Soil characteristics determine the rhizobia in association ...
Origins of New Zealand's Rhizobia
66
Introduction Results and Discussion Summary Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia Bevan Weir Landcare Research Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Seminar 16 May 2006 Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
Transcript of Origins of New Zealand's Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
Bevan Weir
Landcare Research
Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Seminar16 May 2006
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
What are rhizobia?
Figure: Acacia root nodule
BacteriaSpecific symbiosis withlegumesForm N2-fixing rootnodules
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Native legumes
Figure: Sophora chathamica Figure: Clianthus puniceus
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Native legumes
Figure: Carmichaelia australis
Figure: Montigenanovae-zelandiae c© Peter Heenan
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Introduced legumes
Figure: Ulex europaeus (Gorse) Figure: Cytisus scoparius(Broom) CC© Jon J. Sullivan
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Introduced legumes
Figure: Acacia longifolia CC© Brenda Foran
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Legume arrival in NZ
Dates inferred by fossil pollen and phylogenetic trees.
Native legumes arrived ≈ 5 million years agoPresumably have co-evolved with native rhizobia.
Exotic legumes arrived < 200 years agoWith what rhizobia have they nodulated?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Legume arrival in NZ
Dates inferred by fossil pollen and phylogenetic trees.
Native legumes arrived ≈ 5 million years agoPresumably have co-evolved with native rhizobia.
Exotic legumes arrived < 200 years agoWith what rhizobia have they nodulated?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Legume arrival in NZ
Dates inferred by fossil pollen and phylogenetic trees.
Native legumes arrived ≈ 5 million years agoPresumably have co-evolved with native rhizobia.
Exotic legumes arrived < 200 years agoWith what rhizobia have they nodulated?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Legume arrival in NZ
Dates inferred by fossil pollen and phylogenetic trees.
Native legumes arrived ≈ 5 million years agoPresumably have co-evolved with native rhizobia.
Exotic legumes arrived < 200 years agoWith what rhizobia have they nodulated?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
What species are nodulating native and exotic legumes in NewZealand?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
What species are nodulating native and exotic legumes in NewZealand?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
What species are nodulating native and exotic legumes in NewZealand?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Rhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
What species are nodulating native and exotic legumes in NewZealand?
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Methods
Isolated 40 strains from root nodules.Sequenced 4 genes: 16S, recA, atpD, glnII.Built phylogenetic trees using NJ, ML, Bayesian, ProtTest.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Determined the identity of rhizobia
0.1
11541 ( )Carmichaelia13190 ( )Carmichaelia11722 ( )Carmichaelia12635 ( )Carmichaelia14319 ( )Carmichaelia12680 ( )Clianthus
11708 ( )Carmichaelia12690 ( )Montigena
M huakuiiesorhizobiumM plurifariumesorhizobium
11721 ( )Clianthus
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
11720 ( )Clianthus11726 ( )ClianthusMesorhizobium amorphae
M chacoenseesorhizobiumM tianshanenseesorhizobium
M mediterraneumesorhizobiumMesorhizobium temperatum
11736 ( )Sophora12637 ( )Sophora11719 ( )Sophora15054 ( )Carmichaelia14330 ( )Sophora12649 ( )Carmichaelia
M ciceriesorhizobium12685 ( )Montigena
M lotiesorhizobiumRhizobium leguminosarum
Rhizobium etli14642117271154212687
Rhizobium tropiciEnsifer frediiEnsifer saheli
Ensifer meliloti12835 ( )Acacia14754 ( )Acacia
14533 ( )Ulex14755 ( )Acacia
14753 ( )Albizia14304 ( )Ulex
12674 ( )Cytisus
Bradyrhizobium canariense14320 ( )Ulex
14306 ( )Ulex14310 ( )Cytisus14309 ( )Cytisus14328 ( )Cytisus14292 ( )Ulex14291 ( )Cytisus12624 ( )Cytisus14752 ( )Albizia
Bradyrhizobium liaoningenseBradyrhizobium yuanmingense
Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium elkanii
Group H
Group D
Group A
Group C
Group B
Group E
Group F
Group G
16SML
High diversity.No relationship betweenrhizobial group and host.Native legumes→Mesorhizobium.Introduced legumes→Bradyrhizobium.Native and introducedlegumes do not share rhizobia.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bradyrhizobium cosmopolitan or introduced?
High diversity may indicate cosmopolitan bacteria with along presence in NZ.But: The Mesorhizobium–Bradyrhizobium split was 500mya, well before the evolution of legume symbiosis (< 80mya).In the next experiments I looked at symbiosis genes andnodulation ability.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bradyrhizobium cosmopolitan or introduced?
High diversity may indicate cosmopolitan bacteria with along presence in NZ.But: The Mesorhizobium–Bradyrhizobium split was 500mya, well before the evolution of legume symbiosis (< 80mya).In the next experiments I looked at symbiosis genes andnodulation ability.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bradyrhizobium cosmopolitan or introduced?
High diversity may indicate cosmopolitan bacteria with along presence in NZ.But: The Mesorhizobium–Bradyrhizobium split was 500mya, well before the evolution of legume symbiosis (< 80mya).In the next experiments I looked at symbiosis genes andnodulation ability.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bradyrhizobium cosmopolitan or introduced?
High diversity may indicate cosmopolitan bacteria with along presence in NZ.But: The Mesorhizobium–Bradyrhizobium split was 500mya, well before the evolution of legume symbiosis (< 80mya).In the next experiments I looked at symbiosis genes andnodulation ability.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Nod factor
Figure: Nod factor(lipo-chito-oligosaccharide)
nod genes form the nodfactor.Critical molecule innodule formation.Found on transmissiblegenetic elements.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Nod factor
Figure: Nod factor(lipo-chito-oligosaccharide)
nod genes form the nodfactor.Critical molecule innodule formation.Found on transmissiblegenetic elements.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
nodA gene
0.1
0.83
0.65
0.56
1.00
0.85
0.96
1.00
1.00
0.98
0.72
0.56
1.001.00
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.54
1.00
0.851.00
0.97
1.00
1.00
0.51
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.57
1.00
0.56
0.731.00
0.87
0.75
1.00
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3001
Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14752 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14754 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. USDA3475Bradyrhizobium Albiziasp. 14753 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. BDV5325
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 12835 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Acaciasp. 14755 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Genista10Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14306 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 14291 ( )Bradyrhizobium Ulexsp. 14533 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. ARC403
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12624 ( )
Bradyrhizobium Cytisussp. 12674 ( )
Bradyrhizobium sp. Osaka6
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Methylobacterium nodulansBurkholderia tuberum
Mesorhizobium plurifarium 13640
Mesorhizobium plurifarium ORS1001
Mesorhizobium sp. DWO366
Rhizobium sp. TAL1145
Rhizobium gallicum
Ensifer terangae
Mesorhizobium septentrionale
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11719 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 14330 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Sophorasp. 11736 ( ) A
R. leguminosarum 2672
R. etli CFN42
R. leg Clianthus11542 ( ) E
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv.
R. leg Carmichaelia12687 ( ) E
R. leg Carmichaelia11727 ( ) E
NLNP4 isolate
R. leguminosarum trifoliibv. ANU
R. leguminosarum 5943
R. leguminosarum pRL1JI
R. leg Sophora14642 ( ) E
R. mongolense USDA1844
Mesorhizobium loti R7AMesorhizobium loti MAFF303099
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12690 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11541 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 14319 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium temperatum
Mesorhizobium tianshanense
Mesorhizobium ciceri
Mesorhizobium mediterraneum
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 12649 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 12680 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11708 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Montigenasp. 12685 ( ) B
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 13190 ( ) D
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11721 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11726 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Clianthussp. 11720 ( ) C
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 15054 ( ) A
Mesorhizobium Carmichaeliasp. 11722 ( ) D
Azorhizobium sp. SD02
Type 3‘Sophora’
Type 1‘Carmichaelinae 1’
Type 2‘Carmichaelinae 2’
Type 7‘Genisteae’
Type 4‘Trifolii’
Type 8‘Acacia’
Type 5‘Viciae’
Type 6‘Phaseoli’
Mesorhizobium sp. WSM2074
NodA proteinBayesian
Little correlation withhouse keeping genes.
Host specificity.Horizontal genetransfer.
Novel nodA genes innatives.
Genetic drift (wobblebase).Selection (duringdiversification).
nodA genes ofintroduced are similar tooverseas sequences.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
Rhizobia cells might be cosmopolitan, but transmissiblesymbiosis regions are not.May have transferred to other rhizobia upon arrival.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Nodulation of introduced legumes
Possibilities for nodulation of introduced legumes1 Nodulated by same rhizobia as native legumes.2 Nodulated by introduced specific rhizobia.3 Nodulated by cosmopolitan specific rhizobia.
Rhizobia cells might be cosmopolitan, but transmissiblesymbiosis regions are not.May have transferred to other rhizobia upon arrival.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Outline
1 IntroductionRhizobia and legumesThe Question: Origin of the rhizobia
2 Results and DiscussionPhylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Host-range experiments
Figure: Sophora growing invermiculite
Tested the ability ofMesorhizobium andBradyrhizobium spp. tonodulate native andintroduced species.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Methods
Figure: Ineffective and EffectiveClianthus nodules
Standard suspension ofrhizobia.Sterile vermiculite, andseeds.10 weeks growth.Nitrogenase assay, thenuprooted and examinednodules.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Rhizobia isolated from native legumes (Mesorhizobiumspp.) could generally effectively nodulate other nativelegumes (nod+ fix+).
Some strain variationNo clear link to nodA or genotype
Rhizobia isolated from introduced legumes(Bradyrhizobium spp.) could generally effectively nodulateother introduced legumes (nod+ fix+).
Rhizobia from gorse/broom was ineffective on Acacia (nod+
fix−).
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Rhizobia isolated from native legumes (Mesorhizobiumspp.) could generally effectively nodulate other nativelegumes (nod+ fix+).
Some strain variationNo clear link to nodA or genotype
Rhizobia isolated from introduced legumes(Bradyrhizobium spp.) could generally effectively nodulateother introduced legumes (nod+ fix+).
Rhizobia from gorse/broom was ineffective on Acacia (nod+
fix−).
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Rhizobia isolated from native legumes (Mesorhizobiumspp.) could generally effectively nodulate other nativelegumes (nod+ fix+).
Some strain variationNo clear link to nodA or genotype
Rhizobia isolated from introduced legumes(Bradyrhizobium spp.) could generally effectively nodulateother introduced legumes (nod+ fix+).
Rhizobia from gorse/broom was ineffective on Acacia (nod+
fix−).
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Rhizobia isolated from native legumes (Mesorhizobiumspp.) could generally effectively nodulate other nativelegumes (nod+ fix+).
Some strain variationNo clear link to nodA or genotype
Rhizobia isolated from introduced legumes(Bradyrhizobium spp.) could generally effectively nodulateother introduced legumes (nod+ fix+).
Rhizobia from gorse/broom was ineffective on Acacia (nod+
fix−).
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Rhizobia isolated from native legumes (Mesorhizobiumspp.) could generally effectively nodulate other nativelegumes (nod+ fix+).
Some strain variationNo clear link to nodA or genotype
Rhizobia isolated from introduced legumes(Bradyrhizobium spp.) could generally effectively nodulateother introduced legumes (nod+ fix+).
Rhizobia from gorse/broom was ineffective on Acacia (nod+
fix−).
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
No cross nodulation between rhizobia of native and exotics.Rhizobium leguminosarum formed ineffective nodules onnative legumes
Parasitic.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
No cross nodulation between rhizobia of native and exotics.Rhizobium leguminosarum formed ineffective nodules onnative legumes
Parasitic.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
No cross nodulation between rhizobia of native and exotics.Rhizobium leguminosarum formed ineffective nodules onnative legumes
Parasitic.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Which other legumes can native rhizobia nodulate?Most likely candidates are those that nodulate withMesorhizobium in other countries.Tested Astragalus membranaceus (milk vetch), Lotustetragonolobus (asparagus pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Styphnolobium japonicum (Japanese pagoda tree)
Only Astragalus nodulated.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Which other legumes can native rhizobia nodulate?Most likely candidates are those that nodulate withMesorhizobium in other countries.Tested Astragalus membranaceus (milk vetch), Lotustetragonolobus (asparagus pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Styphnolobium japonicum (Japanese pagoda tree)
Only Astragalus nodulated.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Which other legumes can native rhizobia nodulate?Most likely candidates are those that nodulate withMesorhizobium in other countries.Tested Astragalus membranaceus (milk vetch), Lotustetragonolobus (asparagus pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Styphnolobium japonicum (Japanese pagoda tree)
Only Astragalus nodulated.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Results
Which other legumes can native rhizobia nodulate?Most likely candidates are those that nodulate withMesorhizobium in other countries.Tested Astragalus membranaceus (milk vetch), Lotustetragonolobus (asparagus pea), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Styphnolobium japonicum (Japanese pagoda tree)
Only Astragalus nodulated.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Origin?
R. M. Greenwood (DSIR) 1960’s and 70’s.NZ rhizobia only effectively nodulate related legumes(Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Carmichaelinae tribes)Ineffective or do not nodulate all other tested species.
Exception: Sophora.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Origin?
R. M. Greenwood (DSIR) 1960’s and 70’s.NZ rhizobia only effectively nodulate related legumes(Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Carmichaelinae tribes)Ineffective or do not nodulate all other tested species.
Exception: Sophora.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Origin?
R. M. Greenwood (DSIR) 1960’s and 70’s.NZ rhizobia only effectively nodulate related legumes(Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Carmichaelinae tribes)Ineffective or do not nodulate all other tested species.
Exception: Sophora.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Origin?
R. M. Greenwood (DSIR) 1960’s and 70’s.NZ rhizobia only effectively nodulate related legumes(Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Carmichaelinae tribes)Ineffective or do not nodulate all other tested species.
Exception: Sophora.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
Phylogenetic analysesNodulation gene analysisHost-range testing
Origin?
R. M. Greenwood (DSIR) 1960’s and 70’s.NZ rhizobia only effectively nodulate related legumes(Galegeae, Hedysareae, and Carmichaelinae tribes)Ineffective or do not nodulate all other tested species.
Exception: Sophora.
ConclusionRhizobia travelled to NZ in association with their legume hostsfrom the centre of legume evolution in the northernhemisphere, to retain specificity.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Summary
Native legumes are nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. thatare diverse, have novel nod genes, and nodulate onlyrelated species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived 5+ mya, with legume ancestors.Introduced legumes are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium spp.that are diverse, and have nod genes similar to European(Gorse/Broom) and Australian (Acacia) species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived recently, with human migration orwinds.
Future work:nodA genes of rhizobia nodulating NZ legume relatives.Structure of the nod factor, receptor, and other nod genes.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Summary
Native legumes are nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. thatare diverse, have novel nod genes, and nodulate onlyrelated species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived 5+ mya, with legume ancestors.Introduced legumes are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium spp.that are diverse, and have nod genes similar to European(Gorse/Broom) and Australian (Acacia) species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived recently, with human migration orwinds.
Future work:nodA genes of rhizobia nodulating NZ legume relatives.Structure of the nod factor, receptor, and other nod genes.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Summary
Native legumes are nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. thatare diverse, have novel nod genes, and nodulate onlyrelated species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived 5+ mya, with legume ancestors.Introduced legumes are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium spp.that are diverse, and have nod genes similar to European(Gorse/Broom) and Australian (Acacia) species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived recently, with human migration orwinds.
Future work:nodA genes of rhizobia nodulating NZ legume relatives.Structure of the nod factor, receptor, and other nod genes.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Summary
Native legumes are nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. thatare diverse, have novel nod genes, and nodulate onlyrelated species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived 5+ mya, with legume ancestors.Introduced legumes are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium spp.that are diverse, and have nod genes similar to European(Gorse/Broom) and Australian (Acacia) species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived recently, with human migration orwinds.
Future work:nodA genes of rhizobia nodulating NZ legume relatives.Structure of the nod factor, receptor, and other nod genes.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Summary
Native legumes are nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. thatare diverse, have novel nod genes, and nodulate onlyrelated species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived 5+ mya, with legume ancestors.Introduced legumes are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium spp.that are diverse, and have nod genes similar to European(Gorse/Broom) and Australian (Acacia) species.
Rhizobia origin: Arrived recently, with human migration orwinds.
Future work:nodA genes of rhizobia nodulating NZ legume relatives.Structure of the nod factor, receptor, and other nod genes.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Implications for Biodiversity and Biosecurity
Biodiversity: Potentially help in the restoration ofClianthus.Biosecurity: Foreign rhizobia from imported goods andcommercial inoculants may enhance the growth of weeds.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Implications for Biodiversity and Biosecurity
Biodiversity: Potentially help in the restoration ofClianthus.Biosecurity: Foreign rhizobia from imported goods andcommercial inoculants may enhance the growth of weeds.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Implications for Biodiversity and Biosecurity
Biodiversity: Potentially help in the restoration ofClianthus.Biosecurity: Foreign rhizobia from imported goods andcommercial inoculants may enhance the growth of weeds.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
IntroductionResults and Discussion
Summary
ImplicationsAcknowledgements
Acknowledgements
My Phd Supervisors:Dr. John Young (Landcare Research)Dr. Susan Turner (Auckland University)Prof. Warwick Silvester (Waikato University)
Royal Society of New Zealand (Marsden Fund)Landcare Research
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
Appendix References
References I
Weir, B. S., Turner, S. J., Silvester, W. B., Park, D.-C.,andYoung, J. M.Unexpectedly diverse Mesorhizobium strains andRhizobium leguminosarum nodulate native legume generaof New Zealand, while introduced legume weeds arenodulated by Bradyrhizobium species.Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(10):5980–5987, 2004.
Bevan Weir Origins of New Zealand’s Rhizobia
