Open Source for an Open World
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Open Source Software in an Open World
Elizabeth B. Thomsen
Member Services Manager
North of Boston Library Exchange
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Hello, World!
10 PRINT “Hello World!”
20 END
Software is easy!
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“Software is hard.”
Donald Knuth“The Art of Computer Programming”1962
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“Why can’t we design software the way we build bridges?”
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The Impossibility of Complete Testing
• We can’t test all the inputs to the program.
• We can’t test all the combinations of inputs to the program.
• We can’t test all the paths through the program.
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(More Impossibility)
• We can’t test for all of the other potential failures, such as those caused by user interface design errors or incomplete requirements analyses.
• (Cem Kaner, author of ‘Bad Software”)
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User Error• Foolproof programs?
• “It’s impossible to make anything foolproof because fools are so ingenious”
• “We thought it was foolproof but then along came another fool.”
• Software is designed for people
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SongTapper• Tap a song for a partner – can they guess
what it is?
(http://www.songtapper.com)
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Curse of Knowledge Elizabeth Newton’s song-tapping
experiment:
Predicted guessing rate: 50%
Correct guessing rate: 3%
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Communication Problems• Between all parties
• At all levels
• At all phases of the process
• Include communication errors in programming
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Troubleshooting Trouble• Eyewitness accounts notoriously unreliable
• The human brain isn’t a recording device
• In normal use, you have no idea what exactly you did just before that bad thing happened
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What Does This Mean?• Lots of bugs hiding under unintended user
behavior
• Lots of legitimate bugs are dismissed as user error (even by users)
• Design flaws are not bugs, but might as well be
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Brooks’s Law “Adding manpower
to a late software project makes it later”
“The Mythical Man-Month” Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. (1975)
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According to Brooks…• Each new member of a team must be
brought up to speed and adds to the communication and coordination burden
• “The bearing of a child takes nine months, no matter how many women are assigned to a task.”
• Logical conclusion: ideal size of team=1
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A Different Approach…• Collaborative projects of developed and
supported by self-organizing communities of interest
• Transcend geography, time zones
• Roles based on participation, contribution and trust, not formal credentials
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Pyramid of Participation• Casual observer
• Occasional contributor
• Core Contributor
• Moderator / Module Owner / Administrator
• Board Member
• Benevolent Dictator
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Self-Organizing Communities• Self-organizing doesn’t mean disorganized
• Participants seek and find roles that are appropriate to their talents, interests and personal needs
• Participants earn their place in the community
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Motivation and Compensation• People do things for all kinds of reasons
• Intrinsic rewards are more motivating than extrinsic rewards
• Altruism, personal satisfaction, prove and improve skills, cooperation/competition, future reward, social interaction
• Be part of something
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Collaborative Communities• Have always existed in some form…
• But the Internet transformed the way people can engage in discussion and collaborative projects
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Active Communities• Health and disability support groups
• Political activity
• Fan communities
• “Survivor” spoilers
• Wikipedia : open source encyclopedia
(truly collaborative rather than collective)
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Economic Impact• Fewer people watching televisions,
especially in the 18-34 demographic
• Fewer people reading newspapers
• Consumer ratings, reviews, blog postings sometimes more powerful than advertising
(Example : blogging foodies)
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Free/Open Source Software• Grew out of the old hacker culture of the
1960’s and 1970’s
• Students working on UNIX systems; minicomputers
• Computers club culture around the Altair and other early hobby computers
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Bill Gates’ Open Letter 1976 Sent to the Homebrew Computer Club
complaining about unauthorized copying of Altair BASIC:
“you…prevent good software from being written. Who can afford to do professional work for nothing?”
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Free SoftwareFree Software Foundation (1985)
“Think of free speech, not free beer”
GNU Project : full operating system
Linus Torvald’s Linux provided the kernel
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Four Freedoms• Freedom 0 : The freedom to run the
program for any purpose
• Freedom 1 : The freedom to study and modify the program
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• Freedom 2 : The freedom to improve the program so you can help your neighbor
• Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits
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Source Code Access• Freedoms 1 (study/modify) and 3
(improve/release) are only possible with the source code
• Source code invaluable as a learning tool, but also for security and for improvement
• Academic tradition: release research
• Rapid evolution
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Open Source Movement• 1998: Netscape’s release of Navigator
source code as Mozilla
• Possibly confusion and political emphasis of “free software” terminology
• Some disputed areas between groups, much common ground in principle and practice
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“The Cathedral & the Bazaar”• Eric S. Raymond, 1997
• Contrasts building of cathedrals (highly centralized) and bazaar “a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches”
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Open Source Approaches• Users should be treated as co-developers
• Early releases (find co-developers early)
• Frequents integration (often nightly builds)
• At least two versions (development/stable)
• Modularization (parallel development)
• Dynamic decision-making structure
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Richard
Stallman
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Linus Torvalds
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Eric Raymond
“Everybody Love Eric Raymond”http://geekz.co.uk/lovesraymond/
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Business and Open Source
• Open source is not incompatible with business
• IBM, Sun and other businesses have chosen to participate in open source projects, donating both existing software and programmers
• Choose to build their applications on top of open source bases software like Apache
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New Business Opportunities• Businesses charge for installation,
customization and support of open source products
• Businesses develop value-added compatible software products
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Complex Legal Issues• Open source coming of age
• Microsoft asserting patent infringements and making settlement offers with Novell and others
• GPL3: Patent pledge to Novell extends to all Linux
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Libraries and Open Source• Open Source Software: Freedom to read?
• Community-based software: Compatible with public and educational institution philosophies : resource sharing, examination and evaluation of sources
• May provide longterm stability
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Workstation Level• Open source operating systems now ready
for prime time
• Library patrons becoming familiar with the concept of open source software; may appreciate savings
• Introduction of Vista a time for re-evaluation
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Open Source Library Systems• Georgia Pines system using Evergreen brought
major attention to Open Source as a viable option even for a very large library system
• Instability in the ILS market makes this a good time to re-evaluate options
• Competition and choice from outside likely to be good for the ILS vendors and for customers
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My Prediction• The next two years are going to be very
interesting.
• So is the rest of today
• Enjoy!
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Elizabeth B. ThomsenMember Services Manager
NOBLE: North of Boston Library Exchange