Opportunities of Shifting Jhum and Constraints of ... · PDF filecultivation along with the...

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 5, Issue 12, December-2016ISSN 2278-7763

Copyright © 2016 SciResPub. IJOART

Opportunities of Shifting Jhum and Constraints of

Practicing Social Forestry in Khagrachhari District

of Bangladesh

Authors:

1. A.T.M. ZINNATUL BASSAR (Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University,

Rangpur, Bangladesh)

2. SHAKIL AHMED (Khulna University, Bangladesh)

3. MD. AHOSHAN HABIB (Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University,

Rangpur, Bangladesh)

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Abstract

The main purpose of the study was to identify the status of jhum

cultivation along with the constraints of practicing social

forestry in Khagrachhari district of Bangladesh. Data were

collected by multistage random sampling from 180 jhum

cultivators of Diginala, Khagrachhari sadar, Mahalchhari,

Matiranga and Panchhari upazilla of Khagrachhari District for a

period of 12 months from January 2015 to December 2016.

About 90% respondents have 5 acres land of which 4.5-4.59

acres are used for jhum cultivation and 0.41-0.5 acre is used as

homestead. All of the respondents show multi-response among

the 200 respondents, the majority of the respondents (about

93%) have continued jhum farming partly due to historical

reasons and partly (90%) due to poverty-related reasons. Only

14% jhum cultivators support jhum cultivation because of

scarcity of land and labor whereas 53% have no idea about other

types of cultivation techniques. The main constraints of

practicing social forestry were local politics, scarcity of land,

population pressure, traditional beliefs, conflict between tribal

people and forest department, conflicts between Chittagong Hill

Tracts Regional council and Forest Department. Permanent

jhum cultivation leads to soil infertility and makes the livelihood

pattern difficult for the cultivators. About 67% respondents are

willing to set up social forestry on their hill but the technology is

unknown to them. Majority of the respondents suggested the

solution of the constraints were as convenience local leader,

used fallow land, create awareness about the benefit of social

forestry, coordination among tribal people, Forest Department,

political leader and Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Key Words: constraints, jhum cultivation, social forestry.

Introduction

Social forestry being a resource system and is basically an

interaction of three interdependent elements-land, people &

technology in a particular space & time. Social Forestry is

forestry for helping the poor. It involves tree planting and

management, at the farm, village or community level, by or for

small farmers and the landless. Social forestry can be broadly

defined as “People oriented forestry”. To use a more modern

phrase, Social Forestry may be called “people friendly forestry”.

Because of it’s defined focus on people Social Forestry is

sometimes simply described as “forestry for the people & by the

people” (Huq and Alim, 1995). Most shifting cultivators in

Chittagong Hill Tract experience food shortages varying from

three to six months per year, and they depend on forest products

to fulfill their subsistence requirements (DANIDA, 2000; Sutter,

2000). Likewise, the income from shifting cultivation also

declines (Huq, 2000). Thus, shifting cultivation is no longer a

suitable land use from both the environmental and economic

perspectives, and there is need to replace such land use

gradually with alternative locally suitable land-use systems

(Knudsen & Khan, 2002). Day by day population pressure is

increasing in the hilly area of Bangladesh and due to land

scarcity the local people can’t shift to another place. Jhum

cultivation is now practicing on permanent area in the cases soil

has losing its fertility and jhum cultivators can’t getting enough

cash crops as a result it having difficult to livelihood for jhum

cultivator only by jhum cultivation. With the rapid growth in

population, the fallow period has been reduced to 3-4 years,

allowing very little time for soil regeneration. The decrease in

fallow period has led to the deterioration of faunal and microbial

organisms, top soil loss, and land degradation due to slashing

and burning during the period of heavy rainfall. Hill farmers

therefore face a bleak future with jhum cultivation. So in this

present situation the jhum cultivators might be adopt to social

forestry program as an alternative source of income for

livelihood as well as to increase forest cover in the Chittagong

Hill Tract of Bangladesh. In some areas of Banderban and

Rangamati district, alternative land uses such as agroforestry,

tree farming, and horticulture are practiced and livestock are

integrated to farming system, but in Khagrachhari district

subsistence based traditional shifting cultivation is still

predominant which is considered detrimental to environment

and economy. Shifting cultivation associated incendiary fires

have destroyed almost all the climax vegetation in the area

(Brammer, 1986; Khan & Khisha, 1970). As a result, 37% of the

total forest of Chittagong Hill Tract has been destroyed over

time (Farid & Hossain, 1988). Declining forest cover and

inappropriate land use have led to severe soil erosion

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(Shoaib,et,al 1998). Each year, the eroded soil from all the jhum

fields in Chittagong Hill Tract carries out about 4309 tons of

nitrogen along with other nutrients (Gafur, 2001). Deforestation

and soil erosion have adversely affected soil quality of forest

lands in Bangladesh ( Shoaib et al., 1998). It is estimated that

about 1 million ha of land has been degraded due to shifting

cultivation (Sfeir-Younis & Dragun, 1993). Most shifting

cultivators in Chittagong Hill Tract experience food shortages

varying from three to six months per year, and they depend on

forest products to fulfill their subsistence requirements

(DANIDA, 2000; Sutter, 2000). Likewise, the income from

shifting cultivation also declines (Huq, 2000). Thus, shifting

cultivation is no longer a suitable land use from both the

environmental and economic perspectives, and there is need to

replace such land use gradually with alternative locally suitable

land-use systems (Knudsen & Khan, 2002).Shifting cultivation

has also been gradually changing into intensive types of land use

in different parts of African countries such as Kenya, Nigeria,

Rwanda and Tanzania (Cleaver & Schreiber, 1994; Tiffen &

Martimore, 1994). Shifting cultivation has gradually been

replaced by more intensive forms of land use in Asia and

elsewhere (Rasul & Thapa, 2003). For instance, in the

mountains of Nepal shifting cultivation had been completely

replaced by intensive sedentary agriculture by the end of the

19th century. Such land use has been gradually replaced by

agroforestry and tree based land uses in Nagaland, India

(Faminow et al., 2001). In the mountains of northern Thailand

and peninsular Malaysia, and on the islands of Java and Bali in

Indonesia, shifting cultivation has been largely replaced by

sedentary commercial agriculture over the last few decades

(Rasul & Thapa, 2003; Suraswadi et al., 2000; Turkelboom,

Van, Ongprasert, Sutigoolabud, & Pelletier, 1996). Shifting

cultivation has also been gradually changing into intensive types

of land use in different parts of African countries such as Kenya,

Nigeria, Rwanda and Tanzania (Cleaver & Schreiber, 1994;

Tiffen & Martimore, 1994). In Chittagong Hill Tract, efforts

were made to control shifting cultivation and promote

alternative land-use systems since 1860. However, it still

remains the dominant land use in the region (ADB, 2001;

DANIDA, 2000), though its nature varies from one area to

another. In some areas, alternative land uses such as

agroforestry, tree farming, and horticulture are practiced and

livestock are integrated to farming system, but in other areas

subsistence based traditional shifting cultivation is still

predominant. Question, therefore, arises as to why in some areas

farmers are practicing sustainable land use practices and in other

areas farmers still adhered to traditional extensive land use

practices, which is considered detrimental to environment and

economy. The factors that led farmers to use land extensively

rather than intensively are not still fully understood (Brady,

1996; Pagiola & Holden, 2001). Deforestation and repeated use

of the hill slopes in quick succession threatens the

sustainability of crop production. The seriousness of the

problem of hill agriculture needs to be better understood through

in- depth studies to identify the constraints of introducing social

forestry in Khagrachhari district.

The study was conducted to know about the status of jhum

cultivation in Khagrachhari District, to identify the opportunity

of social forestry in Khagrachhari District and to determine the

constraints of practicing social forestry in Khagrachhari District.

Methodology

Selection of the study area: The study was conducted in

Khagrachari district of Bangladesh through one month from

December 2015 to January, 2016. An exploratory survey was

conducted in Khagrachari district to explore information

regarding the Demographic profile of jhum cultivators, annual

income of jhumia families, reason of jhum cultivation, problems

of jhum cultivation faced by jhum cultivator, jhum cultivator

knowledge about social forestry, jhum cultivators response to

the adoption of Social Forestry, suggestion to rectify about the

problem of jhum cultivator.

Sampling technique: During the study a multistage sampling

technique was adopted. Khagrachhari district was selected

purposively as the study area. Khagrachhari district was famous

for jhum cultivation but my selection main purpose was other

hilly area jhum cultivation practice with social forestry but in

Khagrachari district social forestry has not been practicing.

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Khagrachari district constitutes eight upazillas e.g. Dighinala,

Khagrachhari sadar, Lakshmichhari, Mahalchhari, Manikchhari,

Matiranga, Panchhari and Ramgarh. In Khagrachari district

people have been traditionally practicing jhum cultivation.

Khagrachari district was selected as the primary sampling unit,

five upazillas namely Diginala, Khagrachhari sadar,

,Mahalchhari, Matiranga, Panchhari were randomly selected as

second sampling units, fifteen Mouza were the third sampling

units (one village from each Mouza)which were selected

randomly.

Data collection and analysis: From every upazilla 18

respondents were selelected purposively from three villages. In

total 90 respondents were selected for the survey. A detailed

socio economic survey was then conducted to assess educational

status, land status, occupation and income. Except the 90

respondent the DFO from Forest division of Khagrachhari

district was informally interviewed. The primary data has been

collected by conducting a survey work with a semi structured

questionnaire. For this reason, interviewers were selected

purposely. It is also done by physical visit to the jhum

cultivation site and then interviewing the respondent. In it

informal discussions with the participants and villagers of the

target areas also included. The secondary sources of data

including books, journals, various publications of government,

institutions, and other organizations, articles of local and

national newspapers and other research papers on same or

similar issues have been used for data collection. The data

obtained from interview schedule was coded and tabulated in a

data sheet. All personal traits were categorized and arranged in

simple tables for descriptions. Then the frequency and

percentage of the respondents in different categories were

calculated.

Figure 1: Study area map using Arc GIS 10.1

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Results and Discussion

Socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents: It is

evident from the result of the study that age of the respondents

was markedly varied (Table-1). It was found that the highest

numbers of the respondents (58%) were middle aged followed

by the young aged (39%) and only 3% respondents were old

aged. It is evident that middle aged of the people are involved in

jhum cultivation. The majority of the respondents (44%) were

livelihood only by jhum cultivation followed by jhum

cultivation and labor (36%), jhum cultivation and Business

(8%), jhum cultivation and others occupations (10%).The lowest

number of the respondents was engaged in jhum cultivation and

service (2%). Other occupations included rickshaw pullers,

handicrafts make etc. The highest numbers of the respondents

(48%) are illiterate whose have only signature ability followed

by primary level (39%) and secondary level (11%). The lowest

numbers of the respondents (2%) were above secondary level. It

is clear from the study that the most educated respondents are

interested to involve social forestry program. It has been found

that 33% jhum cultivators had homestead land in range of 0.41-

0.5 acre. 24% of jhum cultivators had homestead land in the

range of 0.2-0.3 acre. There were 26% of jhum cultivators

having homestead land of 0.51-0.6 acre and 17% of jhum

cultivators had homestead land in the range of 0.31-0.4 acre.

About 26% of them had agricultural land of 4.7-4.8 acre. There

were 33% of jhum cultivators having agricultural land of 4.6-

4.69 acre. Only 17% of jhumia had agricultural land in the range

of 4.5-4.59 acre that was the lowest percentage for agricultural

land. It has also been found that 24% of jhum cultivators had

land for agriculture in the range of 4.4-4.49 acre. Maximum

number of the respondents (54%) had low income ranging Tk.

20,000-35,000. 36% of respondents had moderately high income

(Tk. 30,000-50,000) and only 10% of respondents had high

income (Tk. 40,000-60,000).Most of the respondents (89%) had

no previous knowledge about social forestry and only 11% of

the respondents were earlier concept about social forestry.

Table-1 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondent

Character

s

Categories Perc

enta

ge

Age(Year

)

<30 (young aged)

30-50 (middle aged)

>50 (old aged)

39

58

3

Professio

n

Jhum cultivation

Jhum cultivation & Daily Labor

Jhum cultivation & Business

Jhum cultivation & Service holder

Jhum cultivation & Others

44

36

8

2

10

Education

al

qualificati

on

Illiterate

Primary

Secondary

Above secondary

48

39

11

2

Land size Homestead land

0.2-0.3 acre

0.31-0.4 acre

0.41-0.5 acre

0.51-0.6 acre

Agricultural land

4.7-4.8 acre

4.6- 4.69 acre

4.5-4.59 acre

4.4-4.49 acre

24

17

33

26

26

33

17

24

Annual

income in

Taka

Low (20,000-35,000)

Moderately high (30,000-50,000)

High (40,000-60,000)

54

36

10

Awarenes

s about

social

forestry

Low

High

89

11

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Reason for jhum cultivation: The entire respondent shows

multi-response for jhum cultivation. The majority of the

respondents about 93% have continued jhum farming partly due

to historical reasons and partly(90%) for livelihood . Only a few

(14%) percentages of jhum cultivators give their opinion that

they are practicing jhum lack of plain land and scarcity of labor.

Other jhumia (53 %) said that they have no idea about other

types of cultivation technique (Table-2)

Table- 2: Reason for jhum cultivation

Reasons for Jhum Cultivation (N=180) Percentage

(Multi-response)

Jhum farming is an inherited practice 93

For livelihood 90

Other cultivation method is unknown 53

Lack of plain land 10

Labor scarcity 4

Technical support for Jhum cultivators: In the hilly area most

of the people are deprived from facilities than any other region

of Bangladesh. The technical supports include seed, seedling,

loan, and provide land for landless people etc. The jhum

cultivator has getting about 62% most of the official support

from Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board and the rest of

38% getting support from national and international NGOs.

These finding indicate that majority of support has getting the

jhum cultivators from Chittagong Hill Tracts Development

Board (Fig-1)

Problem faced by the respondents for jhum cultivation: The

respondents gave their opinion about different problems

confronted by them. In the survey area about 47% have problem

of capital. The data also show that about 28% have quality and

quantity of good seedling problem. In the study area 13%

mentioned about land ownership problem and 9% said that they

have numerical support from agricultural and forest department.

Only 3% had no response about their problem. So these finding

indicate that according to the opinion of highest percentage of

respondent (47%) cultivated jhum followed by capital problem

(Table-3)

Table-3: Problem faced by the respondents for jhum cultivation

Types of problem Percentage of the

respondent

Problem of capital 47

Good seedling problem 28

Land ownership problem 13

Numerical support from

Agricultural and Forest Department

9

No response 3

Farmers response to the adoption of Social Forestry: The

table (4) shows that majority (67%) of the respondents are

interested to adopt social forestry in order to fulfill their

demand. But a few percentages (33%) were not willing to adopt

social forestry because technique of establishing social forestry

was unknown, fear of losing land, traditional belief and they

think that it would be very long term to get revenue (Table-4).

Figure 2:

Technical

support for

Jhum

cultivators

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Table -4: Farmer responses to the adoption of social forestry

Reasons for not Adopting Percentage

Willingness to Adopt (N=180)

Yes

No

67

33

Reason for not Adoption

1.Technique of establishing Social

Forestry is unknown

2.Very long term to gain output

3.Traditional beliefs

4.Fear of losing land

10

17

43

30

Facilities Demanded

1.Provision for supplying fruit sapling

free of cost

2. Provision for full financial support to

set up Forest Department

3. Provision for providing training on

Social Forestry

37

45

18

Interest of the respondent about social forestry: In the

following (Table-5) the author found the respondent interest

about social forestry

Table- 5: Interested about social forestry program

SI.No.

Name ofUpazila

Total no. ofrespondent

Yes No

No. ofrespondent

% No. ofrespondent

%

1 Diginala 36 30 83

6 17

2 Khagracharisadar

36 30 83

6 17

3 Mahalchhari

36 16 44

20 56

4 Matiranga

36 24 67

12 33

5 Panchhari

36 20 56

16 44

In Khagrachari sadar and Diginala upazilla majority of (83%)

respondents were interested to involve in social forestry

program and the second highest percentage was found in

Matiranga upazilla about 67%.The lowest 44% interested people

were found in Mahalchhari upazilla. In the study area we also

found (Mahalchhari 56%, Panchhari 44%; Matiranga 33%,

Khagrachhari sadar and Diginala upazilla about 17%) that some

of the respondent were despair about social forestry program.

These finding indicate that majority (67%) of the respondent

interested to involve in social forestry program and only 33%

show less interest about social forestry program. The main

reason was to interest about social forestry program, in the past,

they practiced Jhum in the same area with a fallow period of 15-

20 years, which ensured the long-term sustainability of soil

fertility. With the rapid growth in population, the fallow period

has been reduced to 3-4 years, allowing very little time for soil

regeneration. The decrease in fallow period has led to the

deterioration of faunal and microbial organisms, top soil loss,

and land degradation due to slashing and burning during the

period of heavy rainfall. Hill farmers therefore face a bleak

future. In the present situation jhum cultivators can’t getting

enough crops from jhum cultivation as a result very difficult to

maintaining their family only by jhum. Their aspiration was if

govt. supports all of the material and meets their demand, they

will agree with social forestry program (Fig-3)

Fig-3: Interest about social forestry in Khagrachhari district

Problem faced by Forest Department to introduce social

forestry in Khagrachhari District: In the study area we were

informally interviewed with DFO of Khagrachhari Forest

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Division named Md Ali Kabir, he mentioned that local politics

is the main barrier to introduce social forestry in Khagrachhari

District and District administration support to jhum cultivator.

Local political leader, Circle chief (Raja), Headman, Chittagong

Hill Tracts Regional council leader does not want to implement

social forestry in Khagrachhari district.

Forest Department officer said that, Jhum farming is an inherited

practice, from year to year their forefather have been practicing

jhum cultivation. So they were not interested with other types of

cultivation because they think that jhum cultivation was related

with their traditional beliefs.

DFO also mentioned that a few percentages (5%) conflicts are

responsible for practicing social forestry in Khagrachhari

District. This most of the conflict related with land issue.

Figure 4: Problem faced by Forest Department to introduce

social forestry in Khagrachhari District

Major Constraints to introduce social forestry in

the study area:

Local Politics: In the study area the author found that every

Mouza is headed by a chief called as Headman. In the hilly area

Headman mainly conducts few villages. In the field survey some

of the respondent had given their opinion if their local leader

permit this program they would be adopt social forestry

program.

Traditional beliefs: Jhum farming is an inherited practice.

Some of the respondent has given their opinion from year to

year their forefather have been practicing jhum cultivation. So

they were not interested with other types of cultivation because

they think that jhum cultivation was related with their traditional

beliefs.

Scarcity of land: In the hilly area population pressure is

increasing day by day. At the present time due to scarcity of

land jhum cultivators cannot shift to another place as a result

they cultivated jhum on fixed land. Most of the respondent has

given their opinion if government gives some land they would

be involved social forestry program.

Fear of losing land: In the study area the respondent who’s had

no schooling education they think that if Forest Department

initiate the social forestry program there is a great chance for

landless.

Conflicts between Forest Department and Tribal People:

When indigenous people cultivate jhum and extract forest

product in Reserve forest then forest department seized the

materials and suits against the local people. In the cases conflict

arise with Forest Department and tribal people.

Conflict between tribal people and Bengali people:

Population transfers from different parts of the country to hills

where ethnic people cultivate jhum. This population transfer

program started in 1978. During the period 1978-1984, an

estimated 500,000 people from other parts of Bangladesh were

resettled on lands and village common forests owned by the

indigenous people. So ethnic people are losing their land and it

affects jhum cultivation. The impact of this planned population

migration has resulted in land (including community forest)

alienation, conflict and underlying causes of poverty in the

region.

Conflicts between Chittagong hill tracts Regional council

and Forest Department: Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional

Council was established in Rangamati district of Chittagong Hill

Tracts after peace agreement with the government. The main

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demands were special administrative status of the CHT, Local

Government of the institutions, Police, Land, Agriculture,

Forestry, Education, Health, Law and Order, Animal husbandry,

Sales, purchase and settlement of land, Social welfare, cultural

affairs and information etc. but from this, their few demands

were not fulfilled by government. Local people mainly

facilitated by Chittagong hill tracts Regional council. But Forest

Department was not including in Chittagong Hill Tracts

Regional Council. So when Forest Department initiates any

Social Forestry project in hilly area, Chittagong Hill Tracts

Regional Council does not coordinate to implement Social

Forestry Project.

Conclusion

The present study was successful to the identification of various

problems for introducing social forestry in Khagrachhari district

of Bangladesh. The finding of the study may act as a base line

for the researchers to conduct research for the improvement of

socio-economic status of jhum cultivators of Khagrachhari

District in Bangladesh. As the population pressure is rising

rapidly, the introduction of social forestry in the hill tracts will

ultimately be an imperative for increasing production from

forest sector to meet the demand of mass population. This may

act as an alternative source of income as well as to increase to

improve socio-economy. The majority of the jhum cultivators

are suffering from the capital deficiency. Thus, capital and loan

facilities must be adopted with low interest. Moreover proper

educational and training facilities must be undertaken so as to

increase skilled personnel in this sector. Skilled and trained

forest officers should be recruited to build up awareness and also

to influence the tribal people about the contribution of the forest

sector. If the contribution of forest sector is enhanced, it will

play a significant role to the economy of Bangladesh.

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