Ontology Description of Bodybuilding Supplements’ Taking...

Body Building Science Journal Vol. 2, No. 4, 2010

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Ontology Description of Bodybuilding Supplements’ Taking Risks

Madalina ZURINI

Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

Abstract: The concepts of supplements and the taxonomies associated are presented.

The main risks of supplements intake are established. The dimensions of nutrition, exercises,

represented by the external factors, and the internal behavior of the human body are outlined

in this article as a complex correlation in bodybuilding art. A nutrition knowledge is formed

in terms of ontology criteria of building for a better understanding of the major impact

factors upon the bodybuilding sport. An interaction matrix is formed between major

supplements types. The terms of individual and interaction risk are introduced. Ways of

diminishing the supplements’ risks are proposed within a theoretical model that stands for an

experimental analysis of different bodybuilding case studies nutrition programs.

Keywords: supplements, risks, nutrition programs, classification techniques,

bodybuilding ontology.

1. Introduction

Since the beginning of bodybuilding sport, in 19th

century when Eugen Sandow

promoted it, an evolution took place that shook the perspective from which sport, nutrition

and health where seen. Even thought the Asians used herbs for more than three thousand

years ago, there are proves dating back six thousand years ago that the Sumerians used plants

like opium poppy, thyme or mustard.

It is proven the fact that, even though a lot of drugs derive from some traditional

herbs, Aspirin from Willow Bark tree, Digoxin from Digitalis plant, nowadays, herbal

preparations aren’t used when synthetic ones are available.

In 1990, NLEA, Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, introduced in the previous

category called dietary supplements, which included only vitamins, minerals and proteins,

herbs or similar nutritional substances. It was in 1994 when the market of supplements

dramatically changes, when substances like enzymes, hormones and steroids were introduced

in the same category, called dietary supplements.

In the Congress of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, DSHEA, in

1994, the term of dietary supplements was defined as being a product taken by mouth that

contains an ingredient intended to supplement diet. These ingredients can include vitamins,

minerals, herbs and other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as: enzymes, organ

tissues, glandular and metabolites.

Fighting for a better health, for a better look, from inside and outside, bodybuilding

came as a way of expressing the art of the body. For that, main aspects should be taken in

consideration, such as:

• effort;

• nutrition;

• rest;

• supplements.

Those four major parts collaborate for a efficient result in:

• height control;


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• health;

• body proportions;

• self esteem.

Seen from a diagram of correlation view, those main aspects along with their results

can be integrated and figure 1 is the result formed. The circles from the outside of the system

of the bodybuilding represent the results, the desired outputs, since the four centered circles

compose the bodybuilding activity.

Fig. 1. Bodybuilding main parts

For each desired output, a standard was needed for a correct evaluation of each

bodybuilder, whether at a performance level or not.

Weight control has in composition two measures, weight and height. Using the Body

Mass Index, BMI, calculated after the following formula, a weight category is resulted.

Table 1 contains the major weight categories used for weight analysis.

Table 1. BMI analyses

BMI range Weight category

< 16.5 Severely underweighted

[16.5 ; 18.5) Underweighted

[18.5 ; 25) Normal

[25 ; 30] Overweighed

> 30 Obese

In the same area of weight control, the measurement of the total number of calories

taken per day by a person should be correlated to its age, sex and weight. For calculating this,

the BMR, Basal Metabolic Rate, is used which has the following construction from [1]:


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where:

• m represents the weight of a person measured in kilograms;

• h is the height measured in centimeters;

• a is the age measured is years.

To this value BMR, the level of effort intensity is added in terms of multiplication of

the total number of calories needed per day, correlated to age, weight, height and effort level.

In [1], 5 categories were analyzed, as follows in table 2.

Table 2. BMI analyses

Effort category BMR multiplier

Sedentary 1.2

Less active 1.375

Active 1.55

Very active 1.725

Excessive 1.9

Using the BMR multiplier, the effort adjusted BMR can be formed as:

For body proportions, 3 main body types exist, [2]:

• ectomorph;

• mesomorph;

• endomorph.

Over the years, multiple forms of body measures were introduced, since the yearly

ancient Greek model. Nowadays, Steve Reeves was the man who created the imagine of the

ideal symmetric body, known as to be the most symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing

bodybuilders of all time. Having the values of wrist, ankle, head, pelvis and knee, six other

values are deducted as in [3]:

• arm size: 252% of wrist size;

• calf size: 192% of ankle size;

• neck size: 79% of head size;

• chest size: 148% of pelvis size;

• waist size: 86% of pelvis size;

• thigh size: 175% of knee size.

When it comes to health, the blood tests are done in specialized clinics. For each set of

results, the normal interval according to the sex and age is presented for a comparison

between the actual level and the normal one. In table 3, an example of such analyze is

presented.

Table 3. Blood test ranges for ions and trace metals [7]

Test Lower

limit

Upper

limit

Unit

Ions and trace metals

Sodium (Na) 135 145 mmol/L


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Potassium(K) 3.5 5.0 mmol/L

Choride(Cl) 95 105 mmol/L

Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03 1.23 mmol/L

Total calcium (Ca) 2.1 2.5 mg/dL

Total serum iron - male 65 176 µg/dL

Total serum iron - female 26 170 µg/dL

Total iron binding capacity

(TIBC)

240 450 µg/dL

Ferritin - male 12 300 ng/mL

Ferritin - female 12 150 ng/mL

Ammonia 10 35 µmol/L

Copper 70 150 µg/dL

Ceruloplasmin 15 60 mg/dL

Phosphate 0.8 1.5 mmol/L

Inorganic phosphorus

(serum)

1.0 1.5 mmol/L

Zinc 60 110 µg/dL

Magnesium 1.5 2.0 mEq/L

Similar to table 2, other tests are conducted and have the lower and upper range, as:

• cardiac tests;

• acid-base and blood gases;

• liver function;

• tumor markers;

• endocrinology;

• amino acids;

• vitamins;

• toxins;

• hematology;

• immunology;

• isotypes of antibodies;

• auto antibodies;

• other enzymes and proteins;

• other electrolytes and metabolites;

• lipids.

About self esteem, that is the image that a person has upon it, it can also be

transformed along with the evolution of health, body proportions. This result is a mental one,

a result that is helping persons to increase the level of trusting, of endurance and energy.

The present paper whishes to analyze the effects found when supplements are intake

so, in order to obtain a suitable evaluation, a prior analyze of supplements categories must be

conducted.

2. Supplement knowledge

For a supplement to be considered legal, it must satisfy the fact that is ingested in pill,

capsule, tablet or liquid form, it is not represented for use as a conventional food or as the sole

item of a meal or diet and it is labeled as a “dietary supplement”, the restrictions included in

the DSHEA amended, in 1994, in [4].


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A first taxonomy, [5], for supplements is dividing them into:

• exercise supplements; are the ones that help the body to increase the intake of

nutrients, like creatine, that helps boost strength and enhances performance;

• dietary supplements; help increase the nutrient supply required by the body for overall

growth and development, an example is cod liver oil.

In [6], the categories composed are done from the result point of view, in:

• fat loss;

• general health;

• immune function;

• muscle building.

For fat loss, there are five existing subcategories, depending of each one particular

goal, not all fat burning supplements work the same, but they all guarantee a rapidly shedding

of the layers of body fat. Those subcategories are presented in [9]:

• thermogenic fat burners; those types of fat are usually a mixture of different

substances, with the aim to ramp up the metabolic rate and body temperature, which

include substances like: ephedra, or ephedrine, caffeine, Synephrine HCL or yohimbe;

• carbohydrates blockers; this type is used for blocking the absorption of calories from

carbohydrates, because they inhibit the enzymes that work in the body to digest

carbohydrates found in food;

• appetite suppressants; the aim is to decrease the appetite as a mean of speeding the rate

of fat loss, having the most popular ingredient hoodia;

• thyroid regulating fat burners; when the thyroid is not producing enough of hormones

to keep the required level of the metabolism, and the result is in a slower metabolism

with a weight gain, this supplement fixes the level of two main substances produced

by the thyroid, guggulsterone and forskolin;

• fat blockers; work similar to carbohydrates blockers, prevent from the digestion and

absorption of dietary fat calories that are consumed.

In the area of general health, the following subcategories were gathered, as:

• endurance supplements; in [10] is presented that endurance supplements are a mixture

of caffeine, yerba mate, green tea, yohimbe and amino acids that will boost the energy

level and performance;

• energy supplements; are represented by beta alanine, a non-essential amino acids, for

increasing the stamina, strength and muscle development, [11];

• joint supplements; are the one that action on the health of the joints, like glucosamine,

which stimulates GAG and PG production, being able to produce connective tissue

faster, and are sold in four types: glucosamine hydroiodide, n-acetyl glucosamine,

glucosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine sulphate, [12];

• liver supplements; is one of the essential supplement that is used represented by

desiccated liver, in [13];

• mind supplements; there is nutrition special for the brain, such as vitamins, minerals

and other micronutrients, [8];

• heart supplements; heart health can be improved by adding CoQ10, EFA, fish oil and

Omega 3 in the diet, by taking heart supplements.

For the immunity aspect, in [6], three subtypes are presented:

• alpha lipoic acid; also called ALA, [14], is both water and fat soluble and can pass the

brain blood barrier, which works on the inside and outside of cells, allowing to destroy

free radicals; it is known the fact that ALA works to stop the HIV virus, prevent

cataracts and improve visual functions


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• antioxidants; fight against cell damage caused by free radicals, which are involved in

muscle, joint and tendon damage and inflammation, degenerative arthritis and even in

the aging process, [15]; such antioxidants are represented by: vitamin C, vitamin E,

selenium and green tea;

• vitamins and minerals; the following list represent a total number of 20 primal

vitamins and minerals that are necessary for the body and are found in dietary

supplements: alpha lipoid acid, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, calcium,

chromium, CoQ10, vitamin C, DHA, vitamin D, vitamin E, folate, ginkgo biloba,

ginseng, iron, vitamin K, magnesium, omega-3, selenium and zinc.

For muscle building scope, there is also a good representation of supplements types.

There are supplements that, beside the improvement of the aspects presented above,

immunity, health or fat burn, also have an effect on the muscle building process. Such

examples include:

• amino acids and BCAA; like HMB and leucine, defined in [16];

• beta-alanine; are used to buffer muscle fatigue;

• casein protein; it is a protein powder type, a dairy protein, and represents almost 80%

of all proteins found in cow’s milk, [17];

• creatine; is used to increase fat free mass and improve anaerobic and possibly aerobic

performance, [18];

• gainers; are used for increasing the weight using proteins, [19], like whey protein

isolate, whey protein concentrate, whole egg, egg white, casein or soy;

• glutamine; is a non-essential amino acid and is essential when illness, stress or injury

is present, [20];

• hormones; like cortisol or testosterone,

• proteins; are found in casein protein, eggs, MRP, soy or whey, [21].

Having this classification, a two level one, the term of supplement is now understood

as a complex substance which has a major representation in different commercial companies

that present less or more the major impact that they can have upon the human body if they are

taken.

3. Ontology representation of bodybuilding programs

Ontology was first a philosophy discipline that was handing with the nature and

organization of reality. The term of ontology comes, or is a subset, from information retrieval,

that is the representation, storage and organization of information. Both two directions from

which ontology in engineering was born have the same roots, and primal objective, that is to

model a input data, nature, reality, a certain domain, and to extract the major information that

can characterize that input data.

Because of the increasement of the supplements mass, an ontology is needed to

organize the information circulated. A well structured analyze has a positive effect on domain

understandability. This fact is demonstrated by using the K function, knowledge function, that

measures the impact of y information represented in the frame of ontology.


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where:

• is the i representation from the total of number of representations of the

total representations of information used in a certain domain;

• is the knowledge benefit of integrating the whole ontology defined in a

certain domain;

• is the sum of the knowledge benefit generated by each ontology;

• the value function of the total ontology integration is greater

than the sum of the values generated by all the representations one by one.

The present ontology will be formed on the generic, higher leveled ontology formed

from figure 1. The four major classes must be divided in correlation to the hierarchy proposed

by the OWL ontology representation, which will be used for this model presented in figure 2.


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Effort

Effort type

+Sedentary

+Le

ss active

+Active

+Very active

+Exce

ssive

is of type

Effort form

+Emotional

+Neurological

+Physica

l

is expressed into

Nutrition

Food database

Meals

is form

ed by

are form

ed from

Supplements

Body proportions

+wrist

+ankle

+head

+pelvis

+kn

ee

+arm

+ca

lf+neck

+ch

est

+waist

+thigh

is correlated to

Ideal body

has the objective of

Major suppelements types

+fat loss

+general h

ealth

+immune function

+muscle building

are of type

Rest

+no hours per day

+rest le

vel

depends on

Fat loss S

+therm

ogenic fat burners

+ca

rbohydrates blockers

+appetite suppressants

+thyroid regulating fat burners

+fat blockers

can be

General health S

+endurance

supplements

+energy supplements

+joint su

pplements

+liver su

pplements

+mind supplements

+heart supplements

Immune function S

+alpha lipoic acid

+antioxidants

+vitamins and m

inerals

Muscle building S

+amino acids and BCAA

+beta-alanine

+ca

sein protein

+creatine

+gainers

+glutamine

+horm

ones

+proteins

Bodybuilder

+age

+se

x+weight

+height

+volume

has

can be

can be

can be

Health Indicators

+ca

rdiac tests

+acid-base

and blood gase

s+liver function

+tumor markers

+endocrinology

+amino acids

+vitamins

+toxins

+hematology

+immunology

+isotypes of antibodies

+auto antibodies

+lipids

effects

affects

has

Body type

+ectomorph

+meso

morph

+endomorph

has body type

affects

Risk supplements

have

Self esteem

modifies

Fig. 2. Bodybuilding ontology

The ontology is formed out of four major classes: nutrition, supplements, effort and

rest. For a better view of the relations among the classes formed, figure 3 is done excluding

the attributes from the view.


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Effort

Efforttype

is of type

Effortform

is expressed into

Nutrition

Fooddatabase

Meals

is formed by

are formed from

Supplements

Bodyproportions

is correlated to

Idealbody

has the objective of

Majorsuppelements

typesare of type

Rest

depends on

FatlossS

can be

Generalhealth

S

Immunefunction

S

Musclebuilding

S

Bodybuilder

hascan becan becan be

HealthIndicators

effects

affects

has

Bodytype

has body typeaffects

Risksupplements

have

Selfesteem

modifies

Bodytype

has body type

effects no calories

Fig. 3. Ontology without attribute detail

It can be seen the fact that all the elements are related, a change in one direction

effects all the other components. The objective is to maintain an optimum level for the

aggregate result. Being able to determine the place where supplements have in the process of

bodybuilding, placed the need to understand the risks in taking these dietary supplements,

which will be explained further in this work.

4. Risks in supplements’ intake

Risks in supplements’ intake can be of various types, depending on the type of the

supplement that is consumed. For that, for each major supplement, the risks are presented in

the following. The first class is muscle building, which include the supplements explained in

chapter 2.

Human Growth Hormone, HGH, is a hormone produced by a grand situated inside the

brain, 22. Nowadays, this hormone used as a supplement for increasing the muscle mass is

made of advent genetic engineering. The risks associated to HGH consumption are:

• disturbed sleep;

• premature death;

• heart enlargement;

• low blood sugar with risks of diabetic coma;

• excessive hair growth all over the body;

• excessive water retention;

• liver damage;

• thyroid damage.

This supplement is also used because it promises a reverse in the aging process.

Beside this and muscle increasing, in [23], more other benefic effects exist, such as:

• reducing fat;

• strengthening bones;

• assisting with calcium retention;


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• blood sugar control;

• boosting the immune system.

The results occurred when facing the pro’s and con’s of HGH intake are represented

by the fact that, if taken in a larger amount than necessary, the level of boosting given to the

hole organism can be losing control.

Protein supplements are the most important for bodybuilders because muscle is made

out mostly out of protein. But that doesn’t mean that all the proteins available are suitable for

each person. A matrix of protein is formed for each such supplement, from the composition of

amino acids for each protein product. Examples of those proteins are: eggs, whey protein.

There supplements have low side effects, because protein is one of the three main elements of

food, beside fats and carbohydrates, one of it being the excessive gas in the intestinal track,

[24].

In [25], other side effects are presented when there is an excess in protein intake. First

of all, the level of pH blood will turn to 7.0 ranges, becoming an acidic one. Also, kidney

stones can appear due to the deposit of calcium.

About glutamine supplement, in [26] and [27], it is presented the fact that the side

effects are just an upset stomach when an excessive amount is taken.

Creatine is found in meat and fish, [28], and is also made by the human body in the

liver, kidneys and pancreas. It is a well known and used supplement because it increases lean

muscle mass and enhance athletic performance, particularity during high-intensity, short-

duration sports. Side effects of creatine include: weight gain, muscle cramps, muscle strains

and pulls, stomach upset, diarrhea, dizziness, high blood pressure, liver dysfunction and

kidney damage, in [29].

In table 4, for the major supplements a list of interactions is presented. Those results

are concentrated from [30].

Table 4. Supplements’ interactions

Supplement Interaction medications

Insulin and drugs that lower blood sugar Alpha Lipoic Acid

Thyroid regulating medications, levothyroxine

Alendronate

Antacid that contain aluminium

Blood pressure medications

Cholesterol lowering medications

Corticosteroids

Digoxin

Diuretics

Gentamicin

Calcium

Antibiotics( Quinolones, Tetracyclines)

Thiazide diuretics Cartilage

Blood sugar lowering medication and insulin

Antacids Chromium

Diabetes medications

Daunorubicin and doxorubinic


Blood thinning medications Coenzyme Q10

Timolol

Cimetidine, diuretics Creatine

NSAIDs


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Antidepressant medications


Carbamazepine


Digoxin

Lithium

Fiber

Penicillin

NSAIDs Glucosamine

Blood sugar lowering medications or insulin

Glutamine Cancer therapy

Cholestyramine and Colestipol

Ulcers or stomach medications

Tetracyclines

Quinolones

ACE inhibitors

Iron

Birth control medications

Antibiotics


Diabetic medications

Digoxin

Diuretics

Hormone replacement therapy

Magnesium

Penicillamine

Blood thinning medications

Blood sugar lowering medications

Cholesterol lowering medications Omega 3

NSAIDs

Blood thinning medications Omega 6

Chemotherapy for cancer

Alcohol

Antacids

Anticonvulsants

Corticosteroid

Diuretics

Insulin

Phosphorus

Potassium supplements

Antibiotics B5

Alzheimer’s medications

NSAIDs

ACE inhibitors

Beta blockers

Antacids

Insulin

Laxatives

Potassium

Digoxin

Anticoagulants

Chemotherapy Selenium



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Spirulina Immune medications

Tetracycline antibiotics

Antacids

Anticoagulants


Vitamin A

Omeprazole

Digoxin

Diuretics Vitamin B1

Phenytoin

Anticonvulsants

Chemotherapy

Vitamin B12

Antibiotics

Tetracycline

Phenytoin

Vitamin B2

Diuretics

Antibiotics

Aspirin

Anticoagulants



Vitamin B3


Antibiotics


Chemotherapy Vitamin B6

Phenytoin

Antibiotics


Anticonvulsants Vitamin B9


Aspirin

NSAIDs

Chemotherapy drugs


Vitamin C

Tetracycline

Estrogen

INH

Antacids

Cholestyramine

Mineral oil

Vitamin D

Weight loss products


Aspirin


Hormone replacement therapy

Vitamin E

Weight loss products

Antibiotics Vitamin H

Anticonvulsants

Vitamin K Antibiotics


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Phenytoin


Antibiotics Zinc

NSAIDs

The total number 31 supplements analyzed above interact with different medications.

From this table, the matrix of interactions is formed, let it be called MI,

with , n being the total number of medications types, and:

Applying the formula above, in table 5, the interaction matrix is created.

Table 5. Interaction Matrix

j medication

i supplement 1 2 … j … n

1 MI11 MI12 … MI1j … MI1n

2 MI21 MI22 … MI2j … MI2n

… … … … … … …

i MIi1 MIi2 … MIij … MIin

… … … … … … …

31 MI31 1 MI31 2 … MI31 j … MI31 n

In the current chapter, two types of risks of supplements intake were identified:

• individual risk;

• interaction risk.

Individual risks are those which appear when a supplement is not taken in

conformation to the specified product prescription, while interaction risks are those which

appear when two or more supplements are taken in the same time and, in the interaction

matrix, the value corresponded to the interaction between those supplements is equal to 1.

5. Theoretical model for supplements’ risks controlling

Risk, in general, is defined in [31] as being the probability or threat of a damage,

injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence, caused by external or internal

vulnerabilities and which can be neutralized though pre-mediated action. No matter which

domain the term of risk is associated with, the elements of negative effect, probability and

vulnerabilities will always be the output and output of this action.

The paper previous presented the major risks in the domain of supplements intake,

after that being divided into two types, individual and interaction ones. The output is set, as

the negative effect, the frame is presented, but what about the probability? Is presented above

a probability of supplements negative effects occurrence? For making this possible, from the

interaction matrix, MI, applying a transformation function, RMI matrix is formed, called Risk

Matrix Interaction.

Even though if MIij =1, when i is the supplement and j the other medication between

which there is an interaction, the probability of this interaction wasn’t added into the model.

Let we consider T function, called transformation function, a probability function

which transforms a value from MI matrix into RMI probability matrix, with:


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T function is called probability function because it transforms the 0 value into 0% and

1 value into (0%; 1%]. It is obvious the fact that a non interaction, a 0 value, is equal to a 0

percentage of occurrence risk.

The goal is to minimize the risks in supplements intake and, to do so, a model must be

conducted. Starting from the classical model of project management risk controlling, a

parallel is done between those two domains.

In [32], a guide is proposed for project risk management. Four stages are deducted for

the specific plan:

• risk identification;

• risk quantification;

• risk response;

• risk monitoring and control.

Risk identification is the stage in which the total risks are identified and named, while

the quantification stage is the stage where a value is added to each risk, a probability value

that can then be transformed in a finite set of numbers which expresses the level of

importance.

In risk response, four strategies exist:

• risk avoiding; if it can be done, the risk should be eliminated;

• risk transferring; transfer the risk to a different level, a better one, if possible;

• risk mitigation; to level down the occurrence of a risk;

• risk acceptance; is the risk is too small, maybe it is better to accept it.

Risk control is the step when all the risks must be monitored, be identification of any

change in the status.

In figure 4, a relation between project management risks and supplements’ risks intake

modulates the process of supplements intake analyzes.

Fig. 4. Project Risk Management in supplements’ risks

I. Risk identification

II. Risk quantification

III. Risk response

IV. Risk monitoring

and control

I. Risk supplements

identification

II. RMI matrix

III. SSM matrix

IV. Supplements risk

controlling


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Supplements risk controlling is responsible of monitoring the evolution in the health,

body dimensions, weight and height. Every modification should be explained in term of risk,

whether it is or not a side effect generated by the identified risks. Even though we can say that

at a previous time we analyzed all the possible risks, it is also important to evaluate the

present stage and to determine, if existing, other risks that may disturb the system, in our case,

the human body.

Beside the three steps, I, II and IV, which were applied, step which included the risk

response is transformed into the SSM matrix, Supplements Similarity Matrix.

In [30], an analyze of similarity among supplements was conducted. For each

supplement type, if it is in interaction with other medication, other type of treatment is

proposed.

6. Conclusions

For creating a supplement intake risks controlling model, an overall view of the

general domain must be formed. Bodybuilding is a sport in which nutrition, effort, rest and

supplements interact. By building the ontology of bodybuilding domain, a proper

classification can be done. Supplements can be of type exercise and dietary. Multiple types

were presented, along with their most known products. The sources used included web sites

of the present products, health web sites and other international organizations which fight for

the well benefit of each supplements intake person.

It is proven the fact that supplements are not just for advanced bodybuilders, but also

for normal humans that need an improvement in their daily life. But by doing so, some risks

appear, risks that must be controlled because they can have a major negative effect on the

health.

Two types of risks are identified, individual and interaction risks. Individual risks are

those which appear when a supplement is not taken in conformation to the specified product

prescription, while interaction risks are those which appear when two or more supplements

are taken in the same time and interact with each other creating a side effect.

The model proposed is inspired by the Project Risk Management architecture of

fighting for risk controlling. The four step process is easy to apply, efficient in time spent to

implement it and the results obtained. For each of the four stages, an associated level was

deducted, transforming it into a theoretical model for supplements’ risks controlling.

The problem with diet supplements is not the fact that they are being consumed, but

the fact that the prescript quantity is neglected or the supplements are taken along with other

which taken together the risk of side effects appears.

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Author

Mădălina ZURI0I is currently a PhD candidate in the field of Economic

Informatics. She graduated the Faculty of Cybernetics, Statistics and

Economic Informatics (2008) and a master in Computer Science, having her

dissertation given in Implications of Bayesian classifications for optimizing

spam filters (2010). She is also engaged in Pedagogical Program as part of

the Department of Pedagogical Studies. Her fields of interest are data

classification, artificial intelligence, data quality, algorithm analysis and

optimizations. She wants to pursue a pedagogical career.

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