Order of Classification zEach kingdom ( 界 ) is split into smaller groups called phyla( 門 ) (or...

Order of Classification

Each kingdom ( 界 ) is split into smaller groups called phyla( 門 ) (or called division in plants). Each phylum is further split into class ( 綱 ), order( 目 ), family( 科 ), genus ( 屬) and species

( 種 ) and so on. Such gradual division are listed below:

Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species

Diversity of Organisms

Species ( 物種 / 種 ) - a group of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another ( 互相交配 ) to produce fertile offsprings ( 具生殖力的後代 ).

The Binomial system of nomenclature ( 雙名法 )

Scientific name consists of two parts:

Genus ( 屬 ) name + species ( 種 ) name

e.g. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

Zea mays or Zea mays

Five kingdoms ( 界 )

Kingdom Prokaryotae ( 原核生物界 ) Kingdom Protoctista ( 原生生物界 ) Kingdom Fungi ( 真菌界 ) Kingdom Plantae ( 植物界 ) Kingdom animalia ( 動物界 ) Eukaryotae ( 真核生物 )

Phylogenetic relationships

( 演化關係 )

phylogeny ( 種系發生 )

common ancestor different group of

organisms ( 共同祖先 ) ( 不同組別的生物 )

Kingdom Prokaryotae ( 原核生物界 )

Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus)e.g. E. coli ( 大腸杆菌 )

Spherical ( 球 ), rod-shaped ( 桿 ), helical ( 螺旋 ) covered by slime layer / capsule ( 莢膜 )Cell wall is made of protein ( 蛋白質 ) and

carbohydrate ( 碳水化合物 ) - peptidoglycan) ( 聚糖 )

Circular ( 環形 ) DNA Ribosome ( 核糖體 ) – for protein synthesis ( 用作合成蛋白質 )

Rod shaped bacterium (Bacillus)e.g. E. coli ( 大腸杆菌 )

Mesosome ( 間體 ) – for r______ to provide

energy

Flagellum ( 鞭毛 ) – for locomotion 移動

Eukaryotae ( 真核生物 )

Protoctista ( 原生生物界)

Fungi ( 真菌界 )

Plantae ( 植物界 )

Animalia ( 動物界 )

Prokaryotae VS Eukaryotae- no distinct nucleus /

no nuclear membrane

( 沒有定形的細胞核 / 沒有核膜 )

- distinct nucleus / with nuclear membrane

- single circular DNA in cytoplasm ( 遺傳物質為環形DNA ，位於細胞質內 )

-chromosome present-( 遺傳物質為染色體 )

-membranous organelles absent ( 沒有膜狀的細胞器 )

- membranous organelles present

-infolding of cell membrane forms mesosomes for respiration ( 細胞膜向內陷-而成間體，用於細胞呼吸作用放出能量 )

__________ for respiration ( 有 __________ 用於細胞呼吸作用放出能量 )

Kingdom Protoctista ( 原生生物界 )

Algae ( 藻 )

Algae Eukaryotic ( 真核 ) Body is thallus ( 葉狀體 ) , not differentiated into

roots, stems, leaves, No vascular tissues ( 維管組織 ). All contain chlorophyll and other pigments ((

色素 ) for photosynthesis.(autotrophic) ( 自養營養 )

Most of them are green, while some are red or brown.

Unicellular ( 單細胞 ) filamentous ( 絲狀 ) colonial ( 群體 ) thalloid ( 葉狀體 ) Mainly live in water (aquatic). ( 水中生長 )

Spirogyra – a green alga

Unbranced filamentous ( 絲狀 )Found in fresh water habitat

( 水生境 ) (e.g. pond 池塘 , stream 溪澗 )Spirally coiled chloroplasts ( 螺旋狀葉綠體 )Slimy ( 黏滑 )(due to the presence of

mucliage 黏液 )

Fucus – a brown alga ( 褐藻 )Large marine brown alga found in

intertidal zone ( 潮間帶 ) and on a

rocky shore ( 岩岸 )Contain brown pigment (fucoxanthin,

岩藻黃素 )Thallus ( 葉狀體 ) differentiated into holdfast

( 固着器 ), stipe ( 柄 ) and fronds ( 葉狀體 / 藻體 )Air bladders ( 氣囊 ) – for buoyancy ( 浮在水面 )

Red tide – dinoflagellates

www.hkredtide.org

http://www.hkredtide.org/



Protozoa ( 原生生物 )Unicelluar, microscopic (animal)No chlorophyll __________No tissues or organsFree-living, some are parasitic ( 寄生 )

e.g Amoeba

Paramecium ( 草履蟲 )

Plasmodium ( 瘧原蟲 )

Kingdom Fungi ( 真菌界 )

Fungi Eukaryotic Do not have roots, stems or leaves. No chlorophyll present

heterotrophic saprophytic ( 腐生 ), parasitic ( 寄生 ),

mutualistic ( 互利共生 ) hyphae ( 菌絲 ) mycelium ( 菌絲體 ) store food as glycogen ( 糖原 ) reproduce by spore ( 孢子 )

Mushroom ( 菇 )

Fungi

Economic important of fungi

1. Decomposition of organic material in sewage and soil D_______

( 分解污水及泥土內的有機物2. Production of antibiotics ( 抗生素 ) penicillin ( 青黴素 ) aspirin ( 阿士匹靈 )3. Production of alcohol ( 酒精 )4. Production of food 5. Mushroom are edible ( 可供食用 )6. For experimental use

Harmful fungi

1. Saprophytic fungi cause decomposition of stored food (food spoilage 食物腐爛 )

and natural materials ( 天然物質)

2. Parasitic fungi cause diseases (疾病 ) in plants and animals. economic loss ( 經濟損失 )

Xeromorphic features ( 旱生結構 )

Needle-shaped leaves – reduce surface area to volume ratio

Sunkened stomata ( 內陷氣孔 ) – trap water vapour

Thicker hypodermis ( 下皮 ) and cuticle ( 角質層 ) – reduce water loss

Kingdom plantae (angiosperms / flowering plants)

Green plants with roots, stems and leaves. Have well-developed vascular tissues for

transporting various substances. Produce flowers for sexual reproduction ( 有性生殖 )

and develop into fruits ( 果實 ), with the seeds enclosed inside after fertilization.

Divided into two groups: Monocotyledonous plant (單子葉植物 ) and dicotyledonous plants ( 雙子葉植物 )

Monocot are herbaceous plants ( 草本植物 ); Dicot are herbaceous or woody ( 木本的 )

Kingdom animalia ( 動物界 )

Cnidarians/coelenterates ( 刺胞動物 )Annelids ( 環節動物 )Molluscs ( 軟體動物 )Arthropods ( 節肢動物 )Echinoderms ( 棘皮動物 )Vertebrates ( 脊椎動物 ) (Fishes 魚類 ,

Amphibians 兩棲動物 , Reptiles 爬行動物 , Birds 鳥 , Mammals 哺乳動物 )

Cnidarians ( 刺胞動物 )Example: obelia, hydra ( 水螅 ), jellyfish( 水

母 ), coral ( 珊瑚 ) and sea anemone ( 海葵 )Multicelluar, hollow-bodies, two layers of

cells (diploblastic 雙胚層的 )Radially symmetry ( 輻射對稱 )– catch perys

( 獵物 ) defend ( 防衛 ) at all sidesTentacles ( 觸手 ) for catching preys ( with

sting cells 剌細胞 called nematocyst 剌絲囊)

Two alternate forms: polyp ( 螅型體 ) or medusa ( 水母體 )

Annelids ( 環節動物 )

Bilaterally symmetrical ( 兩側對稱 )Body composed of 3 layers of cells

(triploblastic) ( 三胚層 )Ring-like segments ( 環節 )Examples: earthworm ( 蚯蚓 ), leech( 水

蛭 / 螞蟥 ) and bristleworm ( 沙蟲 )May have chaetae ( 剛毛 ) – for

burrowingSupported by hydrostatic skeleton

Molluscs ( 軟體動物 )

Soft-bodied, unsegmented bodyBody consisted of anterior head, ventral

foot and a dorsal visceral mass ( 內臟團 ). Body is surrounded by mantle ( 套膜 )

sheltered in one or more calcareous shells ( 鈣質殼 ).

Shell forms exoskeleton ( 外骨骼 ) for protection

Filter feeders ( 濾食性動物 )

Molluscs ( 軟體動物 ) Examples:

Chitons ( 石 ), limpets ( 帽貝 ) :dorsi-ventrally flattened body ( 背腹扁平 ) and broad flat muscular foot attached firmly onto the substratum

Periwinkles ( 濱螺 ) – sheltered in the crevices of rockes ( 石隙 )

snails ( 蝸牛 )– protected by withdraw into shell squids ( 魷魚 ) and octopuses – tentacles with

suckers for swimming and grabbing food. Protected by changing colour of the body and ejecting ink.

Mussels and osyters (Bivalves)- with two shellsMussels have bysuss ( 足絲 ) for attachment to the substratum

Arthropods( 節肢動物 ) Segmented body with jointed appendages ( 關節附

肢 ) Bilaterally symmetrical Crustaceans e.g. lobsters, shrimps, crabs and

barnacles ( 藤壺 ) Others: centipedes ( 百足蟲 ) and millipedes ( 千足蟲 /

馬陸 ), spider ( 蜘蛛 ), scorpions( 蠍子 ), insects e.g. bees, grasshopper ( 草蜢 )

Hardened exoskeleton composed of chitin ( 幾丁質 ) moulting ( 蛻皮 )(for growth)

Body of an insects are divided in head ( 頭 ), thorax( 胸 ) and abdomen ( 腹 )

Arthropods( 節肢動物 )

Exoskeleton for protection, muscle attachment ( 肌肉依附 ) and resisting dehydration ( 脫水 )

Some with wings for flyingBreathed by gills ( 鰓 )/tracheal system ( 氣管系

統 ) Jointed appendages modified to many

structures e.g. antennae ( 觸角 ) for sensation, mouthparts ( 口器 ) for defence and feeding, walking and swimming legs for locomotion

Echinoderms ( 棘皮動物 )Solely marine invertebratesBottom dwellers, shorelines and shallow seasExamples: starfish( 海星 ), sea urchins ( 海膽 ), sea

cucumbers ( 海蔘 )Endoskeletons ( 內骨胳 ) with spines ( 棘 ) –protection (

保護 )Radially symmetrial ( 輻射對稱 )Water vascular systems ( 水管系統 )Moved by tube feet ( 管足 )Pincer-like pedicellariae ( 鋏棘 ) around the spine ( to

keep the body free of debris, to grip and to capture food)

Chordata ( 脊索動物門 )

Have the following structures at some stages of development:1. A notochord ( 脊索 ) as the first

supporting structure2. A single, dorsal and hollow nerve cord

( 背神經管 ) 3. Paired gill slits ( 鰓裂 ) of the embryonic pharynx ( 咽 )

Fishes ( 魚類 )AquaticFins( 鰭 ) and tail ( 尾 ) for swimming, Gills ( 鰓 ) for breathingPresence of slimy scales ( 濕潤鱗片 )Cold-blooded / poikilothermic ( 變溫動物 )Streamlined( 流線形 ) body-reduce water

resistance ( 水阻 )2 sub-groups : cartilaginous fishes ( 軟骨魚 )(shark 鯊魚 )

bony fishes ( 硬骨魚 ) (salmon, seahorse 海馬 )

Amphibians ( 兩棲類 )

E.g. frogs ( 蛙 ), toads, newts ( 蠑螈 )Wet naked skin ( 皮膚光滑 ) (with mucin

gland 黏液腺 )Gaseous exchange takes place

through wet skin, lining of buccal cavity ( 口腔 ) and lungs

Cold-blood / piokilothermic ( 變溫動物 )Hibernate ( 冬眠 ) in cold weather

Reptiles ( 爬行類 )

E.g. turtles ( 龜 ), lizards ( 蜥蝪 ), snakes ( 蛇 ) and crocodiles ( 鱷魚 )

Covered with dry horny scales ( 乾燥角質鱗片 ) for protection

Breathed by lungs ( 肺 )Eggs are covered by shell ( 殼 )Poikilothermic ( 變溫動物 )

Birds ( 鳥類 )Body covered by feathers ( 羽毛 )Most of them can fly, forelimbs ( 前肢 ) modified

as wings , hindlimbs ( 後肢 ) for running or swimming

Have beak ( 喙 )Warm-blooded / Homoiothermic ( 恆溫動物 )Adaptations for flying:

1.Streamlined body ( 流線形 ) 2.High metabolic rate ( 高代謝率 ) 3.Bones are hollow ( 中空 ) reduce in weight

Mammals ( 哺乳動物 )

Presence of mammary glands ( 乳腺 ) and hair or fur

E.g. whale (鯨 ), dolphin ( 海豚 ), bat (蝙蝠 ), tiger (虎 )

Possess sweat glands (汗腺 )Parental care (親代養育 )

Dichotomous key 二叉式檢索表The simplest way to identifying organism is

to construct a dichotomous key.

Such keys consist of a lot of structural features about the specimen to be identified.

There are two alternatives for each features, and each of these two alternatives will lead to other features until the desired group of the specimen is reached.

Dichotomous key

1 With flower.Without flower

AngiospermsGo to 2

2 Seedless.Seed bearing

Go to 3Gymnosperms

3 Plant body do not differentiated into root,stem and leaves.Plant body differentiated into root, stem andleaves

Go to 4

Go to 5

4 Without photosynthetic pigment.With chlorophyll or other photosyntheticpigment

AlgaeFungi

5 No vascular tissues.With vascular tissues

MossesFern

Example of the use of dichotomous key

Dichotomous key

the dichotomous key can also be expressed in a diagrammatic form

N o n -flo w e rin g p la n ts

W ith o u t p h o tsyn -th e tic p ig m e n t

W ith c h lo ro p h yll o ro th e r p h o to syn th e ticp ig m e n t

A lg a e Fu n g i

N o va sc u la r tissu e s

W ith va sc u la rtissu e s

M o sse s G ym n o sp e rm s

P la n t b o d y n o td iff e re n tia te d in toro o t, ste m a n d le a ve s

P la n t b o d yd iff e re n tia te din to ste m a n d le a ve s

Se e d le ss Se e d -b e a rin g

Fe rn s

F lo w e rin g P la n ts(A n g io sp e rm )

W ith o u t flo w e rW ith flo w e r

P la n ts

Nomenclature of organism

Each kind of living organism has a specific scientification name which composed of two parts.

Scientist use binomial system for naming the organisms.

This scientific name is different from the common name.

The first part of the scientific name is the name of the genus it belongs to and is known as the generic name.

Plant Kingdom

Almost all plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll which they use for photosynthesis.

The plant kingdom is divided into two major groups: the non-flowering plants and the flowering plants

Non-flowering plants do not produce flowers.

Non-flowering plants are subdivided into algae, fungi, mosses, ferns and gymnosperms

Plant Kingdom

diagram of plant kingdom

P la n ts

N o n -flo w e rin g p la n ts

A lg a e Fu n g i M o sse s Fe rn s G ym n o sp e rm s

Flo w e rin g p la n ts

Animal Kingdom

The invertebrates (無脊椎動物 ) are the animals that do not posses a backbone or vertebral column ( 脊柱 ).

The vertebrates ( 脊椎動物 ) are the animals that posses a backbone, or vertebral column.

They are usually larger than the invertebrates and have a more complex body organization and structure.

Vertebrates include mainly five classes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals.

Animal Kingdom

Diagram of animal kingdom

Animal Kingdom (vertebrate)

Fish Live in water, have a moist skin covered with

scales. Use gills for breathing. Have fins for swimming and maintaining

balance. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic), their body

temperatures changes with that of the surrounding.


Fish


Amphibians Have a smooth (scales-less) and moist skin. In larva stage, lives in water and use gills for

breathing. In adult stage, lives on land and use lungs for

breathing. Paired limbs are present. (This feature

distinguishes the amphibians from the fish) Cold-blooded.


Amphibians


Reptiles ( 爬行動物 ) Have a hard, dry scaly skin. Use lungs for breathing. Lay eggs enclosed in hard shells on land. Cold-blooded.


Amphibians


Birds Body is covered with feathers. Use lungs for breathing. Fore-limbs are modified to wings for flying. Have no teeth, mouth is modified to a beak. Lay eggs enclosed in hard shells. Warm-blooded (homoiothermic), their body

temperatures are constant and are independent of the surrounding temperature.


Birds


Mammals Body is covered with hairs. Use lungs for breathing. Young develop inside the body of the mother and

are born alive (viviparous reproduction). Have mammary glands, which produce milk to

nourish the youngs. The cerebrum ( 大腦 ) is more well-developed than

other vertebrate. Have a diaphragm (橫隔膜 ) Warm-blooded.


Mammals

Difference between plants and animals

Features Plants Animals

Structure a. Have a diffuse orbranching body and thenumber of organschanges all the time.

b. Cells surrounded by acellulose cell wall.

c. Have chlorophyll.d. Lack feeding structure

a. Have a more define bodyform and a fixed numberof organs.

b. Cells do not have a cellwall.

c. Lack chlorophyll.d. Have feeding structures

such as mouth anddigestive tract.

Nutrition Autotrophic: able to makeorganic food from inorganicsubstance by photosynthesis.

Heterotrophic: obtain organicfood depend on otherorganism.



Movement a. The whole body usuallyfixed to the ground, onlyparts of the body canmove.

b. Usually movement isresult of growth in lowspeed

a. Whole body can movefrom place to place.

b. b.Movement is relativelyfast.

Response a. No receptors and nervoussystem.

b. Less sensitive andrespond more slowly.

a. Have receptors andnervous system.

b. Respond more quickly.



Excretion a. Produce less wasteproducts.

b. No specialized excretorysystem.

a. Produce more metabolicwastes products.

b. With special excretoryorgan or system.

Growth The growth is indefinitely. i.e.can grow through continuesthroughout the life. Mainlyoccur at the tips of the rootsand the shoots.

The growth is definite. i.e.growth stops at maturity.Occurs throughout the wholebody.

Respiration The respiratory in the body islower.

The respiratory in the body ishigher.

Order of Classification zEach kingdom ( 界 ) is split into smaller groups called phyla( 門 ) (or...

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