Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic...
Transcript of Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic...
![Page 1: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Title Slide
Organic Soils
![Page 2: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Organic Soils
What are they?How are they formed?Where can they be found?How are they identified?How do they influence the soil?
Talk OutlineAsk the group how they can tell if a soil is organic. Stress that color is not the only way or the best way.
![Page 3: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Section .1935 (21) defines organic soils as those
organic mucks and peats consisting of more than 20%
organic matter by weight and 18 inches (45 cm) or
greater in thickness.
Definition
![Page 4: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Definition
Rule .1941 a4Organic soils shall be
considered unsuitable for the installation of on-site sanitary sewage systems.
![Page 5: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why are organic soils unsuitable?
![Page 6: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What do you think of when you say muck?
WATER or WETTNESS
Most importantly organic soils are wet.
![Page 7: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How does water move through organic soil?
![Page 8: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What do organic soils and wood have in common?
They both burn!
Peat fire in Blacklands in 1980’s. The fire burned for months and was only put out by flooding the area by closing ditches and pumping water into the area.
![Page 9: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SLIDE-Results of peat fire
High temps consumed forests…what about septic systems?
![Page 10: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
So how does this make organic soil unsuitable?
Here’s a tank and drainfield before a fire.
![Page 11: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SLIDE-Septic tank after fire
After the fire the tank remained but the PVC was gone as was several inches to feet of organic soil.
![Page 12: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What happens when you drive in a swamp?
Low strength makes construction problematic at times.
![Page 13: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Why are organic soils unsuitable?
WetLow permeabilityFire hazardLow strength
Problems with organic soils. Note that for treatment of wastewater organic soils are actually very good.
![Page 14: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
NRCS definition…. Compare to DENR definition.
Histosol: Organic Soil
< 40 cm (16 in.) of organic surface>20% organic matter depending on clay contentTerric: 40-125 cm (16-51 in.) thickTypic: >125 cm (>51 in.) thick
![Page 15: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Histic EpipedonSurface horizon containing more
than 20% OM, depending on clay content. Greater than 30
cm (12 in.) if drained, 45 cm (18 in.) if undrained.
Histic epipedon (or surface layer) may in some cases be suitable for OSWW, however usually it is not.
![Page 16: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SLIDE-Histic epipedon, mineral below
Ask where the organics end.
![Page 17: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SLIDE-Histic epipedon, thick
organic
Ask where the organics end. Note this is all organic. Stress that some organics are not black.
![Page 18: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0369
12151821
0 30 60
% Clay
% O
rgan
ic C
arbo
n Muck
Mucky Mineral
Mineral
NRCS organic classes. Note that OC is roughly 1/2 of OM
![Page 19: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Typical muck in the blacklands. Generally it is less permeable than clay.
Colloidal Muck
Very finely divided muck (sapric) organic materialMassive structureVery high moisture contentpH 3.5-4.0Very low permeabilitySticky with little fiber
![Page 20: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SLIDE-Surface organic after ripening in Blacklands
Photo… looks like coffee grounds
![Page 21: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Organic Soil
Strong granular structure develops when massive “colloidal”muck is tilled and oxidized
![Page 22: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Why OM occurs. Go over each point.
Factors causing organic matter accumulation
High rainfallFlat or depressional landscapeLarge distances between streamShallow depth to impermeable subsurface layersHydrology-high water tableCool/Cold temperatures
![Page 23: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Areas of organic soils to be discussed
Areas of organic soils
Organic soil flats Forested wetlandsDepressional wetlandsMarshes
![Page 24: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SLIDE-Map eastern NC: Blacklands most extensive
Use map to illustrate location. Organic soils can also be found in the mountains but a less common.
![Page 25: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Organic soil flats - Pocosins
High pocosinLow pocosin
Pocosin is Algonquian Indian for “Swamp on a Hill”
![Page 26: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
SLIDE-Schematic
Schematic
![Page 27: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SLIDE-Pocosin
![Page 28: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SLIDE-Woody material in pocosin soil
Some of the logs preserved in the pocosin are good enough to bring to a saw mill for lumber.
![Page 29: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Text
Forested wetlands
Bottomland hardwood swampNon-riverine hardwood swampNon-riverine wet hardwood forest
![Page 30: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SLIDE-Bottomland hardwood-Tyrell Co.
Obvious as there is standing water
![Page 31: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
SLIDE-Juniper swamp
![Page 32: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SLIDE-Wet hardwood soil
![Page 33: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Text
Depressional wetlands
Carolina BaysBogsVernal pools
![Page 34: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SLIDE-Cross section
![Page 35: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Carolina Bays
1930, Near Myrtle Beach, SCFirst photo-mosaic showing
depressions later called Carolina Bays.N
1.6 km(1 mile)
![Page 36: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
SLIDE-Landscape-not always extreme
![Page 38: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SLIDE-Bog
![Page 39: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Slide Vernal pool
![Page 40: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Text
Marshes
EstuarineLacustrine
![Page 41: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SLIDE-Estuary-Salt marsh
Generally obvious
![Page 42: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SLIDE-Estuary
soil
All organic
![Page 43: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SLIDE-Inland marsh
Look for wetland vegetation to help
![Page 44: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Text…note color is not the only way to ID organics
Field Identification
ColorBulk densityGreasy feelFibersLow strength
![Page 45: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Organic (O) Horizons
O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material.Field Criteria
12% or more organic carbonDark color (never used by itself)Low strength, light dry weight, high fiber contentTypically a surface horizon-if buried may indicate disturbance
Subordinate Distinctions of O HorizonOa-Highly decomposed organic material (Muck)Oe-Moderately decomposed organic material (Muck and Peat)Oi-Slightly decomposed organic material (Peat)
NRCS O horizons
![Page 46: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SLIDE-Example--All organic-
Estuary
Ask the group to ID the Organic layers on all the next few slides
![Page 47: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SLIDE-Example--Upper
organic-Blacklands NC
![Page 48: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SLIDE-Example--
All organic-Dismal Swamp
NC
![Page 49: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SLIDE-Example
--Non-organic-Cummul
ic
![Page 50: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SLIDE-Example--Non-organic-Spodic
![Page 51: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Organic matter influence on soil properties
Soil colorbrown or black if aeratedreddish if reduced
Physical propertiesincrease structureincrease water holdingreduce bulk density
Chemical propertiesincrease CEClower pH
![Page 52: Organic Soils€¦ · Organic (O) Horizons ¾O horizons or layers: Layers dominated by organic material. ¾Field Criteria z12% or more organic carbon zDark color (never used by itself)](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022081405/5f0983717e708231d4272f0f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)