Importance & Use of Enterprise Budgets in Agricultural Operations
Order Hymenoptera of Agricultural Importance
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Transcript of Order Hymenoptera of Agricultural Importance
A PRESENTATION ON
ORDER HYMENOPTERA & ITS AGRICULTURAL IMPORTANCE
PRESENTED BY:Sandeep Kumar Sathua
M.Sc. (Ag) final YearDept. of Entomology & Agricultural Zoology
BHU, Varanasi, Uttarprades
WELCOME TO MY ORDER
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The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings. It is also a reference to Hymeno, the Greek god of marriage. The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.Over 115,000 species present worldwideIt is the order of Ants / Wasps / Bees / Sawflies / Horntails.
HYMENOPTERA
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COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ORDER HYMENOPTERA
Head- Hypognathous, extremely mobile & freeMouthparts- Larvae – Chewing type
Adult– Chewing & lapping type(e.g. bees).
Compound eyes that are usually large (although many are blind e.g. ants and fig wasps).The females generally have an ovipositor which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging.Complete metamorphosis
COMPOUND EYE
HYPOGNATHOUSHEAD
CHEWING & LAPPING TYPE MOUTHPART
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Two pairs of membranous thin wings. The forewings and hindwings are held together by small hooks (Hamulli). The hindwings < forewings and the wing venation (vein arrangement) is often much reduced. However, in many species the wings are not present or are present only during mating flights (e.g. ants).Larva are eruciform & grub is apodousAntenae – Filliform, geniculate, clavate etc with 4-70 segments
GENICULATE ANTENAE
Ham
ulli
GRUB
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Hymenoptera devided into 2 suborders
Symphyta & Apocrita
Suborder SYMPHYTA have a broad junction between thorax and abdomen (sawflies and horntails) <10% of species
Suborder APOCRITA have a narrow junction between the thorax and abdomen.
Division Parasitica (parasitoids), >70% of species
Division Aculeata (stinging wasps, ants, & bees) ~20% spp.
Taxonomy & Diversity
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HYMENOPTERA
SYMPHYTA
TENTHREDINOIDEAXYELOIDEA
MEGALODONTOIDEASIRICOIDEA
ORUSSOIDEACEPHOIDEA
APOCRITA
ACULEATAAPOIDEA
VESPOIDEACHRYSIDOIDEA
PARASITICA
ICHNEUMONOIDEACEREPHRONOIDEA
PROCTOTRUPOIDEASTEPHANOIDEA
EVANIOIDEAMEGALYROIDEATRIGONALOIDEACHALCIDOIDEA
CYNIPOIDEA
Phylogeny of Order Hymenoptera
ORDER
SUBORDER
SUBORDER
DIVISION
DIVISION
SUPER FAMILY
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WINGS
Symphyta: All have two pair of membranous (clear) wings as adults with most displaying a fairly "basic" set of cells and veins, i.e. simple venation
Apocrita: 2 pair or one sex apterous, venation often reduced, membrane may be patterned, fore- & hind wings attached with hammuli.
Difference Between SYMPHYTA & APOCRITA
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LARVAE
Symphyta: caterpillar-like, one pair stemmata, 3 pair of thoracic & 6-8 pair
abdominal legs; free-living.
Apocrita: grub-like maggots, apodous or eucephalous; live in protected nest cells.
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Abdomen broadly jointed to thoraxStemmata PresentFore tibia with 2 spursPre pupa absentMostly polyphagous in natureOvipositor well developed & modified for piercing plant tissue
e.g.- Saw fly
Other Differences
Abdomen attached to thorax by narrow ‘Petiole’Stemmata absentTibial spurs absentPre pupa presentMostly parasitic on other insectsOvipositor modified for parasitizing or stinging other insects
e.g.- Bee, Wasp, Ants
SYMPHYTA APOCRITA
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Suborder- SymphytaFamily-Tenthredinidae (Saw Fly)
Bright colored stout adultAntennae non segmentedOvipositor is blade or saw likeLarvae eruciform devoid of crochets
e.g- Mustard Saw Fly (Athalia lugens proxima)
IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF HYMENOPTERA
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Suborder- Symphyta Family-Siricidae (Horntails) Pale brown legs and the rest metallic
blue-black Ovipositor is stiff and straight as a
needle, polished black, with slight notches
It pierces the bark of trees to lay eggs & Larvae are wood borers.
e.g- Sirex Woodwasp ( Sirex noctilio )
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Division- AculetaFamily- Apidae (True bee)
Head & body with plumose hairHind legs are foragialFore tibia with spursOvipositor modified to stingSocial insects , generally act as pollinator
e.g.- Apis melifera, A. indica etc.Egg – The queen bee lays the eggs. Larva – The worker bees care for the larvae, feeding and cleaning them.Pupa – After molting several times, the larvae will cocoon inside the cells of the hive.Adult – Male adults are always drones; females may be workers or queens.
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Sting
Honey Bee Photo Gallery
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Division- AculetaFamily- Vespidae (Social Wasps) Red or yellow body with black markings Long slender petiole Antennae in female 12 & in male 13
segmented Trochanter undivided & no trochantellus Abdomen is modified into terminal ovipositor
or sting 3 marginal cells in fore wing & hind wing
without anal lobe
Potter Wasp
Paper Wasp
HornetsYellowJacket
SUBORDER- APOCRITA Paper Wasp
Papery
Nest
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They prey on caterpillars and spiders. Adults provision nest sites with prey that they catch and paralyze by stinging.
Lateral margin of pronotum forms a distinct lobe that does not touch the tegula
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
Division- Aculeta Family- Sphicidae (Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps )
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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Ichneumonidae (Ichneumonid wasp) Forewings lack a costal cell 16 or more segments in the antennae 2 segmented trochanters & tarsus 4 segmented Females with a long, slender ovipositor Filliform antennae with more than 16 segmented Most adults are parasitic e.g- Giant ichneumon wasp (Megarhyssa
macrurus)
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Braconidae (Braconid wasp) Minute small sized insects, most of them parasitoids of lepidopteron larvae Ovipositor is long & well developed Cross vein 2m- Cu is absent in fore wing Pupation inside cocoon, inside/outside body of host e.g- Bracon hebetor & Bracon brevicornis
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Division- ParasiticaFamily- Trichogrammatidae (Trichogramma sps.) Minute insects with 3 segmented tarsi Fore wings broad with rows of microscopic
hairs They are not strong fliers All are egg parasitoid on mostly
Lepidopteran insects e.g- Trichogamma chilonis, T. japonicum
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Family- Formicidae (Ants) Eusocial, with perennial colonies Wingless worker caste Females with prognathous heads Antennae elbowed or geniculate Abdominal segment II differentiated, forming
a petiole Mating performed in mass nuptial flights.
Wings of alate queens shed after mating Forewings always lacking cross-veins 3rs-m
and 2m-cu
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Division- Parasitica Family- Cynipidae (Gall Wasps)
GALLS ON LEAF
ADULT WASP
LARVA
GALLS ON FRUITS
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
- Larvae are herbivores. - They induce the formation of plant galls on fruit & leaves and live in or on these tissues.
GALLS ON LEAF
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Family- Eulopidae (Pupal Parasitoids) They are minute pupal parasites Fore wing narrower with pubascence on wing
lamina Hairs are not arranged in rows Ovipositor present allmost at the tip of the
abdomen e.g- Tetrasticus israelli used for control of
Coconut black headed caterpillar
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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Family- Evaniidae (Ensign Wasp) Petiole is long and abrupt Gaster is short, compressed and attached
to propodium by slender petiole They are parastic on the ootheca of
cockroaches e.g- Evania appendigaster
SUBORDER- APOCRITA
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POMPILIDAE: (Spider Wasps) They prey on spiders
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WING IDENTIFICATION
Trichogammatidae
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“The little things that run the world.” --E. O. Wilson
FOR NATURAL WORLDSpecial ecosystem functions:• Resource cycling, especially ants
• Population control, parasitoids, predators
• Pollination (plant reproduction), bees, Wasps and others
IMPORTANCE OF THE ORDER
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FOR ANTHROPOPHILIC WORLD
Beneficials
• Bioloical Control: horticultural & agricultural
• Pollinators: honey bees, bumble bees, solitary bees
• Hive Products: honey, wax, medicines & misc.
Pests
• Agriculture: phytophagous sawflies• Structural damage: carpenter bees &
ants• Nuisance: stinging wasps, ants• Medical: stings to allergic individuals,
trauma
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Bees, ants and wasps have chemoreceptors for taste and smell on their antennae as well as on their mouthparts.
Apart from the termites all the social insects are in the Hymenoptera order.
Recently a 100 million year old bee was found fossilized in amber.
Bees evolved from wasps around 130 million years ago.
One third of the food eaten by humans comes directly or indirectly from crops pollinated by bees.
In Hymenoptera the females develop from fertilized (diploid) eggs, and the males from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. So males have no father.
SOME EXTRA POINTS
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ANY DOUBTS….?
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THANKS FOR BUZZING SOMETIMESAROUND US