. In the right wall there is a young very coarse-grained reddish PGR dyke that cuts trough the foliation in the direction 78/298.

3030 3035 DGN Mostly DGN rock with some sections of coarse-grained PGR dykes/neosome. Total neosome amount ca 50 %. The roof is partly covered by a horizontal TCF (3030_17) (heavily bolted).

3035 3040 DGN Mostly DGN rock with some sections of coarse-grained PGR dykes/neosome. Total neosome amount ca 50 %. The roof is covered by a horizontal TCF (3030_17) (heavily bolted).

3040 3045 KFP

Right wall consists almost entirely of a KFP. The size of the feldspar grains varies from a few mm to a couple of cm. Roof consists of a wekaly banded and sligthly folded veined gneiss. There is many long slickensided sub-horizontal fractures in this part and at least one TCF (3030_17).

3045 3050 VGN Weakly banded and intensely folded VGN with a neosome amount of ca 50 %. The width of the veins is 1-40cm. Long sub-horizontal slickensides in the roof but the lower parts are quite intact.

85

From To Rock Type

Description

3050 3055 VGN Changes from banded veined gneiss into weakly banded and randomly folded diatexitic gneiss. The DGN is very intact. In the roof a BFI consisting of several slickensided sub-horizontal TCF.

3055 3060 DGN Mainly irregularly banded and medium to coarse-grained diatexitic gneiss. Slightly folded and very intact rock with just some short fractures inside QGN inclusions.

3060 3065 VGN

Right wall is medium to coarse-grained diatexitic gneiss, The rock is pale and the paleosome is fine grained and the neosome is whitish. Slightly folded rock with just some short fractures in QGN inclusions. Left wall and roof is composed of moderately banded VGN with ca 30-40 % neosome.

3065 3070 VGN VGN turns into irregularly banded DGN. Very intact rock where almost all fractures are in QGN inclusions. Leucosome content ~50 %.

3070 3075 DGN Irregularly banded DGN. There are some longer sub-vertical fractures in the roof and walls. Most fractures are in QGN inclusions. Leucosome content ~55 %.

3075 3085 DGN Irregularly banded intact DGN with some VGN sections. Also some fine-grained QGN inclusions. Leucosome content ~50 %.

3085 3090 DGN Irregularly banded DGN. Intact rock mass. KPE2-3080 on the left.

3090 3095 VGN VGN

3095 3100 VGN Moderately banded VGN with some QGN inclusions. Almost all fractures are inside inclusions. Leucosome content in VGN ~55 %. Intact rock.

3100 3105 VGN Weakly to moderately banded VGN (35 % neosome) with small QGN inclusions and some minor fractures in the inclusions but otherwise intact rock. The width of the veins varies from 1-40 cm.

3105 3110 VGN

VGN that is weakly to moderately banded. The leucosome content in the VGN is ca. 40%. The rock is more intensely banded in the right wall than in the left wall. Quite few fractures, intact rock section. A few veins (0.5 m wide) with MGN and PGR occurs in the section.

3110 3116 VGN

Weakly to moderately banded VGN. Leucosome content is ca. 40 %. Biotite-rich band with graphite at places. The rock is more intenseley banded in the right wall than in the left. Towards the end of the round a KFP section appears which follows JO23 in the right wall. A sub-vertical zone intersection also occurs in the left wall and continues to the right wall in the next section.

87

Appendix 2. Fractures showing kinematic indicators in ONKALO tunnel at chainage 1980-

3116. See end of table for abbreviations.

#

Orientation F_Vector Sense of

movement Un-cert-ainty

Tectonics Fp Fracture length

(m)

Rock type

Chainage Fracture

nr Intersection ID

dip dip dir.

F_Dip F_dir U E S Sense Quality

1 41 72 38 69 0 0 4.2 MGN 1990 4

2 60 246 7 166 R R L E 3 2 16 VGN 2050 2

3 67 242 15 165 R R L V 3 1 2.16 VGN 2055 4

4 75 286 8 22 L E 4 2 1.62 VGN 2065 14

5 75 286 8 22 L E 4 2 1.62 VGN 2065 14

6 36 340 49 309 0 0 56 VGN 2155 36

7 66 99 6 13 0 0 1.74 VGN 2180 2

8 82 83 14 0 0 0 2.16 VGN 2180 3

9 59 111 13 2 0 0 2.13 VGN 2185 8

10 54 106 11 40 R V 1 1 0.55 VGN 2185 13

11 54 106 11 40 R V 1 1 0.55 VGN 2185 13

12 61 104 26 28 R V 1 1 0.97 VGN 2185 14

13 61 104 26 28 R V 1 1 0.97 VGN 2185 14

14 60 85 46 22 L R V 2 1 2.08 VGN 2185 18

15 60 85 46 22 L R V 2 1 2.08 VGN 2185 18

16 60 85 46 22 L R V 2 1 2.08 VGN 2185 18

17 60 85 46 22 L R V 2 1 2.08 VGN 2185 18

18 55 100 52 51 0 0 2.3 VGN 2185 36

19 59 134 25 29 L R V 4 1 1.92 VGN 2185 38

20 59 134 25 29 L R V 4 1 1.92 VGN 2185 38

21 59 134 25 29 L R V 4 1 1.92 VGN 2185 38

22 59 134 25 29 L R V 4 1 1.92 VGN 2185 38

23 59 134 25 29 L R V 4 1 1.92 VGN 2185 38

24 72 84 11 171 R R V 3 1 3.97 VGN 2185 39

25 45 127 38 80 0 0 1.74 VGN 2185 42

26 45 127 38 80 0 0 1.74 VGN 2185 42

27 62 155 28 61 0 0 0.91 VGN 2185 64

28 62 155 28 61 0 0 0.91 VGN 2185 64

29 62 155 28 61 0 0 0.91 VGN 2185 64

30 84 253 28 28 L R R V 1 1 15.5 VGN 2230 1 ONK-BFI-223390-223450

31 75 159 27 84 0 0 0.47 MGN 2260 7

32 56 167 10 234 0 0 16 MGN 2260 9 ONK-BFI-226600-226800

33 84 107 40 29 0 0 2.03 MGN 2260 10

34 73 161 41 206 0 0 2.48 MGN 2260 11

35 61 355 55 209 0 0 2.43 MGN 2260 12

36 64 353 15 78 0 0 1.01 MGN 2260 17

37 76 178 15 100 0 0 1.37 MGN 2260 19

38 76 152 16 234 0 0 0.46 MGN 2260 25

39 76 152 16 234 0 0 0.46 MGN 2260 25

40 76 152 16 234 0 0 0.46 MGN 2260 25

41 75 168 28 112 L L V 2 1 2.06 MGN 2260 26

42 80 315 15 63 L V 4 1 2.7 MGN 2260 28

43 81 163 32 71 0 0 8 MGN 2260 29

44 78 160 24 76 L L V 2 1 1.26 MGN 2260 31

45 86 333 17 74 L L V 4 1 2.23 MGN 2260 34

46 86 333 17 74 L L V 4 1 2.23 MGN 2260 34

47 71 163 29 92 0 0 3.03 MGN 2260 37

48 58 314 3 75 0 0 2.26 MGN 2260 38

49 66 146 52 130 L L V 2 1 2.08 VGN 2265 12

50 51 329 16 71 L V 4 1 1.74 MGN 2265 17

51 51 329 16 71 L V 4 1 1.74 MGN 2265 17

52 56 331 18 93 L V 4 1 1.39 MGN 2265 19

53 73 41 31 124 0 0 0.89 MGN 2275 19

54 87 162 30 81 R V 1 1 1.49 VGN 2315 3

55 72 182 5 284 0 0 21 VGN 2315 6 ONK-BFI-232400-232550

56 76 181 24 91 0 0 0.98 VGN 2315 9

57 75 168 7 262 0 0 2.6 VGN 2315 18

58 75 168 7 262 0 0 2.6 VGN 2315 18

59 88 269 38 13 V 0 0 20.14 MGN 2325 13 ONK-BFI-232700-232810

60 76 170 17 255 0 0 2.3 VGN 2335 1

61 83 333 14 68 0 0 3.2 VGN 2335 2

62 51 120 11 205 0 0 18 VGN 2355 11

63 43 142 15 229 0 0 0.97 MGN 2365 7

64 54 138 24 216 0 0 24 MGN 2365 15

65 51 134 31 47 0 0 1.16 MGN 2365 27

66 60 148 14 233 0 0 20 VGN 2380 9

67 68 153 17 241 0 0 1.92 VGN 2380 10

68 79 151 36 57 0 0 0.32 VGN 2380 15

69 50 128 41 14 0 0 0.4 VGN 2385 21

70 66 145 15 57 0 0 3.2 VGN 2405 8

88

71 81 173 21 81 0 0 17 VGN 2405 10

72 76 219 34 303 R V 2 1 1.02 VGN 2440 8

73 75 96 55 26 L V 2 1 15 VGN 2475 2 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

74 75 96 55 26 L V 2 1 15 VGN 2475 2 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

75 75 96 55 26 L V 2 1 15 VGN 2475 2 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

76 75 96 55 26 L V 2 1 15 VGN 2475 2 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

77 89 276 10 356 L N N E 4 2 0.89 VGN 2480 6

78 89 314 18 46 0 0 2.12 VGN 2480 17

79 82 197 17 328 0 0 1.2 VGN 2480 29

80 84 157 14 226 R L L V 3 1 15 VGN 2495 7

81 90 177 11 261 R N R V 3 1 15 VGN 2495 10

82 88 232 16 151 0 0 18 VGN 2500 1

83 61 155 4 247 0 0 0.69 VGN 2500 12

84 71 159 13 78 0 0 3 VGN 2500 16

85 88 341 25 65 0 0 4.5 DGN 2500 20

86 88 341 25 65 0 0 4.5 DGN 2500 20

87 83 123 12 220 0 0 3.2 DGN 2505 4

88 82 161 16 103 R L L E 3 2 15 DGN 2505 10

89 84 100 6 205 R V 3 1 16 DGN 2510 13 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

90 84 100 6 205 R V 3 1 16 DGN 2510 13 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

91 84 100 6 205 R V 3 1 16 DGN 2510 13 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

92 66 160 8 248 0 0 3.8 DGN 2510 16

93 74 151 5 234 L V 4 1 5.1 DGN 2510 21 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

94 85 143 22 234 R L L V 3 1 5.5 DGN 2510 27

95 76 85 12 357 L R L V 4 1 6.3 DGN 2525 12

96 65 148 14 243 L V 4 1 3.11 DGN 2525 19

97 79 38 3 117 R R V 3 1 4.2 DGN 2525 20

98 67 132 19 31 0 0 6.07 DGN 2525 22

99 64 81 29 17 0 0 1.27 DGN 2525 23

100 64 250 34 182 L N L E 2 2 5 VGN 2535 13

101 79 81 8 352 0 0 9 PGR 2540 8

102 64 294 4 207 0 0 2 DGN 2540 9

103 64 294 4 207 0 0 2 DGN 2540 9

104 73 104 24 14 0 0 30 DGN 2540 25

105 85 255 20 333 0 0 2.45 PGR 2550 2

106 85 255 20 333 0 0 2.45 PGR 2550 2

107 39 353 21 51 0 0 20 VGN 2560 1

108 66 122 5 220 R E 3 2 5 VGN 2570 1

109 48 345 22 56 L L L E 1 2 11 VGN 2570 2

110 84 127 10 43 L R L V 4 1 15 DGN 2575 3 ONK-BFI-258220-258290

111 22 284 21 218 N R N V 2 1 4 DGN 2575 16

112 84 122 4 212 R L N V 3 1 15 DGN 2580 1 ONK-BFI-258220-258290

113 89 293 7 203 L L N V 4 1 3 DGN 2580 12

114 76 357 28 80 R EE 2 3 4 VGN 2585 20

115 70 87 26 36 R E 1 2 16 VGN 2590 1

116 71 81 28 44 L L V 2 1 16 VGN 2590 3

117 46 137 1 41 0 0 1.2 VGN 2590 4

118 85 87 41 351 0 0 1.85 VGN 2590 5

119 65 143 16 235 L V 4 1 2.75 VGN 2590 18

120 79 91 6 12 L V 4 1 2 VGN 2595 10

121 79 91 6 12 L V 4 1 2 VGN 2595 10

122 81 258 44 318 L R R V 1 1 1.49 VGN 2595 22

123 88 0 4 261 0 0 4.5 DGN 2600 1

124 88 347 6 79 0 0 0.63 DGN 2600 2

125 61 200 6 325 0 0 0.52 DGN 2600 12

126 65 219 1 132 R R L V 3 1 5.03 DGN 2600 13

127 73 216 6 131 0 0 3.2 DGN 2600 16

128 64 247 11 338 0 0 0.92 DGN 2600 18

129 58 313 21 66 0 0 1.73 DGN 2600 26

130 87 167 20 253 R N N V 3 1 6 DGN 2610 1

131 89

121 17 3 R N N V 3 1 0.9 DGN 2610 15

132 79 86 19 12 0 0 1.1 DGN 2615 4

133 80 88 16 1 L R V 4 1 16 DGN 2615 5 ONK-BFI-261900-262000

134 59 98 31 40 0 0 1.62 DGN 2615 19

135 66 139 21 54 L V 4 1 3.32 DGN 2615 23

136 71 140 13 46 0 0 1.62 DGN 2615 24

137 81 128 14 38 L R V 4 1 3.7 DGN 2615 26

138 81 128 14 38 L R V 4 1 3.7 DGN 2615 26

139 76 125 4 232 0 0 1.91 DGN 2615 27

140 76 125 4 232 0 0 1.91 DGN 2615 27

141 89 76 6 170 L E 4 2 18 VGN 2620 1 ONK-BFI-262580-262610

142 71 45 4 132 R V 3 1 1.35 VGN 2620 44

143 84 249 10 103 R V 3 1 1.85 VGN 2620 50

144 66 1 11 89 0 0 1.58 DGN 2625 1

145 89 180 13 274 0 0 2.42 DGN 2625 11

146 82 225 11 297 0 0 1.71 DGN 2625 12

147 83 193 10 291 0 1 1.53 DGN 2625 22

148 85 184 2 113 4 2 1.66 DGN 2625 23

89

149 64 215 24 307 0 0 1.08 DGN 2625 35

150 65 337 6 231 0 0 1.82 DGN 2625 44

151 86 187 7 275 0 0 8 DGN 2630 10

152 85 353 10 263 0 0 2.12 DGN 2630 13

153 84 124 14 46 0 0 16 DGN 2635 1

154 50 168 1 259 R V 3 1 1.42 DGN 2635 6

155 83 106 9 28 L L E 4 2 15 DGN 2640 1

156 77 121 12 44 L L V 4 1 15 DGN 2640 2

157 80 101 17 24 0 0 1.6 DGN 2640 14

158 61 119 16 51 0 0 6 DGN 2640 21

159 88 296 14 21 R L V 3 1 4.2 DGN 2640 26

160 87 124 11 37 R V 3 1 1.24 DGN 2640 27

161 61 35 24 308 L R V 2 1 1.11 DGN 2640 28

162 76 119 1 35 0 0 1.07 DGN 2640 29

163 46 202 17 289 R L R V 3 1 0.4 DGN 2640 30

164 81 195 2 296 R R V 3 1 1.18 DGN 2640 31

165 81 195 2 296 R R V 3 1 1.18 DGN 2640 31

166 86 268 17 191 0 0 2.28 DGN 2645 8

167 89 87 10 178 L V 4 1 1.88 DGN 2645 9

168 90 86 8 1 0 0 11.08 DGN 2645 12

169 86 129 6 210 0 0 0.93 DGN 2645 18

170 85 171 4 251 R N N V 3 1 1.52 DGN 2650 6

171 62 3 36 57 R R L V 2 1 23 VGN 2660 1

172 88 278 4 7 0 0 5 VGN 2660 5

173 76 102 10 186 R N N V 3 1 10 VGN 2660 13

174 68 284 17 221 0 0 2.5 VGN 2670 10

175 66 130 16 205 R L N V 3 1 7 VGN 2675 7

176 85 150 15 59 L N N V 4 1 20 VGN 2690 1

177 73 199 16 118 R N R V 3 1 1.77 VGN 2690 17

178 87 289 5 201 L V 4 1 7.5 VGN 2695 14

179 89 231 10 292 L E 4 2 2.48 VGN 2700 28

180 89 252 8 168 L V 4 1 2.95 PGR 2705 1

181 85 264 10 175 0 0 4 PGR 2710 1

182 77 100 11 163 R N L V 3 1 18 VGN 2710 5 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

183 79 99 5 44 R N N V 3 1 20 VGN 2715 10 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

184 88 81 7 288 R L L V 3 1 5 PGR 2720 12

185 84 124 6 31 R N L V 3 1 6 DGN 2725 1 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

186 76 101 14 23 R N L V 3 1 7 DGN 2725 4

187 78 96 11 15 R N L V 3 1 7 DGN 2725 5

188 90 86 3 180 R V 3 1 1.63 DGN 2725 7

189 80 100 9 15 R N L V 3 1 6 DGN 2725 8

190 51 90 9 181 0 0 0.61 DGN 2725 9

191 75 100 21 18 R N L V 3 1 3.8 DGN 2725 29

192 78 112 10 183 R R V 3 1 4.5 DGN 2730 7

193 86 255 8 350 R L V 3 1 15 DGN 2730 8 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

194 68 90 21 358 R L V 3 1 0.23 DGN 2730 20

195 89 261 19 73 R L V 2 1 5 DGN 2735 1

196 89 107 21 207 L E 4 2 16 DGN 2735 8 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

197 74 93 2 354 0 0 20 DGN 2735 9 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

198 73 130 9 212 0 0 11 DGN 2735 10 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

199 82 89 7 21 R N N E 3 2 5 DGN 2740 3

200 76 111 16 30 R N N E 3 2 1.18 DGN 2740 4

201 85 84 4 349 R 3 0 4.5 DGN 2745 2

202 71 102 12 23 L N N V 4 1 17 DGN 2745 26 ONK-BFI-275900-276150

203 61 70 10 140 R L R V 3 1 2.5 DGN 2745 28

204 67 108 12 10 L N N V 4 1 3 DGN 2750 6

205 73 94 6 98 N N N 0 0 12 DGN 2750 13

206 89 254 9 36 0 0 7.49 DGN 2750 19

207 81 96 21 3 R N L V 3 1 16 DGN 2755 9 ONK-BFI-275900-276150

208 85 122 10 227 0 0 3.01 DGN 2760 1

209 53 136 39 201 R N N V 2 1 1 DGN 2760 5

210 68 85 6 0 0 0 2.08 DGN 2760 6

211 60 254 5 347 0 0 1.44 DGN 2760 7

212 85 79 8 334 0 0 1.18 DGN 2760 18

213 76 280 16 8 R V 3 1 1.49 DGN 2760 19

214 81 272 11 357 R V 3 1 5.2 DGN 2760 21

215 61 105 29 11 0 0 0.85 DGN 2760 24

216 59 92 15 22 R N N V 1 1 1.79 VGN 2765 4

217 75 104 9 18 L N N E 4 2 1.25 VGN 2775 10

218 72 72 9 165 0 0 5 VGN 2780 3

219 76 272 11 157 0 0 0.16 VGN 2780 5

220 16 150 19 187 0 0 1.1 VGN 2805 1

221 34 141 27 189 R L N V 2 1 15 VGN 2805 2

222 17 188 21 206 N R N V 1 1 7 VGN 2805 7

223 40 111 9 187 N L N V 3 1 17 VGN 2805 21

224 39 195 39 194 0 0 1.86 DGN 2860 12

225 88 78 6 351 0 0 20 DGN 2880 1

226 86 76 6 351 0 0 2.2 DGN 2880 2

227 34 98 23 108 0 0 1.45 VGN 2890 5

90

228 21 261 11 249 N N L E 2 2 18 DGN 2900 4

229 79 74 16 356 L N N V 4 1 20 DGN 2925 3 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

230 81 296 16 21 L N N V 4 1 2.5 DGN 2925 7

231 86 112 8 178 R N N V 3 1 1.52 DGN 2925 21

232 77 98 10 38 R N N V 3 1 9 DGN 2930 1

233 88 262 13 343 0 0 15 DGN 2930 39 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

234 83 259 11 171 L N N V 4 1 2.4 DGN 2935 1

235 90 91 9 177 L N N V 4 1 0.77 DGN 2935 3

236 81 101 7 3 0 0 0.57 DGN 2935 10

237 81 101 7 3 0 0 0.57 DGN 2935 10

238 81 89 16 342 L N R V 4 1 20 DGN 2935 11 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

239 14 119 14 154 R L L V 2 1 2.98 DGN 2935 39

240 69 264 43 344 L N R V 1 1 1.7 PGR 2940 1

241 67 237 31 318 R R L V 2 1 1.6 PGR 2940 14

242 54 70 48 36 R L L E 1 2 1.08 DGN 2945 1

243 66 87 35 357 L R R E 2 2 15 DGN 2945 2

244 55 122 59 61 0 0 4.4 DGN 2950 8

245 76 64 1 157 L N N V 4 1 25 DGN 2975 1

246 18 134 18 176 L R N V 1 1 5 DGN 2980 1

247 37 147 27 189 L R N V 1 1 25 PGR 3005 7

248 50 157 28 188 0 0 4 DGN 3005 9

249 48 165 39 202 R L L V 2 1 10 DGN 3015 1

250 39 191 37 228 N R N V 1 1 7 DGN 3015 9

251 18 185 18 154 N L N E 2 2 6.5 DGN 3020 4

252 42 18 31 340 N R N V 2 1 2.85 DGN 3020 14

253 36 212 31 164 R N N V 1 1 3.05 DGN 3020 16

254 30 122 24 175 R N N V 2 1 1.15 DGN 3020 20

255 34 313 18 222 L L R E 2 2 4.5 VGN 3025 1

256 72 154 3 16 R N R V 3 1 1.3 DGN 3025 8

257 23 240 24 238 L R L V 2 1 0.4 DGN 3025 18

258 27 184 26 190 0 0 6.5 DGN 3030 1 ONK-BFI-302750-303500

259 29 207 12 173 N R N V 1 1 2.25 DGN 3030 2

260 50 88 14 1 0 0 1.35 DGN 3030 4

261 59 11 46 357 N L N V 1 1 0.31 DGN 3030 6

262 59 11 46 357 N L N V 1 1 0.31 DGN 3030 6

263 59 11 46 357 N L N V 1 1 0.31 DGN 3030 6

264 36 143 27 204 L R L V 1 1 2.21 DGN 3030 12

265 69 79 24 46 0 0 6 DGN 3030 13

266 39 359 32 345 N L N V 1 1 30 DGN 3030 17

267 36 29 58 347 0 0 2.9 DGN 3035 2

268 32 174 21 194 N R N V 1 1 4 VGN 3040 7

269 31 184 23 198 N R N V 1 1 5 VGN 3040 8

270 29 244 26 192 N R N V 1 1 0.79 VGN 3040 9

271 44 54 31 86 N L N V 1 1 2.24 VGN 3045 12

272 19 14 21 338 N R N E 2 2 5 DGN 3045 21

273 31 284 7 352 N R N V 2 1 6.5 DGN 3045 25

274 71 99 36 337 0 0 2.12 VGN 3065 12

275 76 103 51 358 0 0 1.67 VGN 3065 15

276 85 260 34 9 0 0 6 DGN 3070 10

277 88 63 22 153 L L R V 4 1 20 VGN 3110 1

278 86 74 14 161 L L R V 4 1 20 VGN 3110 2

279 22 158 22 82 N R N V 2 1 27.55 DGN 3110 23

280 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

281 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

282 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

283 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

284 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

285 55 104 56 82 0 0 1.03 VGN 3110 36

286 73 134 51 178 0 0 1.17 VGN 3110 44

287 55 42 53 49 0 0 0.55 VGN 3110 48

288 67 95 51 32 0 0 2.28 VGN 3110 56

289 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

290 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

291 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

292 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

293 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

294 65 128 21 44 0 0 2.13 VGN 3110 57

295 72 89 8 163 0 0 1.46 VGN 3110 59

296 67 139 15 230 0 0 1.37 DGN 3110 60

297 67 139 15 230 0 0 1.37 DGN 3110 60

299 67 139 15 230 0 0 1.37 DGN 3110 60

Sense of movement: U=view from above, E=view from east and S=view from south. R=dextral, L=sinistral and N=neutral.
















Uncertainty: EE=very uncertain, E=uncertain and V=certain.

nside. Tectonics FP: Sense 0=unknown, 1=reverse, 2=normal, 3=dextral and 4=sinistral. Quality 0=not recorded, 1=excellent, 2=good, 3=poor and 4=unknown.

91

Appendix 3. Tunnel crosscutting fractures (TCF) in the ONKALO tunnel at chainage

1980-3116. See end of table for abbreviations.

#

Orientation Fracture

length (m)

Jr

Ja

Fracture filling Rock type

Water leakage

F_Vector Sense of

movement Uncert-ainty

Chainage and

fracture nr TCF ID Intersection ID

dip dip dir. No. Profile minerals + oxidation width F_ Dip

F_ dir U E S

1 79 229 16 1.5 PRO 0.75 KV MS 20 VGN 1885_1 P147

ONK-BFI-188600-189100

2 78 236 6.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KL EP 1 VGN 4 151 L N L V 1895_24 P148 ONK-BFI-188600-189101

3 60 246 16.00 0.5 PSL 3 CC KL MU GR 2 VGN 7 166 R R L E 2050_2 P149

4 79 226 2.00 1 PSM 3 CC KL KA SK 1 VGN 2055_8 P150

5 21 15 11.00 1 PSM 2 CC SK KL 2 MGN 2090_18 P151

6 31 40 11.00 2 USM 2 CC SK KL 3 VGN 2095_10 P152

7 36 340 56.00 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL GR 9 VGN 49 309 2155_36 P153

8 53 336 4.02 3 URO 2 CC SK KL 0.6 VGN 2170_39 P154

9 42 352 3.57 3 URO 1 CC SK KL 0.4 VGN 2170_44 P155

10 86 234 6.50 1.5 PRO 2 CC SK KL 0.7 VGN 2180_22 P156 ONK-BFI-218500-218900

11 86 71 8.10 1.5 USL 4 KA IL CC EP 3 MGN 2185_7 P157 ONK-BFI-218500-218900

12 84 51 8.39 1.5 USL 4 KL CC KV SK KA IL 15 VGN 2185_37 P158 ONK-BFI-218500-218900

13 86 245 5.00 1.5 USL 4 KA CC SK SV KL 2 VGN 2185_61 P159 ONK-BFI-218500-218900

14 75 227 7.01 1.5 USL 4 CC KA KL SK IL 5 VGN 2185_20 P160

15 69 133 8.00 2 USM 2 BT KL SK 1 QGN 2210_16 P161

16 46 132 5.00 2 USM 2 BT KL 1 QGN 2210_1 P162

17 44 112 7.00 2 USM 2 BT KL 1 VGN 2215_27 P163

18 79 129 4.50 3 URO 2 CC SK KL 0.5 VGN 2220_34 P164 ONK-BFI-223390-223450

19 86 94 15.50 1.5 USL 3 CC KL KV 40 VGN Wet 2225_1 P165 ONK-BFI-223390-223450

20 84 253 15.50 1.5 USL 3 IL KL SK CC PB 43 VGN 28 28 L R R V 2230_1 P166

21 86 261 15.50 1 PSM 2 IL KL SK 1.3 VGN 2245_10 P167

22 86 72 5.01 3 URO 1 CC SK 0.6 PGR 2255_1 P168

ONK-BFI-226600-226800 ks. Surpac STR-file

23 56 167 16.00 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL GR 4 MGN 10 234 2260_9 P169

24 71 334 12.00 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.8 PGR 2260_21 P170

25 45 190 3.40 2 USM 2 BT 1 MGN 2265_20 P171 ONK-BFI-226600-226800

26 51 145 9.10 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL GR 0.3 MGN 2265_28 P172

27 11 318 9.00 3 URO 1 CC SK 0.7 PGR 2305_11 P173

28 12 295 7.00 1.5 PRO 2 CC KA 1.5 PGR 2305_7 P174 ONK-BFI-232400-232550

29 72 182 21.00 1.5 USL 6 KL KA SK SV CC KV 30 VGN 5 284 2315_6 P175

30 75 168 2.60 1.5 USL 3 KL CC SK 1.5 VGN 7 262 2315_18 P176 ONK-BFI-232700-232810

31 88 269 20.14 1.5 USL 3 CC KV SK KL EP 15 MGN 38 13 V 2325_13 P177

32 15 320 16.00 4 SRO 1 CC SK 2 PGR LKU-2320_1 P178

33 65 216 1.03 1.5 USL 3 KL SK CC 0.8 MGN LKU-

2320_58 P179

34 75 5 6.82 1 PSM 1 CC 0.4 PGR LKU-

2320_23 P179 ONK-BFI-232700-232810

35 59 252 11.00 1.5 PRO 1 CC 0.7 PGR LKU-

2320_51 P180

36 51 120 18.00 1.5 USL 4 GR CC SK KL KV 3 VGN 11 205 2355_11 P181

37 44 162 24.00 1.5 USL 3 BT KL CC SK 22 MGN 2365_10 P182

38 54 138 24.00 1.5 USL 3 BT KV CC SK KL 30 MGN 24 216 2365_15 P183

39 60 148 20.00 1.5 USL 4 BT SK GR KL SV 4 VGN 14 233 2380_9 P184

40 89 179 21.00 1.5 USL 3 BT IL SK CC EP KA 4 VGN 2385_11 P185

41 51 172 17.00 3 URO 2 CC SK BT 1 VGN 2385_16 P186

42 63 176 6.54 3 URO 2 BT CC SK 1 VGN 2385_10 P187

43 70 15 8.00 1.5 USL 2 IL KL CC KA 1.3 VGN 2385_59 P188

44 86 176 17.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL BT KA 3 VGN 2385_41 P189

45 6 281 17.00 1.5 PRO 1 CC IM 2 VGN 2395_9 P190 ONK-BJI-239000-

242200

46 22 22 8.00 1.5 PRO 1 CC EP 0.5 VGN 2400_9 P191 ONK-BJI-239000-

242200

47 14 53 8.00 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 1 PGR 2400_1 P192 ONK-BJI-239000-

242200

48 20 24 12.00 3 URO 1 CC 1 PGR 2400_3 P193

49 78 53 5.60 2 USM 1 CC EP SK 1 MGN 2405_27 P194

50 81 173 17.00 1.5 USL 3 CC EP KA 1.5 VGN 21 81 2405_10 P195

51 15 50 7.24 3 URO 1 CC SK IM 0.7 VGN 2410_4 P196

52 84 287 20.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KL EP 3 VGN 2430_4 P197

53 74 163 8.43 1.5 USL 3 CC KL SK 1.5 VGN 2430_6 P198 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

54 75 96 15.00 1.5 USL 6 SV CC KL SK KV EP 100 VGN 55 26 L V 2475_2 P199 ONK-BFI-248150-248200

55 84 133 12.00 1.5 USL 2 CC KL 0.7 VGN 2475_25 P200

56 78 329 8.00 3 URO 2 CC KA 0.4 DGN 2470_23 P201

57 90 177 15.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP SK KL 1.5 VGN 11 261 R N R V 2495_10 P202

58 88 232 18.00 1.5 USL 3 KL SK GR CC 1 VGN 16 151 2500_1 P203

59 84 157 15.00 1.5 USL 5 CC EP SK KL GR SV 6 VGN 14 226 R L L V 2495_7 P204

60 78 52 10.00 3 URO 3 CC KL BT SK KA 1 VGN 2500_40 P205

61 78 11 12.00 2 USM 1 CC EP KV 1 DGN 2500_53 P206

62 82 161 15.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL EP 0.7 DGN 16 103 R L L E 2505_10 P207 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

92

63 74 151 5.10 1.5 USL 4 CC GR KL EP SK 3 DGN 5 234 L V 2510_21 P208 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

64 84 100 16.00 1.5 USL 4 GR CC SK KL EP SV 20 DGN 6 205 R V 2510_13 P209 ONK-BFI-251500-251700

65 72 80 7.50 1.5 USL 1 CC SK EP KV 1.5 DGN 6 15 2515_10 P210

66 75 133 7.42 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL 1.5 DGN 2525_21 P211

67 75 33 5.00 2 USM 1 CC SK 0.4 DGN 2525_7 P212

68 79 38 4.20 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL 0.7 DGN 3 117 R R V 2525_20 P213

69 67 132 6.07 1.5 USL 1 CC EP 1 DGN 19 31 2525_22 P214

70 56 321 6.00 1 PSM 1 CC KV SK 0.5 VGN 30 31 R R R V LKU-

2540_18 P215

71 89 99 5.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL EP 0.7 DGN 10 206 L E LKU-

2540_16 P216

72 73 104 30.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP IL KV MU 3 DGN 24 14 2540_25 P217

73 78 105 5.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL GR 0.5 DGN 9 28 R E LKU-2540_6 P218

74 41 287 3.50 3 URO 3 CC MU KL EP 1 PGR LKU-2540_1 P219

75 42 174 2.30 3 URO 2 MU CC KL 2 PGR LKU-2540_2 P220

76 39 353 20.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KL SV SK 1 VGN 21 51 2560_1 P221

77 24 314 4.00 3 URO 2 CC KA EP 2 PGR 2550_4 P222

78 73 104 30.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP IL KV MU 3 DGN 24 14 2540_25 P223

79 13 152 1.10 3 URO 2 MU 2 PGR 2540_24 P224

80 73 87 9.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP IL KV MU 3 DGN 2540_26 P225

81 79 81 9.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP IL MU 1 PGR 8 352 2540_8 P226

82 24 314 4.00 3 URO 2 CC KA EP 2 PGR 2550_4 P227

83 48 345 11.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL EP 1 VGN 22 56 L L L E 2570_2 P228 ONK-BFI-258220-258290

84 84 127 15.00 1.5 USL 1 SK CC KV KL 2 DGN Damp 10 43 L R L V 2575_3 P229 ONK-BFI-258220-258290

85 84 122 15.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KV SK GR 10 DGN 4 212 R L N V 2580_1 P230

86 84 343 14.00 2 USM 2 CC KA 0.5 DGN 2580_34 P231

87 78 97 7.00 2 USM 2 KL SK CC 0.5 VGN 2585_39 P232

88 71 81 16.00 1.5 USL 2 KL CC SK GR 0.3 VGN 28 44 L L V 2590_3 P233

89 70 87 16.00 1.5 USL 3 CC EP KL KV SK SV 1 VGN 26 36 R E 2590_1 P234

90 69 105 16.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KV KL KA SK 4 VGN 2595_11 P235

91 59 113 9.50 1.5 USL 2 CC KL SK 1 VGN 2595_19 P236 ONK-BFI-261900-262000

92 80 88 16.00 1.5 USL 4 KV KL SK PB SV ZN 100 DGN Wet 16 1 L R V 2615_5 P237 ONK-BFI-262580-262610

93 89 76 18.00 1.5 USL 4 CC KL GR SV KV SK 40 VGN Damp 6 170 L E 2620_1 P238

94 71 83 5.00 3 URO 2 CC SK KA 1 VGN 2620_12 P239

95 90 88 7.04 1.5 USL 1 KV CC SK KL EP 10 DGN 2625_10 P240

96 86 187 8.00 1.5 USL 3 KL SK CC 0.8 DGN 7 275 2630_10 P241

97 84 124 16.00 1.5 USL 2 CC KL SK KV 1 DGN 14 46 2635_1 P242

98 84 95 8.00 1.5 USL 2 CC KL SK 0.5 DGN 2635_4 P243

99 83 106 15.00 1.5 USL 4 CC KL GR 3 DGN 9 28 L L E 2640_1 P244

100 88 296 4.20 0.5 PSL 3 CC KL SK 0.6 DGN 14 21 R L V 2640_26 P245

101 77 121 15.00 1.5 USL 4 CC KV KL GR 10 DGN 12 44 L L V 2640_2 P246

102 81 104 6.00 1.5 USL 2 CC KL 1 DGN 2640_3 P247

103 61 119 6.00 1.5 USL 3 GR CC KL EP 2 DGN 16 51 2640_21 P248

104 90 86 11.08 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL GR 0.8 DGN 8 1 2645_12 P249

105 88 300 18.00 1.5 USL 4 GR CC SK KL EP 20 DGN 11 44 R R V LKU-

2660_13 P250 ONK-BFI-267060-267190

106 90 113 20.00 1.5 USL 4 KV CC SV KL SK EP 100 DGN DAMP 12 23 L L V LKU-

2660_23 P251

107 76 102 10.00 1.5 USL 2 KL CC 2 VGN 10 186 R N N V 2660_13 P252

108 66 130 7.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KA EP 1.5 VGN 16 205 R L N V 2675_7 P254

109 85 150 20.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP KL KV SV 20 VGN 15 59 L N N V 2690_1 P255

110 87 289 7.50 1.5 USL 2 KA SK KL CC 1 VGN 5 201 L V 2695_14 P256

111 74 255 6.10 3 URO 2 MU EP 0.8 PGR 2690_5 P257

112 41 207 4.25 1.5 PRO 2 MU CC 1.5 PGR 2695_19 P258

113 85 211 9.50 2 USM 1 CC EP 0.2 PGR 2695_41 P259 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

114 77 100 18.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KV KL EP 20 VGN 11 163 R N L V 2710_5 P260 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

115 77 88 3.50 3 URO 3 EP CC KL 0.7 PGR 2720_4 P261 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

116 88 275 7.00 3 URO 3 EP CC SK MU KL 0.5 PGR 2720_5 P262 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

117 79 99 20.00 1.5 USL KV KL SK CC 25 VGN 5 44 R N N V 2715_10 P263 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

118 84 124 6.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL 3 DGN 6 31 R N L V 2725_1 P264 ONK-BFI-271860-272290

119 88 120 8.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL 1 DGN 2725_2 P265 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

120 86 255 15.00 1.5 USL 2 CC KL SK KV 1.5 DGN 8 350 R L V 2730_8 P266 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

121 89 107 16.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KL SK KV 50 DGN 21 207 L E 2735_8 P267 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

122 74 93 20.00 1.5 USL 3 KL CC SK KV 20 DGN 2 354 2735_9 P268 ONK-BFI-274620-274800

123 73 130 11.00 1.5 USL 3 KL CC SK KV 20 DGN 9 212 2735_10 P269

124 82 89 5.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL GR 0.6 DGN 7 21 R N N E 2740_3 P270 ONK-BFI-275900-276150

125 71 102 17.00 1.5 USL CC SK KL GR 10 DGN 12 23 L N N V 2745_26 P271

126 73 94 12.00 1.5 USL CC SK EP KV KL 0.5 DGN 6 98 N N N 2750_13 P272 ONK-BFI-275900-276150

127 81 96 16.00 1.5 USL KL KV CC SK GR 100 DGN Damp 21 3 R N L 2755_9 P273

128 68 85 2.08 1.5 USL 2 SK KL CC 0.6 DGN 6 0 2760_8 P274

129 88 78 20.00 0.5 PSL 3 KL CC SK 1 DGN 6 351 2880_1 P275

130 21 261 18.00 1.5 USL 1 KV CC MU 10 DGN 11 249 N N L E 2900_4 P276

131 65 92 20.00 0.5 PSL 2 EP SK GR 1 PGR 2915_1 P277

93

132 85 74 15 1.5 PRO 1 CC MU 0.4 PGR 2910_2 P278 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

133 79 74 20.00 1.5 USL 4 KL GR CC KV SV SK 100 DGN Dripping 16 356 L N N V 2925_3 P279 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

134 80 87 13.00 0.5 PSL 3 CC GR KL EP 3 DGN 2930_9 P280 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

135 88 262 15.00 1.5 USL 2 GR CC KL SK 2 DGN Dripping 13 343 2930_39 P281 ONK-BFI-293150-293750

136 81 89 20.00 1.5 USL 6 SV KL CC KV EP GR 70 DGN Dripping 16 342 L N R V 2935_11 P282

137 66 87 15.00 1.5 USL 2 CC GR EP 1.4 DGN 35 357 L R R E 2945_2 P283

138 76 64 25.00 1.5 USL 2 EP CC SK KL 1 DGN 1 157 L N N V 2975_1 P284

139 37 147 25.00 1.5 USL 4 KA IL EP SK 1 PGR 27 189 L R N V 3005_7 P285

140 75 92 25.00 1.5 USL 4 KV CC KL SK EP KA 20 VGN 9 179 R N N V KPE2-3080-

2_4 P286 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

141 79 285 6.00 1.5 USL 3 KA CC SK KL 1 DGN 10 16 R N L E KPE2-3080-

10_6 P287 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

142 81 68 4.50 1.5 USL 1 CC SK EP 0.4 DGN KPE2-3080-

15_1 P288 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

143 81 245 15.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KV KA SK EP KL 8 DGN KPE2-3080-

15_2 P289 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

144 81 246 20.00 1.5 USL 3 CC KV KA SK EP KL 10 DGN KPE2-3080-

15_3 P290 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

145 66 101 3.80 1.5 USL 4 GR KL CC EP 3 DGN 37 12 R L V KPE2-3080-

15_32 P291 ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-1570-2000

146 72 94 10.00 1.5 USL 4 GR KL CC EP 3 DGN 39 14 R L V KPE2-3080-

15_33 P292

147 80 130 10.00 3 URO 2 CC SK KA 0.6 VGN KPE2-3080-

25_26 P293

148 89 326 8.00 1 PSM 2 CC SK KA 1 MGN KPE2-3080-

30_29 P294 ONK-BFI-302750-303500

149 22 204 20.00 1.5 USL 2 KL SK CC 0.8 DGN 16 203 L R L E 3025_7 P295

150 39 359 30.00 1.5 USL 3 SV KL CC SK EP KV 2 DGN 32 345 N L N V 3030_17 P296 ONK-BFI-302750-303500

151 4 3 50.00 0.5 PSL 3 CC SK KL 2 MGN 5 352 N R N V KPE1-3032-

35_55 P297 ONK-BFI-302750-303500

152 27 184 6.50 1.5 USL 2 CC KL SK 1 DGN 26 190 N R N V 3030_1 P298

153 73 90 20.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL 1.5 VGN 60 8 L N N E KPE1-3032-

30_31 P299 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

154 85 249 20.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK EP KL 0.5 VGN Damp 41 21 R N L E KPE1-3032-

40_14 P300

155 83 89 7.00 1.5 USL 2 KL SK CC EP 0.2 VGN 40 14 L R R V KPE1-3032-

30_13 P301

156 64 97 9.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL 1 VGN 41 8 KPE1-3032-

30_42 P301

157 56 74 8.00 1.5 USL 3 KL SK CC KA 2 VGN 39 358 R N L V KPE1-3032-

35_31 P302 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

158 84 249 20.00 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL SV KV 10 DGN 14 164 R N N V KPE1-3032-

45_1 P303 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

159 64 307 15.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK KL 3 DGN KPE1-3032-

45_30 P304 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

160 89 51 14.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL 5 DGN KPE1-3032-

45_33 P305 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

161 83 248 6.50 3 URO 1 KV EP CC 10 DGN 18 169 L N L E KPE1-3032-

40_13 P305 ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800

162 62 109 16.00 1.5 USL 2 CC EP KV IM 4 DGN 42 54 R L L V KPE1-3032-

45_22 P306

163 29 128 15.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK KL KA 1 MGN 32 161 KPE1-3032-

50_42 P307

164 89 79 22.00 1.5 USL 2 CC SK EP KL 1 VGN 34 353 L L N V KPE1-3032-

25_17 P308

165 75 85 7.00 2 USM 1 CC SK 4 DGN KPE3-3032-

9_12 P309

166 32 168 8.00 1.5 USL 4 KL CC GR SK 6 VGN 14 195 KPE1-3032-

35_24 P310

167 30 352 7.20 1.5 USL 3 KL CC SK 1 KFP 27 348 KPE3-3032-

9_20 P311

168 33 358 11.00 1.5 USL 3 SK KA KL CC 2 DGN 33 14 KPE3-3032-

15_37 P311

169 22 350 20.00 1.5 USL 3 CC SK IM KV 15 VGN 21 26 N L N E KPE3-3032-

20_18 P311

170 84 61 16.00 1.5 USL 4 CC SK KL KA GR 6 DGN KPE3-3032-

15_35 P312

171 72 269 18.00 1.5 USL 2 KV CC SK EP KL SV 30 VGN 5 344 R N N E KPE3-3032-

20_16 P313

172 89 7 20 2 USM 1 CC SK EP 1.5 DGN KPE3-3032-

25_1 P314

173 88 63 20 1.5 USL 4 CC SV CU EP KL 20 VGN 22 153 L L R V 3110_1 P315

174 86 74 20 1.5 USL 4 KL GR SK CC EP 2 VGN 14 161 L L R V 3110_2 P316

175 22 158 27.55 1.5 USL 4 GR BT KL SV IM 3 DGN 22 82 N R N V 3110_23 P317

176 11 27 30 1.5 USL 4 CC KV IM SV 30 KFP 9 116 N L R EE SPR-

3019_10_3 P323

177 19 55 20 2 USM 2 CC SK BT IM KL KA 1 DGN SPR-

3019_15_2 P324

Biotite (BT), calcite (CC), epidote (EP), graphite (GR), hematite (HE), pre-grouting cement (IM), illite (IL), kaolinite (KA), chlorite (KL), quartz (KV), muscovite (MU), pyrite (SK), sericite (SR), unidentified clay minerals (SV).

USL=Undulating slickenside, USM= Undulating smooth, URO= Undulating rough, PSL=Planar rough, PSM=Planar smooth and PRO=Planar rough.

95

Appendix 4. Description of the deformation zone intersections mapped in chainage 1980-3116.

From To ID Dip Dip Dir.

Description Fractures

1994 1995

ONK-HGI-

199460-199550

61 132

This high-grade ductile deformation intersection differs from the surrounding rock mainly by its banding and foliation. The rock type is veined gneiss but there are also some stromatic features at places. In this section the banding is strong (BAN3) whereas in surrounding rock it is weaker BAN1-BAN2. The foliation is steeper and crosscuts the foliation of the surrounding rock. Large mica gneiss inclusions are common. Foliation in this intersection is 76°/126° (dip/ dip direction) as after the intersection it is 43/144 and before 50/130. The intersection contains also some pegmatitic granite inclusions and veins, which are 5-15 cm wide at average. Neosome content is ca. 50-60 %.

2185 2189

ONK-BFI-

218500-218900

81 55

Brittle fault intersection that mainly is composed of four different fractures, with some conjugate fractures in between. The intersection contains no distinct damage and core zone. The main fracture of the zone is TCF P158. All fractures show a slickensided surface, but no kinematic indicators could be detected. The intersection is located mainly in veined gneiss, and it shows a weak epidotization in the left wall of the tunnel. All main fractures contain a variety of clay minerals shifting between KA, IL and SV.

P157 P158 P159 P160

2232 2234

ONK-BFI-

223290-223450

81 80

This intersection is composed of two tunnel crosscutting undulating slickensided fractures and some shorter fractures near them. The main fractures are TCFs P165 and P166. Filling minerals are calcite, quartz some epidote, chlorite, illite, pyrite and galena are also found. The thickness of fracture fillings changes between 2-50 mm. In the roof and right wall, P165 branches into a few shorter fractures, which are almost parallel to this main fracture. The surrounding rock is weakly banded, slightly fractured and unaltered veined gneiss.

P165 P166

2235_4

2266 2268

ONK-BFI-

226600-226800

69 161

This intersection is mostly composed of TCFs 169, P172 and some other long undulating slickensided fractures. In the left wall, the rock type is mainly densely fractured mica gneiss, whereas the roof and right wall are slightly fractured, unaltered veined gneiss. Banding is irregular. Fracturing is mostly parallel to the foliation, but there is also many shorter sub-vertical fractures in the left wall, probably due to lithology (mica gneiss).

P169 P172

2265_31 2270_14

96



2324 2325

ONK-BFI-

232400-232550

75 189

Intersection ONK-BFI-2324 (75°/189°) is 1.5 m wide and consists of TCF P175. A few conjugate fractures are joined to this main fracture. Most of the intersection is inside veined gneiss but it also cuts through a large block of pegmatitic granite in the left wall of the tunnel. A few small, elongated (parallel to banding) MGN inclusions are also present within the intersection. This intersection is probably a continuation of the brittle fault zone intersection ONK-BFI-2266 encountered earlier in the chainage, but it is less prominent here.

P175 2325_32

2327 2328

ONK-BFI-

232700-232810

88 80

ONK-BFI-2327 (88°/080°) is 1.1 m wide and has a core composed of the TCF fracture 2325_13 (P177) and a small damage zone on both sides of the core. The fracture is a sub -vertical, undulating slickensided fracture with quartz, calcite, pyrite, chlorite, and epidote filling. At some places, the quartz filling is quite thick (20 cm). Fractures within the damage zone also contain muscovite and sericite. Most of the intersection is in a large block of PGR, but the latter part of the intersection cuts through moderately banded veined gneiss and a MGN inclusion (in the right wall of the tunnel). The PGR in the close proximity of the intersection (within the damage zone) is pervasively epidotized. Several conjugate fractures are combined to the main fracture. Also a horizontal fracture set cuts through the intersection. The intersection crosscuts another zone intersection (ONK-BFI-2324) in the roof of the tunnel. ONK-BFI-2327 slightly displaces and affects the orientation of ONK-BFI-2324 and is, thus, interpreted to be slightly younger.

P177 LKU_2320_13 LKU_2320_14 LKU_2320_43 LKU_2320_51

2365 2372

ONK-HGI-

236520-237200

43 137

This high-grade ductile deformation zone intersection is composed of intensively banded VGN. The veined gneiss has been sheared and the shearing seems to be related to deformation occurring in the D3 deformation phase. The main orientation of the foliation is 42°/137° but dip/direction varies with approximately 10 degrees. In this section the banding is more pronounced than in the surrounding rock, but the contacts are at some places a bit diffuse. The zone is bordered by MGN inclusions (parallel to foliation) and less sheared VGN. Neosome proportion in the VGN is ca. 40% and some BT-schlierens also occur. The section has very few fractures and is thus quite homo-genous. Detail photos from the intersection are taken from the right wall at chainage 2365.

97



2384 2396

ONK-HGI-

238400-239600

50 154

This high-grade ductile deformation zone intersection is composed of intensively banded VGN, which clearly stands out from the surrounding bedrock. The veined gneiss has been sheared and the shearing may be related to deformation occurring in the D2 deformation phase. The main orientation of the foliation is 50°/154° and it is quite consistent. The zone also contains MGN inclusions and veins/boudins of PGR (both parallel to the foliation). Neosome proportion in the VGN is 40-50%. The contacts of the intersection are on the upper side bordered by TCF P184 and on the down side by a large PGR-dyke and a MGN inclusion. In association with the intersection there is some sub-horizontal fracturing, especially in the latter part of the intersection. Detail photos from the intersection were taken from the left wall at chainage 2385.

2390 2422

ONK-BJI-

239000-242200

20 24

The ONK-BJI-2390 intersection in chainage 2390-2422 has a 20°/024° direction and is located in an unaltered, banded veined gneiss with quarts gneiss and mica gneiss inclusions. Some pegmatitic granite and diatexitic gneiss are also found in places. The intersection consists of numerous sub-horizontal fractures, the length of which varies from tens of centimeters to almost twenty meters. The profile of the fractures is usually planar rough, but undulating rough ones also exists. The fractures commonly have calcite fillings with some pyrite also present. Some of the long fractures were water-conducting before grouting.

P190 P191 P192 P193 P196

2481 2482

ONK-BFI-

248150-248200

70 91

The 0.5 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2481 (70°/091°) is dominated by TCF P199, which is splayed into multiple fracture planes. The long fracture P200 is also part of the intersection, but is found outside the core. The core zone of the intersection consists of about 25 cm thick fault gouge, which is not continuous. This gouge is partly incohesive and composed mainly of grayish green clay material. About 2 to 10 cm thick calcite fillings that are commonly accompanied by galena, graphite, chlorite, epidote, quartz and pyrite. The small fracture surfaces within the zone are slickensided. The intersection is inside VGN; however, the fracture planes of the P199 go around one QGN inclusion (diameter > 0.5m) in the roof of the tunnel.

P199 P200

98



2499 2503

ONK-BFI-

249900-250350

75 163

ONK-BFI-2499 (75°/163°) consists of the long fractures P204 and P202. The fracture P203 crosscuts the intersection, but does not belong to it. Shorter fractures 2500_12, 2500_13, 2500_11 and 2500_10 are related to the zone intersection. The main fractures sometimes splay into two fractures. P204 and the very near surroundings make up the core of this zone. Kaolinite occurs as dissemination and as fracture filling in P204.

P202 P204

2515 2517

ONK-BFI-

251500-251700

70 99

ONK-BFI-2515 (70°/099°) is 2 m wide and consists of TCFs P209, P210 and P208. The TCF P206 is a splay from the intersection, but is not part of it. The core zone of the intersection is composed of a cohesive breccia, which consists of calcite, quartz and epidote. Fracture surfaces are slickensided and have chlorite and graphite coatings. The thickness of the fillings varies from 1 to 20 cm.

P208 P209 P210

2582 2582

ONK-BFI-

258220-258290

83 115

ONK-BFI-2582 (83°/115°) intersection is 0.7 m wide and dominated by two long fractures, P230 and P229. P230 controls the geometry and width of the intersection. P229 is within the intersection on the left wall, but separates from it on the right. Rock type is unaltered DGN, which is irregularly banded.

P229 P230

2580_7 2580_12 2580_23 2580_27

2619 2620

ONK-BFI-

261900-262000

72 85

The 1 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2619 (72°/085°) is constrained by the TCF P237, which contains 10 cm thick CC, KL, KV, SK, SV and ZN fillings. The rock type is DGN, with some MGN inclusions in the tunnel roof. The intersection is damp, and one spot in the right side of the roof, is dripping.

P237

2625 2626

ONK-BFI-

262580-262610

85 81

The narrow deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2625 (85°/081°) is controlled by the TCF P238. Rock type is irregularly banded, unaltered DGN. The TCF is mainly damp, except in the tunnel roof, where the TCF cuts a MGN inclusion (diameter ~2m). Filling in the fracture is ~5cm thick, mainly CC and KV, surrounded by KL, SV and SK.

P238

2670 2671

ONK-BFI-

267060-267190

83 85

The 1.3 m wide ONK-BFI-2670 (83°/085°) is defined by the TCF P251. Some fractures, such as 2670_14 and 10 are within the intersection. The rock type is DGN. The roof and most of the walls were covered with shotcrete at the time of mapping.

P251 2670_10 2670_14

2718 2722

ONK-BFI-

271860-272290

88 96

ONK-BFI-2718 (88°/096°) is 4.3 m wide and consists of the TCF P260 and the splayed fractures surrounding it: P261, P262, P263, P264, P265. P260 is damp on the right wall and has CC, KL, GR, and KV as filling minerals. Rock type is PGR, which is unaltered and massive.

P260 P261 P262 P263 P264 P265

99



2746 2748

ONK-BFI-

274620-274800

89 107

On the right wall the intersection consist of TCFs P266, P267, P268 and P269. Main fracture that defines the geometry of the intersection is P268. It has 3 cm thick CC, KL, GR, KV filling. P267 is not part of the intersection geometry, but joins the intersection on the right wall. The rock type is mixed DGN and PGR, unaltered and with some banding.

P266 P267 P268 P269

2759 2761

ONK-BFI-

275900-276150

75 91

Main fracture of the intersection is P273. It has a thick (~5 cm) CC, GR, KL, KV, EP filling. The fracture surface is partly wet on the left wall, where the P271 (2745_26) joins P273.Rock type is unaltered VGN.

P271 P273

2931 2937

ONK-BFI-

293150-293750

86 81

The 6 m wide deformation zone intersection ONK-BFI-2931 (89°/107°) is composed of TCFs P279-P282. Between the main faults there are several conjugate fractures, most of which are dripping. The intersection is partly inside a niche on the left side. The intersection is a sub-vertical fault with mainly strike-slip component and consisting of two seemingly similar core sections with approximately 5 m distance from each other. The thickness of the core sections are ca. 40-70 cm but the actual brecciated parts consists of approximately 5-10 cm thick sections (small brecciated seams in the order of few cm). On the edges of the cores, chlorite bearing surfaces show horizontal slickensides. The core section also contains “implosive breccia” i.e. angular rock coasts of the size of few mm to 10 cm within thick quartz matrix. Minerals inside the fault are: quartz, chlorite, sulphides. Some clay bearing breccia seams crosscut the quartz matrix.

P279 P280 P281 P282

3018 3020

ONK-HGI-

301850-302000

59 307

Ductile deformation zone with migmatitic leucosome intruded in the shear plane. Sense of shear top-to-NE: from NE sinistral (sketch), from SW dextral. Core zone better visible on the right wall, on left wall "intruded" by the leucosome. Possibly a local zone, but together with other similar, smaller zones nearby may define a ductile deformation pattern. No visible alteration in the core zone on right wall.

3019

ONK-SPR-3019-BFI-

1300-2130

28 088

BFI sub-horizontal to gently dipping, probably part of the same zone that is visible in the ramp at 3027-3035 and that continues into KPE1-3032 but the direction seems to have bent and here the zone dips moderately towards east. Multiple brittle fractures and no clear core. Contains long fractures: P323 and P324. Above the zone the rock is DGN, inside it is VGN and below it is KFP.

P323 P324

100



3027 3035

ONK-BFI-

302750-303500

20 115

A BFI which is sub-horizontal to gently dipping and continues into KPE1-3032, also visible at the end of SPR-3019. Multiple brittle fractures in a ductile background deformation zone. Shear sense top-to-NW /sinistral from SW. Fracture zones anastomose, apparently somewhat controlled by the ductile deformation and folding. Fracture fillings graphite, illite, chlorite as alteration products, narrow alteration zones (some mm at most). No clear core. Contains long fractures: P295, P297, P298, P323.

P295 P297 P298

3032

ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-

3900-4800

74 87

The zone is subvertical with partly semiductile character. It is composed of multiple TCF's of which P300 and P303 is the most dominant. Evidence of abundant hydrothermal fluid activity along the fractures; fracture fillings of quartz, pyrite, clay, chlorite, plagioclase and calcite up to several cm thick. Pyritisation quite pervasive, also the host rock has some pyrite. On the right wall shear sense top-to-E (from S dextral) based on foliation deflection. Pre-core zone on left wall 0 meters, post-core zone 4 m; on the right wall vice versa. Contains long fractures: P300, P303, P304, P305, P306 and P307.

P300 P303 P304 P305 P306 P307

3032

ONK-KPE3-3032-BFI-

1850-2540

85 86

Sub-vertical fault zone composed of multiple long slickensided fractures of which the TCF P313 and P312 are the most dominant. Evidence of abundant hydrothermal fluid activity along the fractures; fracture fillings of quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, clay, chlorite, plagioclase and calcite up to several cm thick. No clear core-zone but many joining fractures around the main fractures but also some quite intact parts inside the zone. No clear ductile component observed in association to this intersection. This deformation zone seems to be weakening towards south (more intense deformation in the northern tunnel-intersections of this same zone).

P312 P313

3080

ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-

1570-2000

88 250

This intersection consists of several slickensided fractures including long fractures P287-P292 and it has no clear core zone. The main fractures are P289 & P290. The intersection is sub-vertical and it contains many shorter conjugate fractures between these longer P289 and P290 fractures. Main filling minerals are calcite, quartz, pyrite, galena and epidote. Also some chlorite, kaolinite and graphite occur. The host rock is a unaltered, irregularly banded diatexitic gneiss with some parts of veined gneiss. The zone is probably a continuation of the ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-3900-4800 and continues also probably as ONK-BFI-311300-311950.

P287 P288 P289 P290 P291 P292

101



3113 3119

ONK-BFI-

311300-311950

45 110

ONK-BFI-3113 (45°/110°) is 6.5 m wide and composed of multiple fractures with variable orientations. Epidote alteration is observed around the main fracture TCF P315 that also has plagioclase + minor hydrothermal quartz filling of up to ca. 2 cm. Fracture fillings also include pyrite, some chlorite and some clay minerals. Ductile background deformation is strong, in places almost mylonitic. The zone also contains TCFs P316. This intersection is probably part of the same zone as ONK-KPE1-3032-BFI-39, ONK-KPE3-3032-BFI-18 and ONK-KPE2-3080-BFI-15.

P315 P316

3110_3 3110_5 3116_11

103

Appendix 5. Description of RQD (1), Jn (2), Jr (3), Ja (4), Jw (5) and SRF (6) (Grimstad &

Barton 1993).

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja

median Jw SRF Q Q quality Q' Q' quality GSI

Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

1980 1985 100 0.5 5 1 1 1 1000 Exceptionally Good 1000 Exceptionally Good 106.2 VGN


1990 1995 100 0.5 2 2 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 68 113 26 0 4




2010 2015 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 9 183 36 0 1.32



2025 2035 100 0.5 3 2 1 1 300 Extremely Good 300 Extremely Good 95.3 VGN 82 63 45 3.4 2.3


2035 2040 100 0.5 3 1 1 1 600 Exceptionally Good 600 Exceptionally Good 101.6 VGN 21 77 63 1.1 1.42



2050 2055 100 0.5 1.5 3 1 1 100 Very Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 60 246 9 0 16

2055 2060 100 1 2.5 3 1 1 83.33334 Very Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 VGN 67 242 26 2.2 2.16

2060 2065 100 1 5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 DGN

2065 2070 100 1 2 1 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 65 29 45 0 1.08


2075 2080 100 0.5 2 1 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 DGN 85 331 45 0 1.31

2080 2085 100 0.5 5 1 1 1 1000 Exceptionally Good 1000 Exceptionally Good 106.2 DGN


2090 2095 100 3 2.5 1 1 1 83.33334 Very Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 DGN 70 79 63 1.1 3.17

2095 2100 100 2 2 2 1 1 50 Very Good 50 Very Good 79.2 DGN 18 32 26 0 6.5

2100 2105 100 0.5 2 1 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 VGN 74 85 45 0 1.04

2105 2110 100 0.5 3 1 1 1 600 Exceptionally Good 600 Exceptionally Good 101.6 VGN 70 110 45 0 1.38 16 1 71 1.1 6.1


2115 2120 100 1 4 2 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 DGN 35 230 56 1.1 1.38



2130 2135 100 1 5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 VGN




Appendix 6. Q-parameters and Q-quality for each 5 m chainage of the ONKALO tunnel in chainage 1980-3116.

105

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length


2155 2160 100 1 2.5 4 1 1 62.5 Very Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 36 340 20 3.4 56


2165 2170 100 2 5 1 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN

2170 2175 100 2 4 2 1 1 100 Very Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 50 339 56 2.2 4.02

2175 2180 100 2 4 1 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 41 349 71 1.1 1.2

2180 2185 100 2 2.5 2 1 1 62.5 Very Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 85 78 36 0 2.16 40 356 51 0.5 2.17

2185 2190 95 3 1.5 2 1 1 23.75 Good 23.75 Good 72.5 VGN 68 91 36 1.1 2.08 58 135 26 1.1 1.83

2190 2194 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 69 33 36 0 1.635 49 96 53 0 2.09





2210 2215 100 0.5 3 1.5 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 VGN 71 146 51 0.5 3.07

2215 2220 100 1 2.5 1 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 29 319 56 0 1.11

2220 2225 100 1 2 1 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 26 341 45 0 1.57 72 127 45 0 1.36


2230 2235 100 2 3 2 1 1 75 Very Good 75 Very Good 82.9 VGN 84 253 26 2.2 15.5 41 25 63 1.1 1.54

2235 2240 100 1 4 2 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 28 232 66 2.2 1.11 89 239 33 5.7 1.2


2245 2250 100 2 2 1 1 1 100 Very Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 88 76 45 0 1.46

2250 2255 100 2 2 1 1 1 100 Very Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 71 338 63 1.1 2.08 84 229 45 0 2.4

2255 2260 100 0.5 3 1 1 1 600 Exceptionally Good 600 Exceptionally Good 101.6 PGR 90 67 71 1.1 2.795

2260 2265 100 4 1.5 3 1 1 12.5 Good 12.5 Good 66.7 PGR 87 338 26 2.8 2.23 85 258 45 0 1.24

2265 2270 100 3 1.5 2 1 1 25 Good 25 Good 73.0 VGN 86 85 45 0 1.16 67 142 26 1.1 1.36

2270 2275 100 1 3.25 1 1 1 325 Extremely Good 325 Extremely Good 96.1 VGN 60 199 71 6.8 2.7 74 72 56 0 1.67

2275 2280 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 MGN 86 78 56 0 2.16


2285 2290 100 0.5 2 1 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 MGN


2295 2300 100 1 2.5 1 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 MGN 86 78 45 0 1.03

2300 2305 100 1 2 1 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 MGN 80 86 45 0 1.57

2305 2310 100 1 2.5 1 1 1 250 Extremely Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 PGR 4 332 56 0 3.32 81 255 56 0 2.6

106

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

2310 2315 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 DGN 83 116 56 0 4.3

2315 2320 100 3 2.5 2 1 1 41.66667 Very Good 41.66667 Very Good 77.6 VGN 75 22 45 0 1.62 86 165 26 1.1 4

2320 2325 100 1 3.25 2 1 1 162.5 Extremely Good 162.5 Extremely Good 89.8 DGN 71 171 56 0 5


2330 2335 100 4 2.5 1 1 1 62.5 Very Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 82 166 45 0 1.42 78 256 56 0 1.23

2335 2340 100 0.5 2.5 4 1 1 125 Extremely Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 VGN 78 160 26 1.1 2.3




2355 2360 100 0.5 2.5 4 1 1 125 Extremely Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 VGN 51 120 20 0 18


2365 2370 100 3 2.5 3 1 1 27.77778 Good 27.77778 Good 73.9 VGN 50 137 26 1.1 5.03

2370 2375 100 2 2.5 2 1 1 62.5 Very Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 50 145 18 0 4.6

2375 2380 100 2 2 1 1 1 100 Very Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 89 267 36 0 7

2380 2385 100 3 2.5 1 1 1 83.33334 Very Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 VGN 62 154 36 1.1 1.92 14 41 56 0.5 1.26

2385 2390 100 4 1.5 2 1 1 18.75 Good 18.75 Good 70.4 VGN 56 155 36 1.1 1.32 79 7 36 1.1 8 85 70 36 0 1.65

2390 2395 100 3 2.5 1 1 1 83.33334 Very Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 VGN 10 262 56 0 2.03


2400 2405 100 2 4 1 1 1 200 Extremely Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 PGR 18 21 66 1.7 7.5

2405 2410 100 2 2.5 1 1 1 125 Extremely Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 PGR 9 33 56 0 2.29







2440 2445 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 VGN 88 223 56 1.1 1.02





2465 2470 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 1 500 Exceptionally Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 VGN 83 168 56 0 1.85

2470 2475 100 1 4 1 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 DGN 66 347 71 1.1 1.04

107

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

2475 2480 100 6 2.5 5.5 1 1 7.575758 Fair 7.575758 Fair 62.2 VGN 76 106 10 1.1 15

2480 2485 100 3 3 2 1 1 50 Very Good 50 Very Good 79.2 VGN 46 151 45 2.2 1.4


2490 2495 100 0.5 3 1.5 1 1 400 Extremely Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 VGN 61 107 51 1.1 1.25

2495 2500 100 3 2.5 3.5 1 1 23.80952 Good 23.80952 Good 72.5 DGN 87 167 27 4 15

2500 2505 95 4 1.5 1 1 5 7.125 Fair 35.625 Good 76.2 DGN 87 346 56 2.2 3.75 85 59 56 0 1.11

2505 2510 100 3 3 1 1 5 20 Good 100 Very Good 85.4 DGN 78 168 56 4 5

2510 2515 100 4 1.5 2 1 5 3.75 Poor 18.75 Good 70.4 VGN 83 145 45 1.1 1.91 85 101 20 2.2 16

2515 2520 100 2 3 1 1 5 30 Good 150 Extremely Good 89.1 DGN 69 162 63 2.2 1.15

2520 2525 100 1 5 1 1 5 100 Very Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 VGN

2525 2530 100 2 2.5 1 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 DGN 79 161 45 0 1.48

2530 2535 100 1 3 1 1 5 60 Very Good 300 Extremely Good 95.3 VGN 85 333 63 1.1 1.01

2535 2540 100 1 2.5 1 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 79 306 51 4 3.465

2540 2550 100 3 2.5 2 1 5 8.333333 Fair 41.66667 Very Good 77.6 DGN 90 92 56 1.1 2.1

2550 2560 100 4 4 2 1 5 10 Fair 50 Very Good 79.2 PGR 82 258 56 2.2 2.45 24 314 56 2.2 4

2560 2565 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 39 353 26 6.8 20

2565 2570 100 0.5 4 2 1 5 80 Very Good 400 Extremely Good 97.9 VGN 37 309 56 2.2 15

2570 2575 100 0.5 2.5 1.5 1 5 66.66666 Very Good 333.3333 Extremely Good 96.3 VGN 48 345 36 4.5 11


2580 2585 100 3 3 1 1 5 20 Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 81 133 60 2.2 3.5 87 261 60 3.4 1.51

2585 2590 100 2 3 2 1 5 15 Good 75 Very Good 82.9 VGN 82 85 56 3.4 2.13

2590 2595 100 2 2.5 1 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 VGN 84 87 56 2.2 3

2595 2600 100 2 2.5 2 1 5 12.5 Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 71 94 36 2.2 2

2600 2605 100 1 1.5 2 1 5 15 Good 75 Very Good 82.9 DGN 83 173 41 1.7 3.3

2605 2610 100 0.5 5 1 1 5 200 Extremely Good 1000 Exceptionally Good 106.2 VGN

2610 2615 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 5 100 Very Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 VGN 87 167 56 5.7 6

2615 2620 100 3 1.5 1 1 5 10 Fair 50 Very Good 79.2 DGN 82 130 45 1.1 1.85

2620 2625 100 3 2 1 1 5 13.33333 Good 66.66666 Very Good 81.8 VGN 86 99 60 2.2 2.25

2625 2630 100 3 2.5 1 1 5 16.66667 Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 DGN 89 173 56 2.2 1.58

2630 2635 100 1 2.5 1 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 DGN 76 84 56 0 3


2640 2645 100 2 2.5 3 1 5 8.333333 Fair 41.66667 Very Good 77.6 DGN 83 113 26 1.1 1.6

2645 2650 100 1 2.5 2 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 DGN 88 274 26 1.1 2.28

108

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

2650 2660 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 5 100 Very Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 DGN 83 171 36 1.1 1.52

2660 2670 100 3 2.5 1 1 5 16.66667 Good 83.33334 Very Good 83.8 DGN 88 163 56 0 4.5

2670 2675 100 2 2.5 2 1 5 12.5 Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 57 354 56 0 3.3

2675 2680 100 1 3.25 2 1 5 32.5 Good 162.5 Extremely Good 89.8 VGN 71 137 48 2.8 7

2680 2685 100 1 2.75 2.5 1 5 22 Good 110 Extremely Good 86.3 DGN 71 201 26 2.2 1.68

2685 2690 100 1 3 1 1 5 60 Very Good 300 Extremely Good 95.3 DGN 79 13 63 3.4 3.49

2690 2695 100 2 3 2 1 5 15 Good 75 Very Good 82.9 DGN 85 21 51 2.8 2.175

2695 2700 100 2 4 1 1 5 40 Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 PGR 88 122 56 2.2 1.35

2700 2705 100 1 2.5 2 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 PGR 77 69 63 2.2 2.38

2705 2710 100 0.5 4 1 1 5 160 Extremely Good 800 Exceptionally Good 104.2 VGN 86 344 36 0 7

2710 2715 100 2 3 1.5 1 5 20 Good 100 Very Good 85.4 VGN 85 87 56 2.2 3.5

2715 2720 100 3 3 1 1 5 30 Good 150 Extremely Good 85.4 VGN 87 86 56 3.4 4.2

2720 2725 100 2 4 1 1 5 40 Good 200 Extremely Good 91.7 PGR 86 90 71 2.2 2.65






2750 2755 100 2 4 1 1 5 26.66667 Good 133.3333 Extremely Good 91.7 DGN 78 79 56 2.2 1.91 16 354 71 2.2 1.49


2760 2765 100 3 1.5 1.5 1 5 6.666667 Fair 33.33333 Good 75.6 DGN 88 100 36 2.2 2.03

2765 2770 100 0.5 2.5 4 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 VGN 59 92 20 1.1 1.79

2770 2775 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 36 64 36 1.1 4


2780 2785 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 VGN 65 62 36 3.4 3.91




2805 2820 100 2 2.5 2 1 5 12.5 Good 62.5 Very Good 81.2 VGN 24 157 36 2.8 11



2835 2840 100 0.5 5 1 1 5 200 Extremely Good 1000 Exceptionally Good 106.2 DGN


109

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length








2880 2890 100 0.5 2.5 3 1 5 33.33333 Good 166.6667 Extremely Good 90.0 DGN 87 77 9 0 11.1



2900 2905 100 0.5 2.5 1.5 1 5 66.66666 Very Good 333.3333 Extremely Good 96.3 DGN 39 284 48 1.7 9.51

2905 2910 100 1 3.25 2 1 5 32.5 Good 162.5 Extremely Good 89.8 PGR 81 236 61 0.5 2.14

2910 2915 100 0.5 2.5 1 1 5 100 Very Good 500 Exceptionally Good 99.9 PGR 33 43 56 0 1.06

2915 2920 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 PGR 67 300 51 0.5 3.525

2920 2925 100 0.5 3 2 1 5 60 Very Good 300 Extremely Good 95.3 PGR 82 271 45 2.2 1.6

2925 2930 100 3 1.5 2 1 5 5 Fair 25 Good 73.0 DGN 87 296 36 1.1 2.9

2930 2935 100 3 3 1 1 10 10 Fair 100 Very Good 85.4 DGN 66 263 71 2.2 1.3

2935 2940 100 4 1.5 1 1 10 3.75 Poor 37.5 Good 76.6 DGN 45 334 63 1.1 1.38 86 160 56 0.5 1.775 65 91 33 2.2 3.14


2945 2950 100 0.5 2.5 2 1 5 50 Very Good 250 Extremely Good 93.7 DGN 60 79 36 3.4 8.04


2955 2960 100 0.5 3 1 1 5 120 Extremely Good 600 Exceptionally Good 101.6 DGN 74 93 63 1.1 1.23

2960 2965 100 0.5 2.75 1.5 1 5 73.33334 Very Good 366.6667 Extremely Good 97.1 DGN 86 279 56 0 1.72


2970 2975 100 0.5 2.75 2.5 1 5 44 Very Good 220 Extremely Good 92.5 DGN 46 131 26 1.1 6

2975 2980 100 0.5 4 1 1 5 160 Extremely Good 800 Exceptionally Good 104.2 DGN 76 64 36 5.7 25

2980 2985 100 0.5 4 1 1 5 160 Extremely Good 800 Exceptionally Good 104.2 DGN 48 122 71 2.2 1.75





3005 3010 100 0.5 2.5 4 1 5 25 Good 125 Extremely Good 87.5 DGN 43 153 20 4 14.5


110

Depth from

Depth to

RQD Jn Jr

median Ja


Rock type

DIP SET

1

DDR SET

1

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

2

DDR SET

2

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length

DIP SET

3

DDR SET 3

Friction angle

Waviness angle

Mean length



3025 3030 100 2 2.5 3.5 1 5 7.142857 Fair 35.71429 Good 89.1 DGN 35 134 26 4.5 2.2


3035 3040 100 2 3.25 1.5 1 5 21.66667 Good 108.3333 Extremely Good 83.8 DGN 21 35 61 3.4 3.95

3040 3045 100 2 3.25 2.5 1 5 13 Good 65 Very Good 86.2 KFP 31 179 20 3.4 4.5

3045 3050 100 2 2.5 2 1 5 12.5 Good 62.5 Very Good 81.6 VGN 22 198 32 1.7 2.45

3050 3055 100 2 1.5 3 1 5 5 Fair 25 Good 81.2 VGN 56 321 26 2.2 1.1


3060 3065 100 1 4 1 1 5 80 Very Good 400 Extremely Good 91.7 VGN 82 81 71 2.2 6

3065 3070 100 1 2.75 1 1 5 55 Very Good 275 Extremely Good 97.9 VGN 77 86 60 1.7 2.56




3090 3095 100 1 3.5 1 1 5 70 Very Good 350 Extremely Good 106.2 VGN 53 80 36 0 1.22

3095 3100 100 1 5 1 1 5 100 Very Good 500 Exceptionally Good 96.7 VGN



3110 3116 95 3 1.5 2 1 5 4.75 Fair 23.75 Good 97.9 VGN 66 121 36 1.1 1.65

111

Appendix 7. Spreadsheet used in systematic geological mapping of the ONKALO access tunnel.

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF ONKALO DATA IMPORT

Site ONKALO PL from 2385 Tunnel direction 130 Mapping date/time 14.11.2007 Page Checked ______________

Tunnel ID ONK-VT1 PL to 2390 Tunnel dip 1:-10 Geologist PKRK, JTHE Picture file Approved ______________

Round ID ONK-VT1-2385

Notes Weakly to moderately banded VGN with some small MGN/QGN inclusions. Crosscutting TCF 11 which has numerous long fractures joined. Also TCF 2380_9 cuts the chainage as well as TCF 16. Some long fractures either join or intersect each other in

the chainage. Neosome content ca. 60%.

RQD 100 Jn 4 Jw 1 SRF 1

Nr. Struc-tural

element

Orientation Number

of frac-tures

Fracture spacing

(m)

Fracture length (m)

Dis- place-

ment (cm)

Jr Un-dulation (cm/m)

Ja Fracture filling

Aper- ture

(mm)

Fracture termination Rock type code

Foli- ation type

Foli- ation

intensity

Water leakage

F_Vector Sense of

movement Un-

certa- inty

Sam-ple

Defor- mation phase

Re-marks

Zone inter-

section

Ri- class

dip dip dir. # Profile minerals + oxidation

width (mm) End1 to End2 to

F_Dip F_dir U E S

1 JO 81 064 1 0.83 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.6 P P VGN

2 JO 40 038 1 0.52 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.3 P Y 1 VGN

3 JO 68 059 1 0.49 1 PSM 1 SK 0.2 P J VGN

4 JO 74 146 1 0.44 2 USM 1 1 SK 0.2 P J VGN

5 JO 26 024 1 0.17 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.2 P P VGN

6 JO 80 077 1 0.78 1 PSM 1 CC SK 0.2 P P VGN

7 JO 14 011 5 0.21 0.22 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.3 P P MGN

8 JO 78 023 1 4.22 3 URO 2 2 IL CC SK KA 0.7 J Y 10 VGN

9 JO 10 242 1 1.42 1.5 PRO 2 CC KA 0.6 P Y 10 VGN

10 TCF 63 176 1 6.54 3 URO 2 2 BT CC SK 1 J Y 46 VGN P187 RiI

11 TCF 89 179 1 21.00 1.5 USL 3 3 BT IL SK CC EP KA 4 J J VGN P185 RiI

12 JO 65 169 1 0.81 1.5 PRO 2 BT CC SK 1 J Y 11 VGN

13 JO 76 057 1 1.77 1.5 PRO 2 CC SK IL EP 0.5 Y 12 Y 50 VGN

14 JO 50 026 2 0.07 0.24 1 PSM 1 CC SK 0.3 P P MGN

15 JO 84 074 4 0.29 0.31 1 PSM 1 CC SK 0.2 Y 7 P MGN

16 TCF 51 172 1 17.00 3 URO 1 2 CC SK BT 1 J Y 11 VGN P186 RiI

17 JO 86 276 5 0.28 0.47 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.4 Y 16 P VGN

18 JO 48 154 1 2.82 1.5 PRO 2 CC SK BT IL 1 P Y 2380_9 VGN

19 JO 24 035 1 0.43 1.5 PRO 1 SK CC 0.5 Y 18 Y 2380_9 VGN

20 JO 80 003 1 4.32 1.5 USL 1 2 CC SK KA 4 Y 11 Y 11 VGN

21 JO 50 128 1 0.40 1.5 USL 1 2 CC BT 3 Y 11 Y 20 VGN 41 014

22 JO 86 265 1 0.32 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.4 P Y 20 VGN

23 JO 32 084 1 0.22 1.5 PRO 1 CC SK 0.7 P Y 20 VGN

24 JO 86 260 1 0.75 1 PSM 1 CC SK 0.2 P P VGN

25 JO 29 048 1 0.55 1.5 PRO 4 SK SV KA CC 1.5 Y 18 Y 2380_9 VGN

26 JO 84 277 2 0.24 0.14 1 PSM 1 CC SK 0.5 P P VGN

27 JO 40 138 1 0.81 1.5 PRO 2 CC SK KA 0.4 P Y 28 VGN

113

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