Open data in a GIS-perspective

Joep Crompvoets

(Bastiaan Van Loenen - Knowledge centre Open Data / Delft University of Technology)

OBJECTIVE“To be aware of the strengths of using open data in the context of Geographical Information Systems”

-Examples

-Definitions / Principles

-Policies

-Economic benefits

QUESTIONSWhy Open Geodata?

What are Open Geodata?

Are there examples of applications based on open data?

Can you license Open Geodata?

What are the economic benefits of Open Geodata?

Why open geodata?

OBJECTIVE

“To provide the European Commission with a package of recommendations on policy and management measures to address coastal erosion in the EU.

These recommendations should be based on a thorough assessment of the state of coastline and of the response options available at each level of administration.”

EUROSION

Project funded by theEuropean Commission

OBJECTIVE EROSION

“To provide the European Commission with a package of recommendations on policy and management measures to address coastal erosion in the EU.

These recommendations should be based on a thorough assessment of the state of coastline and of the response options available at each level of administration.”

Moderately vulnerable areas

Lowly vulnerable areas

Highly vulnerable areas (hotspot)

Assessment of European coastlineExample of Ajaccio Bay

Analysis

Vulnerable areas andMonitoring indicators

In terms of

Lives at riskEconomy at risk

Nature at risk

ElevationBathymetryAdministrative boundariesHydrographyInfrastructureErosion patterns (CCEr)Sediment discharges from riversHydrodynamics and sea level riseLand cover (LC) and LC changesLaws and decreesNationally designated areasSocial and economical profiles

From Data to Information

Costs and access restrictions

Most existing datasets are “copyrighted”: you do not buy information itself, but a right

to use it (“license”)

Dissemination of end-products is restricted (sometimes, end-products have to be “degraded”)

Quality “label” are not commonly adopted : uncertainty about the products

Costs and access restrictions

26% acquisition of licensed data (e.g. Elevation)

17% update of existing data (e.g. Coastal Erosion)

33% production of missing data (e.g. Hydrodynamics)

24% Format conversion, integration, and quality control

EUROSION database = 2 Millions Euros

Coastal erosion

Higher investment costs

Delayed implementation

Uncertain quality

dissemination constraints

What Is Open Geodata?

What Is “Open Geodata”?

Terminology is key to understanding principles and defining policy.

What are we talking about when we use the term ‘open geodata’?Are all stakeholders using the term equally?

Open data?1. Data Must Be Complete2. Data Must Be Primary3. Data Must Be Timely4. Data Must Be Accessible5. Data Must Be Machine processable 6. Access Must Be Non-Discriminatory7. Data Formats Must Be Non-Proprietary8. Data Must Be License-free9. Compliance must be reviewable. 10. The work shall be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable reproduction cost

Or simply• Data without any restrictions in the use and provided for

free

What is Open Geodata?

Geodata: data referring to a location on earth

Geodata is open if any user is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it

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Examples of geodataDigital Elevation ModelTopographyCadastralAdministrative boundariesLand useSoilsClimateDemography

Are there examples of applications based on open data?

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` Gem. inkomen vs WOZ waarde per wijk

Gem. vraagprijs per m2

woonruimteVerkeersongevallen 2012

Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

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Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

Source: Knowledge Centre Open Data – Delft University of Technology

Energy atlas Gleisdorf: solar energy and biomass potential

ThermografischeopnameOp maandagavond 26 januari2009 heeftAerodata in opdrachtvan de gemeente eenthermografischeopnamevan Delft gemaakt. Het was die avondhelder weer, zonderwind, de gemiddeldedagtemperatuur (weerstationRotterdam) was 1,1°C, met eenminimum van –2,2°C. Door beeldbewerkingvan de camera-opnamen is de warmte-uitstralingomgezet naar 6 overzichtelijkekleuren van donkerblauwtot rood. Dezekleuren zijngeenabsolute maat, maar er is uitgegaanvan de gemiddeldewarmte-uitstralingin Delft. De opname is zogedetailleerddatduidelijk is welkdeelvan het dak de meestewarmte-uitstralingheeft, of waar zich eenschoorsteenbevindt.

www.gemeentedelft.info

Can You License ‘Open Geodata’?

LICENSING OPEN GEODATAOpen Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and

Licence (ODC PDDL) Domain of Application = Data Full Text is at: http://www.opendatacommons.org/odc-public-domain-

dedication-and-licence/ How to Apply is at: http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/

Licensing Open Data

How to Apply to ODC PDDL

•Insert prominently in all relevant locations relating to the database (metadata) a statement such as:

This {DATA(BASE)} is made available under the Public Domain Dedication and License v1.0 whose full text can be found at:

http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/pddl/

1.0/

ODC PDDL – Human Readable

What License to Use?

• Conformant, Recommended• Conformant, Non-reusable• Conformant, but Little Used,

Discontinued or Deprecated• Non-Conformant Licenses

o Creative Commons No-Derivatives Licenses

o Creative Commons NonCommercialo Project Gutenberg License

• Discontinued License

What are the economic benefits of geodata?

If Open data, then….• 68 billion euro (Pira International, 2000)• 27 billion euro (Dekkers et al., 2006) • 40 billon euro (Vickery, 2011)

If Open data, then…

Open data: Landsat imagery: 1 million downloads in 6 months v. 25,000 per year

Ordnance Survey Open GeodataEconomic Value Study (June 2013)

Economic Assessmentnet increase in GDP of £13 to £28.5 million in 2016, from:

net productivity gains (£8 – £18.2 million) additional real tax revenues (£4.4 – £8.3 million).

increase in real GNP in the range £10.2 – £24.1 million by 2016“… an improved level of productivity in the economy, and higher overall levels of output, directly attributable to making OS OpenData free at the point of delivery.”

Danish e-GovernmentOpen (Geo-)data Study

Good Basic (Geo-)data for Everyone – A Driver for Growth and Efficiency: E-government Strategy 2011-2015 (October 2012)

Basic data to be part of e-Government Strategy 2011-2015Basic data to be common foundation for public sector administrationOpen basic data will benefit public sector efficiency and drive innovation and value creation.Basic data in digital form will lead to new commercial products and public information services.

Danish e-GovernmentOpen (Geo-)data Study

Financial Benefits from Open Basic DataNet returns for the public sector

“Once the initiative has been completely phased in, in 2020, there are expected savings for the public sector of about DKK 250 million per year (34 million euro ) as a result of lower administration costs.”

MetroGIS Free & Open Data

Making Public GIS Data Free and Open: Benefits and Challenges

by MetroGIS Data Producers Work Group, April 2013 MetroGIS: local geographic information systems initiative serving the seven-county Minneapolis-St. Paul (Minnesota) metropolitan area

MetroGIS - Benefits

Benefits for Public AgenciesCost savings (more efficient organizational operation).Revenue enhancement (more efficient means to collect taxes or revenue from regulatory enforcement).More efficient delivery of services to the public & efficient means of conducting agency businessImproved analytical and decision making capabilities.Enhanced ability to communicate and quantify the work of agencies to the public and policy makers.

MetroGIS – Intangible Benefits

Improves the function of a democratic society 

ensures the transparency of government and public processenables an informed & participatory citizenry and accountable governmentfosters building of relationships between organizations, public and privateimproved emergency planning preparation = increased public safety

MetroGIS – Intangible BenefitsFacilitates wider data use and enhances value

•speeds development of data-based services, tools, and applications •promotes innovation and entrepreneurship•promotes and facilitates planning, development and maintenance of physical infrastructure•promotes and facilitates understanding and preservation of natural environment•helps increase quality of the data for all, by reporting potential errors

MetroGIS – Intangible BenefitsCreates opportunities to realize cost savings

 

•reduces or eliminates duplication of effort for data development

•data partnerships result in cost savings on acquisition and maintenance of data

•allows organizations to more effectively deploy their resources = reduced cost

MetroGIS – Intangible BenefitsOffer improved analysis and decision making  

organizations can leverage shared data to drive core business decisionspromotes more consistent cross-jurisdictional and cross-organizational analysis and decision makingpromotes use of data from authoritative government sourcesmakes results available to a wider audience = increased confidence in the analysis and data used

MetroGIS – ChallengesChallenges to Making Data Available to Public

 

•Impacts on ability to engage in cost recovery for data development•Creates liability issues due to errors, omissions, and misuse•Results in a loss of control over data•Fails to provide clear, direct (financial) benefit to data providers

MetroGIS - Conclusions Agencies make a considerable investment of public funds

in GIS Data. The main challenge is to ensure that this investment produces the greatest benefit to the most people.

Public capacity to leverage this investment is growing due to advances in computing & GIS technology, and the technical capabilities of the general public (e.g. crowdsourcing, ‘location aware’ devices, etc.).

Free and open data access is a key factor in leveraging this investment.

Open and free access to data requires knowledge of the broader benefits and a commitment from the County to actively address the challenges.

MetroGIS Conclusions Challenges can be overcome, but require organization-

wide commitment. Replacing revenue collected from sale of GIS data is a

challenge to address. Counties that desire benefits for their citizens,

businesses, schools, and other institutions through free and open access to data must make decisions regarding how to fund this loss of agency revenue.

Government GIS data should be available to everyone, not just those who can afford it or for projects with sufficient ROI to justify it.

Bears on the open geodata road• Legal:

• Liability• Privacy• Intellectual property• Competition law• Energy law

• Technology• Organisational issues• Extra costs• …

QUESTIONSWhy Open Geodata?

What are Open Geodata?

Are there examples of applications based on open data?

Can you license Open Geodata?

What are the economic benefits of Open Data?

Thank You!