Operant Conditioning (Types of Reinforcement) Mr. Koch Psychology Forest Lake High School.
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Transcript of Operant Conditioning (Types of Reinforcement) Mr. Koch Psychology Forest Lake High School.
Operant Conditioning(Types of Reinforcement)
Mr. KochPsychology
Forest Lake High School
Operant Conditioning
• Ways to decrease behavior– Extinction– Punishment
• Ways to increase behavior– Pairing– Positive reinforcement– Negative reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
• Primary Reinforcers– Associated with needs– Not learned– Ex: food, clothing, shelter
• Secondary Reinforcers– Associated with something that satisfies a need– Is learned– Ex: $$$, poker chips, food stamps, grades
Operant Conditioning
• Positive Reinforcement– Increases the frequency of a behavior– Is wanted– Ex: food, praise, money, awards
• Negative Reinforcement– Increases behavior by removing something unpleasant
(discomfort, fear, social disapproval, etc)– “reverse reward” – Ex: don’t have to do the dishes all week if you get an A
Operant Conditioning
• Punishment– Consequence that decreases the rate of a behavior
• Important:– What is reinforcing to one is NOT necessarily to
another• Ex: Suspension after skipping school = more days off vs.
fear of suspension– Increases attendance for some, not for others
• Ex: Student forced to stay after school = punishment for some vs. now getting teacher’s full attention (positive)
Operant Conditioning(Schedules of Reinforcement)
• Fixed Interval– based on time– Reinforced after a set time period
• Ex: bell ringing after class• Ex: quizzes every Friday
• Variable Interval– Based on time– Reinforced randomly at different times– Resistant to extinction
• Ex: pop quizzes
Operant Conditioning(Schedules of Reinforcement)
• Fixed Ratio– Based on responses (behaviors)– After set # of correct responses– Easy to extinguish behavior
• Ex: piecework in factories, dog treat every 3rd time trick is performed
• Variable Ratio– Reinforce behavior after random number of correct
responses– Very resistant to extinction (can be addictive)
• Ex: Gambling, fishing
Operant Conditioning
• Avoidance Conditioning– Eliminate undesirable behavior not yet
present– Subject taught to avoid stimulus
• Counter Conditioning– Applies to already learned undesirable
behaviors– Seeking a new response– Unlearning old behavior