Animal Organ Systems

Anatomy and Physiology

Fundamentals of Life

All living things are made up of cells.Cells are the most basic structure of life.Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and

water to survive.

Natural Hierarchy

Cells are the most basic and simple. Cells that are all alike work together to form

tissues which perform tasks. Tissues that are alike work together to form

organs which complete jobs. Organs work together in organ systems to

carry out processes. Organ systems work together to support the

life of an organism.

How do we study animals?

We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures.

We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures.

We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures.

We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs.

Anatomy

The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external.Gross anatomy is the study of the

structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification

Physiology

The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal.

BiochemistryHow cells, tissues and organs work

together to complete a task…digestion.

Why study anatomy and physiology?

Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production,

and hair or wool production.

Raising animals requires an understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their

basic needs are met and they do not suffer.

Mammals vs Non-mammals

Most of our livestock are mammals. i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to

live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature.

Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops.

Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.

Organ Systems

SkeletalMuscularNervousCirculatoryRespiratory

ExcretoryDigestiveEndocrineIntegumentaryReproductive

Skeletal

Bones 50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P),

20% protein, 4% fat Core is soft and spongy – called marrow

Marrow makes new red blood cells for body. Cartilage

Soft, tough tissue found between bones that cushions joints

Ligaments Long stretchy tissue that holds joints

together

Skeletal

Gives structure and support

Protects internal organs

Makes locomotion/movement possible

Muscular

Muscles Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in

pairs Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control –

triceps Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body

functions – heart and diaphragm Tendons

Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to bones.

Muscles pull against bone when they contract which causes movement.

Muscular

Primary function is movement.External & internal

Also protect delicate organsMuscles make up about half our

livestock animals’ weight.Muscles are the meat of the animal.Composed mostly of protien.

A=Rhomboideus capitisB=SpleniusC=Levator scapulae ventralisD=SupraspinatusE=InfraspinatusF=Teres majorG=Serratus dorsalisH=Longissimus dorsiI=Multifidae spinaeJ=ClavotrapeziusK=ClavobrachialisL=AcromiodeltoidM=SpinodeltoidN=AcromiotrapeziusO=SpinotrapeziusP=Spinalis dorsalisQ=Latissimus dorsiR=Rhomboideus

Nervous

BrainSoft tissues that coordinates

all aspects of animal functionSpinal Cord

Main “highway” for nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body

NervesBranch out and reach rest of

body

Nervous

Uses electrical impulses to send messages from brain throughout body.

Controls activity, learning, memoryCentral Nervous System and Peripheral

Nervous System

Circulatory

HeartTechnically a musclePumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves

ArteriesCarry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart

to tissuesVeins

Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.

Circulatory

BloodPlasma

Liquid part of blood red blood cells

Carries O2 and carbohydrates (glucose)white blood cells

Fights pathogensPlatelets

Makes blood clot

Circulatory

Also includes the Lymph GlandsSecrete disease fighting materials

Moves materials throughout the body

Respiratory

Nose External opening of the body

Pharynx & Larynx Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea Larynx is the “voice box”

Trachea Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with lungs

Lungs “bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air

and expel old air

Respiratory

Function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide.

Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.

Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.

Excretory

Also referred to as the urinary system.Kidneys

Remove waste materials from bloodBladder

Holds liquid wastes - urineUreters

Connect bladder to urethraUrethra

Empties urine to the exterior of the animal

Digestive

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, anus

Breaks down food into usable energyRemoves unusable food from body

Endocrine

Ductless glands in the bodyhypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,

thyroid, adrenalSecrete hormones that chemically

regulate certain functions of the bodyPlay a large role in reproduction,

digestion, growth, etc.

Integumentary

Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etcKeeps out pathogens, regulates body

temp, gives shape and color, protects internal organs

System made almost entirely out of proteinAnimal skin is called the hide

Most animal hides made into leather

Reproductive System

Most complex system in animalsAllows for reproduction of animals and

the continuation of the speciesDifferent structures between male and

femaleMost animals fundamentally have the

same system, just varies in structure between species.