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![Page 1: Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons Color Texture Density Structure Consistence Organic Matter content Acidity Mineral Accumulations Biological.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f545503460f94c78a36/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons
Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons
Color Texture Density
StructureConsistence
Organic Matter content Acidity
Mineral Accumulations Biological activity
Color Texture Density
StructureConsistence
Organic Matter content Acidity
Mineral Accumulations Biological activity
![Page 2: Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons Color Texture Density Structure Consistence Organic Matter content Acidity Mineral Accumulations Biological.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f545503460f94c78a36/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Original Russian Concept
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o
Zone of eluviation
Zone of illuviation
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Only 1 letter “l”
E
![Page 5: Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons Color Texture Density Structure Consistence Organic Matter content Acidity Mineral Accumulations Biological.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f545503460f94c78a36/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Illinois once was covered by a complex mix of prairie
and forest
Prairie dominated the flat expanses
Forest dominated the hilly land
thin A horizon
weak E horizon
strong B horizon
![Page 6: Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons Color Texture Density Structure Consistence Organic Matter content Acidity Mineral Accumulations Biological.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f545503460f94c78a36/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Young Soil in NC
Old Soilin NC
Well Defined Horizons
High Degree of Weathering
Highly Leached
Thick Solum
http://www.mo15.nrcs.usda.gov/features/gallery/
Poorly Defined Horizons
Low Degree of Weathering
Slightly Leached
Thin Solum
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Water driven translocations
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/soil_systems/soil_development_profiles.html
Eluviation
Illuviation
Illuviation
Illuviation
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Sediment
Precipitationplus solutes, aerosols and particulates
Organic residues humus
Primary Secondary
minerals minerals
Leaching ofdissolved ions & OM
E(i)lluviationof
clayCaCO3
dissolved ionsdissolved OM
Capillary rise ofsalts
Capillary rise of
dissolvedions
Loss of gases
N 2, N 2
O, CO 2
Sediment
Soil forming processes
TRANSFORMATIONS
Adapted from Stewart (1990)
AdditionsLosses
Losses
Ad
dit
ion
s
Ad
ditio
ns
TRA
NS
LOC
ATI
ON
S
Lo
sse
s
TRA
NSL
OC
ATI
ON
S
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http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/resources/soil_classification_genesis/soil_formation/soil_transform.swf
Conceptual chronosequence
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Horizon nomenclature
Master horizons are designated using capital letters (O, A, E, B, C).
Lowercase suffixes (aka subscripts) are used to denote specific horizon characteristics or features
(e.g., Oi, Oe, Oa, Bt, Btg, Bx)
Numbers following master horizon letters indicate unspecified changes in properties (e.g., A2, A3)
Numbers preceding master horizon letters indicate changes in parent material (e.g., 2A, 2B)
Combinations of master horizon letters indicate transition zones (e.g., AE, BC)
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Sometimes a soil’s horizons are very
difficult to interpret.
Consider the profile to the left:
How many different parent materials are
represented ?
Where would one find such a soil ?
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The best way to look at
soil profiles
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Soil profiles can be investigated
using a soil auger
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What is this guy doing ??
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Making a soil monolith
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Chroma
Val
ue
Hue
Munsell colorbook
Low #s
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“Texture by feel”
![Page 18: Characteristics that differentiate soil horizons Color Texture Density Structure Consistence Organic Matter content Acidity Mineral Accumulations Biological.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070411/56649f545503460f94c78a36/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
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Soil Structure
Granular crumb structure
Platy Blocky
Prismatic Columnar
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Soil Consistence
Loose Friable
Firm Very Firm