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![Page 1: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organs
• Stems
• Leaves
• Roots
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Variation in Leaves
• Number of leaflets
• Venation
• Pattern of attachment on stem
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Leaves
• All leaves originate as primordia at the apex of a stem
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Leaves
• At maturity, most leaves have a stalk (petiole) and a flattened blade (lamina) with a network of veins (vascular bundles).
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Leaves
• Simple (single blade) • Compound (divided
into leaflets).– Palmately compound
leaflets attached at the same point at end of petiole
– Pinnately compound leaflets in pairs along the rachis
– Bipinnately compound leaflets subdivided further
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Notice location of axillary bud
Simple Compound
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Simple or Compound?
![Page 8: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Simple or Compound?
![Page 9: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Simple or Compound?
![Page 10: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Simple or Compound?
![Page 11: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Simple or Compound?
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Leaves – Net venation• Arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet
blade may also be pinnate or palmate.– Pinnately veined leaves have a main midvein.
• Secondary veins branch from midvein.
– Palmately veined leaves have several primary veins that fan out from the base of the blade.
![Page 13: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Leaves - Parallel Venation
Parallel Veins Net Veins
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Palmate Venation
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Pinnate Venation
![Page 16: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Leaves
• Nodes are where leaves are attached to stems
• Internodes are regions of stem between nodes
• Buds are very young stems
• Axillary buds grow in the axil of a leaf
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Leaves
Three main ways leaves are attached to stems
Alternate Opposite Whorled
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Leaf Attachment Pattern?
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Stems
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Herbaceous and Woody Stems
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Woody Twigs
Winter Summer
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Herbaceous Stem
Woody Stem
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Woody Dicotyledonous Stems
• Older, darker wood at the center is called heartwood, while the lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium is called sapwood.
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Woody Dicotyledonous Stems
• Bark - Refers to all the tissues outside the cambium, including the phloem.– Mature bark
may consist of alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork.
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Woody Dicotyledonous Stems
• Vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem than phloem, thus bulk of a tree trunk consists of annual rings of wood.
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Wood – A very important renewable resource
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Figure 06.18b
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Woody Dicotyledonous Stems
• Examining rings can determine the age of a tree, and provide some indications of climatic conditions.
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Dendrochronology
Oldest trees will yield the most information
The use of tree growth rings to study historical and natural events
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Are the biggest trees the oldest?
![Page 32: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bristlecone Pine
The Oldest TreesOldest specimen is 4900
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Gathering Tree Ring Data
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The age of each tree in a forest stand
can be determined
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Tree rings can tell us more than the age of a tree
• The width of rings reflects environmental conditions in sensitive trees
• Rings may be affected by – Rainfall– Temperature – Sunspot activity– Fire – Geological events
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Building a Tree Ring Chronology
A tree ring record of 8200 years has been established for the bristlecone pines of California
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Archeological sites can be dated with tree ring chronologies
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Wooden supports
can be sampled
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Samples extracted – holes plugged with cork
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The “Lost Colony” of Virginia and the
Jamestown Settlement
• First English settlers arrive at Roanoke Island August, 1587– Found abandoned when
supply ships return 3 years later
– Attributed to poor planning and conflicts with natives
• Jamestown Settlement established April, 1607– 80 % mortality– Attributed to malnutrition
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Tree Ring Evidence for Drought
• 1587- 1589 was the worst drought in the last 700 years
• 1606- 1612 were equally bad
• The “Lost Colony” and Jamestown Settlement disasters were tied to climate
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Roots
Their importance is often
underestimated
Function in anchorage
and absorption
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Root systems
Fibrous Roots Tap Root
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Specialization of Stems, Leaves and Roots
Plants may adapt to their environment through modification
of organs
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This plant is adapted to life in
arid regions of Baja California
Mexico
• Thick stem stores water
• Leaves modified as spines for water conservation and reduction of predation
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Specialized Stems
![Page 47: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Specialized Stems
![Page 48: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Specialized Stems
• Rhizome – a thick underground stem
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Specialized Stems
• Tuber – underground stem
![Page 50: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Specialized Stems
• Cladophyll – stem flattened and resembles a leaf
![Page 51: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Specialized Stems
Bulb – very reduced stem with fleshy leaves attached
Corm – thick underground stem
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Specialized Leaves
![Page 53: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Specialized Leaves
• Tendrils– Modified leaves
that curl around more rigid objects helping the plant to climb or support weak stems.
![Page 54: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Specialized Leaves
• Spines– Spines - Modified leaves designed to reduce
water loss and protect from herbivory.
• Thorns and Prickles (look like spines but they are not modified leaves)– Thorns - Modified stems arising in the axils of
leaves of woody plants.– Prickles - Outgrowths from the epidermis.
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Which one is which?
SpineThorn
Prickle
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Specialized Leaves
• Storage Leaves - Succulents
• Flower-Pot Leaves - Urn-Like Pouches
• Window Leaves - Leaves buried in ground.
• Reproductive Leaves - New plants at tips.
• Floral Leaves - Bracts
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Storage leaves
![Page 58: Organs Stems Leaves Roots. Variation in Leaves Number of leaflets Venation Pattern of attachment on stem.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022102906/56649d145503460f949e920b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Specialized Leaves
Flower-Pot
Window
Reproductive
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Specialized Leaves
• Insect-Trapping Leaves– Pitcher Plants– Sundews
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Specialized Leaves
• Insect-Trapping Leaves– Venus’s Flytraps– Bladderworts
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Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color
• Chloroplasts of mature leaves contain several groups of pigments.– Chlorophylls - Green– Carotenoids - Yellows
• In fall, chlorophylls break down and other colors are revealed.
• Water soluble anthocyanins (red or blue) and betacyanins (red) may also be present in the vacuole.
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Specialized Leaves
Floral Leaves
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Specialized Leaves
Floral Leaves
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Specialized Roots
• Contractile Roots– Pull plant deeper into the soil – Lilly Bulbs
• Buttress Roots– Stability - Tropical Trees.
• Food Storage Roots– Sweet Potatoes
• Prop Roots – Support - Corn
• Pneumatophores– Mangrove and Bald Cypress - Extend above water’s
surface and enhance gas exchange between the atmosphere and subsurface roots.
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Specialized Roots
Contractile Roots
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Specialized Roots
Buttress Roots
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Specialized Roots
Food Storage Roots
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Specialized Roots
Prop Roots
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Specialized Roots
Pneumatophores