Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

KC 1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds - hydrocarbons

Organic chemistry studies the chemistry of living things

Carbon containing compounds are obtained from petroleum, wood, plants, etc.

KC 2: General Characteristics

Mostly non-polar covalent molecules; no ions There are some examples of polar organic

compounds

Mostly insoluble in water

Non-electrolytes

Low melting points

What makes carbon so special?

Using Lewis dot structures, there are several arrangements for the valence electrons around carbon:

C C C C

4 singlebonds

2 singlebonds &1 double bond

2 doublebonds

1 singleBond & 1 triple bond

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

What makes carbon so special?

Case #1 - atoms tend to bond in a tetrahedral fashion around carbon. If they are identical atoms the molecule is nonpolar.

Case #2 - atoms tend to bond in a trigonal planar fashion around carbon. These molecules tend to be polar.

Case #3 - atoms tend to bond in a linear fashion around the carbon. If the bonding atoms are identical the molecule will be nonpolar.

Case #4 - atoms tend to bond in a linear fashion around the carbon. These molecules tend to be polar.

Bonding

2 carbon atoms form a covalent bond by sharing electrons

KC 3: The covalent bond can be classified as saturated or unsaturated:

Saturated – contains carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds

Unsaturated – hydrocarbon that has available valence bonds, usually from double or triple bonds with carbon

Bonding

-----C---C------

Saturated

C==C

Unsaturated

---C≡≡C---

Unsaturated

Bonding

Each carbon chain has carbon in the middle and hydrogen around the outside

Draw the Lewis structure for C4H10:

Bonding

KC 4: Isomer – one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures

Isomers have similar physical and chemical properties

As the number of molecules in an atom increase, the number of isomers increases

Drawing Hydrocarbons

KC 5: Hydrocarbons can be represented by line-bond drawings where hydrogen is assumed to be present around each carbon

BR – draw the line-bond structure

CC

C

CC

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

OH

O

KC 6: Types of Hydrocarbons

Alkanes – characterized by a straight or branched carbon chain that contains only single bonds

Name ends in “ane” (CnH2n+2)

Alkenes – a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds

Name ends in “ene” (CnH2n)

Alkynes – hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds

Name ends in “yne” (CnH2n-2)

Types of Hydrocarbons

Ethane Ethene

Ethyne

Naming Hydrocarbons KC 7: naming straight-chain alkanes

Number of Carbon Atoms

Prefix

1 Meth-

2 Eth

3 Prop-

4 But-

5 Pent-

6 Hex-

7 Hept-

8 Oct-

9 Non-

10 Dec-

Naming Hydrocarbons

KC 8: When naming long-chain alkenes or alkynes, the position of the double or triple bond must be included

KC 9: The first carbon atom with the double or triple bond must have the lowest number

KC 10: Example -

Naming Hydrocarbons

KC 11: When there are multiple double or triple bonds, prefixes are included in front of the –ene or –yne. Both positions of the bond must be included in the name.

2 = di

3 = tri

Naming Hydrocarbons

KC 12: Compounds with branched chains, root name is that of the longest continuous carbon chain

KC 13: Branched chains are called substituents

Naming Hydrocarbons

1. Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms; this chain determines the parent name for the alkane

2. Number the longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearer the substituent

3. Use the numbers obtained to designate the location of the substituent group

4. When 2 or more substituents are present, give each a number corresponding to its location on the longest chain

Naming Hydrocarbons

When halogens are present, their numbered location must be included in the name and ending changed to “o”

Chloro-

Fluoro-

Bromo-

KC 14: Functional Groups

Alcohol: R-OH, name ends in –ol

Ketone: R-CO-R’, name ends in -one

Aldehyde: R-CHO, name ends in -al

Carboxylic Acid: R-COOH, name ends in –oic acid

Functional Groups