OR-PR 142 Task 1 - Terminology associated with O&P

7/27/2019 OR-PR 142 Task 1 - Terminology associated with O&P

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Task 1

Describe the Structure and Function

Of the Musculoskeletal System



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ORTHOTICS & PROSTHETICS

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COMPETENCY 1

IDENTIFY THE BASIC SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

ASSIGNMENT Read Information Sheet 1 to identify the basic body systemswhich an O&P technician needs to be aware of.

RESOURCES Information Sheet 1 “Basic Human Body Systems”

Medical textbooks in Orthotic Prosthetic Reference Library

EVALUATION If you have any questions about this assignment please ask the

instructor.

Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.

You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.ESTIMATED

COMPLETION TIME Two hours



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INFORMATION SHEET 1 (CONT’D)

BASIC HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

The Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels together. Themain purpose of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood to all cells of the body.

Blood delivers substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. It also removes

carbon dioxide and organic wastes from cells.

Veins Arteries

Blood is pumped from the heart to the body tissue through arteries. The large elasticarteries leave the heart and divide into medium sized muscular arteries, which in turn

divide into still smaller arteries called arterioles. As the arterioles enter a tissue, they

branch into microscopic vessels called capillaries. It is through the walls of themicroscopic capillaries that oxygen, nutrients and waste products are exchanged between

the blood and body tissues. As the capillaries leave the tissue laden with carbon dioxide

and waste, they reunite with each other and form small veins called venules. These inturn merge with other venules to form veins, which transport the blood back to the heart.



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The Respiratory System

The cells of our bodies require a continuous source of oxygen in order to function. Asour cells metabolize the oxygen that is delivered to them by the cardiovascular system,

they produce carbon dioxide as a by-product. The carbon dioxide is poisonous to the

cells and must be removed promptly from the body. Both oxygen intake and carbondioxide elimination are accomplished by the respiratory system, which consists of organs

that exchange gases between the atmosphere and the blood. The respiratory exchange

takes place inside the lungs where delicate tissues allow air and blood to exchange gases

through diffusion across very thin membranes called alveoli. The cardiovascular systemtransports the gases in the blood between the lungs and the cells.

Respiratory System Alveoli



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The Nervous System

The nervous system is a vast electrical network which actsas a communication center and control system for the body.

It provides three main functions: First, it receives sensory

input within the body and between the body and the outsideenvironment. Second, it interprets the meaning of this

sensory input, and third, it responds to the interpretation by

initiating action resulting in a muscular contracture or a

glandular secretion. The main components of the nervoussystem include the central nervous system which consists

of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous

system which consists of all the nerve tissue outside of the

central nervous system. All body sensation must be relayedfrom receptors to the central nervous system if they are to

be interpreted and acted upon. The CNS is also the seat of higher functions such as emotion, memory and intelligence.



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COMPETENCY 2

BASIC MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT Study Information Sheet 2 to become familiar with theterminology used to describe musculoskeletal functions. Make

a checklist of this information and include it in your lab

manual.

RESOURCES Information Sheet 2 “Medical Terminology”

Medical textbooks in Orthotic Prosthetic Reference Library

EVALUATION Go over any questions you may have with the Instructor. You

must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.

You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.

ESTIMATED

COMPLETION TIME Six hours



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INFORMATION SHEET 2

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

ANATOMICAL POSITION

The anatomical position is the position that provides a reference point for describing thestructures of the body. In this position, the body is erect and the face forward. The feetare together, flat on the floor and the toes pointing forward. The arms are down at the

sides with the palms turned forward with the thumb side of the hand away from the body.

When the body lying face down in the anatomical position, this is the prone position.When the body is lying face up, this is the supine position.



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

ANATOMICAL REGIONS

The body can be broken down by regions, or areas, that can be used to identify parts or features. For example, the area over the thigh is referred to as the femoral region.

THORACIC

LUMBAR

CERVICAL

S C A P U L A R

GLUTEAL

S C A P U L A R

POPLITEAL

TIBIAL

FEMORAL

SACRAL

S T E R N A L

P E C T O R A L

P E C T O R A L

ABDOMINAL

AXILLARY

PELVIC

INGUINAL

PATELLAR

SURAL

CALCANEAL

DELTOIDDELTOIDDELTOIDDELTOID

PUBIC



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Saggital Plane Coronal Plane Transverse Plane

ANATOMICAL PLANES

There are three planes through the body that are used to describe the position and orientationof parts of the body. These are:

• Saggital (or median) plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the

feet, and divides the body into left and right halves. When this plane passes through

the midline of the body it is known as the midsaggital plane. Any plane parallel to themid-saggital plane through the body is known as a parasaggital plane.

• Coronal (or frontal ) plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the

feet, and divides the body into front and rear halves.

• Transverse plane - This is any plane that runs left to right through the body and

divides it into upper and lower sections.



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Anterior (ventral): of or relating to thefront surface of the body or appendage.

Examples:

- The sternum is located on the anterior surface of the torso.

- The quadriceps are located on the

anterior surface of the thigh.

Posterior (dorsal): of or relating to the back surface of the body or appendage.

Examples:- The scapula is located on the posterior

surface of the torso.

- The hamstrings are located on the

posterior surface of the thigh.

Superior (cranial): towards the head.

Example:

- The ribs are superior to the pelvis.

Inferior (caudal): away from the head.

Example:- The xiphoid process is inferior to the

sternal notch.

Superior

Inferior



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Flexion: Flexion occurs in the sagittal plane, when the angle of a joint decreased. It

occurs in hinge joints and ball-and-socket

joints.

Flex: To bend a joint. Limbs cannot beflexed or bent, only joints. For example, in

the act of touching ones nose the elbow is

flexed .

Flexor: A muscle that bends a joint.

Extension: Extension occurs in the sagittal

plane, when the angle of a joint is increased.

It occurs in hinge joints and ball-and-socket joints.

Extend: To straighten a joint that has been

flexed or bent. Joints can be extended or straightened, but limbs cannot. For example,in the act of straightening a leg while in a

seated position the knee (joint) is extended.

Extensor: A muscle that acts to straighten a

joint.



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Abduct : To draw a limb away from a position near or parallel to the center line or

median axis of the body. Standing erect with

both feet together, you abduct your right arm by moving it sideways to your right.

Abduction: The act of abducting a limb.

Abductor: A muscle that abducts a limb.

Adduct: To draw a limb toward thecenterline of the body. Standing erect with

the feet apart, you adduct your left leg by

moving it toward the right leg.

Adduction: The act of adducting a limb.

Adductor: A muscle that adducts a limb.



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Neutral:

Commonly used to describe the position of the forefoot or hand. In this position:

• the forearm is in such a position that

the closed hand is vertical with the

thumb situated on top.

• The surface of the forefoot is

perpendicular to the midsagittal line.

Pronation:

• A rotation of the forearm that moves

the palm from a neutral position to a

position where the palm is facing

down.

• A rotation of the forefoot so that the

sole of the foot is facing away from

the midsagittal line.

Supination:

• The opposite of pronation, the

rotation of the forearm so that the

palm is facing up. The hand is supine

(facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.

• A rotation of the forefoot so that the

sole of the foot is facing towards themidsagittal line.

MidsaggitalLine

Midsaggital

Line

MidsaggitalLine



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Dorsiflexion: Flexion of a joint in adorsal direction or toward the back of the

part. Refers usually to the foot or hand.

Dorsal; Dorsum: Of or pertaining to the

top of the foot or the back of the hand.

Plantar Flexion: Flexion of the ankle

joint in the direction of the sole of thefoot.

Plantar: Of or pertaining to the sole of

the foot.

Inversion: Inward rotation of the foottowards the midsagittal plane. Usually

used only in reference to the foot and,

like eversion, has no relation to toe-in or

toe-out.

Lateral Medial



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Distal: Describing a position or direction farther from the trunk or point

of origin.

Example: The ankle is distal to theknee.

Proximal: Describing a position or direction closer to the trunk or point of

origin.

Example: The hip is proximal to the

knee.

Anteroposterior: Extending from thefront to the rear. Sometimes abbreviated

"A-P." (Fig. A) Related to dimensions

in the sagittal plane.

Mediolateral: Extending from the

medial edge or side to the lateral edge or

side. Sometimes abbreviated "M-L."

Related to dimensions in the coronal plane.

Proximal Distal

Proximal Distal

Anterior

A-P Dimension

M-L Dimension



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Lateral: Farther away from themidsagittal plane or midline of a

structure.

Examples:

- The fibular head is on the lateral side

of the lower leg.

- The lateral malleolus is often more

prominent with a varus deformity at theankle.

Medial: Closer to the midsagittal plane

or midline of a structure.

Examples:

- The medial upright is usually edge-

bent when accommodating tibial torsion

in an AFO.

- With a valgus deformity the knee joint

moves medially as body weight isapplied.

MIDLINE

LATERAL

MIDLINE

MEDIAL



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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Valgus: Bent outward. Denoting adeformity in which the angulation of the

distal segment of a joint is away fromthe midline of the body. An increase in

the normal angle of a bone or joint

structure.

GENU VALGUS CALCANEAL VALGUS

Varus: Bent inward. Denoting adeformity in which the angulation of the

distal segment of a joint is towards the

midline of the body. A decrease in thenormal angle of a bone or joint structure.

GENU VARUS CALCANEAL VARUS

LateralMedial

LateralMedial



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COMPETENCY 3

DESCRIBE THE BASIC MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT Read Information Sheet 3 to recognize the features and namesof both the skeletal structure and basic musculature of the

human body.

RESOURCES Information Sheet 3 “The Skeletal System”

Information Sheet 4 “Basic Musculature”

Medical textbooks in the Orthotic-Prosthetic Reference LibrarySkeleton

Lab models

Anatomical charts

Bookstore study guides

EVALUATION If you have any questions about this assignment please ask the

instructor.

Take Criterion Exam 142.1 when you have completed Task 1.You must pass this exam with 80% accuracy.

ESTIMATED

COMPLETION TIME Eight hours



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INFORMATION SHEET 3

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

While the previous anatomical systems are relatively important to understand to a degree,

the orthotic-prosthetic technician needs to be quite familiar with musculoskeletalanatomy, for the orthopedic appliances we provide must fit to and work with the

muscular and skeletal systems of the body. Therefore, special emphasis will be placed on

the presentation of these areas.

The skeleton forms the framework to support the weight of the body. Without it, we

would not be able to move about, grasp objects, or even breathe. The skeletal systemincludes all the bones in the body as well as cartilage and ligaments. Cartilage is a

specialized tissue that provides support without being rigid. Imagine if your ears or the

tip of your nose were hard and unable to yield to impacts from the environment.

Ligaments are tough fibrous structures that connect bones to other bones so that there is

stability to the framework. The skeletal system together provides the following major functions:

Support – the skeleton supports the soft tissues and provides a framework for the entire body.

Protection – the skeleton protects the soft tissues of the body from harm. For instance,

the skull protects the brain from impact; the ribs protect the heart and lungs.

Movement – the skeleton provides a point of attachment for the muscles of the body so

they have something to react against. When muscles contract, bones move and therefore

provide the ability to ambulate, chew food, change position, grasp, etc.

Storage – the skeleton serves as a repository for calcium and other minerals essential to

the health of the body.

Blood cell production – the marrow of the bone is responsible for producing red bloodcells, white blood cells, and platelets.

The lab skeleton:

You will be responsible to know the names and locations of many of the skeletal bones,as well as their individual features. Use the skeleton to locate the bones of the body and

bony features. We are fortunate to have an authentic skeleton in the lab. They are no

longer available. It is fragile, and we insist that it be treated with respect since it is theremains of a living person.

Other study aids:

In the bookstore are many aids for studying anatomy. Many students find the anatomycoloring books very helpful. There are laminated charts, which are small duplicates of

the charts we have in the lab, which can be purchased for a modest cost. There are

anatomical models in the lab for you to disassemble and assemble. Be sure to ask theinstructor for the booklet. The internet is a valuable resource for learning

musculoskeletal anatomy. The instructors will make anatomy texts available to you if

you ask. Many helpful references are located in the O&P Reference Library in the lab.



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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeleton – Anterior View

STERNUM

RADIUS

PATELLA

FIBULA

TIBIA

FEMUR

TARSALS

METATARSALS

PHALANGES

CARPALS

METACARPALS

PHALANGES

ULNA

HUMERUS

CLAVICLE

PELVIS

MANDIBLE

CRANIUM

RIB CAGE



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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Skeleton – Posterior View

HUMERUS

RADIUS

ULNA

CERVICAL

VERTERBRAE

THORACIC

VERTERBRAE

LUMBAR

VERTERBRAE

SCAPULA

SACRUM

COCCYX

CALCANEUS

FIBULA

TIBIA

TALUS

FEMUR



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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Upper Extremity – Anterior View

SCAPULA

CLAVICLE

HUMERUS

ULNA

RADIUS

METACARPALS

CARPALS

PHALANGES



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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Lower Extremity – Anterior View

GREATER TROCHANTER

FEMORAL HEAD

FEMORAL CONDYLES

PATELLA

FEMUR

FIBULA

TIBIA

FIBULAR HEAD



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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Foot – Dorsal View

TALUS

CALCANEUS

PHALANGES

METATARSALS

TARSALS



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INFORMATION SHEET 4

BASIC MUSCULATURE

ANTERIOR

Upper

Trapezius

PectoralisMajor

Biceps

Brachii

VastusLateralis

Satorius

Tibialis

Anterior

Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid

Rectus

Femoris

Brachio-

radialis



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BASIC MUSCULATURE

POSTERIOR

Deltoid

External

Oblique

Tendo

Achilles

Semitendinosis

Extensor

Digitorum

Gluteus

Maximus

Biceps

Femoris

Gastrocnemius

Lower Trapezius

Triceps

Brachii

Latissimus

Dorsi

Semimembranosus

OR-PR 142 Task 1 - Terminology associated with O&P

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