Organ Systems

Organ Systems Overview

Includes skin, hair and nailsCreates waterproof barrier aro8und the body

Works with bones to move parts of the body

Supports, protects, and woks with muscles to move parts of the body

Detects changes in the environment and signals to the body, which then responds

Manufactures and releases hormones , keeping body systems in balance

Transports blood, nutrients, gasses and wastes

Organ Systems Overview

Part of the immune systemDefends the body against infection

Controls breathingExchanges gasses

Takes in food and breaks it downAbsorbs nutrientsRemoves solid waste

Removes liquid waste from body

Produces and transports sex cellsDevelopment of new organisms

Digestive System

MouthStarts the process of breaking down food;

mechanically (teeth) and chemically (enzymes in saliva)

Saliva is produced by salivary glands in epithelial tissue of the mouth

Once food is broken up an softened with saliva it may be swallowed and begin its journey into the digestive tract

Esophagus and Stomach The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects your

mouth to your stomach Movement of muscle tissue in the esophagus is

controlled by the nervous system unconsciously to move food along

The stomach is used to hold food and churn it to continue the process of digestion

The stomach lining produces digestive enzymes and acids

Muscles in the stomach aid in the mixing of food

Nerves in the stomach signal when it is full and you have had enough to eat

The Small Intestine Once your food is fully mixed within the stomach a

round muscle at the bottom of the stomach, called a sphincter opens an transfers stomach contents into the Small Intestine

The first meter of the small intestine is called the duodenum which is where most digestion takes place

Tubes in the duodenum are connected to the pancreas liver, and gall bladder. These organs release more digestive enzymes which completes the chemical breakdown of food.

Food entering the reaming length of the small intestine is ready to be absorbed into the body

The Large Intestine The Large Intestine acts to absorb water,

vitamins and salts from the remaining digested food and eliminate undigested food through the anus as feces

The large intestine includes the Colon, rectum and anus

Bacteria in the large intestine also assist in the completion of food digestion

Urinary SystemLiquid waste is eliminated from the body via the

Urinary systemYour Kidneys are the key organ used to filter and

flush away waste substances from cellular processes and maintain a proper volume of water in the body and a balance of electrolytes (dissolved sodium, potassium and calcium)

Liquid waste is sent for temporary storage via the ureter to the bladder. Once the bladder is full urine is released through the urethra

Nervous SystemThe most critical organ in your body is the BrainThe Brain is the information processing centre for your

bodyThe rest of your nervous system is the network of nerve

tissue that connects the brain to all parts of the body and transmits signals to and from all types of body cells

The core of the nervous system is called the Central Nervous System (CNS) and includes the Brain and Spinal Cord

The nerves that carry signals between the CNS and the body are part of the peripheral nervous system

Nervous SystemNerves are responsible for controlling;

voluntary muscle carrying information from sensory organs

(eyes, ears, taste buds, skin, nose) regulation of involuntary functions such as

breathing, heart beat and digestionTo protect it from damage the CNS is

shielded by bones (skull and spinal column) and fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that acts as a cushion

Nerve TissueNerve tissue is made up of NeuronsThere are approximately 100 billion neurons in your

brain aloneThe structure of neurons allow them to conduct

information in the form of electrical impulsesNeurons only conduct electrical impulses in one

directionBundles of neurons are called NervesNerves allow for two way communication within the

bodyNeurons in the CNS typically do not regenerate if

damagesPeripheral nerve tissue can repair small gaps (a few

millimeters)

Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system is made up of

blood, heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries)

The main role of the circulatory system is to move nutrients obtained by the intestines and oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body.

The circulatory system also transports solid and liquid waste materials to the kidneys to be filtered out and excreted. Waste gas (CO2) is expelled by the lungs

The circulatory system is also important in regulating body temperature and transporting white blood cells that fight unwanted disease vectors (viruses and bacteria)

BloodRed blood cells are the are the most plentiful

cells in blood (45%). They transport Oxygen using a protein called Hemoglobin with is high in iron giving blood its red colour

White Blood cells are the bodies defence mechanism. They are able to recognize and destroy invading bacteria and viruses. Only about 1% of blood volume are white blood cells

Platelets are small cells that aid in clottingPlasma is the protein rich liquid that suspends all

blood cells. It makes up about 55% of your blood’s volume

HeartThe muscle that

pumps all blood through the circulatory system

Brings deoxygenated blood from upper and lower parts of the body, sends it to the lungs, returns oxygenated blood back to the heart and then out to the body.

Blood VesselsArteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heartBlood being pumped away from the hear is under high

pressure and therefore arteries must be thick walledVeins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heartBoth Veins and Arteries are largest closest to the heart

and become smaller in diameter farther away as the volume of blood they must gets smaller

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with very thin walls where gas and nutrient exchange takes place

This exchange takes place through a process called diffusion

All body tissues are connected to the circulatory system by a network of capillaries

Circulatory IssuesHeart attack: If blood vessels (pulmonary arteries)

become blocked (blood clot, plaque) as the heart is supplied with oxygenated blood the heart will stop pumping and tissue will start to die (Necrosis)

Stroke: Where blood vessles supplying your brain with blood become blocked (usually a clot). Without oxygen and nutrients brain tissue begins to die

Hypertension: “High Blood Pressure” is a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked. May lead to atherosclerosis, a systematic build up of plaque in the arterial wall

Atherosclerosis often leads to heart disease and/or stroke

Respiratory SystemThe Lungs are

where blood acquires oxygen and disposes of excess carbon dioxide

Inside the lungs is a network of increasingly narrow branching airways all ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli

Respiratory SystemAlveoli are thin walled

structures surrounded by capillaries

Gasses are exchanged through the Alveoli via diffusion

The remainder of the respiratory system simply connects the lungs to the outside air (trachea) or assists in the mechanics of breathing (diaphragm)