Order- MSJ-3

IN THE IJNITED STATES DISTRICT COT'RT FORSOUTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA

DI'BLIN DIVISION

LENA WTLL IAMS, i nd i v idua l l y andas admin i s t ra to r o f t he Es ta teo f Me fv i n W i I I i ams , Deceased ,

D l r i n f i € f

V .

T t r F F E R V l t r A T . i n h i s i n d i v i d u a lc r n a c i t v a s ^ P . l i c e O f f i " c e r o Ir h A a i r r r n f F . ; 1 c f n r l h l i h t ' t - - ' r A v

- l i v L u u J L

u u a l ! - o . U o \ , ! L y

as Ch . j e1 - o f Po l i ce o f r he C i r y o fF . F e - n r L \ - r n - a n r l I I T T Y O F E A S T

^ f r : a ^ r d i r

Defendan ts .

cv 311-061

O R D E R

Presen t l y pend ing be fo re t he Cou r t i s De fendanLS ' Mo t i on

f n r ( r r m m : r r r T r r r i / " f m a n r l l n ^ n r F \ r i F r ^ r . \ f t h 6 n r r f i o c , h r i a f c t - h -y a ! L r s J

r e l evan t case Law , and t he ev idence o f r eco rd , che mo t i on r s

GR AI. ITED fN PART and DENIED IN PART f or [he f o-L-Lowing reasons.

I. BACKGROUND

A. FactuaL Backaround

Th is case a r l ses f rom the fe tha f shoo t i nq o f Me lv in

Wi l l i ams ( "W i11 iams" ) by Je f f e r y Dea l ( "Dea l ' ) , an emp loyee o f

i . tLIuU.S. i ] IS iR;CT CO

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Case 3:11-cv-00061-DHB-BKE Document 190 Filed 08/18/14 of 44

t he Eas t Dub I i n Po f i ce Depa r tmen t ( 'EDPD" ) , f o l l ow ing a

- r a ' f i . q r n n a n c l a l - a - r - a * i n n o n M a v 1 4 - ? 0 1 0 A n . r - i n ^ o f! J L v t /

cne i nc iden r was cap tu red on v ideo by a dashboard camera

moun red on Dea ] ' s veh i c l e , A r s n m " r a r v i ' r d o m e - f - a d i s t r i c t

cour t shouLd adop t f ac t s cons i s ten t w l th v ideo ev idence and

. 4 i c r o a r r d f r . ' i c r h ^ r : r o $ r - l c e r l r r r - o n r r : d i r ^ r c d " h \ / t h c \ / i a l t- . , - . - - : a r

where - as he re - t he re i s no i nd i ca t i on tha t t he v . i deo was

doc to red , a l t e red , o r o the rw i se d l s t o r t s t he f ac t s . Sco t l - v .

Ha r r i s , 550 U .S . 312 , 378 -81 (2007 ) ' l ' h , r c f a r a f

r a ( a r a n a a l h a a . r r r r i n r a q e n l q a f a - j - r r a l n f f L ^v ! u J e , . L J J u r . u . ' q ! l i v !

i nc . i den t w i th the und ispu ted v ideo ev idence i so fa ted i n i t s

own sec t i on . I

Events Prior to Activation of Dashboard catneravideo

Accord ing to Dea1 , he obse rved a ca r f a i l t . o s top a t a

s rop s i gn a r t he i n te r sec t i on o f BoaE Ramp Road and Buckeye

Road , a t 9 :00 a .m . o r sho r t f y t he rea f t e r on May I 4 , 2A1A .

(Doc . No . L20 , Dea l - Dep . a t 151 -52 , I 55 , L ' l 2 . ) A t t ha t t ime ,

- - * ' . ^ , . r i - . r mArked no ' . r : e we l - i c l e one b l ock no r t h onP 4 ! ^ s u

Buckeye Road a t t he Anba Food Mar t . 2 ( rO . a t 151 . ) w i l l i ams

- T h e C o u r t n o t e s h e r e t h a t t h e r e c o r d w a s n o t c c m p ; e l e d , L . e , ,p - ( j n c i p o o e p o s j t i o n s w e r e n o L t a k e n a n d k e V e v - o e n c e w q s o o t p r o d u c e d ,un t i l a f :e r a v l r tua f ly f r i vo lous appea.L by Defendants o f d iscoveryi s s u e s .

: T l - - o u , g h o u r - t h j s s u b s e c L - L o o , t h e C o u r r L 6 k e s j u d - L c ; a I n o L i c e o I4 r a r - r j . . 1 a _ L a a . l i n o s a . . l : n . r - v i r n : f - d l < f ^ . . a c . c ^ ^ c L a h - r r - 1 2 0

- - q q " 7 I r r - i r . t - h F r . . - . - " ^ r I i - a ] , , r l k F n i r - i a l


t r r r F . l r r o h l - l s o u t h ) . \ n r . , R r r r : L e v e Q o a d a n . l q n a d ^ $ r ^ \ / f r o m

Dea l . ( I d . a t L52 , 154 . ) Dea I acce - l e ra ted a f t e r h im , bu t dJ -d

no r t u rn on h j s emergency l i gh r s o r s j r ens o r ca l l d i spaccn .

( I d . a t L52 -55 , 159 -60 , 168 -69 . ) A . F i a r r r r : , . i n n b l o c kv ! ! v l r r Y

c / - \ r - i h / - - R r r r - i . a r r e Q n : d \ , r l i l l r a r r s I r r n e d - a f r

. n j - r r n : l a \ / S j - r p e L .

( l d . a t 154 . ) When Dea l r eached Da ley Sc reeL , he appa ren t l y

saw Wi l l i ams t u rn i ng r i gh t on to Mar i on SL ree r . ( I d . a r 156 . )

Dea l con t j nued souLh on Buckeye Road and pa ra l - I e I Lo

Wi l l i ams / s r ouLe on Mar i on S t ree t . ( r d . a t 756 -5 ' 1 . ) Wh i f e

d - i \ / . . / - r n a - a - l e l t o t r t n F : l : n n ^ - e n l l \ / c a ] ] o h r a r r ' . . n n s ey e r v ! r ! 4 e q u Y t r L

o f t r i i l l i ams ' s veh i c l e as t hey boch s imu l t aneous l y r eached

Robe rson Lane , wh i ch runs pe rpend i cu la r be tween Buckeye and

Mar i on . ( I d . a t 157 -58 , 162 -63 . ) Dea f saw Wi f f i ams e i t he r

con r j nue souch on Mar i on o r ! u rn r i ghc on Robe rson .3 ( I d . ;

Doc . No . I 25 , Ex . 12 *GB I I n te r v i ew" a t B :45 t o 9 :15 . ) A t

- h : - n . i n i - - n a a - - n n t i n u e d S O U t h o n B u r - k e v e . . - . 1 i r r r o r J - i o h r' r v v ! ! Y r r L

^ - n a r r : c ^ T a r p , ^ ' r ^ i - h [ , r A q a w : v f r o m l - h F r . r r f a h c i n n r . e k o n h r , '! L r r r Y s u r : r r r v j

h , i l l i : m e / n o : l n 6 ^ r r ' 1

E ? \ n 6 : l r h ^ , ^ L - h 6 ' . ' - , 1 ^ r r - ' , a- - * - - . r u ! _ r 9 t _ L I r e W ( f L I - L L . l t t d v e a

good van rage po in t f r om De r r i so Lane . ( I d . ac ' 1

63 . ) Dea l

n o t - c e o f x a c L e r s o I g e o g r a p \ y p L r s u a n L L o F e d e r a . I R L r - L e o I E v i d e n c e 2 0 1 ) ;e . q . , U n i t e d S t a t e s v . P r o c h , 6 3 7 F . 3 d 1 2 6 2 , 1 2 6 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r . 2 0 1 1 ) ( t a k i n g

' . . e o f r a r ^ € c ^ L A 4 : - , a r . ' l . r ^ r r O e Or L - ' - L i ! i s i n v e J L e d ! . / i L h l h e e . r - L a . . n ^ c ' ^ / , | ^ r ' r '

r ̂ - ^ F f h a m : n / q a a n 6 : I n a n I v 1 . r 9 q \

3 Th is fac tua f i ssue is i xunater ia l .


nr r l . eeded down Der r i , so Lane and tu rned a round .

68 . )

( I d . a t 164 -

2. Dashboard canera Videoa

A t 9 :06 :01 d . f l . r Dea l r u rned a round i n t he ya rd o f a

res iden t i a l f o t on Der r i so Lane , d rove abou t 200 fee t t oward

R l - 1 " ^ \ / a R n a d - a n c l - r r r n o d l c ' - / - ^ - i - h l n r a r r n k c r r a R n e r ' l A Su u ! , \ l ] ! ! \ v q v /

soon as Dea I t u rned -Le f t . on to Buckeye Road , W i l l i ams ' s veh i c l e

. . . i ^ : r - r ^ r - - - n : ^ - . . \ r f h o " r R r r - ke rze Road and jmmed ia te l vl r s q u I i 9 u s ! ^ s J U

n r r l l a r i i n t n : ' - l r i r r - - - ' -_ _ ._ _ . eway aDour -LUU ya ros away . uea l o rove

Loward W i l l i ams and t u rned on h i s emergency I j gh t s as he

pu - l - l eo beh ind l { i - l i ams ' s veh i c .Le i n r he o . r i veway . (V ideo aL

9 : O6 : 01 t o 9 : O5 :34 . )

Dea f immed ia teLy ex i t ed h j - s veh i c l e and , w lLh h i s hano on

h i s ho l s te r , r an t owa rd t he d r i ve r - s i de o f W l f f l ams ' s veh l c l e .

( I d . a t 9 :06 :35 . ) Much o f t he ensu ing scene i s ou t s l de t he

v iew o f t he dashboa rd camera , buL Lhe aud io i s sL j l l cap tu red .

( l d . a r 9 :06 :36 t o 9 :07 :00 . ) Dea l jmmed ja te l y sLa ted , "Ge t i n

t he ca r . Don ' r ge t ou t che ca r on a t r a f f i c s t op . " The aud io

t l ^ a n I ^ a ^ i n q t ^ . a n - r , r e < o | n r i s o f a n h v s i r - a l q r r t r f l n 1 a . A t - . e I

seve ra l seconds o f s r rugg fe , W i l l i ams exc fa imed : "Whac i s

. , - - - - . - . r - r . - n a a l a n n a r F n f l \ r t r . ' r - - - - ) . ^ - - - 1 i ow r l J r r g y v u . o y y o l s ' r L r y

a The record inq f rom the dashboard camera on Dea l ' s veh lc le i s f i l eda s a c c r , p a c t d i s c ( d o c . n o , I 2 5 , e x . 5 ) a n d w i l l h e r e l n a f t e r b e c i t e d a s"V ideo" w i th app l i cab le t ine narkers . As a resu f t o f ho ! . i the dashboardc a - r o r a . s p r o g r a n r n e d , t h e s a v F o p o r L - o n o r L h e v - o e o o e g i r s ! h ' r E y s e c o n d sb e f o r e a c t i v a t i o n o f t h e e m e r g e n c y l i g h t s . ( D e a f D e p . a t 1 5 7 / 1 6 4 , )


d i spa t ch , s t aLed * l 0 l B Buckeye . "

"Man , wnaL i s w rong w i t h you l "

W i l l i ams exc fa imed aga in :

P r i e ' l r r - - h a s o r ^ d S o f

q r l r r . r ' l a . o . l - i - : e c l - ( I d . )

' f h e n . t h e i z h o f h e n t e r t h e v i e w o f t h e d a s h b o a r d c a m e r a .

t r A . i O . n 1 ' n 1 1 A i - l - h r r i i m a D a : l < l i n h l - l r r h r r n r - l ^ ^ . r\ f J . r . w t . w t . / J r r Y : t L r y - r u t r e - r t ' u

ove r w i rh bo rh hands on t he ho l sLe r - s i de o f h i s body nea r h i s

- ^ r r r . r . r - . n q F n n a ^ r a . l f . h a n l l i r o o - o - a h h i r n a tI J ! - L q j c r r l t t / ' L J u y r J l u r u u L v ! u i , u - ! ! r - Y v - Y . u e p L . t Y

l f ea l a round h i s uooer to rso . W i l l i ams th rew and l anded a

c -Lose - f i s t ed punch a t Dea I ' s head .5 Dea l immed ia te l y backed

away and ouL o f t he v i ew o f t he camera . S t i l l f ac i ng Dea f /

\ ^ l r l r i : m q n a r r s e d a n c l ' h p . q t F n n a d F n r w a - r J t o w a r d D e a l . A S S o o nI J u e u ! g

as Wi f l i ans advanced a s tep fo rward , Dea l f i r ed a sho t , and

Wi l l i ams f e l l t o t he g round . ( I d . a t 9 : 07 : 04 . ) Dea . I t hen

loud l y commanded , "Gec on che g round ! " ( I d . a t 9 :07 :05 . ) The

a n t r - a f i n h l - l a s t e . l - S r r r n c l e r f h i r f v q e r - n n d q l T . l a I

9 :06 :37 t o 9 :07 :05 . )

Dea l immed iace l y r ad ioed d i spa t ch .6 W i f f i ams s t r ugg led

to l i f t h i s head o f f t he g round . Dea I s t aLed , "S tay on rhe

g round . " Someone - l a t e r i den t i f i ed as Ke iLh Pa t t e r son , an

' r o t \ e " f - r a r n e A l v " n c e " b - L L o n L , r a r f . r " r r ' ' F - n F - n v - f r a n e

r e v i - w , c h e v i d e o r e v e d . L s L h o L D e a - ' s s L n g l a s s e s w e r e k n o - ' k e d o : f o f f ' sl - a q r o s - a r ^ r r i - ' r - : t s I

f ound a b r . oken se t o f sung lasses a t t he scene and obse rved an ab ras ion o rc o n ! u s i o n a b o v e D e a l ' s l e f t e y e . ( D o c . N o , 4 6 , E x . 3 a t 6 6 - 6 7 , 9 1 , )

' D e a I i n f o r m s d - s p a L c h : " I r s L s h o L o n e . 1 0 1 8 B L c k e y e , r i g h t h e r e ,4 - o D , - l , a , , F H i . i o r l : 4 - o a r - . - k d v F u l V ' . j F . a r

9 t O 1 : 0 6 t o 9 : 0 7 : 2 0 ) .


eye -w iLness - ye l l ed rowa rd Dea l f r om Buckeye Road , and Dea I

responded , " I 'm a I I r i gh t , man . Thank you , b ro the r . Yes s j r ,

t hank you . " Dea f con t i nued po in t i ng h i s f i r ea rm a t W i l f i ams

and commanded : "S tay on t he g round PuL you r hands ouL . "

^ r n n i n t - r ^ r ' i l l i . m < u r r e 1 r l a . a r l r r i n ^ - - - ^ i f - r - ^ ^ l l - i . . 1 r rr \ I ' t n a I ' p O - r I l L r v Y - L - L r - * . . . - - . l c a p a C . L f ' a L e O , - L a - L O n l S

- - ^ ' . - - r a n d c c a s e d m o v i n o . D e a l c o n C L n u e d L o

- . r r ̂ - - - ^ r ^ T L ^ . 1 n h n e r - i : l l \ , / 1 | - o f r h a f r a . r e . i ts p E d r \ w I L r l ! - l L r P a L L r r i r - - u - 9 r r u u ! - f a f f y v u , v r

appea r s r ha r Dea I en te red W j l l j ams ' s ca r and a t t empred t o open

the t r unk . ( I d . a t 9 :07 : . 06 t o 9 :09 :44 . ) O the r o f f i ce r s and

F . l v ' l s h a o a n t o a r r i v o - h o r r , ^ r p r o r r n a l ' l e j - n f r n r l a n r r - q e O n. , . " - I

Wi l l i ams and unsuccess fu f f y a t tempted to resusc i ta te h im , ?

O f f i ce r s con t i nued t o i nves t i gace Lhe scene / and t he camera

was even tua l l y t u rned o f f . ( I d . a t 9 :09 :45 t o 9 :49 :00 . )

DeaL's Statements

Dea l has made seve ra l s t a temen ts r ega rd ing t he i ncLdenL .d

F - q D a ^ l r e n e a r e d r z e x n l ^ i - e c l f f ' pu L u f ! L y L u - ! s - l u ^ r " L , . u - - a ! ! - L L 5 L U l - | r ! r 9 r r t , a

c h n n r i n r r r n n j - h c r o f f i r : e r q a r r i r r i n . ' r ' a t j - h e q . p n c a q a A n f r r r ^ rt n e S c e n e . d S C d p C u I v u

h ' r r h o . i : e h l _ r . \ , a - . 1 a , r ' T F - a m r r r n n h n - e s S c r - . r n z l n n j - h e . l ^ \ r o fv l

r h c i * r - i d c n f - . ) e a l

w ^ s : ' t l c r \ / i p w e d h r z G R T r d a h t . T a r r ' , . T ^ n a S .

T h i r A : r A r - i n n i d a n l - r h o r i : r . ' n f t ; ^! u y v ! - u u _ t

' - The au topsy repor t revea. led tha t Lhe buL le t p . ie rced Wi f l iams 's le f tl u n g , h e a r t , a n d r i g h t l - u n g , a n d t h u s c a u s e d h i s d e a t h . ( D o c , N o . 1 2 f ,Ex . 1? . ) There ! . re re a lso minor contus ions and abras ions on Wi l l iams 'sf ingers , wr is t / 1egs , and cheek , cons is ten t w i th m. inor b lun t fo rcei n l . . a < e ' r r ) . a . l . l i r r i n d f n a r i d n r r l ^

6 Here , the Cour t focuses on what Dea l has s ta ted regard ing the o f f -camera Dor t ion o f the inc ident .


, T ^ ^ + 1 . ,r t t u _ L L , l c t l L . r r d J L - L y t

r ' l a n . r e a . t : n . l

r a a ^ l v i n ^ - ^ n f I i - l - a

- l - - ^ . , - - . , ^ " ^ - - - - f i a r f h 6 i ^ - i A 6 ^ f t - r a - .c r u l r u L L w \ J y s a r r a r L s !

submi t ted a sworn dec la ra t i on . A f te r

and i ncons i s tenc ies i n f avo r o f W i f f i ams .

Dea l ' s s ra remenLS revea l t he f o l , Low ing .

A F f F r n r l I i n o ' r t ^ i - h a 7 - ' J r r 1 7 4 1 . 7 a , 7 n a a l S a W W i I l i a m S I e m O V er r ! L U r y s t + +

n i c c a : r h o l t . \ n a n i - h a , , 1 . \ - r : n d i r r m n ^ r r l - : e i f h a r . r : c n n i' ' - - , r - - n9

to f l ee . (V ideo a t 9 :10 :00 t o 9z I0 :24 , 9 :11 :40 t o 9 :11 :50 ;

GB I I n te r v i ew a t 9 :40 t o 1 l - : 00 , ' Dea I Dep . a t 58 . ) Dea l cou ld

see rha r W i I I i ams d id no t have a weapon i n h i s hands . (Dea1

Dep . a t I 39 , 146 . ) As shown on l he v i deo , Dea .L rushed t owa rd

Wi 11 i ams and commanded h im to ge r i n t he ca r , Dea I gave

I a l i l l i r m < n n l r r r l ^ ' r i o f m n m c n t t / r . \ l - \ F \ / l - h F . / - \ m m a n , , l / n a : l n a. \ , - - - " J p .

a t 208 , 2 I0 , 225 ; V ideo a t 9 :06 :35 t o 9 :06 :45 . ) Then / Dea l

c r r a h h e r l t d i l l i a r n s a r d 1 - r ' a d f n n r r c h h i m h S g k i n t o C h e v e h i C l - e . I 0Y ! s v ! u v

' n r r r i n ^ / ] i < ^ ^ , , a r r / n 6 T a n / i - n r c ^ r ^ . 1 ' . 6 d i . n - i ^ a n f r 6 h ^ y r ^ i r a A I i -I s ! / v - _ u d _ c u _ a d y

t q r r 1 / q a a n a : n 5 n F v r ' I t h F : n . - - d F , - r - . a . ^ . , ' - i s a

the inc ident , he r^ / ro te a thorough, two-page nar ra t i ve in h is inc identrepor t . (Dea l Dep. a r 6 '1 ,

'1 ' l . ) Dea l c l -a ims he " ldoes no t j know whatI - l - F . ^ - . . r r . F r y 6 f ^ y - , 1 6 r I i " , . . , L 6 r 6 - F 6 ^ y r ^ i 1 a f

repor t i s loca ted . (&1. a t 6 ' l , 1 I . ) Deaf does no t reca f f ! . rha t he wro te- n c h e o r i . ] i n d . 1 r e p o r t . ( l d . a ! 7 1 . ) C h j e f L J e c k e a n d D e a e x p l a r n e dL n a L s o n e o n e i n L h e E D P D m a y l a v e r e r o v e d - n f o r m a r i o n f r o r r h e o r i g i n a -repor t because the GBI ins t ruc t .ed Ch le f Luecke tha t i t con ta ined too muchi n f o r m a t i o n t o b e r e l e a s e d t o l h e m e d i a . ( ! g g D e a l D e p . a t 6 1 - 1 1 , 1 5 - 1 1 ;D o c . N o . 1 2 2 , L u e c k e D e p . a t I O l , I A 9 - I I t I 7 5 t 7 2 1 - 2 8 , 1 3 A . )

P . a i n r - L f f h a s f i . L e d a m o t - o n f o r s a n c L i o n s b a s e d u p o n E h e a l l e g e dspoL ia t ion o f ev idence re .La ted to th is inc ident reDor t , The Cour t de fers. r l r n - ^ I - L a n - t i . n + . I l a t e r L i m e .

1t On o ther occas ions , Dea l s ta ted tha t Wi l f iams was the f i rs t toi r i - : - - - l - \ / < i . F t . ^ r t ^ - r 6 . , , r 1 - : 2 n f ^ 1 1 . , 1 : t a i -

- r 6 n

1 1 5 - 1 6 & E x . 4 ; D o c , N o . 1 2 9 , D e a I D e c L , S 9 . ) T h e C o u r t r e s o . I v e s t h i sf a c t u a l d i s p u t e i n f a v o r o f P l a i n t i f f .


(V ideo a t 9 :10 :00 t o 9 :L0 :24 , 9 :1 -1 :40 t o 9 :11 :50 , 9 :16 :50 t o

9 : I 1 : 00 ; Dea l Dep . a t 56 . ) Dea f g rabbed and pushed [ ' i i ] l i ams

" j n case he was go lng t o t r y t o f i gh t o r r un . "1 r (Dea l Dep . aL

' r 4 6 \

At rhac po inu , Dea I and W i l - L i ams qu i ck l y go t " t i ed up , "

: n d a r r i o o - o r r s f i c l h t - n a . a n 1 c R r I n t e r V i e w a t 1 1 : 0 0 L ou v r Y v l v q r I ! : J r r r

13 :00 , ) Dea l and W i l l i ams knocked each o the r ove r and f ough t

r n F h a . J r . 1 , 1 - . 1 I T d I A c - h a \ / w r e q r I a d a n r l o o t h a . t k n - r L e i I

f e e L , W i l l i a m s h i t D e a I j n L h e h e a d a c o u p l e t i m e s w j L h c l o s e d

€ i c r c r n r l n a . a l r o c n n n r { o d u i i r h k I, , nee s t r ] - Kes . - - ( I o . ;

V i deo a t 9 :11 :40 t o 9 :11 :50 , 9 :16 :50 t o 9 :17 :05 ; DeaL Dep . a t

" A r s o m e p o i n r p r i o r L o E h e a l E e r c a L j o n a n o s h o o L - n g , e i r h e r l r h e nl a . L c - . v - d f h a s l . n o : n - w i r T i . n ^ . h h a | ^ ] - e S a w t h e d r i v e r e x _ L r r n e

v e h i c l e , D e a I r e c o g n i z e d W i l f i a m s . ( D e a f D e p . a t 1 5 3 - 5 4 & E x . 4 ; G B I

I n t e r v i e n a t 5 : 5 0 l o 6 : 1 5 . 8 : 0 0 t o B : 1 5 . ) D e a l - t e s t i f i e d l h a t h e t h o u g h tL ^ r : | : a n c $ , : e l F - a a r - r r . 4 , r - t ^ s . r i . / k - r ^ w e n o o : r d ^ . i ^ . 4 a r _ : - ^ c / h a - G ' 6 e n

t N E L U I ' L I A N Q W A I L A A M S . ( D e a l D e p . a L L ' l ? . ) P r i o r r o t n e s - b j e c -

i nc ident , Dea l had seen Wi l l . iams 's c r im ina l record and h 'as a ! . ra re tha tWi l l jams nas a conv ic ted feLon who had served ten years f : r p r ison . (GBII n t e r v i e w a t 7 : 5 0 t o 8 : 1 0 ; D e a L D e p . a t 1 4 0 . ) D e a l w a s a l s o a w a r e t h a t ,jus t a few l reeks be fore the sub jec t lnc rdent , h l i .L f iams had nade th rea t .s o fphys ica .L v io lence aga ins t another o f f i cer o f the EDFD. (GBI In te rv ie r , r a t6 : 4 5 t o 7 : 3 0 ; D e a f D e p . a t 1 4 0 ; L u e c k e D e p . a t 1 3 6 - 3 7 ; D o c . N o . 4 6 , E x . 3a r t ? - B B . ) D e a l h a d a l s o p - 1 I e d l t i l l i a m s o v e r f o r t n o p r i o r L r a l f i cv l o L a ! i o n s . (Dea f Dep . a ! 141 . ) On l ' hose occas ions , l d i l l i ams ! . r a sn o n v i o L e n t . ( I d . )

Add i t i ona l l y / Dea l c fa ims he l r as aware t ha t t he EDPD had' . \ . a e r i d : f a ^

I ^ l i l l i : m s f ^ y ^ ^ m a < r i . \ r i - 1 a ^ . a f i y a : r m e f h a F r : ^ . i . l i- . . - - . :uq- ^ 1 - i ' i + \ , / c a r r r i - a r r T i a ' . a t 6 : 1 5 t o 8 : 1 0 , 1 8 : 5 5 t o 2 0 : 1 5 ; D e a l D e p . a t 7 A ,7 3 8 , I 4 A - 4 7 , 1 8 3 ) , ' h o w e v e r t h e E D P D h a s n o d o c u m e n t a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e s er - i r c e - : n a r - - - r c - ' l o \ r . i - h o u t f u r r h e r c o r r o b o r a r r o no I L h e s e i n c i d e n L s a L r h i s L i m e , L h i s p a r L i c u . I a r c f a i m e o b a c k g r o : n o/ ^ - , , , d A ^ ^ r r : c n n , n a n c i A a r a n i n r a c ^ 1 , / i n d I h D m ^ t. . . - . t o n .

I C o n s i s L e n L w i t h l h e p h y s i c a l a - I L e r c a L i o n , D e a . l ' s u n i l o r m w a sd i r L y , L o r n o n o n e p a n L s ] e g , a n d a l a p e l p i n h a d b e e n p a r t i a l l y r i p p e dc l f . ( D o c . N o . 4 6 , E x . 3 a c 6 3 , B I , 9 2 . ) D e a l a L s o h a d a b r d s i o n s a n dc o n t u s l o n s o n h i s l e f t h a n o , w r - s L , a n d a b o v e h ' s l e f t e y e . ( _ j L _ : a r o l , )


? n C I n a ^ l a f f e . n n t ^ , . t l - - 1 / - r a - h r c q n r r r r h t r l - w a sL w e . I s L u v L r r P r v v

^ 1 6 ^ ^ ^ , , n i - . . r h t n n t z i n q W i f l l a m s . ( c B I T n t e r v i e w a t ! 2 : 5 4 t o

13:00 . )

Wi l l i ams then g rabbed Dea l ' s f i r ea rm ho ls te r and made

e a r r o r : l r r i n l a n r i c r k i n c r n . f i c l n q (GB I I n te r v i ew a t 13 :45 t o

14 :30 ; V ideo a t 92L2 :1A t o 9 :12 :30 , 9 :17 :40 t o 9 :18 :15 ; Dea f

Dep . a t 2L ' 7 -20 ; Dea I Dec f . 91 9 . ) DeaL s t r ugg led t o ho ld on t o

h i s f i r ea rm , and t he ho rs te r unsnapped . (GB I I n te r v i ew a t

13 :45 t o 14 :30 ; V ideo a t 9 :13 :40 t o 9 :13 :50 , 9 :17 : l - 0 t o

9 :18 :15 ; DeaL Dec l , . t l 9 . ) Somehow, Dea f knocked Wl1 l i ams 's

hanos o f f r he f i r ea rm and , emerg ing w i t h r he gun , backed away ,

and ra i sed i t t owa rd W i l l l ams .- r h e - : q q ^ . - 2 q t / ' l i l l i _ a m s

s ta r ted advanc ing toward h im . Dea l f i r ed the fe tha f sho t a t

W i -11 iams . (GB I I n te r v i ew a t 14 :30 t o 15 :00 ; V ideo a t 9 :07 :00

to 9 :07 :05 , 9 :1 ,1 , : 25 t o 9 :11 :35 , 9 :12 :10 t o 9 :12 :30 , 9 :13 :40 t o

9 :13 :50 , 9 :17 :10 t o 9 :18 :15 . ) A t t he momen t Dea l f i r ed h j - s

weapon , he was app rox ima te l y s i x f ee t away f r om WiL I i ams . l l

(Dea l Dep . a t 97 -103 . ) Dea I has neve r s t a ted , and t he v i deo

bea rs ou r , LhaL he d i d no t i s sue any wa rn . i ng t o W i I I i ams

i m m a A i r t a l r r n r i n r F n f i r i n n h i e w a : n a n

r r A d n r t c e d - y , D e a l i s " n o L g o o d w i L n e s L i m a r : i n g d i s t a n c e s . " ( D e aDep. a t 84 . ) On prev ious occas ions , DeaI c la imed to have shot t r ^ t r i1 I . iamsf r o m a c l o s e r d i s t a n c e . ( G B I I n t e r v i e w a t 1 4 : 3 0 t o 1 5 : 0 0 ; D e a I D e p . a t91-98. ) The Cour t w i l l use the most favorab le d is tance fo r P la in t i f f( i . e . t h e f a r t h e s t d i s t a n c e ) .


Keith Patterson's Account of the Incident

Ke i th Pa t te rson was eye -w l rness Lo t he i nc i den t .

t l 4 . ) Pa t t e r son was i n t he

R o a d a n d

/ n ^ ^ 1 1 ^ q n\ u v L .

^l1 e ,1 r r /ad r ,^ r t

see a f so Doc .

r , F . a r - a r r r a v a l i n a n n r r h n n P r r n l z a , r a

o f t he f i gh t be tween W i l l i ams and Dea I

9 l9 l 4 -5 ; Pa t te rson

GBI In te rv iew a t

2: A0

L23 ,

No. 47 , Ex . 5 "Pa t t e r son GB I I n te r v i ew" a t

t o 4 :30 , 8 :50 t o 14 :30 , 18 :00 t o 18 :30 ; Doc

PaL te rson Dep . a t 33 -68 , 91 -99 . ) Du r j ng t he f - i ghc , Pa rLe . r son

saw [ ' i i l ] i ams punch .Lng Dea l and g rabb ing and pu f f i ng aL Dea f ' s

I P - e + l - a r e . \ n D F - l Dep. a t 2 '1 , 34 |

L1 :00 to 14 :30 . )

e o r - \ ^ r r 1 - 6 r n . , ] 1 - h A

t owa rd DeaL .15

46 , 52 -53 , 91 -99 ; Pa t t e r son

PaTr re r son obse rved Dea l and l , l i l I i ams

(Pa t t e r son Dec I . 99 5 -6 . )

The re i s , however , some reason to ques t i on

and recoun t t he en t i re i nc iden t

Dea l ' s veh i c fe shows tha t Pa t te rson mav no t

advancedl e t ha l sho t f i r ed as W i l l i ans

r l - r i l i t - t r 1 ' ^ ^ l . c 6 r \ r a

f r n i n a

Pa t te r son ' s

The rea r -

have w i tnessed much o f t he a l t e rca t l on ou ts ide o f t he po r t i on

" Pat te rson 's accounts var ied as to how much cont ro .L ! , l1 l l iams ga inedover Dea l ' s f i rearm, The Cour t w i lL assurne tha t l ^ l i l f ians d id no t removet h e g u n , e v e n p a r . t i a . l 1 y . f r o m D e a l ' s h o L s t e r / b e c a u s e t h a t i s t h e a c c o u n tm o s t f a v o r a b l e t o P l a i n t . i f f . ( S e e P a t t e r s c n D e p . a t 5 3 - 5 4 t 6 " 7 | 9 1 - 9 9 . )

1 ' Pa t te rson a fso cLa ined to have seen Dea l - admin is te r ing CpR on' , t i1 .L ians . ( P a t t e r s o n D e p . a t 3 4 - 3 5 , 3 9 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 1 0 5 , ) The Cour td r s r e g a r d s t h i s p a r E o f P d t t e r s o n ' s t e s t r " I | o . t y b e c a u s e i L i s c l e a r L y^ ^ - - . > . r : . ' d ^ r - , , I h a - r r < ' r o o a t d v i d e o ,

10


-^n1- r r r er l l - ' l \7

l ne re a re a

^ 1 6 , 4 i l - 1 - i I i 1 - r /

t he v iew o f

number of

l'7

f h a n r i m : r r

f ac t s tha t de t rac t

A d d f t r o n a . L l y ,

f r om Pa t t e r son ' s

Shawnn Rogers's Account of the fncident

Shawnn Rogers was the d r i ve r i n t he same ca r as Ke i th

PaL re rson and a l so c l a ims t o have w iLnessed a po rL ion o f t he

inc i den t . (Doc . No . 4? , Ex , 6 "Roge rs GB I I n te r v i ew" a t 3 :15

to 3 :30 ; Doc . No . 124 , Roge rs Dep . a t 14 , 17 - lB . ) Roge rs saw

r . T i I l i - r - h i - r ; r ^ - - / . . l n r r h h i n d n a : 1 r p . \ ^ a r e r : R T T n l a r r r i a r r - +r r r r - L f r r v o r r u \ j - u ! ! _ r r y , e u ! . \ r \ v ! j L ! J

^ ' ) ' ^ ^ e ' ' 1 q r o 7 : 4 5 ; R o c e r s D e D . a L 9 . ) D e a I a n n e a r e d

i . \ h F l o c i r o l - L e f ' o h r - l R ^ f l e - s D e n - a f 1 5 - 1 R o f l e r s t l ^ , . \ l t . t h t

r ha t W i f - I i ams m igh r have been L r y i ng t o g rab Dea f ' s gun , bu r

he was no t su re . (Roge rs GB I I n te r v i ew a t 1 :15 t o 2 :00 . )

- " "Camera 2" o f the dashboard camera shovns the rear v iew o f Dea l /sr , 6 . i ^ a r r h n h < n ^ i n , a d r ^ L i : r / l R ' , ^ L a v a R ^ i d r l a r ^ , , d h ^ , , r i h 6 . . i A 6 n r

9:41 :44 , rhe exac t mornent when Dea l f i res the sho l , Camera 2 sho l rs a caro - i e f 1 y ! a s s b e h i ' r o D e a l ' s v e h i c l e , A t 9 : 4 1 : 1 2 , t n e . a . r r e v e r s e s o a c , <i r r o ' i ' e w a n d o n e o f i r s o c c u p a n L s ( P a L t e l s o n o r S h a w n " r R o g e r s ) y e . I l st o " r , a . l d D e a I . B a s e d o n ( 1 ) r h e L i m e s L a r r p n h e n L h e c a r p a s s e s D e a f ' sr e h : c l e r a s s l o w n r n : a m e r a 2 ) , ( 2 ) r h . s p e e d o f f - n e c a r ( a s s n o w n r n. a m e r a ? ) , a n C ( 3 ) t h e p a L r i a J . l y o b s r r - i c t e d v r e w o t L n e d r i v e w a y l r o m r h er o a o ( a s s h o " ' ' n b y D e a l ' s - L n i c , a l a p p r o a c h f r o m r h e s a m e d i r e c t i o n i nC a n e r a 1 ) , o n e m i g h f c o n c l u d e L h a t P a t r e r s o n d i d n o r v i e w a n y o I E h e

q . n ? . n n l r ^ - l ^ e / w n r . l c D e l e r s a - n e v h i " a

o f L h e d - t e r c a L i o n l \ a l w . : c - l a t . - : n ' - 4 n v

Canera 1 .

1 " F o r e x a m p l e , ( 1 ) P a t t e r s o n d r a n k s e v e r a l b e e r s a n d s h o t s o f l i q u o rb e f o r e h i s G B I . i n t e r v i e v r ( P a t t e r s o n D e p . a t 2 4 , 2 5 - 2 1 ) ; ( 2 ) h e d r a n k a b o u tf i ve 24-ounce beers and a te cher r ies soaked in corn l iquor be fore h isa c n a q r i n n / 1 r l i t l - q r ' / ? \ h e r ^ h a : l ^ ^ h ^ l i ^ r i . l! - F " - . .

1 5 ) ; ( 4 ) h e E s e x p r e s s e d t h a t h e f e a r s t e s t i f y i n g i n t h i s c a s e d u e r o, \ 1 , c i , j t a / , . r : . 1 _ . . r s , s

\ o n o r o w n ) ( i d . d L B B _

B l , 1 0 3 - ) 5 , : 0 8 ) ; ( 5 ) n e j s i . - i t e r a t e a n d d - s d v o " \ ' e d a p o r t i o n o f h i sdec la ra t ion wh lch !^ ras dra f ted by de fense counsef ( id . a t 6 - '7 , '78- '19 ,

96-9 9 ; o o c . n o . 1 1 8 , D e m p s e y A I f . l l 3 - 4 ) : a n o ( 6 J h i s s ! o L e m e n L s a r e r i d d L e dw-rh . i - c o n s i s t e n ̂ i e s and i ncoherer c i es Lsee-_ ,gs !S!q ] ] -y Pa! te -son Dep. ;Pat te . rson Dec. I . ; Pa t te rson GBf ln te rv ie r , r ) .

11


Rogers saw Dea f t r y ing to ge t away f rom Wi l , . L iams ' ( I d . a t

1 :15 t o 2 :00 , 6 :15 t o 6 :30 , ' Roge rs Dep . a t 16 . ) A f t e r Dea l

managed to ge t away and d raw h i s weapon , W i l f l ams moved toward

Dea l - / and Dea l sho t W i l l i ams . (Rogers GBI In te rv iew a t 1 :15

to 2 :00 . ) Roge rs hea rd t he sho t bu t was no t l ook ing a t

W i f l - i ams and Dea l a t t ha t ve ry momen t . ( I d . a t 8 :30 t o 8 :45 . )

Roge rs scopped t o ask Dea l i f he was okay be fo re con t i nu ing

on . ( I d . a t 9 :20 t o 10 :40 . ) Dea l appea red t o be ou t o f

b rea th . ( I d . ) Dea . I s i gna led cha t he was f i ne and Roge rs

/ T . l \L r r t J v s a w a y . \ 1 Y : /

6. The Glass Pi I>e in DeaL's Vehicle

Du r j ng t he CB I i nves t i ga t i on , a g l ass p i pe w i t h a bu rn t

end and unknown res idue was f ound . i n r - he veh i c l e be ing used by

Dea l on the day o f t he i nc iden t . (Dea1 Dep . a t 184 -92 & Exs .

13 & 14 . ) The p i pe was f oca t . ed i n an open ash t ray i n t he

cen te r conso fe . (See i d . ) Dea . I cou ld no t exp la in the

r r r a e a n i ^ a n f - h e o i o e ; h e s t a t e s t h a t h e m u s t h a v e o v e r l o o k e d

r ^ l - r i r o l ^ ' < v e h ' r - l e i n s n e r : t - j o n f h a - n o r r ' r o . 1 8 i S F F ' d . )u g | r l l v l ] l J \ " - : ' ' - : - :

Dea. I t es t i f i ed tha t he d id no t use d rugs on rhe day o f che

inc i den t o r a t any t ime i n h i s 1 i f e . ( I d . a t L92 -95 . J Dea l

o f fe red to p rov ide the GBI w i th ha i r , b lood , and u r i -ne

samp les . (Dea f Dep . a t 192 -93 . ) I ndeed , GB I Agen t Je r r y

1 3 D e a f t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e v e h i c f e, f a t . l p - i o f l ^ t s u s u a . v e n i c . e .

h 6 , c 6 A r h . ' ^ " ' , - ' : e r h a d : \ r - c ^ i + r

/ T l a : l n a n : f 1 R d - F q l

L2


Jones dec ided to co - I f ec t a u r i ne samp le on the day o f Lne

inc i denL . and che resu l t s we re nega r i ve . l e ( 1d . . ' Doc . No . 46 ,

Ex . 3 a t 63 -65 , I I 4 -1 ,5 , 129 . ) The reco rd i s r e l a t i ve l y s l f en t

i n r ega rds t o any subsequen t i nves r i ga r i on i n ro t he p i pe ' s

i r 1 ' hF r r aL l i c l e . (See Doc . No . L2 l , Ex . 15 ; Luecke

n a h a 1 . R 1 - R R \

B. Procedural History

On June I l , 2O IL , P la i n t i f f Lena t r i i l l i ams f i l ed su i t

i nd i v idua f l - y and as admin i s t ra to r o f t he es ta te o f he r

deceased son , Me fv in Wi l f i ams . On Sep tember 16 , 2417 ,

P la i nc j f f f i f ed an Amended Comp la in t - asse r t i ng f ede ra l and

r l i : m l a . k a r - h i a F O f5 L d L e - L d r ! o 9 o r l r J L

o n r i r - p o f - h c e i f v o f E a S t D ; b l i n P o l i . : a l F n A r f ' r F n f - a " r c l a

' a d a r r ' r - - a ' n a o a i - s f - h p r - i t v o f E a s f D u b f i n . T h e c a s e w a s

s i gn i F i can t l y de layed by i I 1 - conce i ved de fense t ac t i c s ,

r n r - ' r r / l i n n a t r ' t p r ^ ] ] q r l i s c o v c r v d i s n ' t 1 - a c r i l 1 l ' r l 1 n q . n r ] a n! r r L ! u q f r r Y

r r n c r r c c o e c f r r l . a n n a a I On Sep tember 2 ' / , 2473 , t he Cour t

- a r - i * : - c r l f n ' r r n c r t l i n r r ' r - 1 - i / - n c f n r q l m r n : - r r i r i _ l r y m e - f r i r t c L OI q v Y r r l e r r e e v v

r h a " h n n a l a c c l r ' l r h r r r n r h i n 6 " c f ^ i a n f l - h a d a c l e a r : n A ^ a r m i f f ^ - lr L v y u - u J r 4 _ l - u r ! . y , r e i , L r r u

t he Dar t i es to rev i se and re f i ] e conso f i da ted mo t ions fo r

i , r . ' l . r m a n t (Doc . No . 17 5 . ) m L - ^ - ^ ^ r ! ^ - h ^ F ^ - l ^ * - ^. L r l c r c c t L L c ! . l J g I E t r L r c l r l L -

f i l e d i h F n r e s e " t r ' l \ / n a n d r n . r m n - r n n f ^ r q r m m ^ r \ r i r r , , l a r m e n t ,j F v r r v ! r r Y

l e There r^ ras a de layr e s r i r . g L n e J r j n e s a n p l e .

o I a l m o s L L h - r e e w e a k s b e f v , , e e n c o l . L e c L i n g a n d( D o c . N o . 4 6 , E x . 3 a t 1 1 4 - 1 5 . )

L J


ar , l - , c .a ry r ran i I r ; I h , ^ a . ru r t den ied P la in t i f f ' s mo t ion to amend and

de fe r red ru l i ng on a mo t i on f o r sanc t i ons . (Doc . Nos , f 86 ,

187 . )

I I SIJMMARY JI'DGMENT STAITDARD

T h e C o u r t s h o u l d g r a n L s u m m a r y j u d g m e n t o n l y i f

n o q e n u i n e d i s p u t e a s t o a n y m a t e r i a l f a c c a n d t h e

e n t i I I e c l t o i r r . l o m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w . " F e d . R . C i v ,

F a c t s a r e ' t m a t e r i a f " i f t h e y c o u L d a f f e c t t h e o u t c o m e o f

" t h e r e i s

movant is

P . 5 6 ( a ) .

t h e s u i t

u n d e r c h e g o v e r n i n g s u b s r a n L i v e } a w . A n d e r s o n v , L i b e r t y L o b b y ,

I nc . , 47 '1 U .S . 242 , 248 11 .986 ) The Court must v iew the facts in

f h F I ' r r h t m o s t F a v o r a b ] e t o t h e n o n - * 6 - z i n . t n A r i \ , \ r ^ t s r < h i i a

E l e c . I n d u s . C o . v . Z e n i t h R a d i o C o r p . , 4 1 5 U , S . 5 7 4 , 5 8 7 ( 1 9 8 6 ) ,

a n d m u s r d r a w " a l l ; u s r - i f i a b l e i n . [ e r e n c e s 1 n l i c s l f a v o r . "

Un i ted s ta tes v . Fou r Pa rce l s o f Rea l P rop . i n c reene &

Tusca loosa cn t ys , , 94 I E .2d 1428 , 1437 (11 th C i r . 1991 ) ( en banc )

( i n te rna l punc tua t i on and c i t a t i ons omi t ted ) .

. T A ^ y ^ r " i h : c l - h a i n ; r i r t h , r r . l a h - F c h a r : . j n n f F ^r r r s I L U v t r r 9 P o ! r _ ! o r r v w t _ r Y

C o u r L , b y r e f e r e n c e L o m a t e r i a l s o n f j 1 e , t h e b a s i s f o r L h e

m o t j o n . C e l o t e x C o r p , v . C a r r e c t , 4 1 1 U . S . 3 1 7 , 3 2 3 1 1 9 8 6 ) . H o w

L o c a r r y t h i s b u r d e n d e p e n d s o n w h o b e a r s l h e b u r d e n o f p r o o f a t

. , F r . 1 l ? . l . t 1 q t l l c hL r r d r . f - L L Z 9 d L r - L ( - r i v . \ , r - L y | J r A L r d u L d

C i r . 1 9 9 3 ) . W h e n t h e n o n - m o v a n t h a s L h e b u r d e n o f p r o o f a t

t - - i = l t h a m a , : n - m r \ / . A r r \ 7 - h a i * i f : : l b U f d e n i n O n e O f C W O

L r e r r s - h w n e c r a l . i n n e n e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t o f t h e n o n - m o v a n t ' s c a s e o r

I 4


h r r c h n w i n n r h > r f h a r a i q n . l c \ T i c l c r r r - c r o n r ^ _ - ^ _ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ - l - ^- v I , . \ , v c

t h e n o n - m o v a n t ' s c a s e , S e e C l a r k v . C o a t s & C l a r k , I n c . , 9 2 9

F .2d 6A4 , 506 -08 (11 - t h c i r . 1991 ) ( exp la i n i ng Ad i ckes v . S .H .

K ress & Co . / 398 U .S . 1 "44 (1970 ) and Ce lo tex co rp . v . Ca t re t t ,

41 ' 7 u . s . 3L1 (1985 ) ) Before the Court can evafuate the non-

m n r r a n - ' q r e q n n r - q F i n ^ ^ ^ ^ - i + i ^ r i + m r c + f i r s t . c o n s j d e r w h e t h e ro L s - P v r r J e | " v t z L l e J L w L v \ ' ,

t h e m o v a n t h a s m e t i t s i n i t i a l b u r d e n o f s h o w i n g t h a t t h e r e a r e

n o g e n u i n e i s s u e s o f m a t e r i a f f a c t a n d t h a t i t i s e n t i t l e d t o

j u d q m e n t a s a m a t t e r o f l a w . J o n e s v . C i t y o f C o . L u m b u s ' 1 2 0 F . 3 d

248 , 254 (1 l t h C i r . 1991 ) (pe r cu r i am) . A mere conc luso ry

statement that the non-movant cannot meet the burden at t r ia f is

i n s u f f a c i e n t . C l a r k , 9 2 9 F . 2 d a t 6 0 8 .

I f - a n d o n l y i f - t h e m o v a n t c a r r i e s i t s i n i t i a f b u r d e n ,

t h e n o n - m o v a n t m a y a v o i d summary j udgmenc on l " y by

" r l a m n n < l r a f l i n c l i h a ] - . t h e r e i s i n d e e d a m a t e r i a l i s s u e o f f a c t

r h e - n r o r l r r . { F q c n . ' r r A r ' ' ' L . e n t h e n o n - m o v a n t b e a r S

r h e h r r - r j e n o f D r o o f f r i - 1 + l - . - r ^ n - . n o v a n t m u s t t a i l o r i - s

r p s n o . s e f o f h e n e r h ^ ^ r - , , , . , r . i ̂F F r - , ^ - ^ , , - t n t C a - r r j e d i L S i n i t i a lL u r y v - r - r v j w r r + v r r

b u r d e n . l f r h e m o v a n t p r e s e n t s e v - i d e n c e a f f i r m a t i v e l y n e g a t i n g a

m a t e r i a l f a c L , t h e n o n - m o v a n t " m u s c r e s p o n d w i c h e v i d e n c e

s u f f i c i e n t t o w i L h s t a n d a d i r e c t e d v e r d i c t m o t i o n a t t r i a l o n t h e

h r l - a r i i l f r ^ r c n r r n h t t n h c n e n : r a d / ' F i t ? n A t r i . l z ? F ? . 1

L 1 1 6 . I f t h e m o v a n t s h o w s a n a b s e n c e o f e v i d e n c e o n a m a t e r i a l

fact , the non-movant must e i ther show that the record conta ins

e v - L d e n c e t h a t ' w a s " o v e r i o o k e d o r i g n o r e d " b y t h e m o v a n t o r " c o m e

15


forwarcl wi th addit ional- evidence suff ic ient to withstand a

d i rec ted ve rd i c t mo t . i on a t t r i a l based on the a f l eged ev iden t i a ry

A ^ € ; - ; 6 r - \ t n I d . a t 1 L 1 6 - 1 1 . T h e n o n - m o v a n r c a n n o t c a r r y i t s

h , r r a a n h r , r c l r z i n n - n t h F n l F ^ . J i n . r c . r l - J \ . ' r a n F ^ t i n . t

a l l e g a L i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n r h e c o m p l a i n t , s e e l \ 4 o r r i s v .

r n n a l r r c a r . r

R o s s , 6 6 3

F . 2 d I A 3 2 , 1 0 3 3 - 3 4 ( 1 1 t h C i r . 1 9 8 1 ) . R a c h e r , L h e n o n - m o v a n r m u s t

- a e - , n n - l r . r : f h a " r d a r r i t < . \ r : c ^ f h F r l , r l c c n r n u i . l a d h ' r F a - l p r A ' R l l f e! L J } J u r r u

o f C i v i l P r o c e d u r e 5 6 .

I h i q a r - - i ' r - - l ^ o f - l a r k l - h ^ a n r r r f . i e \ / F P - e i - r i _ f f

n o l j c e o f t h e m o r i o n f o r s u m m a r y j u d g m e n t a n d i n f o r m e d h e r o f t h e

q r y r r ? r \ / I : d o m o n f r U a e t h t r r i . r h F . n - i I e a f f i d a v i L S O r O l h e rJ s r L u , . s ! l

m a t e r i a f s i n o p p o s i t i o n , a n d L h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d e f a u l c . ( D o c .

N o . 1 1 1 . )' f ' | " . ' a r . ' n - a l - l ^ F n . . r i . e r e c r r i r o m c n - q . f c r i f f i C h V ,

Walnwr i gh t , 712 E .2d 822 , 825 (1 l t h C i r . 1985 ) ( pe r cu r i am) , a re

sa t i s f i ed . The r ime f o r f i l i ng maLe r i a l s i n oppos i t i on has

exp . i r : ed . and the mo t ion i s now r i pe fo r cons ide ra t i on

I I I . DISCUSSION

A. Federal Claims Against Deal

Q c r - j - r n ' . r - a B i n r o v i d e s a c i v i f r e m e d \ / ' o r d e n r i r z r - i n . s o f

f c / n c r : l - i . f h j - s a q * : h r - I l - r i ^ l - . t - r , n t i r . - r E 1 0' ^ ' uifY1l!--f-: f/l l Y51' J

r r . S . 1 6 6 . ? 1 1 1 1 q 9 4 ) \ r r n n r . r a r + ^ ^ y ^ v a i l i - a c i v i ' - i o h c sv t ! ! r 9 r r

ac r i on Jnde r sec t i on I 983 , a p l a i nc i f f mus r make a p r ima f ac i e

show ing o f Lwo e lemenLS : ( 1 ) t ha t r he ac t o r om iss j on dep r i veo

16


p la in t i f f o f a r i gh t , p r i v i f ege o r immun i t y secu red by the

Cons t i Lu t i on o r I aws o f che Un i t ed S ta tes / and (2J Lha t r he

ac t o r om l . ssaon was done by a pe rson ac t i ng under co fo r o f

) - aw . " Ma rsha f l Cn t y . Bd . o f Educ ' v ' Ma rsha l f Cn t y . Gas

D is t . , 992 t r . 2d I I l l , 71 ' 1 4 ( 11 th C i r . f 993 ) ( quo ta t i ons

omit t ed ) .

I n t h i s case . P la i n t i f f c f a ims Dea f , wh i l e ac t i ng unde r

co lo r o f s t a te l aw , v i o l a ted w i l l i ams ' s Fou r th Anendmen t

r i gh t s by a r res t i ng h im w j Lhou t p robab le cause and by us ing

excess i ve fo rce du r ing the cou rse o f t he a r res t . P fa in t i f f

aLso c l a ims Lha r Ch ie f Luecke has supe rv i so ry l i ab i l i t y ove r

t he uncons t i t u t i ona I ac t i ons o f Dea f . F i na l l y ' P l a i n t i f f sues

C l ' i e f Luecke and t he C i t y o f Eas t Dub l i n f o r che i r a l f eged

ma in tenance o f a po f i cy o r cus tom wh ich exh ib i t ed de f i be ra te

ind i f f e rence to Wi l l i ams 's cons t i t u t i ona l r i gh ts .

I t shou fd be no ted he re tha t t he re i s no d i spu te tha t

Dea l was ac t i ng under co lo r o f s ta te l aw du r ing the sub jec t

i nc iden t . Dea l was emp loyed as a po l i ce o f f i ce r by Eas t

Dub I i n . He was pa t ro l l i ng i n a marked po l i ce veh i c l e , wea r i ng

- ^ - r . r - ^ . . - : z ^ - t r n r l r - : r - r r i n n a . r . \ / p r n m e n L - i s s u e d f i r e a r m .d P ( , t r u s o r r u L a ! ! J | ' t Y

Dea l conduc ted h imse l f as a l eg i t ima te fa rv en fo rcemen t o f f i ce r

a t a l l r e l evan t t imes .20

2o The Cour t recogn izes tha tp o ] i c e p o w e r s a L L h e r i m e

Pla in t i f f has a f leged tha t Dea.L had los t h iso f a r res t due to a lack o f s ta te -mandated

11


Unlawful Arrest

*The Fou r th AmendmenL ' s gua ran tee aga ins r un reasonab l e

sea rches and se i zu res encompasses t he r i gh t r o be f r ee f r om

ar . r es t w iLhou t p robab le cause . " C rosby v . Mon roe Cncy . , j 94

E .3d 1328 / L332 (11ch C i r . 2004 ) . A t r a f f i c sLop , wh i ch i s

a l so a se i zu re w j t h j n t he mean inq o f r he Fou r th Amendmen l , r s

cons t j - t u t i ona f i f i t i s e i t he r based upon

be l i eve a t ra f f l c v lo ]a t i on has occu r red

reasonab fe susp ic ion o f c r im ina .L ac t i v i r ! ,

n r n l - ' r h l A - : r r c a 1 - ^

i , , e l . i f i a r " i h r u

See A r i zona v .

Johnson , 555 U . S ? t ? 1 ? n / ? n n q \ . l l h i r a A q t - . t - a e r r Q n n a r r ' ^" ' - r

L e r e , . , : - , , e ! w e ! ^ s ,

568 E .3d 1 ,236 , 1248 \ 11 th C i r . 2009 )

Probab le cause to a r res t under fede ra l l aw ex i s t swhen an a r res t i s ob jec t i ve fy reasonab fe based onthe t o ta f l t y o f t he c i r cums tances , Th i s s t anda rd i sme t when the fac ts and c i r cums tances w i th in theo f f i ce r ' s know ledge , o f wh ich he o r she hasreasonab ly t rus twor thy i n fo rma t ion , wouLd cause ap ruden t pe rson to beL ieve , under the c i r cums tancesshown , Lhac Lhe sJspec t has commi c red , i scommi t t i nq , o r . i s abouL to commi t an o f fense .

McCorm ick v . C i t y o f Fo r t Lauderda .Le , 333 F .3d L234 , L243

(11 th C i r . 2003 ) \ A l - h - r ' - , r h n r n h : h l a . a l t s e r c o r r i r e s T . ) r e l - n a n

. - r i . . ^ I t a \ . a - r l - a t , - q q . - ^ - ' r r r i - w , c i a l a . r 1 . < . ^ r . 1 . r c e

p o \ . i a r s : r a s n o o e a r - n q o n L n e a . l a l y s i s o f w h e - h e r D e a - L L n l a w f u l l y a r l e s r : e dW i f l i a n s c r u s e d e x c e s s . i v e f o r c e b e c a u s e a v i o f a t i o n o f G e o r g i a l a w

r p . i r , i r ' ' r ^

. r . a c - 1 1 r a : . r - l ^ F . a r s ' l r ' ' . 1 a -

v ' c l a L r o n - n q " r i r y . " S e c r i o n 1 9 8 3 d o e s n o t c r e d L e , ; r e n e d y f o r e v e r y v ' r o n occnmi t teC under the co lo r o l s ta te 1aw, bu t on ly fo r those tha t depr : i ve a- F l r l . l ^ . F t p n - , p l r \ ^ , a i c a . r o - 1 6 , r ' r : d l r - , - o e

a r r e s t e d i - n v i o l a j : i o n o f s t a t e I a \ ' . r . " K n i g h t v . J a c o b s o n , 3 A A F . 3 d 1 2 1 2 ,7 2 1 6 ( 7 1 , L h C j - r . 2 0 0 2 ) ( c i t a t i o n o m i t t e d ) ; a c c o r d M a z u c h v . R o s i e r , N o .3 : 0 8 - c v - 0 1 8 , 2 0 1 0 W l , ' 7 2 4 7 I 1 ,

a t * B ( S . D . G a . M a r . 2 , 2 0 1 , 0 ) ( S e c t i o n 1 9 8 3" - L s n o L c o n c e r n e d ! r j t h a v j o l a t i o n o f s r a r e l a w / p o f j c i e s . " ) .

18


i - d n o q r o t r e o t ) i r F c c r r v r r c i r / l n r . \ n f i - . 1 n a a . l I O LJ U J t J ! r f v , ' t

ceach rhe same s tanda . rd o f conc lus i veness and p robab i l i t v as

Lhe f ac t s necessa ry t o suppo r t a conv i c t i on . " Lee v . Fe r ra ro ,

284 E .3d 1188 , 1 r95 (1L th C i r . 2002 ) ( c i t a t i on om i t t ed ) . * I f

an o f f i ce r has p robab le cause t o be l i eve t ha t an i nd i v i dua l

has commi t ted even a ve ry m ino r c r im ina f o f fense i n h i s

p resence , he may , w i t hou t v i o l a t i ng che Eou r th Amendmenc ,

a r res r Lhe o f f ende r . " ALwaLe r v . C i t y o f Lago V i sLa f 532 U .S .

318 , 354 (2001 ) ( ho ld i ng t ha t cus tod ia l a r res t f o r sea tbe l t

v i o l a t i on was cons t i t u t i ona f ) .

, \ ? J h c - h e - : n : . - _ c u l a r s e t o f f a c t s . f i v c q r ' i . a - o n - r h : h l e

a a r . s a l - r l i r r s t i f v a r a _ r e s j - f o r a n a - - i . : r r l : r r - - i m c . l a n a n d q o fJ

q v ! ! ! t

. . r r r q e - . n l - h F t r l t r ' n e n L S O f t h e C I i m e . / / a r n s h v - j q 4 F j . l - -! ! u J p y '

1333 . He re , t he pa r t i cu -La r c r ime a t i s sue j s f a i l i ng Lo s top

a t a s rop s i gn . Unde r O .C .G .A . S 40 -6 -72 (b ) , " eve ry d r i ve r o f

a r r o n i r _ l e : n n r o : r - h i n n ^ q - . \ n c i n n < h a l I q j - . n a l e r - l o : r l r ru L r l q r ' l i

m > r l z a r l < t - ^ n I i n o / ' a w c a n f u r h o n d i r a n t a r l l - n n r n c o o d h r r r n n l i ^ ^r L U p f ! , L L ' s s L J u L r L L L u ! 1 o p v _ _ L s

a f ( : r - a . . O r t h e d a v n f t h a i n n i d e n j - n p a f r e l a t e d L h a L h e s a w

r . a i l l r - F r f : r ' + - ^ ^ r - r n a r l l / a 1 - . \ n : r f h a e i - . 1 n < i ^ h i r R ^ r t - P .V \ - L - L - L - d l l L 5 I d . - - L U P l L r - - r j - - - - . . * m p

Road and Buckeye Road . (GB I I n te . r v i ew ac B :00 Lo B :45 , ) A r

t es t i f i ed t ha t t he re i s a wh i t e I i neu s P w D l L r u r r '

ad jacen r r o r h j s pa r L i cu l a r sLop s j gn and he "obse rved rne

veh j c l e 9o p - re r r y much a l I r he way pas t E .he wh i re . L i ne . And

when he ] oo red ove r aL me , he k i nd o f s l ammed on I r he ] b rakes

l9


a lmos t ou t i n to the roadway . " (Dea l - Dep . a t 152 . ) Based on

Lh i s ev i dence , Dea I had p robab le cause Lo pe r f o rm che t r a f f i c

s top .

A o l a i n f i f f a s s e r t L r l ] ^ r - l a j n € o r , , r ' l a w f u . L a r r e S t b e a r s

r he bu rden o f show ing an absence o f p robab .Le cause . See

Rank in v . Evans , 133 F .3d 1425 , 1436 ( l f t h C i r . 1998 ) . He re ,

p : . n . i F ! a r o r : e s f h e r a u , r a s n n n r o L r a h l e C - . . - 1 i dr r v u ! v v u L r !

noL acc i vace h i s emergency I i gh t s o r commun icaLe w i t h d i spa t ch

i ' r ' n a d : : t - A \ / a f f e r q e e i n o t h e I r a f f ' c v i o l a L j o n a n d t h er l L u L ( u v L q L v r l

v io -La t i on was no t cap tu red by t he dashboa rd camera . These

- i r . . - r c l - : - - a c h ^ w F \ / F r - a r c j - - e l c V a n r I h ^ i h ^ l r i - \ / O fL I I L L , r I I I D L A ] ] t E - ,

whethe r t he re was p robab le cause to suppor t t he t ra f f i c s top .

r h : r i c r h o F : i l r r r o c r n r r r r n - n r h c I i c L - ^ r- , n r s I n m e o r a L e r y ' r d u l o

r t i n . . r n h i r r e d i a r e l " - ^ - ^ r A t l - ' a o u r s u i t O f l , , r l i L I i a m s ' Su t J P o L U r r i " u L L e u r q s s r L t

veh ic le do no t nega te Dea f ' s accoun t o f wha t he w i tnessed ,

i . e . , a s t op s . i gn v i o ]a t i on . q - : f F . l a r ^ t L a r r a r : \ r P l a i n t i f f

h r < n - , i c a n l - e . l n n , - r ' i d e n c e t o c o n t r a d i c t D e a l ' s d l r e c t , s w o r n

t es t imony abou t t he t ra f f i c v io la t i on ; t hus , a ra t i ona l j u ro r

cou fd no t conc fude tha t Dea l ' s accoun t o f t he s top s ign

v . i o ]a t i on and subsequen t pu rsu i t was fab r i ca ted . S e e

Rodr i guez v . Fa r re f l , 280 F .3d 1 -341 - , L352 n .20 (1 -1 th C i r .

2002 ) ( f l nd i ng on f y con jec tu re whe re p l a i n t l f f ' s

c i r cums tan t i a l ev idence was "no t i ncons i s ten t " w i th o f f i ce r ' s

d l r ec t , swo rn t es t imony ) ; Ga rczynsk l v . B radshaw, 573 F .3d

20


i n c r r f f i n i a n r . t h a n r, - , , u - r o n - m o v f n g

par t y mus t p roduce subs tan t i a l ev idence i n o rde r t o de fea t a

f n r c r r m m : r r r - i r r d a m o n r ' t t r | , r ^ r i n r n m i r - 6 . . i \ l

I n conc lus i on , Dea l d i d no r v i o l a te r he Cons t i r u r j on by

Dea l has a l so s ta ted t ha tr - r i r - - i ^ ^ r . t , a - . ^ f f 1J - - P .

f 4 i I I i ams was no r - wear ing a sea r

. . - - ^ - ^ ^ - - t ^ t ^

s e a r c h e s a n d s e i z u . r e s e n c o m D a s s e s L h e o l a i - r i o h t - ^ h e f - ^ ^

f r om the use o f excess i ve fo rce i n t he cou rse o f an a r res t . . ,

McCorm ick , 333 F .3d a t 1244 To de te rm ine whe the r a use o f

fo rce exceeds cons t i t u t l ona f

1 l -58 , 1165 (11 th C i r . 2009) ( "A

r h a r q . l m e m e f a n l ' v s i c a l c l o u b L a S

rmere sc in t i l - 1a ' o f ev idence i s

o f r easonab feness .

n r c r - i s e r l e f i n : 1 - r n n n ; m e C h a n i c a - I

m q l c i r r a . e r F < n l a t t e n t i O n

o e n r : i n e c l r s n r r f e - a r r r r i r e S m o r e

t c t he ma te r i a f f ac t s . A

be l t and pe r f o rmed an i l l ega l

th resho fds , t he ques t i on i s one

v . Conne r / 490 U .S . 385 , 396

U- tu rn . Because t he re i s no genu ine d i spu re o f f acc rega rd ing

p robab le cause f o r r he s t . op s i gn v i o l a t i on . i t i s unnecessa ry

to determine whether there was add i t i ona l j us t . i f i ca t i on to

s top Wi ] .L iams . Acco rd ing l y , sunmary j udgmen t i s GRANTED in

favo r o f Dea l as to the fede ra f c la im fo r un law fu l a r res l .

2. Excessive Force

"The Four th Amendment t f r :eedom from

(1989 ) Because the reasonab feness tes t i s "no t capab fe o f

app l i ca t i on , " d i s t r i c t cou r t s

to the to ta f i t y o f t he

c l r cums tances r i nc l ud ing " t he seve r i t y o f t he c r ime ac i s sue ,

21


\ ^ l h F r h F r I h e s l s o e c r r l . \ s e s ^ r i n ' n e c l i a l c f h r e e r t r l r h a < a f a - r r 6 f

r he o f f i ce r s o r o the rs , and whe the r he i s acL j ve l y r es j sc i ng

^ r , a i t a m n l - i n r _ r r n e r r a d c : r r e q r t r \ / € 1 r ^ h i / ' r . - l a r hL - r - 9 L , r c l . u L l t e r

r e l e \ r an t f ac to r s may i nc . l ude t he ex ten r o f t he i n j u r y

i n f l i cLed , t he du ra l i on o f t he i nc i den r , wheLhe r t he acL jon

takes p face i n the con tex t o f a f fec t i ng

n r n f - o r n f r c r q n n q a n d n n l i n o n r r i . F r q a I

^ ^ ^ + l - ^

t he scene . Jackson

v . Sau l s , 206 F .3d 1156 , 1170 n .18 (11 th C j , r . 2000 ) .

The ques t i on i s whe the r t he o f f i ce r ' s ac t i ons a re

. . h - A . f t - z c l r u r e : q n n > h l o r " r i l - l _ n r r r r c n a r d l - ^ h i e r r n d e r l r r i n o r n - e n tv ! ] v U L ! q r | v v t l j

o r mo t i va t i on . G raham, 490 U ,S . a t 397 . Whe the r an o f f i ce r / s

. . . . 1 r - . i - i s ' . t h i e c f i t r e . l r z r e : c n n a h l e " r n c f b e e v a l u a t e d f f O m E h e

pe rspec r i ve o f a r easonab le o f f i ce r possess ing t he same

n : - - ' c r - a r ' z c ' d i - f o - r a t i - n A c l - h F s ' r h - a . f o f f i r - e r - / ' D t r n l e \ / v .' :_:jji:,L

Es l i nge r , 605 F .3d 843 , 852 (1 l t h C i r . 2010 ) ( c i t a t i on

r n r t r a d ] Q e a s o n a h - r " ' - ^ . 1 f . . r ' r t h e n e - s n e r : r ' j V eJ u u 9 E u r J U - V P U U - r

o f a r easonab le o f f i ce r on Lhe scene , r a the r Lhan w i rh r he

20 /2A v i s i on o f h i nds igh t . " G raham, 490 U .S . a t 396 . "The

ca ]cu lus o f reasonab feness mus t embody a f l owance fo r t he fac !

- h : - n n - j - a n f f r r c r 5 a r e o f c e n f o r c e d - - r a V a c n r : - - q 6 ^ . n c L

j udgmencs - i n c i r cums tances t ha t a re ! ense , unce rLa .Ln / and

rap id l y evoLv ing - abou t t he amoun t o f f o rce tha t i s necessa ry

. r ̂. . 1 ^ - ^ r - . . a t i on . " I d . a t 396 -91 .r r r a I J o !

22


n ^ , r : F . r - _ ^ - r . . _ \ 6 e , , n - a m a r - ^ , , r t - : ^ . l E l e v e n t h C j r c u i t h a v er 1 ! . r \ . r r L - L \ J r r o ! ! y / L r r s ! r u I / L E r " s

exp la i ned some spec i f j c cons ide ra t i ons app l - cab le r ' o dead l y

fo r ce cases . The use o f dead fy f o r ce i s mo re l i ke l y t o be

reasonab l -e i f :

1 l \ l - ha q r l qnp . - f n . ) scs an immed ia te th rea t o f se r i ousnh rze i r - a I ha rn ro o f I i ce r s o r o the rs , '

( 2 ) t he suspec r co rnm i r t ed a c r ime i nvoJv lng t hein f f i c t i on o r t h rea tened in f l i c t i on o f se r i oush . r m c j i . h l - h a t h i c h p i n f i a r l : r . r F r a n r a < a n l - a A n

i nhe ren t r i sk to Lhe genera l pub l i c , ' and

(3 ) Lne o f f i ce r s e i che r i s sued a wa rn ing o r cou ldnoc f eas ib l y have done so be fo re us i ng dead l yfo r ce .

! e ! ! + v - t I

r , LL -12 (198s) ) .

( c i t i ng Tennessee v . Ga rne r , 471 U .S .

u ^ L ' a v a r n f t h a a o r i n i . l

n r e r - n - d i I i o ^ s t n 1 \ p 1 a r . ' f r r t : n n l i . : j - i , . \ n , . ) F d t r a . l l v F o - r - c h v 6 n

o f f i ce r se i z i ng a suspec t . 1d . ( c i t i ng Sco tL v . Ha r r i s , 550

U .S . 312 , 382 (2001 ) ) . O f cen , dead l y f o r ce cases ru rn on t he

f i r s t f ac to r , t he p resence o f an imminen t t h rea t o f se r i ous

phys i ca l ha rm to o f f i ce rs o r o the rs . SSer_ , s . j _g_ . , i d . a t 851 ;

Ga rczynsk . i , 573 F .3d a t 1168 . Th is fac to r can be reduced to a

c n n l o n , r o c t i n n . \ \ u r h a r - h o r n i t r a n l - h o n i r n r r m c l - r n a a c f r n o\ 4 u ! U ! + v r J I Y l ' ' l l L L L r v

q ] ] q n F r t r - w n r r l d L a v e r n F 6 = r a . l l - ^ 1 6 r c ^ h : 1 1 l c n o l i r - e o f f i r - e . s t O

f ' a ' ; a l l c o n ^ r : r , e l r r r ] a n r r a r n l q t t P a r - c - z C a n n h r a r r - o - , ) R ?

F 3 d

I 21 5 , 1281 (11 th C i r . 2002 ) . Unde r che c i r cumsLances o f r h i s

^ a c o - f h a a ^ r r f F i r l ^ l . . ^ ^ - ' i - - i c c ' a ^ F m a L e r i a l f a c t O n t h i s

23


f l r s t f ac to r as we l l as the th i rd fac to r f p rec fudang sumr f l a ry

? tI udgmen t . - -

Con t ra ry to many s l t ua t i ons , t he ex i s tence o f a v ideo

. lFn i . 1 - i no f he i nc i den t does no t c f ea r l y answer t he ca f cu fus o f

excess i ve fo rce because i t l s on fy a pa r t i a l - s to ry . I n f ac t ,

che mos r sa l i en t f ac to r s t ha t go i nco che ca . I cu . I us a re t hose

no t appea r i ng on rhe v i deo . V iew ing Lhe ev idence - i n t he l i gh t

mos t f avo rab le to P l -a in t i f f ' s c l a im o f excess i ve fo rce , t he

Cour t f i nds as fo l f ows . Immed ia te l y upon pu l l i ng i n beh ind

Wi l l i ams 's ca r f o r a m ino r t t a f f i c v io fa t i on , Dea f

a r ro reqq i r re l v aon roached an una rmed Wi l l - i ams w i th h i s hand on

h is ho l - s te red f i r ea rm. The v ideo does no t show wha t W i l l i a ros

was do ing a t t he same t ime , . i . e . , was he a t t emp t i ng t o f l ee /

pos ing a th rea t , o r s imp ly ge t t i ng ou t o f h i s ca r? Then Dea l

c r i ed ro I o r ce o r push W i I I i ams back i n to r he ca r - t hough t h i s

i s no t on camera . " wh i l e w i f l i ams ques t i oned Dea f / s ac t i ons ,

: t The second fac to r n i t iga tes in favor o f P la in t i f f in tha tWiL l iams had no t commi t ted a ser ious c r ime such tha t . h is apprehens lcn wasc r i t i c a l .

" The apparent rashness o f Dea.L 's in i t ia l conduct i s t roub. I ing . Aso : h e r c o J r ! s h a v e r v a i n e d / " D e f e n d a n t s c a n n o t c l a i m L h e p r o E e c r i 0 1 o fq u d i . ' i e o - m , r u n j L y w h e n t n e - r o t ' n o b j e c L i v e l y u n r e a s o n a o . e a c L i o n s c r e a t e dL l e v e r y r j s k r n a r - g e r e r a L e o E l e e v e n t u a - L . s e o f d e a d l y f o - r c e . " s w o f f o - dv . E s L i n g e r , 6 1 I F . S u p p . 2 - d 1 2 8 9 ( M . D . F L a . 2 0 0 9 ) ( q u o t e d s o u r c eo m i t t e d ) , c i t e d i n A v e r s v . H a r r i s o n , N o . 2 : I C - C V - 3 2 , 2 0 1 2 V I L 5 2 9 9 4 6 t a t* 6 ( N . D . c a . F e b . 1 1 , 2 A 7 2 ) ; s e e a l s o T e n n e s s e e v , G a r n e r , 4 7 1 U . S . a t 8 - 9( i n s t r u c t a n g c o u r t s t o f o o k t o t h e t o t a f i t y o f t h e c i r c u n s t a n c e s t odetermine whether the lo rce used t {as reasonabfe) . Thus , Dea l ' s conductl d a . l i r . l r r r - i - o h i s , - l e a . l l f . r . ^ i c r a l a v a n l L o t h e r e a s o n a b l e n e S si n q * i r y , p a r L i c r l a r l y w n e r e , a s h e r e , o n l y t h i r L y s a c o n o s e l a p s e d b e t w e e ' tL h e - n i t i a - s r o p a n o L h e f a t a l s n o L . F o r t h j s r e a s o n , L n e C o r r E d e c l i n o s

24


I ^ , , - ^ - ^ . , i - l ' . ' ^ ' . t - t ; ^ l - ' f ^ - ^ ' . ^ . 1 L \ ^ - ! . , ^ ^ h - r r aa S K . f n g W n a t - L S t \ r r o n g W I I n y O U , a I - L 9 n L e l t s u e u u u ' w c c l r - t l c m ,

most o f wh ich i s a l so o f f - camera . When the two men reen te red

rhe camera f r ame , w i l l i ams co lLd be seen ch row ing a punch a t

Dea I ' s head wh i fe Dea f had bo th hands on h l s ho fs te red

f i r ea rm . I t i s unc lea r whe the r Dea l was p ro tec t i ng h i s

f i r ea rm f r om be ing g rabbed o r E ry i ng t o w i t hd raw h i s weapon

f / 1 r r r - l f c . t - i o - : n . l / o r use .23 Then , Dea .L i s ab . I e t o ga in a

m, rmen l . . r \ / sena ra t i on f rom Wi l l i ams and d raw h i s f i r ea rm.2a

L r ^ , - ' a ( ' a r h a - r r r e a n o r l : n : i n h A n k s . 1 1 f f . ' ^ m a r ^ i l . ^ n n . ) f ] , ̂

es tab l i shed how fa r away Dea l was ab le cc ge ! f r om Wi I I i ams .

t ^ l h i t 6 I h a t n r r r r m : \ / a , , - r - a r ' \ T - i h ^ f i h c d i - - - - ^ ^ l - \ ^ - , . , ^ ^ h t - l - \ 6 , y l, . - , - - i - c l l t U e U s - w e c l l L l r c l L t e n

was s i x f eeL when Dea -L f - i r ed t he f a ta f sho t , 2 ' impo r tanL l y , Lhe

^ , r 6 a 1 - i a n n f h n r r f : r awa y

- a a n i n a r - ^ f i . a h i <. - - - weapon

o f whe the r - Lc was f eas rb l e

Dea l couJd have backed away be fo re

rema ins an open one . The quesc ion

fo r Dea I t o nave i ssued a warn inq

i n r a n r : l a f f ^ . - 1 f n r i , r r t rn - i o r - o f r r ' r r - r t s a - l s o

de te rm inaL -on . Tha t i s , v i ewed i n Lhe I i ghL mos t f avo rab le t o

r o c o r . s r d e r D e a l ' s f i r s t a p p f i c a L i o n o f f o r c e - L h e o I I - c a m e r a p u s h i n g a LL n e c a r d o o r - s e p a - r a L e a n d d i s r ' n c ! f r o m t h e s e ^ o n d a n d f a ! a l d p p l i c d r i o n^ l F \ , ^ 6 - r h 6 c h ^ ^ l . ^ r h i . r r , < a ^ ^ F / l c l : r a r

: l A n y o - s c r e p a n c y t h a E e x i s r s o v e r L h e d e g r e e o I c o n E r o L W i - l i a n sobta ined over Dea l ' s f l rearm is no t inmater iaL . Indeed, g iven the ser ious- , 6 ^ i h i l , \ / i c e , , a < i n ^ D a f a n . l ^ n f e ' ^ . i m .. - - - . . r Y w - L n e s s o n L n I s P o 1 n L ,c A A c A . - i . r - : A . q l l . r A - h a r c a v : < 1 . : r | a c l ' . n o f f a c L w h e L h e r W i l l i a m seven a t tempted to g rab Deaf 's f i rearm,

T h e r e i s e v i o e n c e t h a L D e a l h a d p e p p e r s p r d y o n h - s p e r s o n , b L Lhe d id no t use i t . The cho ice o f us ing h is f i rearn ra ther than anIn te r rned ia te ! ^ reapon may p lay in to the reasonab leness ca1cu1us.

5 e e ' c ^ - l ^ F -

1 , s r r r r o .

25


- r - . r - f i f € - ] ' ^ v ^ ^ ^ y d - n a r t r c ' a r l V

f l ^ e r r ' d e n - w o r r ' r J q r n r r o r l aF - L c l I l l L - l I f , J L r - v v t u e v J q y Y v ! L

f i n d i n c r t h a t D e a l a c t c r - i t n o h A s f i l r r ' r c l i s r - h a r o i n . t h r c F ' r a F r m! f t r u f r r Y

. , ^ - - i - ,w . ] - t n o u t a n y w a r n l n g . F ina l l y , t he u I r i r naLe ques t i on o f

wheLhe r Dea I r easonab l y [ ea red f o r h j s sa fe t y i s a quesc ion o f

fac t when so much o f t he i nc lden t does no t appear on camera '

I n sho r t , a t t he momen t Dea l dec ided :o use dead fy fo rce ,

the re a re genu j -ne i ssues o f ma te r i a l f ac t as to whe the r a

reasonab le o f f i ce r - Ln h i s pos i t i on wou ld have pe rce . i ved che

^ i r , . - . i 1 . r , 4 r n a o r n r r c : n r ] u h a r h a r < h n n l - i h ^ l ^ l i l l i : - ^5 l L U d L r n t r < 1 > 9 L c 7 v c : l ] q q - - y u l v u r l l r J r J L - L i r g

was reasonab le i n l i qh t o f t he c i r cumsLances . Consequenc l y ,

P la i , n t i f f ' s f ede ra f c fa im o f excess i ve fo rce mus t go to a

i l r ' , ' e n d c r m m e r r l i : l 6 1 p n 1 - o n f l ^ ' s r - l , a i m i S D E N I E D .

3. Qualified Imnunity

Defendant Deal- contends that even i f he committed a

cons t i t u t i ona l v io fa t i on , he i s en t i t l ed to qua l i f i ed immun i t y

on the excess i ve fo rce c fa im . n r r : l i f i c r l i m m , , n i 1 - r r p ro tec t s

r - r r l \ / e - r r n e n 1 - o f f l r : ' a q n a r l r l r ' n i n o d i s r - r e l - i o r a - v f r t n r ' f i n r s f r o mY v v r r r r l r v r r q

h a i n n c r r a r . { i n r h a i r r - n r . ' i ; . r ^ l ^ - h - ^ i r : a < I n i i I e n n \ r T . : \ / n Fu c r r - y J u l u L o P a \ - ' L r s r . w l r J U L l v . r r d y , r c /

526 U . S . 603 , 609 (1999 ) . Pub f i c o f f i c i a l s a re sh ie .Lded unde r

a r r r l i f i a r i i m m r r n i t \ . / S O f a r a S " t h e i r C O n d u C t d o e s n o t v i o f a t e

c lea r . l y escao l i shed s ta tu ro r y o . r cons t i t u t i ona l r i gh t s o f

wh ich a reasonab le pe rson wou ld have known . " Ha r l ow v .

F i t zge ra . I d , 457 U . S . 800 , 818 (1982 ) n r r a - i f i o d i m m r n i f r r i s a


^ . . ^ ^ r I ^ ^ ^ 1 I - , . , +q u e s t - L o n o r - d ! ' v I o r t n e c o u r t . o f

Laude rda l -e , 7 F .3d L552 , L551 (11 th C l r . 1993 ) .

The E feven th C i r cu i t u t i l i zes a two-pa r t ana lys i s f o r t he

, , r o r a . q F n f o r r a l i t i e r f n n r r n i t r r F i - q j - t h e d e f e n d a n C O f f i C i a lu ! \ 4 u q r

m l q - n r . \ r e - h a r h e w A s a r - - i n n w ' f h t n f h p q r - . \ r 1 c n f h i sP ! v v e

d i e n r e - i n n a r v a t f h o - i l - \ / w h e n f r e a l a n a d l r z r ^ r r n n n a r ' l ^ a t Sv r J L ! c L r v r r q ! ] /

occu r red . Ha r t s f i e l d v . Lemacks , 50 E .3d 950 , 953 (11 th C i r .

1995 ) . I f t he de fendan t mee ts t h i s bu rden , t he p l a i n t i f f mus t

then demons t ra te tha t t he de fendan t v io la ted c lea r l y

es tab f i shed l aw based upon ob iec t i ve s tandards , I d .

r n i < r - r , a r i r ' ' n a r \ . / A i i r h . t r i I \ l

r l - - t s n ^ - lr I c t - L l l L L l t c l ! \ . 1 u s J

^ ^ t s r - ^ , , r L r ^ . r * t h eo u L r l r Y

c n r n a - r - l - , s d i q n r c ' r ^ - r - " . L ^ n h a , t c a d . l c : d l r r f n r 6 gJ L J I J U J _ r L ! ! - t u r l d ! y o u L r r u ! f L y u J l v u u u q r y ! v !

e ^ a n q . l ^ . t i - l i a . r s h e c a u s e D e a I h a d n o t C . r n n o 1 - e . l t s e o f d e a d l vu Y g I L J

f o r ce t r a i n i ng ( 'UODF t r a i n i ng " ) mandaLed by Ceo rg ia l aw and

Lhe re fo re had I os r h i s po l1ce powers , Pu rsuan t t o Geo rg ia

- + - r , r - - " - " - h ^ - i - r ' n n l i n o n f f i a o r < r r o r a n r r i r o d t a - ^ m ^ l a t - ^y a u L r r u ! r L l , P v r r L s q , s r s r 4 u t ! s u L v u v , ' L y r E L E

^ - - . , - 1 F ] - ^ - - - ^ r - r i n i n r - r . . l - h c a / - \ n - r i a F / . i t ^ ^ a -L a a - r . r r r 9 ! s ( l o !

l im i ca t i ons on rhe use o f dead l y f a r ce " and " t he agency I s

r n l j r - i a q r a . f ^ r . l r . r - r 1 - l ^ A ' r q e n f r i e a d l r r f a y . F ' t a S n a - f o f t h a i p

twen ty -hou r annua l t r a i n i ng requ i remen t . See O .C .c .A . SS 35 -

8 -21 (a ) , 35 -8 -7 (16 ) ; Ga . Comp . R . & Regs . 464 -5 - . 03 .1 (b ) .

The Geo rg ia Peace O f l i ce r SLanda rds and T ra in i ng Counc i . I

l * P O S T " l h a s s f a f r t t o - r u a r t - h o - i f r z - o F n n r ^ \ / a : n d r e r - n n n i z c < r q 6 l

21


t r a i n i ng . O .C .G .A . S 35 -B -2 f (b ) . Acco rd ing t o POST 's "Ru l -e o f

F i r ea rms Requa I i f i ca c i on , " e f f ec t j ve Janua ry 1 , 2AA6 , an

o f f i ce r mus t a t tend a m in imum o f one hou r o f UODF t ra in ing

each ca lenda r yea r . (Doc . No . I 21 , Ex . l ) " , )

Impo r tan t l y , f a i l u re Lo comp le te che annua f r r a i n i ng

resu f t s i n t he f oss o f an o f f i ce r ' s power o f a r res t and

gene ra l po l i ce powers . See O .C .G .A . 5 35 -B -2 f (d ) ( "Any peace

o f f i ce r who does no t f u l f i l f t he t ra in ing requ i remen ts o f t h i s

Code sec t l on sha l l l o se h i s o r he r power o f a r res t . " ) ; i d . S

? \ - R - ' l 7 1 : \ / " A n r z n e a r - e n f f i r - c r q o c r l n l o r r e c l w h n . l r l o q n n r - e a m n l r r

r . r i r h - h i c n h ; r n - e - s h a l l n o r b e a u t h o r i z e d c o e x e r c i s e L h e

n ^ r ^ r o r q n f a l r r ^ r e n f o r r - o n a n t . 1 f f i r - e - n a n a r : l l r ; a n d n : r r i r - r r l a r l r re r v u r q ! + l /

shaL l no t be au tho r i zed t o exe rc i se t he power o f a r res t . " ) i

Ga . Comp . R . & Regs . 464 -5 - . 03 .1 - (b ) . An o f f i ce r who f a i l s t o

. - / 1 m - t ̂- 6 t - : e * r : i r i - o h o r r r s : q \ r e l e c r a f e d t o t h e S t a t u s o f a

n r i v a f e c - . i l i z . e n " w h o i s a u t h o r i z e d t o e f f e c t a n a r r e s t o n f v

D r J - s r J a r r I o G e o r o ' a ' s c i t . i zen ' s a r res t s t a tu te . S ta te v .

P inckney , 255 Ga . App . 692 , 694 (2002 j .

A q q h o r , r n h r z D e a l / c P O C T f r ^ i n i n . r n r ^ f i l a - d : r o r J A n / - y n e i

12 , 2010 - Dea f compfe ted a bas i c I aw en fo rcemen t t ra in ing

course and fou r hou rs o f f i r ea rms requa l i f l ca t i on and UODF

(Dea l Dep . , Ex . 2 . ) On December 8 , 2AAB,L r a r r r f l r 9

28


l - r a : l n a m n l a r a d f n r r r h o r r r q . f o n l v f i r e a r m s r e . t l A l i f ' r - , a t i o " r "J s j o I u v r " y

( rd . ) On December 8 , 2009 , Dea I comp le ted one hou r o f

F i r a : r n s r c o r r a l i f i c a t i o n b u t n o U O D F r r a i n i n g . z ' ( rd . )

Because DeaL d id no t compfe te su f f i c i en t UODF t ra in ing i n 2008

and 2009 , he l os t h i s au tho r i t y t o exe rc i se l aw en fo rcemen t

Dowers . See O .C .G .A . S 35 -8 -17 (a ) .

A r some po in t i n December 2009 , Dea l recogn ized tha t he

had a UODF c ra i n i ng de f i c i ency on h i s POST p ro f i l e , and , l n

t r A l , \ r l r e r \ / ) A 1 A , D e a l n n r n l c - a d ^ n a h n n - r , f m a k e - t n I I O D Fr s r J L u o ! ) /

i r : i n i n . , , l D e a l l l e n . a t 3 7 & E x . 2 ; D e a l D e c f . 1 [ 1 6 ; D o c . N o .

l F F v - . - l a a l t c p O q T T n - c - r r i a w \ H ^ L ^ / A v a - - D e a ' d i . l n o j - s e n d

: w a ' v c r - e o u e s t f o P O S T a r t h a t t i m e . O n t h e d a y o f t h e

q r r h i e c r i n c i c l e n t - 1 / t ' n 1 ^ n ^ - 1 b e l i e v e d t h a L h i s, ficl y

' t T h o u g h i ! i s n o c n o L e d o n h - L s c r a i n - n g p - L o l i l e / D e a . I c . I a - m s r h a r

tne December 2008 t ra in ing inc luded some UODF t ra in lnq , bu t he does no t

reca-L ho ! . r much t ime they spent cover ing UODF mater ia l . (DeaL Dep. a t 46 ;

s e e a l s o D o c , N o . 1 2 5 , E x . 1 " D e a f ' s P O S T I n t e r v i e w . " ) A c c o r d i n g t o C h i e f

L u e c k e , t h e D e c e m l c e r 2 0 0 8 t r a i n i n g a c t u a l l y c o n s i s t e d o f 2 ' 5 t o t a l - h o u r s^ r { i 1 F ^ l i f i . ^ r ' ' - ' L - i n r - i 6 c ^ . r - O D F

t r a i n i n g ' ( L u e c k e D e p . a t 6 2 , r A 3 - A 4 . ) c h i e f L u e c k e b e l i e v e d t h a t i t w a s

not necessary to do a fu l f hou: o f UODF t ra in ing , as nandated by POST.( I d , a t 6 2 - 6 4 . ) D e a f a f s o " f e I t 1 i k e " h e s h o u l d r e c e i v e c r e d i t f o r m o r e

- ^ , , - ^ f r - . r ' n i - ^ r h : ^ L ^ - ^ i a a w a r e d r 'r l e d L L u d I L Y P e ! r ( , r l t ' e u ,

m a t e r j - a l s . ( D e a 1 D e p . a L l B - 2 2 ' 2 9 - 3 0 . ) C h i e f L u e c k e a L s o t e s t i f i e d t h a th is o f f i cers were no t pay ing a t ten t ion to the UODF t ra in lng . {Luecke Dep.a t ?6 , ) There are a lso fac tua f incons is tenc ies as to (1 ) who was thei n s E r L c : o r o u r i n g r h e r r a - n - n g , a n d ( 2 ) l l h a r t i m e o f d a y L h e L r a - n i n g L o o k

' c 6 6 l - ' : l 1 A r a t 4 \ - 4 6 ; D e a I ' s P O S T l n L e r v i e t { , ' L u e c k e D e p , , t x ,1 5 . )

2 ' Deaf and Ch ie f Luecke conf i rn tha t there was f i rearms t ra in ing onD e c e r n b e r B , 2 0 A 9 . ( D e a l D e p . a l 1 5 , 4 9 - 5 0 ; D e a l D e c . l . ! l 1 5 ; L u e c k e D e p .a L 8 8 . ) C h i e I l u e c k e a l s o c o n f i r m s L h a t ! h e r e w a s r o U O D F L r a i n i n q i n2 C 0 9 . ( L u e c k e D e p , a t 8 8 , 9 4 . ) D e a l , h o w e v e r , " f e f t f i k e " h e a l s o d i d' r l F - r : r ' . ^ l - , - r - l . a q F ^ f a ^ f r a ' l v r p r a . . h a . - l ^ F r r : : F r i d i n 6 ^ l n t r r a L

1 6 - 2 9 , 1 3 0 . ) W h i f e t h e i n s t r u c t o r o n D e c e m b e r B / 2 0 4 9 , w a s R i c h a r dB r a n L . l e y , D e a l d i d n o L r e m e m b e r e v e r b e i n g - n s L r u c L e d o n L O D F b y R . i c h a r dt s r a n t 1 e y . ( D e a 1 D e p . a t 4 9 ; L u e c k e D e p . a t 8 B ; D e a f ' s P O S T l n t e r v i e ! " . )

29


t r a in ing was up to da te and tha t h i s po l i ce powers were

in tac t . (Dea l DecL . $ 18 . ) Howeve r , acco rd ing t o 2011

co r resnonc lence bv the D i rec to r o f POST 's Cer t i f i ca t i on and

T ra in i ng D i v i s i on : ( 1 ) DeaL ' s POST p ro f i l e d i d no t show any

UODF L ra in i ng i n 2008 and 2009 ; t 2 ) che re fo re , Dea I l os r - h i s

o f f r c i a f power o f a r res t on Janua ry 1 , 2009 ; and (3 ) Dea l ' s

au tho r i t y t o a r res t had no t been re i ns ta ted as o f Ju l y 2011 .

(Doc . No . 121 , Ex .7 ; Doc . No .39 , Ex . 1 . ) The Cou r t f : . kew ise

conc ludes tha t , a t t he t ime o f t he fe tha l shoo t i ng o f

Wi l l i ams , Dea l ' s po l i ce powers were Ios t and had no t been

As p rev iousLy s ta ted , t he i n i t i a l bu rden i s on Dea l t o

show tha t he was ac t i ng w i th in the scope o f h l s d i sc re t i ona ry

au tho r i r y du r i ng t he sub jec t i nc i den t . D i sc re t i ona ry au tho r i cy

i nc - I udes "a l I ac t i ons o I a gove rnmenra l o f f i c i a ] Lha t ( 1 ; we re

unde rcaken pu rsuan t Lo t he pe r f o rmance o f h i s du t i es , and (2 )

" r a r o u i I h i n r h a q c n n a n F h i q e r r r h n r i t r r " R - h F r f q r r S n i c l m a. - . - - , - - - , . - r - - - . . . - n ,

6 4 3 F . 3 d 8 9 9 , 9 0 3 ( 1 1 t h C i r . 2 A 1 1 ) ( c i t a t i o n o m i t t e d ) ; s e e

2t Soroe t ine a f te r P fa in t i f f f iLed thas su i t , Defendants submi - - tedr f . , rms t ,1 POST fo r Dea.L and o ther o f f i cers ' 2OAB and 2AA9

J O D i L r a i n i r . g d e l r c - L e n c t e s , ( S e e D e a l D e p . , E x . o ; L u e c k e D e p . , E x . 8 ;D e a l ' s P O S T I n t e r v i e w , ) P O S T h a s s i n c e r e c o g n j - z e d t h e F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0n a k e u p f r a l n - n g a n d e r - L e r e o a w a - v e r f o r ! h e 2 0 0 9 r r a r n i - n q a e ' i c i e n c y , a sr e r l e c r e o o n D e d . ' s u p d a L e d P O S " L r a i n l n g p l o f - 1 e . ( D e a l D e c - . 1 l l 6 ; D o c .x o , 1 6 , E x , 1 . ) D e a l , h o w e v e . r , h a s p r e s e n r e d n o a L r h o r L L y s h o ! . / i n g r h a Lthe POST wa iver has any re t roac t ive e f fec t . Here , the Cour t . eva fua tes the

t \ - ^ . . F i . . p . ' c F r t h 1 - i r \ / \ w h p n r r a : - l 6 d 6 4 r \ / . . n ^ ^ n c . r - I 1 r : . . . e a L S

r o o k p l a c e . " S t o r c k v . C i ! y o f C o r a l S p r - n g s , 3 5 4 F . 3 d I 3 0 7 , 1 3 i 4 ( 1 1 E fC i r . 2 C 0 3 ) .

30


a l so Ho f f oman ex re l . Ho l l oman v . Ha r l and , 370 F ,3d L252 , 1265

' 1 1 r 1 ^ ^ i y ? O O 4 I / $ A n o \ r F - n n e r l o f f ' c i a l a c L S w i t h i n h - r s

. l i s r : r e t i o n a r v a r t r h o r i F \ / i = h e w e q l a \ n e r f o r r i n o a i o b - r e l a t . e qv " q r _ t q v e r r v

f ' r n r r i ^ n / - h . r i c n r r r c r r i n a e i n h - r o l a l a . l ^ . ^ l I / h l j - h r n r r c r h\ L r r u u P u ! J u r | v

means Lha t we re w - i t h i n h i s power Lo u r i I Lze . " ) . "A de fendan t

unab fe Lo mee t rh i s bu rden may no t rece i ve sunxna r y i udgmenc on

n r r r l i f i a d i m m r r n i r r z n r n t t n d q "

/ - i 1 . r 1 i ^ n a ^ m i f f a . l \

Ho1 loman , 370 F .3d a t L264

F ̂ . r - \ 7 a c r i n : l - a n _ i n o : n , l e f f e c t u a t e a n a r r e s rn t t q L L c r t I J t L v r r r v L a r r Y

^ a r ^ r F r l r z f a r ' l e w i - F i . ^ n n - ' r - p - r E f j r - a - ' c d r ' j - r a c T F ) q j - n e9 e , ' u ! q r r y ! s r r

f i r <1 - n r -n . ' i q me f i n t h j - s case . See i d . a I 1266 . Howeve r ,

whe lhe r Dea I ' s t r a f f i c s t op and use o f f o r ce we re "wL rh in che

< c n n a n f h i c r r r l - h n r i t r r / / i q : l c c r i t i m : t c l r r r - n n t e q r e d i c s u er u v P ! v !

To deLerm ine whe the r a gove rnmen t o f f i c i a f ac ted w i th in

r h o q - o n e o t h i s , a r f l ^ r r r t ' z . ' 1 ] r 1 - t < r ^ r . r i - e l \ / ' o o L

f o s - a f e l a WL I L J ! v t / v s s e r r v ! ! L t i

r n . r . r r r . a I l ^ e s . ^ n a n f a D i l . o r ' t v n - a r t e . l t O t h a t o f f j c i a I . S e eL v Y q u Y v

Harbe rL I n t ' 1 , f nc . v . James , 157 F .3d 1?17 , 1283 (11 th C i r .

1998) ( l ook ing to A .Labama s ta tu tes to de f i ne scope o f

auLho r i t y o f t r anspo r I , a t i on o l f i c i a l ) ; Lenz v . l l i nbq l l t , 51

F .3d 1540 , 1546 (11 th C i r . 1995 ) ( r e fe r r i ng t o F fo r i da

s ra ru Ies t o dec ide scope o f au rho r i t y o f gua rd ian ad l i t em) , '

A .M . v . c ran t , 889 F . Supp . 14951 1508 (M .D . A fa . 1995 ) ( " I n

. i c h - o f f h e E l e v e n t h e j r r - r r r t r s . f l t i c l r - r - o . F T ^ h - i F i a ^ ^ , , r t

t u rns to the faws and po l i c i es o f t he S ta te o f A labama to

3 l


de te rm ine whe the r I a p roba t i on o f f i ce r ] was ac t i ng w i t h i n t he

c r n n a n f h p r d i q r - r e r I ^ - . - - ' ' - " r L ^ - . | . t ' " ' l ' l- - - - - L ( ) l l d ! y d l r L r l U ! r L y . I / r ' l E l l L o v . r e r N E y r o

E q . - n n ? . 1 1 1 , 6 , 1 1 3 7 3 n . 4 ( S . D . C a . 2 0 1 , 2 ) ( r e f e r r i n g t oJ s v v '

f , r . r - r r t i A s t e l - r i f F " c l e I r r i n o n c a r - e n f F i c e r s a s i n d i v i d u a L s w n ou s v ! Y r

h : r r o t h c D r ) w e r o f ; i r r e s f : n c l r h e n o w e r f r ) i n \ / a c f r . t a r F a n dL " g y v r y ! !

de tec t c r ime" i n conc -Lud ing t ha t o f f i ce r s we re ac t i ng w i t h i n

t h a e n a n o a f f h o i r a r t f h n r i t r z l

i n Lh i s case , acco rd ing t o Geo rg ia sca tu tes ' Dea l d i d no t

have au tho r i t y t o e f f ec tua te a r resLs o r use dead l y f o r ce as a

n a i r a / . ' F f i / - a - . l - f h e t i m e o f t h e i n c i d e n t . T h e r e f o r e , D e a l

h ^ l ^ / - f i n . r w i r h i n f h e q . o n o o f h i s a t t r h o r i t v w h e nu u ! r r v r r u y

n 6 r f . . n 6 . 1 e l - r : f f i r - c f . \ n a n r l ' - s e c l r r a a d l ' f ^ r ^ o . n a i n S LI J c r r ( . , l r r l s e J L v u v r q s r i

Wi l - I i ams . T ^ r ] e o r ' l - D e : l ' s I n s s n f l ' ' . n n l i r - e n o w e f s i Sv

. : n : l n n n r r q F n , a n o f f i . e r A . t r i n o o l l s i c l e n f h i q - r r i s d i r - f i c- , - - , - - J n ,

wh ich can cause an o f f i ce r t o l ose qua l i f i ed immun i t y . C f .

. r r \ / . 1 f a i ' - - - : 1 o ? E r n n v , g g 4 , g g g ( - t l t h c i r .

2AA6) ( ho ld i ng t ha t po l i ce o f f i ce r s who used f o r ce ou t s i de o f

Ehe i r j u r i sd i c t i on we re no r ac r i ng w i t h i n t he i r d i sc re t i ona ry

au rho r i Ly ) ; Ba " I v . C i t y o f Co ra l Gab les . 30 I F . Appx . 855 ,

867 (11 th C i r . 2008 ) { l ook ing t o F lo r i da f aw to de t . e rm . i ne i f

n n l i a a a f F i r - o r h , a r t r ' \ . \ G r F r f - ^ r r o q f . r r l - q i . l c . f h- - -d power to a r res t ou ts ide o f h i s

j u r i sd i c t - i on ) ; Pe te r son v . C raw fo rd , No . 1 :06 -CV-51 , 2007 WL

2908220 , a t * 5 (M . D . Ga . Sep t . 28 , 2001 ) (Schoo l po l i ce

o t l i ce r who d id no t have au tho r i cy t o make o f f - campus a r resL

32


" canno t be a p r i va te c i t i zen ac t i ng unde r O .C .G .A . S 1? -4 -60

I c i t i zen ' s a r res t s t a tu te ] and i nvoke t he de fense o f a

i 1 = n . r a l i f i e t ^ l r n n . t n i t \ / , , 1 r a v r d i n n : f t -9 w v s ! r r ( s r r u ! r , q , , q r r + u t . / , : _ : l _ _ _ : _ _ _ _ j j j _

- - ^ F h 6 r a . . - , , n r t c ) 6 A r A n n v . c 7 q / 1 1 t h C i r . 2 0 0 8 ) . H e r e ,

because Dea l had l os t h i s po -L i ce powers , ne canno t " j nvoke t he

- l a t - r < ^ . f A . r r . r \ r e - n n a n - , a . " r \ r - i e - n t t a ' l f i e d i r " r l t r ' l - \ / " S e ev ! o \ j v v r l r Y e e a ! ! 4 ! e

Pe te rson , 2007 WL 2908220 , a t *6 .

The Cou r t r ecogn i zes Lha t t he on l y f ede ra l case d i r ec t l y

n n n n ' r t i n r h i s C i r c u i t C o n t r a v e n e s t h i e r F s r r l t - r A r r a r < y .v ' L l , v ! r r L

Har r i son , No . 2 : I 0 -CY-32 , 2012 wL 529946 , a t *8 -9 (N .D . Ga .

Fch 11 . ?n ' 2 \ /S l o r \ / . , T r t he d i e - r ' r : L cou r t f ound Lha t an

o l f i ce r who f a i l ed Lo comp fe te h i s UODF L ra in i ng requ i red by

c ^ ^ - a i : l : r - r u r e : a l - l n a u r i r h i n h i c d i- - - _ . . y - , - , t ] - ona ry au lno r1 f ' y wnen

he x i l Jed a suspec r i n che cou rse o f an i nves t i qaL ion . The

d i s r r i cL cou rL recogn i zed t ha t t he o f f i ce r was " re l ega ted t o

Lhe s ta tus o f a p r i va re c i t i zen " unde r Geo rg ia l aw , bu t

neve f t he less conc l uded t ha r Lhe o f f i ce r was ac t i ng w i t h i n t he

s . : n n e o f h i S a r t f h O r i - " c ^ 6 r . i * q / \ ' W L i l c - h a n p r 5 er v v y q v ! r r . l J s u L u v ! r ! ) i r

n h r : e i n o o f f l ^ i s n r n n o n ' n h r I o a d n n e r n b e l i e v e t h a L H a I - r - L S o n

- n r r I r . l - n r h F r r F . . ' r n - a l - a d : . l i e - r o r i ^ n ^ - . / a C C - b e C a u S e h e w a Sr r u Y ! e v L " P l v

no t ' au tho r i zed ' under s ta te l aw to have genera f l aw

en fo rcemenL powers - Lhe Cou . r t f i nds Lha t , when l ook ing a t

d i c ta wh ich e fabo ra tes on Lh i s s tandard , t he E feven th C i r cu i t

wou ld f i nd Ha r r i son comp le ted a d i sc re t i ona . r y ac t when he

33


k r ' l e r - l Ave rs . " ) - The d i s r r i c r cou rE f a te r conc luded t ha t . Lhe

o f f i ce r was noc en t i t l ed t o qua l i f i ed immun i cy because he

v io l aEed c l ea r l y esLab f i shed -Law on t he use o f dead l y f o r ce ,2e

Id . a t *10 .

Th i s Cou r t , howeve r , i s unpe rsuaded by Aye rs . Tn Aye rs ,

the d i s t r i c t cou r t reasoned tha t t he o f f i ce r , who had l os t h i s

n ^ t i ^ a \ . r : e n o f a r - r i n q e t i r e l v o n h i s o w n b e h a _ L f i nv v r L u !

. ^ n , - 1 , ' ^ l i n n : n i n v e c f i n a l n r r r c t . n n / - \ - h a d h e t a k e n o n d u t i e s

wh ich a re noL l aw fu l l y g i ven t o po l i ce o f f - i ce r s . Thus . be was

r r i t - h i n r h o < n n n o a F h i c : r r r h a r i r r r T h i c r a : c n n i n-- .-- , . . .s,

howeve r , con f l aLes t he rwo p rongs o f , Lhe d i sc re t i ona ry

a r r l - l ^ n r l t . 7 i - / - r " i r \ / h a c a u S e i t i S u n d e r t h e f i r q j - n r / - \ n n r r h c r h ^ *- L r l t - - Y q f f J u L L q u . c P l v r r Y t

1 - h 6 ^ f f i n o r f n r m i n n r i r r l - j - r a l ^ r a , , l f , r n n l - i n r f h . r - l - h ^! v q J P ! ! - v - " J v ! ! L - s L s v

a n n r l , r ^ F - - r : e l . n a - f n r . r a r l h 1 / j - h p n n l i n c O f f i C e r j S r e l e V a n t .

T h F q a ^ . n d n r ^ n . r 4 y a m - L n e s t h e a u t h o ( i L \ / . ' i - L F n f f i r a r n o tJ " -

h i s conduc r . The Aye rs d i s r r i cL cou r t aLso d j s coun ted t he

facc rha r Lhe o f f i ce r was no I onge r a "gove rnmenc o t f i c i a l "

unde r s ta te l aw . Yec , t he ve ry pu rpose o f qua l i f i ed immun i t y

i s : o p ro tec r t ' gove rnmen t . o f f i c i a . Ls . " Thus , t he re - I ega t i on o f

" ' The Efeventh C i rcu i t a f f i rmed tha t rhe o f f i cer was no t en t i t fedr o q u a - - f i e o i m m u n r c y b e c a u s e t h e r - L e e i n g s u s p e . L p o s c d n c r h r e a r o f h a r rto the o f f i cer o r o thers and the use o f dead ly fo rce r , ra s thus c lear lyunreasonab le under we l l -e s tab l i shed la ! . / . Avers v . Har r ison , 506 Fed.A p p x . 8 8 3 , B B 4 ( 1 1 t h C r r . 2 0 1 3 ) . T h e E . L e v e n t h C i r c u i t d i d n o t d i s c u s s t h et . a - n - n g r s s u e o r w h e L h e r r h e o L L i c e . r w a s a c t i n g w i r n i n n - i s d i s c r e t i o n a r y: i r l -hor i ] . \ . ' qea i r ! . The E leventh C i rcu i t reversed the d is t r i c t cour t on: a , . r a r ^ - o d i c s r a n ' . I n A " v i s . r ' / l i : h i ' ' r \ ' 1 . . a L a L B B 4 - 8 5 .1 :

34


- ^ ^ f F r ^ ^ - , . , i l - h ^ . . t - , t r . r ) e r t r a i n i n a J r o f 1 ^ F s t a T - , t s . 1 f a n r r \ / a t ed r L \ J - L I - L u s ! y r v y e r L l u l r r r r r Y

- i t - : ? a n i q h i o h l v r e f e v a n l t o t h e s h i e l d o f q u a l i f i e o

I n sho rL , because Dea l had I osL h i s po l i ce powers ' he was

r ^ F : r - r , ' i - h i h f h F q / - . n a o f h i s a r t r h n r i f r r a s a n n ' i C ed \ - L ! I t 9

n f F i r - a r d r r r i n r - r l - h e c r r h i e . - j n r : i r ' l e r f - A ^ n n - d i n n l . , n a A ' h a Sv u - t r r . : j L r r e J u v J L U u r r r v v v r v J J r Y f i t

no t me r h i s bu rden t o show tha t he was ac t i nq w i t h i n h i s

. - . j r q . 1 6 f i n - e - r z a r r f F n - i j - \ / - a n d l ^ ^ r c r f ' a - q f 6 ; e n o l ' e n L i t l e d u o

a r r : l i f i a , 4 i m m r r n i t r r

b . C lea r l y Es tab l i shed R igh t

E v e n i f D e a f h a d b e e n a c t i n g w i t h l n h i s d l s c r e t l o n a r y

e . r r : o r i l - \ / r , / l - e n h e s h n - W i t , a m s - p - e r . r i f f h a s b e e n a b l e t oa u L . , v ! f L /

make a subs tan t i aL show ing tha t Dea f v io la ted a c lea r l y

es tabL i shed r i ghL . " ' The re fevan l d i spos i t i ve i nqu i r y i n

d 6 f 6 - m i n i n r r w h e r h e r a r ' t / - r h l - i e - l a ^ - 1 . ' , e s t a O l i s h e d i S w h e t h e ru E L s L " L t r r r r 1 9

i t wou . Id be c lea r t o a reasonab le o f f i ce r t ha t h i s conduc t was

un lawfu f i n t he s i t ua t i on he con f ron ted . " ' Hami l t on v . C i t y

o f Jackson , A la . , 26L F . Appx . 182 , 186 (11 th C l r ' 2008 )

/ ^ , , ^ - i n ^ a r . \ c e F : , . \ 7 H i " a 6 n q / ? I l q - q 4 , 1 9 8 ( 2 0 0 4 ) ) .

Here , t he l aw was c l ea r l y es tab f i shed i n May 2010 rha t

no l i c -e r se o f excess i ve f o r ce 1s a cons t i t u t i ona f v i o fa t i on .

c i r na ra r r r - i t r r ^€ A t l an ta , 174 F .2d 1495 , 1500 -02 (11 th c i r .

1985 ) ; see Aco f f v . Abs ton , ' 762 F .2d 1543 , 1 .541 (11 th C i r .

1 9 8 5 1 ( e x o l a i n i n o t " - ' r - * " n i - v e y i s l - q w h a r c a n9 u a f f ! r E u ! r L u , L u , , r - j

35


o f f i ce r ( 1 ) be f i eves t he suspec t poses a t h rea t o f se r i ous

n h v c i a : l \ : r ' r r ^ + l - a o f f i c e r o r t o o t h e r S ; ( 2 ) d e a d l y f o r c e i s

n a ^ 6 q q a 4 r i - l . \ r ' \ r o ( r F n - ^ - ^ _ * ^ ' _ ' . J / ? \ - h p O F f i a e r w l l l s f O i V e' r c e ! J r q - J - v y ! L . l r r i - s r t o P s / \ J l

some warn ing rega rd ing the poss ib le use o f f o rce whenever

4 6 : c i h r a / . - r f ^ t i . n . r - r r i t a . l I ) M . r p ^ \ ' F . i n M - K i ^ - F \ / \ , - r e K : l b

\ v l r u L r v r l

. . r - r ? c ^ a q - 7 9 t . , 1 1 ^ ^ . 1 A A 1 t 1 - - L . - i r . 1 9 9 3 ) , t h e E l e v e n c hl l l L - V . r \ J a . a ! : 7 J \

Ci rcu i t he ld tha t an o f f i ce r v io la tes the Four th Amendmen t i n

r r c i n n d a : r i l r r f ^ r . F ^ - * r - - - l r i n s l a n o n - f l e e i nb l f t n o u t w a r I I - r n g d 9 - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - s ,

una rmed i nd i v i dua f . See a l so Be f l v . C i t y o f Yo rk , A la ' , 2013

WL 1352022 (N .D . A Ia . Ma r . 29 , 2013 ) ( i n v i ew ing summary

l , r A a m a n r F : r r < i n r h e I i o h l - m n q r f : v o r a h l a - . \ t - h a n t a i n - i ' F -J u u l j

" , s r I

F ; ^ n i n n n r r r ' l i f i a d i m m r r n i t r r L ' h F r a r l n a r m o ^ - - " - l v- - I ' u ! ! r 9 \ 1 u o l t - r v u . i U d '

n a r - n n n n l j . n t r h . ' i h , , s h e d t h e o f f i c e r o n c e ) .

Moreove r , t he E feven th C i r cu i t has a r t i cu fa ted a na r row

excep t i on t o r he ru l e t ha t t he re mus t be a case p rec i se l y on -

n . i n - l - o . l e f e r m i n F - h a f a . l p a r l v e s r r h ' i s h c d r i o h + w a sP v I r L

v io la ted , The E leven th C i r cu i t has s ta ted : "When an excess i ve

fo r ce n l a i n i i f f shows ' t ha t t he o f f i c i a l ' s conduc t l i e s so

n n r r i o r q l v a f 1 - h e r / 6 r \ / - ^ r a a f w r r e t t h e F O J r t h A m e n d t n e n tv v v ! v g J t l /

n r n h i h i f e . t h a l - 1 - h p u n l a w f u l n e S S o f t h e c o n d u c t w a s r e a d i l v

: n n ^ r F ' 1 r l - . - ) - h e n f f i c i a l n . l - w i i h s t a ' \ c i i n d t h e 1 a r - k O f

. r a s c l F w . / f h e o f f i c i a f 1 s n o t e n t i t f e d t o t h e d e f e n s e o f

. r r r a l i ! i c r - l i . r r m r r n i r r r / / T h o n n s o - \ / - a i t v r . t f R i r m i n r : h a r - - - - F .

Supp . 2d - - - , 2A l4 WL 1043631 . *7 -B (N .D . A1a . Ma r . L4 , 20 I4 )

36


1997 ) ) .

Sm l th v . 1 4 1 F .3d 1416 , L41 .9 (11 th C i r .

Assum ing a j u r y f j nds t ha r W i l l i ams d id no t pose a g rave

r i sk o f ha rm to Dea l o r t ha t Dea l shou ld have i ssued a warn inq

' : ^ * ^ - . - . r - - . 1 c h / - n - i n n h i n - r c : l - . 5 c o n d u c t i n f a t a l i vr f o r u J P ! a e r L v J , r v v u f r r y r r r , , " t , r r q L q f 4 r

shoo r - i ng W i f l i ams comes w i ch i n Lh i s na r row excepL ion .

Acco rd ing l y , even i f Dea I had d i sc re t i ona ry au tho r i t y t o use

^ 6 h 6 r . l n n l i n aY U I s f u r he i s no t sh ie fded bv qua l - l f i ed

B. Federal Supervisory and Municipal. Liability Claims

N F i ' h e - s t t n F . v ' ^ ^ - ^ t 3 r - r - r ^ ^ - - L r q t - h i e t T , t r c r - k e - n o fJ u P ! - r - J r r r y w r ! f L f o f -

mun ic ipa l i t i es can be he ld l i ab le under S 1983 fo r t he

uncon s t i - t u t i ona f ac t s o f t he i r subo rd ina tes on a respondea t

< t t n a r i r , r t h a n r r r M . ' r n a l I r r D c n ' r n F S n r ' ( o r v eJ u y s ! f v ! u r r v v ! ) , 436 U .S .

658 , 691 (1978 ) ; Ha r t l ey v . Pa rne I I , L93 F .3d 1263 , 1269 (LL th l

C i r . 1 "999 ) . A superv i so r mus t e i t he r pe rsona l l y pa r t i c i pa te

in fhe a I I eoec l r rn cons t i t u t i ona f conduc t3o o r t he re mus t be a

causa f connec t i on be tween the ac t i ons o f a superv i s ing

o f f i c i a l and t he a l l eged consL i cuL iona l dep r i va t i on . Co t t one

v . Jenne , 326 E .3d 1352 , 1360 (1 l t h C i r . 2003 ) . Th i s causa l

connec t i on can be es tab ] i shed when a superv i so r ' s cus tom o r

po l i cv resu f t s i n de l i be ra te i nd l f f e rence to cons t i t u t i ona f

' ' T h e r e 1 s n o a l l e g a t i o n r h a r C h i e f L u e c k e s o m e n o w p a r r i c i p a l e d i n

the sub i ec t inc ident .

37


r : i gh t s . I d .

nun ic lpa f . i tY /

L i kew ise , t o impose

a p la in t i f f mus t

S 1983 l i ab i l i t y on a

show " ( 1 ) t ha t h i s

cons t i t u t i ona l r i gh ts were v io la ted ; (2 ) t ha t t he mun ic ipa l i t y

had a cus tom o r po l i cy tha t cons t i t u ted de . I i be ra te

ind l f f e rence to tha t cons t i t u t i ona l r i gh t ; and (3 ) t ha t t he

^ r - r r < t - ̂ ' r - a u s e d t h e v i o f a t i o nt , v t r u ) '

392 F .3d 1283 , r289 (11 th C i r . 2004) .

McDowe l - l - v . B rown ,

In Coun t IV and V o f t he Amended Comp la in t . ' P la in t i f f

^ F . ' Fq -ha r - Ch ie f Luecke and t he C i t y o f EasL Dub ] i n a re

f i ab le f o r che a I . Leged un law fu l shoo t i ng o f W i l l i ams based

r h c i r r - r r q f o m a n d n r : r - l - i r - e o f a i l . 1 w r r . t o f f t r : e r s o f f h gt . ]PU ' r

EDPD to se rve w i thou t t he i r powers o f a r res t . I n Coun t IV I

P la i n t i f f f u r che r a . l l eges t ha t t he C i t y o f Eas t Dub l i n i s

l j ac l e f o r f a i l i ng t o es tab l i sh "a bona f i de and mean ing f u l

, , - i | - ^ - ^ ^ l i ^ \ ' t - h a a f . l a : d l r ; ( n r r c ' : n d a r T p n o r - lW J f L L e t l P U I I U Y r - r l l a V r . r e l a r

wr i t t en s tandard ope ra t i ng and p rocedures manua f t o

: d e r r | r F F l v - a n . l 6 - 6 p f j n r r : 1 1 r r - r r r r r t a e - . 1 i r a r n E a s t l t r r b l i - o o l i C eo u c q u o L c f J

o f f i ce r s n n i c q l e s r e o a r d i r ^ o j - h c l q o n f . l a a , ' l - \ / f . I . C eI v Y q ! v

Pfa in t i f f ' s c l a im i s essen t i a l l y one o f a f a i l u re t o

t ra in . And he re , t he re i s f i t t l e d i spu te tha t Dea l and

n c r h a n q n l - h e r n € " i , : e - . i - a - ' ' r l r n n / - l ^ i ^ ' l - U e C k e , d i d n O r h a V eP s , , ' o l r J v L r : c ,

t he requ i red annua l L r a i n i ng t he use o f dead l y f o r ce .

Ho \ , r ' eve r / l i ab i l i t y under these c i r cums tances i s no t au tomat i c

38


p \ / a n i f : n i n a c J e c r r r : t e l v t r a i n e d o f f i c e - ' , ' i , - r - : J - a . l = n a r q ^ n / Sl q l ' f I t u J g \ 4

cons r i Lu t i ona f r i gh t s . See Go Id v . C i t y o f M iam i , 151 F .3d

L346 , L349 (11 th C i r . 1998 ) . The ' t f a i l u re t o t r a i n i n a

re . Ievan t . respec t lmus t amoun t l t o de l i be ra te i nd i f f e rence to

che cons r i r u t i ona l r i gh rs o f pe rsons w i r - h whom the po l i ce come

. i n to con tac t . " 31 C i t y o f Can ton v . Ha r r i s , 489 U .S . 3?8 , 379

(1989 ) . "Fa i l u re to t ra in can amoun t t o de l - i be ra te

ind r f f e rence when the need fo r more o r d l f f e ren t t ra in ing as

obv ious , such as when the re ex i s t s a h i s ro r y o f abuse by

subo rd ina res t ha t has puc t he supe rv i so r f o r c i r y l on noL i ce

o f t he need fo r co r recL i ve measures , and when the fa i l u re to

l r a i n i s l i ke l v t o r esu l t i , n t he v . i o f a t i - on o f a cons t i t u t i ona l

r i gh t . " Be l che r v . C j t y o f Fo fey , 30 F .3d 1390 , 1398 -99 ( l 1ch

C i r . 1 ,994 ) ( c i t ed sou rces om l t t ed ) Q t r l - a z - i . h ^ f h a r , , e j ,

"w i thou t no t i ce o f a need to t ra in o r supe rv i se i n a

pa r t i cu la r a rea , a mun ic ipaL i t y i s no t l i ab Ie as a ma t te r o f

l a w ' n r a n v f a i r r r e r o f - a ' n a n d s r ) n e r v l s e .

a t 135 I .

" Go ld , 151 F . 3d

As s ta ted , P la in t l f f has p resen ted ev idence tha t t he

o f f i ce rs o f t he EDPD d id no t have the requ i red annua l t ra in ing

jn UODF and t ha t a w r i t t en po l i c y r ega rd ing UODF d id no r ex j sc

' T h e E l e v e n L h C i r c u i t h a s e x p l a - n e d t h a L L h i s " h i g l ^ s L a n d a r d o f

n . ^ ^ r i c i n l a . r i ^ n ^ 1 l \ , ^ n a r - r r < l ^ r ^ l ^ i r F i l l < f h a . : r r s a I i m . ^ < i ^ d l i i l - , i i l v

o n a m u " r i . - p a l i t y w r t h o u L p r o o t c h a E a s p e c i l i c p o l i c y c a " r s e d a p a r r i c u l a r\ ' ^ l . l - i ^ ^ a ' ^ ' 6 . r i n n , h a n , , n , ^ i n : l i , \ / y a a ^ ^ n / ] . - +

' ! J P v r e c - i

< 1 n . r i ^ / l i - . l i f w - , / a s r l r n r r u e r i n f e n . l F . l h \ / s F , . - j ^ . T q R l " c . l . l - 1 1

F . 3 d 1 3 5 1 n . 1 0 .

39


w i L h i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t . P la ln t i f f ' s ev i dence f a l f s sho r t ,

h n r , r c t a r ' i n e s f a h l i s h i n c r f r ' 1 a r r h e r : i f v a n d C h i e f L u e c k e s h o u l d

have been on no t l ce tha t t hese i nadequac . i es wou ld resu l t i n

cons t l t u t i ona l v io la t i ons ' P la in t i f f has shown ne i the r a

r , ^ r r F r n . . h i s t o r V 6 r , l c : - i 1 r z . n r . F i n ^ i . l a n i e h v r h e c a o f F i r - e f Sv o L - c f I v , v v q v + ,

nor a h i s to ry o f re fevan t m isconduc t on the pa r t o f Dea I . On

f h ' q n . r r t - i - h t r F , l e v e n r h C i - r - t t r t h a q s n n k e n r o t h i s i s s u e i n a

' : / - - r r a l I r r s i r i l a - c a S e . T n l - h a n r o r r i n r r c l r r . l i e n r r e e a d A r 7 a r e

r - . t c n r q i r - n - - h e d j s t - i C t C O U r t d e n L e d S U n m a r v i r r r l o m e n r o r f L ^L s u J u , . u L ' u ! l

n l : , r - i . . t q f a i l l t - e , - ! - ^ . r ^ ^ r ^ . r * - - ^ : * q r f w . a o n r v S h e - , f I sP r o - . , ! t - - a g o r r l J L L s v u v u . r L J

\ ^ r h . ' l ^ A . q r r n e r v i s o r v F r * h ^ r i - v o v e - a n o I f j c e r w h o h a d a k n o w nJ u P e r w

- - e r n i n n d o F ' r - ' o r c r z i n L h e u s e o I f 6 r c a A v e r s - 2 n - 2 W LL ! q ! 1 r ! r r 9 u ! ! r e 4 v r r v l

529946 , a t *12 -13 . The d i s t r i c t cou r t r easoned t ha t " adequa te

r ra i n i ng on che use o f f o r ce i s an obv ious requ i remen t f and

D c f c n d a n - s n r o v i c l e c l c , r ^ h r r : i n : n a " I d . a t + L 3 , On

a n n c : l - r l ^ e c l - o v e r t h C i r C u L L r e V e r S e d g l i < - r r ' i n r A r z a - e C 0 6

F a n n v a f P 8 4 - 8 5 - l l n o n n o - i - o r h a l - f l ' ^ - ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o f, . - } J P ^ .

a h j s - o - v a f a b u s F h ' r n f - i ^ e r e \ r i t h i n t h e S h e r i f f s '4 r r r J r v ! l

f h a n : r i n f r h c i n d i r r i r ' l , r : I o f f i r - c r t h ^s c y q ! - . t . L r ' - J } / a L -

E . e v e n L h C i r c u i t f o u n d n o t h i n g " t h a t w o u f d h a v e n o t i f i e d t h e

s h e r i f f s o f t h e n e e d t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a L u s e - o f - f o r c e

I r r i n i n n ' / I d . a t 885 .

Moreove r . t h i s case i s no t an exampfe o f a need to t raan

be ing "so obv ious " t o war ran t l i ab i l i t y w i thou t p r i o r

40


cons t i t u t i ona f v io la t i ons See C i t y o f Can ton , 489 U .S . a t

? o o n 1 o i n r n r r i r ' l i n . ' r h c e x ^ m n l e o l a c i - \ / e - ' r i n . l r T - q o f f ' c e r s\ y r v v r u r r r Y s t r e v < l q r r r y t v v r

wi th f i r ea rms w i thou t any t ra in ing on the cons t i t u t i ona l

L i m i La t i ons on t he use o f dead l y f o r ce ) . He re , Dea I had

rece j ved UODF t r a i n i ng a t t he po l i ce academy i n ea r l y 2001 and

add i t i ona l t ra in ing i n Oc tobe r o f 2AA1 . He had a l so rece i ved

some UODF c ra i n i ng j n Feb rua ry 2010 , t h ree mon ths p r j o r r o t he

q h . n - i r o - T r a r l e a s t o n e c a s e , L h e E l e v e n c h C i r c u i c h a s

f ound t he s tanda rd po l i ce academy c ra Ln jng o f an o f f i ce r

adequa re so as no t r o sub jec t t he mun i c i pa l i t y t o l i ab i l i t y

" i n t he absence o f pas l o f f i ce r m i sconducL resu l c i ng f r om l ack

r - \ - r - : i n i no_ , , Can " r . ^ ' . - r ' , 1 ^ - 1a . i 2d 94 ' 1 , 951 (1 l t h C i r .j i , r r : Y . l q l l v " v r r q l i + v !

1985 ) . As rha t cou rL recogn i zed :

To say tha t o f f i c i a l s t ook no ac t i on to co r rec tce r ta in v io1a t i ons o f s ta te faw i s f a r f rom say ingtha t t hose o f f i c j -a f s were de l i be ra te l y i nd i f f e ren to r g ross l y neg l i gen t j n r espec t i ng c i t i zens ' r i gh t so r t ac i t l y au tho r i zed cons t i t u t i ona l l y o f f ens i veconduc t . S imp le fa i l u re to co r rec t v io la t i ons o fs ta te faw does no t equa te to an i nd i f f e rence tocons t i t u t i ona f r i gh t s .

r d .

f n sumf P la i n t i f f ' s ev i dence i n t h i s case i s no t

su f f i c i en t t o show tha r any t r a i n i ng de f i c i ency i n t he use o f

dead ly fo rce i n t he EDPD amoun ted to de f i be ra te i nd i - f f e rence

to t he cons t i cu t i ona f r i gh t s o f che C i t y o f Eas t Dub l i n ' s

c i t i zens . Acco rd ing l y , De fendan ts ' mo t ion fo r sunmary

4T


j udgmen t on P la i n t i f f ' s f ede ra l c f a lms aga ins t t he C i t y o f

East Dubf in and Chief Luecke is GRlAl i lTED.

C. state Laet Claimg

In add i t i on to the fede ra l c l -a ims , P la ln t i f f asse r ted

seve ra f s t aue I aw c fa ims aga ins t Dea I and Ch ie f Luecke , so le l y

in the i r i nd i v idua l capac l t i es , i n a l r r r l i n a . n o n l i n o r , , pr r r v a u u r r r v

neg l i qence pe r se , f a . I se imp r i sonmenL , assauL t and ba tLe ry .

u , r r - * o ' . 1 d p r l h . a - d - e c r l i r e r l a r c l i n " e n t i o n a l i n l - l i c L i o n o Iv v ! v I v ! u r

emot iona f d i s t ress . These De fendan ts c la im tha t t hey have

o f f i c i a f immun i t v aga ins t t hese c la ims ,

' I * * " * r - " - n n ' e q F o . ' o v e r n m F n t o f f i c i a f s a n dv r ! _ L L J , d _ ! l r L u L L u r r f r y o I J p - - u J \ j v v e ! r r L :

emp loyees sued i n the i r i nd j - v idua l capac i t i es . "Wh l fe

o f f j c i a l i m m r r n i t v d o a e n ^ i ^ n n l \ r j - . r n r r - p l v n i n i s - e r . a - d r r f i - e s

r o r r r r i r c r l h r z l e w , n r r f f i s o f f i c i a f s a r e i m m u n e f r o m i n d i v i d u a f

I i e l ^ i I i l - \ ' ' n r d i s c r c - i - r r : r r r : - j - q 1 ' n . ' l a r j - a k e n i n t h e c o U I S e O fr r u v r r r L y

Lhe j r du t i es and w i rhouc w j l l f u l ness , ma l i ce r o r co r rup t i on . / /

Schm id t v . Adams , 2 I I Ga . App . 156 , 156 (L993 ) .

He re , t he Cou rL has a l r eady esLab l i shed t ha t f o r pu rposes

n f j - l ^ ^ s h : a . l i ^ r - i r l o n t r ) F r - \ r r r e r ' ^ l o n o e - a t ' o l r z e r n m e n tr q v l u l e * Y "

o f f i c i a l " unde r s ta te f aw . Acco rd ing l y , he i s no t en t i t . Led t o

a f f i a i r ' l i m m r r n i l - r r t ^ I i l - h r a q n F - l - l - . \ a h i o f L , r a n l z o h r - r r " r c r r c r r ^ ^f r t u L ' r - - f L t ! r r y L e L

t r a i n i ng and supe rv i s i on o f po l i ce o f f i ce r s i s a d i sc re t i ona ry

func t j on unde - r Geo rg ia l aw . M idd leb rooks v . B ibb Cn ty . , 251

Ga . App . 382 , 385 (2003 ) ; Lowe v . Jones l l nqy_ : , 23L Ga . App .


1 , - 1 t ? f ? t l q g 8 ) M o r a n r ; a - - f h e - F i q a h . n r ] T A \ z n n A \ / ; r " l a n - a : - nJ t J \ L ) r v t r

r v 6 y a . . ' r + f . q r n n . r - - ^ h i e I L u e c k e a c t e d w i t hL J J J | / r ' e ! L r 9 L ' r a L w r

maf i ce . Fo r t hese reasons , Ch ie f Luecke i s im , ' nune f rom any

sEa re l aw c - I a im asse r ted aga ins t h im i n t h i s case , and he i s

6 n - i l - l F . l f ^ c n ' n m a r r r i r r d n n o r - . r n l h a c a . l a i m S .

The Cour t now tu rns to the s ta te faw c fa ims asse r ted

: ^ : i n c i - r a : l R : s e d r n n ' r r h c h r r c f s o F - h e n a r l - ' e s a r d f c r aq Y u ! r r J L v u s r .

t he reasons a r t i cu l a ted i n ana l yz i ng P la i n t i f f ' s f ede raL

r - l : imq 1 -he a -n l . f conc fudes tha t Dea I has fa iLed to eS tab l i sh

tha t he i s enc i t f ed t o summary j udgmen t on P la i n t i f f ' s s t a te

' I r , , - ' - r - - ^ € , . , - ^ r ^ f r r ' l . l o : j - h r e c r r r ' l ' | - : h . ] F i - a r t a r ( / n e n l i o o n , - a\ , r - w l u r l Y l u r T Y U U U /

n a ' r ' I / - r A r - p r r a r q F - F a l s e i r n r i s o l T n F n r a n , ' J n e o - ' o a n - i n ' ' l i r - f i . o n

o f emot iona l d i s t ress . Fu r the r / because the reco rd wou .Ld no t

s r i nno r t a f i nc l i no tha t Dea f ' s conduc t was "ex t reme and

^ r l t - - r d a ^ r r c / , r h . i f I a r r n i c - a l n f F m n l : + ^ n h ( , ^ ^ ^ - a i - I - , . , 1 -J U L - q v r v u J v v L U ' . ' r J - u L E L r ! y t r c ( , t 9 t

Pla in t i f f ' s c la im o f i n ten t l ona l i n f l i c t i on o f emot iona l -

d i s t resS i s D ISMISSED.

J U n o e . C e o r q L a . a w , a p l a i n t i f f n u s t e s L a b l . i s h t h a t a d e f e n o a n l ' s^ - r ^ , . - - j - n t ^ : r r c - a - . ^ - . 1 q . \ c v f r F r 6 a c ! o

^ ^ l - ' a ' J ^ n A : I I n ^ c c i ^ 6 L ^ , , F . i c ^ f d a ^ a h ^ r ' r a d : r . i a ^ . < r r ' ^ - i ^ ,- - - - - - - . , u s ,a - r j r . . e r l w : - r . ^ l a - : h - p i n a c i v : l i z e d c o n r n u n i r " , D 1 ' 6 - c 2 A 4C a . A p p . o 1 c , t 5 l 8 ( 1 g q 2 ) .

43


rv. coNclusroN

Based upon the fo rego ing , De fendan ts ' mo t ion fo r summary

judgment (Doc. No. 176) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

The C le rk i s d i rec ted to ENTER, f I JDGMENT 1n favo r o f De fendan ts

C i r - y o f EasL Dub l i n and ! { -L I l i am Luecke on a - l - l c l a ims , and j n

Iavo r o f De fendan t Je f f e r y Dea f on P la i n t i f f ' s f ede ra l c l a im

o f f a l se a r res t and s ta te l aw c la im o f i n ten t i ona f i n f l i c t i on

o f emot iona f d i s t ress . Th i s case w i l l p roceed to t r l a f i n due

course on P la in t i f f ' s f ede ra f c la im o f excess i ve fo rce and

r a m : i n i l . a r , r r l : i m c a . r a i n q r l - ) e f c n r ] : n l , l F f f t r \ / D e ; r l -u Y u + r r v e

oRDER ENTERED at Augusta, ceorgla, tni" /6d auv of

Auqus t . 2014 .

UN I TED DISTRICT

4 4


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