Kel. 11 Hymenoptera
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Transcript of Kel. 11 Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Yolanda Diana Sari (3425111399)
Nurul Family (3425122219)
Introduction
• Hymenopterans, the "membrane-winged“.
• The name Hymenoptera is derived from the Greek words "hymen" meaning membrane and "ptera" meaning wings.
• The name is appropriate not only for the membranous nature of the wings, but also for the manner in which they are "joined together as one" by the hamuli.
• They`re insects, include bees, ants, and a large number of other insect taxa collectively referred to as wasps.
• The Hymenoptera include famous examples of
social insects, such as honeybees and true ants;
these insects have developed regimented social
systems in which members are divided into
worker, drone, and queen castes.
• Not all hymenoptera are social, however; many live
a solitary life, coming together only for a brief
mating.
Characteristics
• Two pairs of membranous wings, although some may be wingless such as some species of female wasps and the worker caste of ants
• The forewings are larger than the hind wings and are held together by small hooks (see below)
• Females usually have a hardened ovipositor, which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging
• Most hymenopterans have a constriction between the first 2 segments of the abdomen, which is known as a 'wasp waist'
• Chewing (mandibulate) mouthparts, although in some species such as bees the lower lip is modified to form a tongue
• Compound eyes, usually large
LIFE CYCLE OF HYMENOPTERA
Taxonomy of Hymenoptera
Apocrita
Typical Features of HYMENOPTERA
Symphyta and Apocrita
• Larvae
• Wings
• Mouthparts
Hymenoptera (Symphyta)
Adult Mouthparts Sawflies: chewing or nonfunctional
sawfly larvae
caterpillar-like, one pair stemmata, > 6 pair prolegs; free-living
SYMPHYTA, sawflies
from Borror, Triplehorn & Johnson, 1980 from Peterson 1962
lepidopterous caterpillar
single stemma
multiply-segmented
antennae
> 6 prolegs
Wings Sawflies: always 2 pair, veination heavy, basic
representative sawfly wings
Family
• Sawflies : Larvae feed on foliage or burrow into plant tissues.
• Diprionidae -- Conifer sawflies
• Tenthredinidae -- Common sawflies
• Cephidae -- Stem sawflies
• Siricidae -- Horntails
Diprionidae
Antennae with 13 or more segments. The antennae are serrated in the female and pectinate or bipectinate in males.
Habitat: coniferous forests
Food: Larvae feed on conifers and can do considerable damage
European Pine Sawfly - Neodiprion sertifer - Neodiprion sertifer -
the largest family of sawflies, with well over 6000 species worldwide.
Larvae are typically herbivores and feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers.
The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars.
Cephidae (Stem Sawflies)
• Most species occur in the Northern
Hemisphere, especially in Eurasia.
• Slender, laterally compressed.
Elongated pronotum. Mostly black,
some with light colored markings.
Clubbed antennae
• Food: On grasses (incl. grain crops)
and shrubs (incl. berries, roses, willows
• Life cycle: The larvae bore in the stems
Stem Sawfly - Calameuta clavata
Siricidae (Horntails) • forests of the Northern Hemisphere
south to Cuba, n. Central America, India,
New Guinea, and n. Africa (2 spp. are
known from tropical Africa)
• Size varies tremendously, adults of the
same species may vary from 1 to 5 cm
• Both sexes have a short abdominal
dorsal projection (horn) that gives them
their common name. Females also have
an ovipositor in a sheath, placed
ventrally in the abdomen.
• Wood (Tremicinae mostly on
hardwoods; Siricinae, on conifers); larvae
require a symbiotic fungus to digest
wood
• larval development may take 1 to 3 years
to complete depending on species and
climate
Pigeon Horntail - Tremex columba
Hymenoptera (Apocrita)
Apocrita: hindwings attached with hammuli.
Wings of Apocrita
Chalcidoid (parasitoid) wings,
Most very small, reduced veins
Wings of aculeate wasps & bees,
normal size, rel. full veination
Wing coupling
hamuli
velcro-like
Larvae of APOCRITA
• live in protected spaces
• fed by adults
• soft, grub-like, reduced
features
from Peterson 1962
Adult Mouthparts Apocrita: may be highly modified with manipulative, chewing mandibles, maxillae & labium formed into a liquid-sucking device. In some very long for feeding from deep-corolla flowers.
Mouthparts
tongue of a Euglossine bee
honey bee mouthparts
from Snodgrass
Other Features of APOCRITA
Abdomen
propodeum
gaster
petiole
mesosoma
metasoma
Sting
• Modified abdominal tergites/sternites • Double stylet with levering valves at base • Venom glands in some spp. • Evolution: Ovipositor Host-paralysing Defensive Sting
parasitoid,
egg-laying
aculeate bee or wasp,
offensive, defensive
specialized, barbed
honey bee sting
Superfaily Stephanoidea
Family Stephanidae (crown wasps)
• Size: 5-19 mm
• Identification : Slender
antennae, 30 or more
segments. Head has crown of
teeth around median ocellus.
Long ovipositor. Most
associated with pines, seldom
seen.
• Life cycle: Parasitoids of wood
boring beetles and wasps. Cool waspy thingy - Megischus bicolor
Superfamily Ceraphronoidea
Family Megaspilidae
• Identification: Antennae with 11
segments in both sexes.. Stigma
usually large and semicircular,
rarely absent or linear. Some are
wingless/brachypterous
• Food: A common species
of Dendrocerus is a hyperparasite
of braconids that parasitize aphids.
Others are known to be
hyperparasites of other parasitic
hymenoptera or have been reared
from larvae and puparia of Diptera
and Neuroptera.
Megaspilidae - Dendrocerus
Superfamily Evanioidea Family Evaniidae (Ensign Wasps)
• Size : 3-7 mm
• Identification : somewhat spider-like. Abdomen is very small
and oval, attached by a slender petiole to the propodeum,
considerably above the base of the hind coxae. It is carried
almost like a flag (thus the name).
Habitat : Found in buildings or other places where
cockroaches occur.
• Food : Parasites of the egg capsules of cockroaches
• Wasps in the family Evaniidae have uniquely shaped
metasomas with tubular petioles and shortened, laterally
compressed metasomal segments 2-8
Semaeomyia sp.
Superfamily Ichneumonoidea
Family Ichneumonidae (Ichneumon Wasps)
• Ichneumon wasps differ from typical,
aculeate wasps, which sting in defense and
do not pass their eggs along the stinger
(Aculeata:Vespoidea and Apoidea), in that
the antennae have more segments; typically
16 or more
• Female ichneumon wasps sometimes have
an ovipositor longer than their body.
• Ovipositorsand stingers arehomologous stru
ctures; Ichneumons generally inject venom
along with the egg, but only larger species,
with relatively shorter ovipositors, use the
ovipositor as a stinger in defense. . Brancus sp.
The process of oviposition in Dolichomitus imperator • Tapping with her
antennae, the wasp detects and localizes scent and vibrations that indicate a host is present.
• With the longer ovipositor, the wasp drills a hole through the bark.
• The wasp inserts the ovipositor into the cavity which contains the host larva.
• Making corrections.
• Depositing her eggs.
Superfamily Chalcidoidea
Family Mymaridae (Fairyflies)
• Size: 0.2-1 mm (among the smallest of insects)
• Characteristic: stalked, narrowly elongate hindwing
• long clubbed female antennae (filiform in males)
• Food: insects egg parasitoids
Superfamily Cynipoidea
Family Cynipidae (Gall Wasps)
• Size: 2-8 mm.
• Identification: most species
humpbacked; abdomen with
two segments visible dorsally,
the remainder telescoped
beneath.
• Life Cycle: The larvae in the
more solid, autumnal galls
metamorphose in the fall
Jewel Oak Gall Wasp - Acraspis macrocarpae
Superfamily Chrysidoidea
Family Chrysididae (Cuckoo Wasps)
The name "cuckoo wasp" refers to the fact that these wasps lay eggs in the nests of unsuspecting hosts.
Cuckoo Wasp - Elampus sp.
Family Sphecidae (Thread-waisted Wasps)
• Size: 15-27 mm
• Identification: Head and thorax
have golden hair. Abdomen
black with orange/red on first
segment.
• Habitat: Fields, meadows, with
sandy areas nearby
• Food: Takes nectar at flowers.
Sphex ichneumoneus
Superfamily Apoideae
Family Apidea
Apinae
honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, orchid
bees, digger bees
Honeybees are highly social insects and
construct hives that consist of three types of
individuals.
1. Queen: all hives have a queen whose
primary function is to lays eggs.
2. Workers: the workers (sterile females)
who build the nest and tend to the larvae.
3. Drones: the drones are fertile males who
fly out at certain times of the year to
mate with new queens
Honey Bee - Apis mellifera
Nomadinae
• The subfamily Nomadinae, or
cuckoo bees, has 31 genera in 10
tribes which are all cleptoparasites
in the nests of other bees.
• The apex of the metasoma of
females is modified for placing their
eggs within host nests.
Xylocopinae (carpenter bees)
Most members of this subfamily make
nests in plant stems or wood. Many
Xylocopinae are primitively eusocial.
Holcopasites calliopsidis
Large Carpenter Bee - Xylocopa virginica
Superfamily Pompiloidea
Family Pompilidae (Spider Wasps)
Typically dark colored with smoky or
yellowish wings; a few are brightly
colored.
Tibiae of rear legs have two
prominent spines at apex (distal end,
next to tarsi)
Tarantula Hawk - Pepsis menechma
Superfamily Vespoidea
Family Vespidae (Yellowjackets and Hornets, Paper Wasps; Potter, Mason and Pollen Wasps)
• Members of this family are known
as paper wasps or potter wasps.
Most species are usually social and
one of the better known families
whose paper or mud nest
constructions are common in
many gardens and under the eaves
of houses and other buildings.
• Posterior margin of pronotum
distinctly "U"-shaped
• Forewings fold in half
longitudinally
• Food: caterpillars
Superfamily Formicoidea
Family Formicidae (Ants)
• Elbowed antennae
• Wingless workers; winged
swarmers (reproductives)
• Peduncle located between
thorax and abdomen --
first (or first and second)
abdominal segments
separate from rest of
abdomen
Formica rufa
Each colony is made up of different
castes and usually includes:
1. A Queen: who lays all the eggs, is
winged at birth but loses them
after mating, there may be more
than one queen in a nest.
2. Workers: wingless sterile females
who build the nest and tend to
the queen, larvae and pupae.
Workers may be separated into
workers and soldiers. Soldiers are
used for colony defence and often
have very large heads and
mandibles.
3. Males: who have wings and whose
only role is to mate with the new
queens.
Daftar Pustaka
• http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/library/compendium/hymenoptera.html
• http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hymenoptera.html