ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) INORGANIC compounds do not...
-
Upload
bruno-mcbride -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
1
Transcript of ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) INORGANIC compounds do not...
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,
CH4)
ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C6H12O6,
CH4)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds
(CO2, H2O)
INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds
(CO2, H2O)
lipids
lipids
carbohydrates
carbohydrates
proteinsproteins
nucleic acids
nucleic acids
waterwater
most important inorganic
compound in living things
most cellular processes take place
in water solutions
excellent solvent (substances dissolve
in water)
CO2CO2
come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers
come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers
Most Organic Molecules
mono meaning ONE
mono meaning ONE
poly meaning MANY
poly meaning MANY
May also have di….
meaning TWO
May also have di….
meaning TWO
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen)
Carbohydrates
are made by plants (autotrophs)are made by plants (autotrophs)
are the body’s primary source of energy
are the body’s primary source of energy
Contain 4 calories per gram of energy
Contain 4 calories per gram of energy
are made of monomers called monosaccharides
are made of monomers called monosaccharides
Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide
..
Glucose is a Glucose is a monosaccharidemonosaccharide
..C6HH1212 OO66
Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste.easily identified by their sweet taste.
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk
sugar).sugar).
Other Other monosaccharides:monosaccharides:
fructose (fruit sugar) fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk galactose (milk
sugar).sugar).
H
CH2OH
OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH OH
C
C
C
C
C
Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.
Note the ring shape Note the ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.
Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are complex are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of carbohydrates made of long chains of
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas)
and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.
Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs.common sources of complex carbs.
Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only two example of a sugar with only two
monosaccharides.monosaccharides.
O
CH2OH
H OO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OH
CH2OH
H
HH OH
H
O
OOHHHH
OHOH HH
CH2OH
HOO
HH
HH OH
OHOH
HHHHH
OHC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Contain 9 calories per Contain 9 calories per gram of energygram of energy
Contain 9 calories per Contain 9 calories per gram of energygram of energy
function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane
and for energy and for energy storagestorage
function in hormones function in hormones and cell membrane and cell membrane
and for energy and for energy storagestorage
examples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxesexamples: fats, oils, waxes
contain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, Ocontain C, H, O
not soluble in not soluble in waterwater
not soluble in not soluble in waterwater
classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
classified as classified as saturated or saturated or unsaturatedunsaturated
glycerol
also steroids also steroids (serve as (serve as chemical chemical
messengers)messengers)
also steroids also steroids (serve as (serve as chemical chemical
messengers)messengers)
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C HC
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H OO
C OO
C
H
H OO C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
HOO
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
made up ofmade up of
glycerol
glycerol
fatty acids
fatty acids
and
and
EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which
function to function to control the rate control the rate
of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.
EnzymesEnzymes are are proteins which proteins which
function to function to control the rate control the rate
of chemical of chemical reactions.reactions.
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,
needed for the body to function
properly
complex organic compounds made up of amino acids,
needed for the body to function
properly
examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails
examples: examples: muscles, hair, muscles, hair, cartilage, nailscartilage, nails
contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S
contain C, O, H, contain C, O, H, N N and usually Sand usually S
3D protein structure
contain 4 calories contain 4 calories per gram of per gram of
energyenergy
contain 4 calories contain 4 calories per gram of per gram of
energyenergy
anan aminoamino groupgroupanan aminoamino groupgroup
are made up ofare made up of
and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the
different amino different amino acidsacids
and an “and an “RR” group ” group which varies in the which varies in the
different amino different amino acidsacids
a a carboxylcarboxyl group groupa a carboxylcarboxyl group group
H
H
N C
H
R
O
OH
C
C
H
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
C
OH
H H
H
H
N C
H O
OH
C
Alanine Serine
Levels of protein structure
• PrimaryPrimary –
sequence of amino acids
Primary – sequence of amino
acidsSecondary – coils
and folds due to H-bonding
Secondary – coils and folds due to H-
bondingTertiary –
interactions between side
chains
Tertiary – interactions
between side chainsQuaternary –
interactions between 2 or more
polypeptides
Quaternary – interactions
between 2 or more polypeptides
very large linear molecules
very large linear molecules
examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA
examples: DNA and examples: DNA and RNARNA
contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen
base
nucleotide
store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to
make proteinsmake proteins
store genetic store genetic information, help to information, help to
make proteinsmake proteinsmade up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides
containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-
basebase
made up of made up of nucleotides nucleotides
containing a sugar, containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-phosphate and a N-
basebase DNA molecule
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Name examples of carbohydrates.
monosaccharide (simple sugars)
energy storage (short-term), structure or support
glucose, starch, cellulose
What are the molecules that make up lipids?
What are the functions of lipids?
Name examples of lipids.
glycerol and fatty acids
energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones
body fat, oils, waxes
What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?
What are the functions of protein?
Name examples of proteins.
amino acids
structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions
muscles, hair, cartilage, nails
image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis.