Organisations International

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

It is to be noted that more than 100 international organizations are in existence and from a

laymans point of view each one them is to be studied as it forms an important section for

general studies both in mains and preliminary.However we beg to differ from this perspective

and we strongly believe that only of few of them are worth studying for a particular year.

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States:

Regional bloc ofLatin AmericanandCaribbeanstates thought out on February 23, 2010, at theRio

GroupCaribbean CommunityUnity Summit, and created on December, 3, 2011,

inCaracas,Venezuela.

Absent from the bloc areCanadaand theUnited States, as well as the territories ofFrance,the

Netherlands,Denmarkand theUnited Kingdomin the Americas.

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IOR-ARC): 12th Summit,

Gurgaon

20 full time Members 6 Dialogue partners

1. Australia2. Bangladesh3. India4. Indonesia5. Iran

6. Kenya7. Malaysia8. Madagascar9. Mauritius10. Mozambique11. Oman12. Seychelles13. Singapore14. South Africa

15. Sri Lanka16. Tanzania17. Thailand18. UAE19. Yemen.20. Comoros (latest added

in 2012)

1. China2. Egypt3. France4. Japan5. UK6. USA (latest added

2012)

China is not a member, just dialogue partner. Although theyreinterested in becoming full time member.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America


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Some books mention Ocean Rim got only 19members=outdated information. Because Comoros was recentlyadded as 20

thmember.

Objectives

1. Economy

We want cooperation( =coordinate theStand in WTO, Kyoto etc.)

Liberalize trade (=reduce customs duty) Increase flow of goods, services,

investment, and technology.

2. Global issues

Take common positions in the

international fora on issues of mutualinterest (=Coordinate stand in UN, G20,Kyoto etc.)

3. Humanresources

coordinate Science-Tech research (viaspecialized universities, institutes ofmember countries)

cultural exchange programs and otherboring stuff.

Why IOA-ARC is important?

Because it wasestablished in 1997.Therefore, 2012 marks

15

th

anniversary year. Whenever

something/somebodysbirth/death anniversary isin multiple of five, it isimportant for UPSC!

Secondly, their12

thsummit was held in

Gurgaon, India in

Nov.2012.


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WIPO Treaty for Visually Challenged, Patent vs Copyrightdifference explained

WIPO= World Intellectual Property Organization UN agency HQ: Geneva, Switzerland

Function of WIPO?

I can protect my house, my property, savings from otherswithout stealing, can even defend my borders through nationaldefense, but this intellectual property like my creations- a book,

a logo, a design for a car engine = difficult to protect, anyonecan copy, example china well known for its reverse engineeringcapabilities. So what do I do? WIPO comes in here.

Its member-states respect and protect each others intellectualproperties in the forms of copyrights, trademarks, patents etc.and thereby preventing illegal copying.

What is this agreement?

The treaty to facilitate access to published works aims atproducing accessible books for visually impaired, blind peopleand people with reading disabilities, removing hurdles ofcopyright provisions [explained below].

Agreement not yet signed but is slated for discussion andsigning in early June 2013 at Morocco.

Why treaty for Visually Challanged?

According to WHO, global visually impaired population= ~285 million,of these ~19 million children.

1. Amongst the disabled, visually impaired people are the mostaffected, need special kind of books = Braille, large printing etc.

2. Without taking in to account of this section of population we canneither achieve universal education [ one of the MillenniumDevelopment Goals under UN] at international level nor grow atdesired pace [8% GDP growth] at national level.

3. Now copyright laws universally impose certain restrictions onproduction of books. There is basically a difference between


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patents and copyrights which necessitates such treaty to bypassrestrictions:

Difference: Patents vs. Copyrights?

Patent Copyrights

Patent gives the designer

complete rights over the

idea in whichever form it is

used.

Copyrights on the other hand given for a

work in particular form like a book, an audio

and only that exact reproduction, example cut

and paste of text falls under its ambit.

It requires compulsory

registration.

Does not require a registration, once the

work is created it is a property of the author.

Patent rights are thus

usually given for a brief

period say 20 years.

The rights are given for the entire lifetime of

the author and extend for 50 years even after

the death of the producer.

And so as we see, if we need to reproduce a book for thesedifferently abled people we need permissions from the author.i.e. There are copyright restrictions on reproducing accessiblebooks. [Accessible books= books which providescomfortable and easy reading to visually impaired persons].

Further import of accessible books=prohibited. Also Indigenousmanufacture= expensive for developing countries, lack of funds.Further books manufactured in developed countries can be usedstill more efficiently.

Thus to meet the above needs, the UN agency decided to sign atreaty whose features include:

Salient features of the Agreement:

Hereafter no need to get permission from the copyright holder toproduce special books for visually impaired.

Also these books can be moved across borders without anyrestrictions amongst signatory members.


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National governments have to take care that the books are usedexclusively by targeted beneficiaries [Visually impaired in ourcase] and respect the rights of copyright holder at all instants.

So what if some XYZ corporate house uses this agreement to

bypass copyright restrictions? The agreement requires each country to recognize authorized

entities for the purpose and to create an international databasewith names of such organizations which is shared with othermembers.

Introduction

13th

India Russia Annual Summit was held @New Delhi and

attended by Russian President Vladimir Putin. (Dec 2012) Important because this year marks the 65

thanniversary of Indo-

Russia Diplomatic relations.

Problem areas in Indo-Russia

Why is Russia Unhappy?

1. Russia used to be key defense supplier to India, but recentlyIndia has diversified its suppliers (from Europe, Israel etc).

2. Lost bid of Frances Dassault Rafale.3. 2G scam: Indian Supreme Court canceled license of Siestema

company. Russian Government owns ~17% stakes in Siestema.

Why is India unhappy?

1. Russia trying to improve relation with PAK. (already discussedhow Russian Defense minister did not come to India but visitedPakistan.click me)

2. Delayed delivery of Admiral Gorshkov (Vikramaditya) Aircraftcarrier + Russia demanding more cash for it.

3. Few years back, ONGC Videsh bought a Russian CompanyImperial energy. We want Russian Government to decrease theexport duty on this company.

Putins Wishes in Delhi visit?

1. USA has gained heavy clout in Libya=> From now on, most of

defense and nuke energy contracts of Libya will be awared to
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American Companies. So Putin wants more deals with India tomake up for the business-loss.

2. Indias support (or atleast non-pro-USA stand) on Syria.3. Putin is blackmailing Mohan that if you want tax-holiday for OVL

(ONGC Videsh) in Russia, then you must restore 2G licenses ofSiestema.Mohan says Im helpless it is court-matter. (for moreon 2G scam,click me)

Business n Trade

Bilateral trade between Worth billion USD

Indo-China More than 50

Indo-Russia ~10
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Putin-Mohan agreed to take steps to increase the bilateral trade to 20billion US Dollars by 2015.

Untapped sectors in Indo-Russia

Business Progress during Putins Visit:

1. Pharmaceuticals2. Fertilizers3. Mining4. Steel

5. Information technology6. Civil aviation7. Telecommunications

(problem= siestemalicense canceled in 2g)

8. Infrastructure9. Food processing10. Innovation and

services

1. Weve asked inter-governmental and businesslevel groups to recommendspecific steps for increasingbilateral trade andinvestment flows in these

untapped sectors.2. SBI India + Russian DirectInvestment Fund (RDIF)=2bn dollar joint investment.

3. TCS (India) signed dealswith Russian firmNavigation InformationSystems (NIS) for softwareDevelopment etc.

4. Elder Pharma (India) signeddeal with Russian co.

Energy: Nuke

2010Putin had signed Roadmap for cooperation in the nuclear

energy sector with Mohan

2012 Agreements updated.

Russia will build 1 nuke plant in India, every year for next 18years.

Cost of Each plant=2.5 billion USD. Capacity of Each plant = 1000 MW. Thus, By 2030 approx 20% of Indias electricity output come

from Russian plants.

Kudankulam Nuke plant


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In Tiruneveli district of TN Developed by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited

(NPCIL) + Russia Collaboration. Capacity 1000 MW x 2 plants For other plants of India, observe this map:click ME

Kudankulam: Problems

Centre vs State People vs Government

Jayalalitha says whenpower plants areconstructed in Andhra,they get to use theentire electricity.

Same rule should be

applied for powerplantsconstructed inTamilnadu.

But from Kudankulam,about 250MWelectricity will be givento Kerala, despite thefact that Tamilnaduitself needs 2000MW.

Public protest againstKudankulam plant in the wake of

Fukushima disaster. Mohan says Jholachhap NGOs

financed by Americancompanies, are playing mischief.Otherwise Kudankulam is waybetter and safer than Fukushima.
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Kudankulam: Progress

Unit 1 Construction Complete.Power generation will start soon.

Unit 2 Will be finished next year.

3 and

4

In progress.Putin wants them to be out of Civil Nuke Liability

law or India should pay higher price.

Kudankulam: Civil Nuke Liability

Late80s

Agreement between India-Russia for construction ofKudankulam plant Unit #1 and #2.

2010

Indian Parliament passed Civil Liability for NuclearDamage Act.

It allows the nuclear operator the right to demandcompensation from a supplier in case faulty equipmentcauses an accident at a nuclear power plant.

Government has kept Kudankulam Unit #1 and #2 outside thepurview of nuke liability act, saying they were being constructedbefore passing of that Act.

Now we are planning to install two more units here (#3 and #4),

but we want them under the nuke liability act. (so, if disaster happensdue to faulty Russian equipment, we can demand money from them.)

PutinThis is wrong yaar! If #1 and #2 are outside Nuke liability

then #3 and #4 should also be exempted.

Mohan

Sorry cant help.

If I make an exemption for you, then America and France will

demand the same treatment. Ultimately no plant will come

under Nuke liability act!


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Putin

Alright then.

If you want to build #3 and #4 with our help, AND you want

them under Nuke liability then give us twice the money we

had agreed earlier. (so I can use that money to buyinsurance cover from third party to pay up for the disaster.)

Energy: Oil and Gas

Before Putins Visit During visit

1. ONGC Videsh currently owns

a 20 per cent interest in theSakhalin-I project in Far EastRussia.

2. GAIL India made contract tobuy LNG from GAZPROM.

3. OVL and Russian co. madedeal to exploreMagadan-2and Magadan-3 blocks in theOkhotsk sea in eastern

Russia

1. Agreement for mutualinvestments and jointprojects in third countries.

2. We want capacityexpansion of Sakhalin-IIproject.

3. Also ONGC keen onSakhalin-III and other newprojects in Siberia, ArcticShelf and Far East Russia.

Defense: Indo-Russia

Fifth generation aircraft Development, already discussed in oldarticlesclick ME.

During the summit India gave orders to buy

1. Sukhoi Su-30 fighter jets2. Mil Mi-17 Military Helicopters

Science Tech: Indo-Russia

What is GLONASS?

Global Navigation Satellite System. Glonass is a Russian space-based system with many satellites.

It provides location and time information anywhere in the planet, use= military, civil and commercial
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Glonass is an alternative to the U.S.-controlled GlobalPositioning System (GPS).

Why India wants GLONASS Access?

During Iraq Invasion, America had blocked GPS signals to Iraqand then inserted misleading GPS signals into Iraqi missiles andair force.

Because of this, Iraq could not attack American defense forceswith deadly accuracy.

India should be prepared to meet aggression by any developedcountry, including the U.S.A. Hence over-reliance on GPS=bad. Need to put some eggs in GLONASS basket.

GLONASS: Military use?

1. GLONASS navigation system will allow Indian missiles, to strikewithin half a metre of distant targets= very accurate.

2. GLONASS fitted on Nuclear submarine Chakra= killer combo.

Civilian use

iPhone 4S mobile supports both GPS andGLONASS.

You can use it to know distance covered duringjogging etc.

Finding shortest possible route during travel

Commercial

use

Keep track of your school-buses, transporttrucks etc.

Mohan-Putin signed agreement for use of GLONASS.

SnT #2: Joint research centres

1. Establishment of India-Russia Joint Science and TechnologyCenters in India and Russia,

2. To develop technology3. To commercialize that technology.

Nano-technology, Biomedicine Supercomputing.


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On Afghanistan

India and Russia want Afghanistan to be free from

1. External interference (of PAK+China)2. Extremism+ Terrorism3. Drug trafficking.

Weve agreed to work together in Afghanistan to achieve ^these.

Cooperation

Already Cooperating During Putins visit

1. Energy2. Defense3. Space4. Trade And Investment5. Science And

Technology6. Education7. Culture

8. Tourism.

Weve reviewed and updated the

agreements.

Apart from that,

1. Russia has supported Indias entry as a full member of theShanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) AlreadyDiscussedclick ME

2. Russia has reaffirmed that India as one of the most deservingand strongest candidate for the permanent member of theexpanded UN Security Council.

WCIT Conference Dubai, ITU: Why failed, InternetCensorship, ICANN, DNS explained

What is ITU?

ITU =International Telecommunication Union. United Nations specialized agency Deals with for information and communication technologies

ICTs.
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HQ = Geneva, Switzerland Membership: Both Nations and Private Players. However ITU allows only its member nations to vote. Private

organizations can participate in its proceedings by paying a

large annual fee but cannot propose amendments or vote.

What does ITU do?

1. Radio spectrum allocation2. Satellite Orbit Allocation3. Standards for Voice, video compression, TV signals etc. (Similar

to that IUPAC chemical formulas).4. Bridge the digital divide. (internet connectivity in schools/villages

of poor nations etc).

Why Conference in Dubai?

The current Internet, satellite, telephone, television systems runaccording to International Telecommunication Regulations(ITRs) made in Melbourne Conference in the late 80s.

But after that, so much progress in telecom and internet. So there was need to review and update those those

Regulations. Besides the World leaders were feeling thirsty for desi liquor and

wanted to agonize UPSC aspirants with one more current-affairstopic, so they decided to hold a conference in Dubai, inDecember 2012.

Official name of this conference: World Conference onInternational Telecommunications (WCIT).

But this conference was a fiasco. Before going into that aspect,lets understand a side-topic

How does Internet work?


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click to enlarge

Before mobile phones, we had to keep telephone diary at home.E.g. U letter->UPSC->011-23385271 (or memorize thatnumber in your brain)

But now thanks to mobile phones, era of telephone diaries isgone.

We dont need to remember any number, just save them in yourmobile for once, then just select UPSC and your mobilessoftware will automatically dial that number.

Websites also work on a similar principle. Websites are hosted on servers. Each server has unique IP Address. Suppose there is some anti-China or pro-Tibet website, with its

server in USA, IP address420.420.420.420. But there are crores of websites on internet, each with such

special numbers (IP Addresses.) A human user cannot remember all those numbers. So here

domain name system (DNS) helps us. Suppose Domain name of that Anti-China website is i-hatechina

dot com. Now, there is one ICANN organization. It maintains root-

directories, similar to those telephone directories, they translateDNS into IP address
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for example i-hatechina dot com=>420.420.420.420, and sendyou to the correct website.

Why do Russia China hate ICANN?

Continuing the same example, Chinese Government doesntwant people to view this i-hatechina dot comwebsite.

So theyll will order China based internet service providers(ISPs) to block content.

Although some Chinese people can still try access that websitevia proxies.

Besides, if youre not in China, you can view the websiteanyways- from France, US, Sweden etc. anywhere in the world.

Because there exists a root-directory with ICANN, and it says420.420.420.420=i-hatechina dot com

But if Chinese Government could edit the root-directory, andremove the address 420.420.420.420=i-hatechina dot com,then no matter where you are and which proxy technique youuse, you can never access that website.

But still that doesnt explain why Russia-China (and other countries)hate ICANN?

Well, ICANN is not a United Nations body. It is a non governmental Organization located in California, USA. It falls under the legal jurisdiction of USA (and not of United

Nations). But if some XYZ UN agency was controlling DNS, IP Address,

root-directory, and this organization has 10 nations in itsgoverning council. Russia/China can bribe or bully 6 of them andget a vote or resolution passed in their favour to edit root-

directories. On the other hand, USA wants to keep Status-quo, with ICANN. Because USA can still control ICANN under national laws.

Theyre passing SOPA, PIPA laws that will empower USAGovernment agencies to edit root-directories to combat piracyand enforce intellectual property rights.

What is ICANN?

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) HQ=California,USA.


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Functions of ICANN

Deals with Doesnot deal with

1. Internet Protocol (IP)address

2. Domain Name System(DNS)

3. Top level domains (.com,etc)

1. Internet content control2. Unsolicited commercial

email (spam)3. Data protection, data-theft4. Financial transactions

(online banking, paypal etc).

Now coming back to the original topic.

ITU held a conference in Dubai, to make a new global treaty on howto handle International voice, data and video traffic.

Why did WCIT Conference fail?

Because the delegates of U.S., UK, Australia and Canadahappily consumed desi liquor but when it came to signing thetreaty, they simply refused and walked out of the conference.

India also refused to sign treaty, but didnt walk out of theconference, perhaps because our delegates wanted to drinkmore free booze before the party was over.


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Why USA opposed the ITU treaty?

United States says we cannot sign these internationaltelecommunication regulations (ITRs) in their current form.Because of following reasons.

#1: Internet Governance

During the conference, some members (Russia,China) madeproposals seeking government control over Internet naming andaddressing functions. (DNS, IP address. Already explainedabove.)

They also want to inspect and censor incoming and outgoingInternet traffic on the premise of monitoring criminal behavior,

filtering spam, or protecting national security. We (USA) believe these issues cannot be legitimately handled in

this conference. ITU is a telecommunication relatedorganization, and internet governance is outside the scope andfunctions of this organization.

Official reasons given

1. A bureaucratic body like UN or ITU cannot efficiently control

Critical Internet resources.
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2. Governments lack the expertise to keep pace with rapidtechnological challenges.

3. USA wants to protect freedom of speech on Internet(!)

Unofficial reasons

1. The Corporate giants have spent truckload of cash in lobbying toUS senators and Government to ensure that status quo ismaintained regarding Internet (California based ICANN shouldoversee the DNS, IP etc. And the matter should not be given toITU or UN)

2. Otherwise USA itself is no place for free speech! They want toarrest wikileaks founder Julian Assange. And they have also

prohibited American banks from processing any donations madeto Wikileaks. So, This is like replay of Indias dual-standards on

Airport development fee (fromprevious GMR-Male Controversyarticle).

3. Plus, USA is making Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and ProtectIP Act (PIPA) which are, in broad sense, anti-free-speech laws.

Anyways, first reason = USA wants toprotectfreedom of speech.Moving to second reason

#2: Network Security

During the Dubai conference, some members wanted the treatyto handle matters of network security, virus, hacking etc.

USA says: ITU cannot address security issues. It cannot makeany practical improvements on security.

#3: Spam

Some members wanted that ITU should have control overSpam.

But USA is against this. Because spam is a form of content. When ITU starts controlling spam, later it can start controlling

other contents: political, religious and cultural newsletters andmails etc. So again We (USA) want to protect the freedom ofSpeech.

Google company is also against ITU treaty.
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Google Companys Stand

At Dubai conference, The International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU) is bringing together regulators from around the

world to re-negotiate a decades-old communications treaty. But we oppose it for following reasons:

Free internet necessary

The Internet empowers everyoneanyone can speak, create,learn and share.

Today, more than two billion people are onlineabout a third ofthe planet.

But Not all governments around the world support a free andopen Internet.

Russia, Iran, Cuba, China etc. block and control access to theInternet for their citizens.

Governments are trying to control Internet

Now, via ITU conference @Dubai, Some of these governments(Russia, China) are trying to use a closed-door meeting to

regulate the Internet even more strictly. While delegates from those nations enjoy the voting powers but

the IT Engineers, companies, and people that build and use theweb have no vote during these ITU treaty negotiations!

Some proposals could allow governments to censor legitimatespeech, or even allow them to cut off Internet access.

So ITR= Anti-free speech. Other proposals would require YouTube, Facebook, and Skype

to pay new taxes to reach people across borders. Then internet-

services could become expensive, and less people can accessit. (Particularly Africa, Latin America, Asia).

To sum up, the Anti-Arguments are

1. ITUs treaty will lead to state censorship and regulation of theinternet.

2. Internet policy should not be determined by Governments but bycitizens, communities, private sector and civil society. (bottom

up approach rather than top-down)


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Indias Stand on ITU treaty

India has not signed the ITR in its current form, saying:

We donot want ITU to govern Internet. We donot want ITU to control traffic and content of Internet. We have only favoured the inclusion of Internet matters related

to availability and security of telecom services. The new International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs)

should reflect the current global realities and the dynamics of theInternet

therefore, We want to undertake necessary consultations athome before announcing our final decision.

By the way, some websites say India signed WCIT treaty but thatinformation is not correct.

A website named medianama incorrectly published report Indiahas signed treaty, then many other websites copied thatarticle. So google throws up search result India signed treaty,however two days backMedianama issued apology about itsincorrect report.

Summary

1. ITU held WCIT-2012 conference in Dubai.2. Aim= To create a global treaty on how to handle international

voice, video and data traffic.3. Result= #EPICFAIL4. Why? Because USA, Canada, India, Australia etc. refused to

sign, (mainly) over disagreement on how to control internet.

East Asia Summit, Regional Comprehensive EconomicPartnership (RCEP), Nalanda Project, Issues, Challanges

India-China-US

Who are EAS Members?
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All 10 ASEAN

members

Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,

Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,

Vietnam

10

6 Regional

partners

China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia

and New Zealand. 6

2 Superpowers US, Russia (from 2011 onwards) 2

Total Members of East Asia Summit= 18

Both East Asia Summit EAS (7th) and ASEAN-India (10

th)

summit were held @ Phnom Penh, Cambodia (Nov-2012).

What are EAS priority areas?

1. Energy2. Economy3. Education4. Disaster Management5. Pandemics+Health (Malaria this year)

6. Connectivity


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What is Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)?

An Asia-wide free trade agreement . This agreement will bind the 10 nations of the ASEAN, + 6

regional partners into a massive framework for economicintegration.

10 ASEAN nations 6 regional partners

1. Brunei2. Cambodia

3. Indonesia4. Laos5. Malaysia6. Myanmar7. Philippines8. Singapore9. Thailand10. Vietna

m

1. Australia2. China3. India4. South Korea5. Japan6. New Zealand

Why is RCEP important?

RCEP would be the largest regional trading arrangement in theworld so far.

Itll combined market population of more than 3 billion peopleand a combined GDP of about 20 trillion dollars.

A successful RCEP would significantly boost global trade andinvestment for India as well.

Mohans Address to 7th East Asia Summit

1. Indias security + prosperity = vitally linked to the Asia Pacificregion.

2. East Asia Summit can help create a large economic community.3. We welcome the launch of the Regional Comprehensive

Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations.4. We want to increase commerce, contact and cooperation (CCC)

with the region


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5. We must quickly implement the EAS Declaration on ASEANConnectivity.

6. We support EAS Declaration on Malaria Control7. cooperation in natural disaster Management.

8. Framework for Earthquake Risk Management in New Delhi.9. We want your support in Nalanda University project.

What is EAS Declaration on ASEAN connectivity?

It seek cooperation between ASEAN and its EAS partners onphysical, institutional and people-to-people connectivity,

For education, human resource development, innovation andentrepreneurship, cultural exchanges and tourism.

What is Nalanda University Project?

Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist centre of learning, in AncientIndia. It taught students in medicine, mathematics, astronomyand politics.

The Modern Day Nalanda Univ. project = brain child ofDr.Kalam. and was endorsed by East Asia Summit members.

2010: Indian parliament passed an Act to rebuild the university.

Aim: to attract thousands of the finest teachers and studentsfrom around the globe, just as the university did centuries ago.

2012: Nobel laureate economist Amartya Sen was appointedfirst Chancellor of this univ.

first two schools on ecology and environment and historicalstudies will start in 2014.

What is EAS declaration on Malaria?

Malaria is a wholly preventable and treatable disease. Yet it killsthousands of people in the Asia-Pacific every year. East Asian leaders have agreed to form an alliance with Pacific

nations to

1. fight against malaria and2. Deal with the drug-resistant strains of Malaria.

Concerns/Issues


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This is the first Issue @EAS

#1 Maritime Disputes Discussion

China insisted that Diaoyu /Senkaku island conflict (click me),

along with its other maritime disputes in the region, should notbe discussed at the East Asia summit

but rather deal with these issues on a bilateral basis (twocountries talking to each other).

The Asian countries involved in these disputes have expressedan unwillingness to engage in heated debate over disputesduring the EAS summit, Because of Chinas powerfulgeopolitical position + their dependence on trade with China.

#2: US-Pacific Free Trade (TPP)

During the EAS summit, Obama discussed a the Trans PacificPartnership (TPP) a type of Free Trade Agreement betweenUSA vs Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore etc.

This is a US invasion on Chinas economic turf. If signed, the agreement could pose a great challenge to

Chinese products.

#3: New Cold War Theater
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China is expanding its military clout (through Strings of Pearl +5

thGeneration stealth aircraft, as we saw in earlier article.click

ME) On the other hand, to balance Chinese domination, America is

strengthening its traditional military alliances in the region andbuilding new partnerships.

Thats why, Obama is also making trips to Myanmar andThailand (in pretext of visiting EAS).

USA is also planning to deploy 60 per cent of its armed forcesin the Pacific theater.

In the coming year, For ASEAN, it will be difficult to keep politicalunity due to Chinas rising power.

The small Asian nations are looking towards the US to balance a

rising China. So a new cold war theater is emerging. The fact that they invited the US itself was a recognition that if

you are in a cage with an 800-pound gorilla, you should at leastinvite another one into it to provide a balance. (C Raja Mohan)

#4: India, the New NAM

During the Cold War, India was a leading figure in the Non-Aligned Movement of countries that tried to avoid joining the

U.S. or the Soviet Union. IF China unwilling to make reasonable solutions to settling the

border dispute, then you can visualize a scenario where Indiamay be non-aligned, but it does more things with the U.S.

We want to expand our influence in Asia through so-called LookEast Policy. But that opportunity is not without risk.

ASEAN countries want to evolve a Code of Conduct for use ofresources of South China Sea in the light of Chinese claims.

In EAS and ASEAN summit, India will have to address the many

questions on where India stands in the rapidly deterioratingregional security environment. And that cannot be done withoutannoying China. Although, weve already annoyed China.

1. Weve gone nose-to-nose with China over an oil-drilling pactwith Vietnam in the disputed South China Sea

2. Weve deployed three Brahmos cruise-missile regiments onborder with China following a number of Chinese provocations.

3. Soon, we will recruit 100,000 new soldiers for posting along the

same frontier.
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Today We are one of the biggest economies and largestmilitaries in the region.

So, we have the responsibility and opportunity to mitigate greatpower tensions (US-China) and defuse regional conflicts in Asia.

After all, Indias independent foreign policy was always aboutshaping a sustainable order in Asia and beyond.

Delaram Zaranj Highway, Chabahar Port: India-Iran-Afghanistan trade relations

Afghanistan is a land-locked country. Most of its internationaltrade is done through Pakistani sea-ports.

Therefore, India wished to connect to Afghanistan via an

alternative route (through Iran). So, In 2003 a trilateral agreement was signed among India, Iran

and Afghanistan. Under this agreement

o Iran was to build a highway from Chabahar (a Port City ofIran) upto Afghanistan border.

o India was to build a road connecting Delaram (border cityof Afghanistan) to Zaranj (Capital of Nimruz province of

Afghanistan)


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India wanted to develop port @Chabahar (Iran) to do trading with

Afghanistan, bypassing Pakistan.

Delaram-Zaranj Highway

DelaramZaranj Highway, also known as Route 606. Length about 200km It connects Delaram (border city of Afghanistan) to Zaranj

(Capital of Nimruz province of Afghanistan). India totally financed this project. (about 600 crore rupees). Border Roads Organization (BRO) of India, has constructed this

highway. Construction started in 2005, and in 2009 the road was opened

for public use. During the construction of this highway,Taliban killed about 130

workers, including 4 Indians from BRO.


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So far, all the roadway construction is finished.

India wished to access both Afghanistan and other central Asiannations (like Turkmenistan), through this Chabahar port, But the

Chabahar port is not yet fully developed to handle the huge cargo toand from India.

All these years, India was requesting Iran to allow them to do someport Development on this port.

Why Iran allowed Indian Investment?

Port city of Chabahar (Iran)

In the early 2012, US putsanction against Iran Oil export,i.e. if any country imports crudeoil from Iran, then that countrysbank (through which paymentsare made to Iran) will not beallowed to do transections inUSA.

Because of this sanction, most of

the nations stopped importing oilfrom Iran, except some big oneslike India and China, but Indiatoo felt the heat of US diplomaticpressure and agreed to cut downoil imports from Iran.

Majority of Irans nation income comes from Oil export, so, theyre

also feeling the heat. They want money, so, Iranian Government hasnow allowed India do invest upto $100 million in the Chabahar PortDevelopment project.

Whats Indias Problem?

Well, now Indian Government fears that doing any investment in Iran=USA will be annoyed.

So, India wants two things


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1. Afghanistan must make a commitment that it will do tradingthrough this Iranian port. (otherwise the whole project will beeconomically unviable). Because there is a good chance,

Afghanistan may not do any trading at all, with pressure from US

and Pakistan.2. Afghanistan should sign a triparitate MoU with Iran and India,

make it look like Afghanistan badly wants this project for theDevelopment of its own economy and we (Indians) are justhelping in rebuilding the Afghanistan.

But Afghanistan has changed the tone now, theyre not sayinganything about the project (may be under secret US pressure.)Theyre not keen on signing any such agreement or MoU or

statement.

In short, Indias problem is how to calibrate the political signal it sendsout at a time when the West is focused on making economicsanctions work effectively against Iran, especially when Afghanistantoo has been reluctant given the issues involved.


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Mohan talking with Karzai

16th NAM summit

16th

NAM summit will be held in Iran, during August 30-31. Mohan is going to visit this summit and will try to negotiate

something with the Presidents of Iran and Afghanistan to sign upsome new MoU kinda document.

TAPI Gas pipeline : Meaning, Importance, Significancefor India and its neighbours

What is TAPI Pipeline?

A 1680 km pipeline from Turkmenistan Afghanistan Pakistan India (TAPI)

Itll become operational by 2018. It will carry 90 million metric standard cubic meters a day for a

30 year period. India has to pay a transit fee to Pakistan and Afghanistan as the

pipeline passes through these nations.

Route of this piepline

The pipeline starts from the Dauletabad Oil fields inTurkmenistan and will move into Afghanistan along a highwayrunning from Herat to Kandahar and it will then enter Pakistanvia Quetta, Multan and from there to Fazilka (located at the Indo-Pak border) in India.

What does Turkmenistan gain from this?

Turkmenistan holds 4 percent of the gas reserves of the world. Itonly exports gas to Russia, but with the TAPI pipeline, it will beable to diversify its exports to nations like India, Pakistan etc.

Turkmenistan will earn a lot of revenue by exporting gas throughthe pipeline

What does Pakistan Gain?

Moreover the potential extension of the pipeline to the Gwadar

Port in Pakistan will enable Pakistan to export gas to severalcountries.
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What does Afghanistan Gain?

Afghanistan will earn transit fees as the pipeline passes throughthe country.

What is in for India?

India will benefit a lot as it will receive 38 million standard cubicmeters of gas per day improving Indias energy security.

New opportunities to the development of gas and engineeringindustries of the countries involved in the project.

The project will also help to foster regional connectivity betweenthe countries involved, thus resulting in regional integration.

Whatre the Obstacles to TAPI pipeline

1. Regional instability, especially in the AF-PAK region continues tohaunt the pipeline. The planned route of the 1800 km pipelinewill pass through 735 km of southern and western Afghanistan,regions which are hotbeds of terrorism. Moreover with theproposed withdrawal of NATO (especially US) forces from

Afghanistan, the ability of Afghanistan to maintain its security

comes into question.2. The pipeline will also pass through Pakistans southwestern

Balochistan Province, a region suffering from separatist andsectarian violence for the past 9 years. Moreover poorly guardedoil/gas pipelines in the region have been favourite targets ofethnic Baluch separatists fighting the Pakistan army.

3. Any unexpected rupture in Indo-Pakistan relationships can putthe TAPI project into jeopardy.

4. A lot of money is needed to finance this project. The cost of the

project is estimated to be 12 billion Dollars. Asian DevelopmentBank has already provided a few million Dollars as technicalassistance, however more money is required to finance thiscostly project, which is difficult to get as foreign investors(MNCs, oil companies) are wary of investing in the AF-PAKregion.

What is the Response of the US to TAPI project?

The US supports this project because it will be a goodalternative to a proposed Indo-Pakistan-Iranian pipeline (IPI),
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which has been stalled for quiet some time due to pressure fromthe US against going through with the deal, moreover gas canbe used as an alternative to petrol, so perhaps it will lessenIndias dependence on oil and in turn reduce its oil imports.

Moreover it will help US in isolating Iran.

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