Ontologies & Its ApplicationsOntologies & Its ApplicationsSan Su Lee, Jong Lim, Rami Al-GhanmiSan Su Lee, Jong Lim, Rami Al-Ghanmi

OutlineOutlineIntroduction to Ontologies

DefinitionWeb Ontology Language (OWL)

Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesThe ProblemTag Meta-DataOntology Clusters

Ontology-Based Federation of DataData TypesSystem Architecture

Introduction to OntologiesDefinitionWeb Ontology Language (OWL)

Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesThe ProblemTag Meta-DataOntology Clusters

Ontology-Based Federation of DataData TypesSystem Architecture

Introduction to OntologiesIntroduction to Ontologies

OntologyOntologyDefinition

An ontology is a specification of conceptualization

Practical Used as a form of Knowledge RepresentationSemantic Web, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Information Architecture

TaxonomyA Simple Ontology

Differences between a classification and an ontologyThe richness of information available

DefinitionAn ontology is a specification of conceptualization

Practical Used as a form of Knowledge RepresentationSemantic Web, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Information Architecture

TaxonomyA Simple Ontology

Differences between a classification and an ontologyThe richness of information available

Elements of an Ontology 1Elements of an Ontology 1Individuals

Instances

Ground level component of an ontologyConcrete Object

People, Animal, Planets

Abstract Object Numbers, Words

IndividualsInstances

Ground level component of an ontologyConcrete Object

People, Animal, Planets

Abstract Object Numbers, Words

Elements of an Ontology 2Elements of an Ontology 2Classes (Concepts)

Abstract groups, sets, or collection of objectsContain individuals, other classes or combination of both

Person: the class of all People

Classes (Concepts)Abstract groups, sets, or collection of objectsContain individuals, other classes or combination of both

Person: the class of all People

Vehicle

Car Truck

2-WheelDrive

4-WheelDrive

General Class

Specific Class

Elements of an Ontology 3Elements of an Ontology 3Attributes

At least a Name and a ValueA complex data typeExample

Object: a Ford ExplorerAttributes:

Name: Ford ExplorerNumber of Doors: 4Engine: {4.0L, 4.6L}Transmission: 6 speed

AttributesAt least a Name and a ValueA complex data typeExample

Object: a Ford ExplorerAttributes:

Name: Ford ExplorerNumber of Doors: 4Engine: {4.0L, 4.6L}Transmission: 6 speed

4-WheelDrive

FordExplorer

Elements of an Ontology 4Elements of an Ontology 4Relationships

Important type of relation is the subsumption:is-subclass-of, the converse of is-a, is-type-of, is-subclass-of

ExampleObject: Ford BrancoAttribute: Successor: Ford Explorer

RelationshipsImportant type of relation is the subsumption:

is-subclass-of, the converse of is-a, is-type-of, is-subclass-of

ExampleObject: Ford BrancoAttribute: Successor: Ford Explorer

Car

2-WheelDrive

4-WheelDrive

FordBronco

FordExplorer

Why Ontologies?Why Ontologies?Sharing common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents

Reusing of domain knowledge

Making domain assumptions explicit

Separating domain knowledge from the operational knowledge

Analyzing domain knowledge

Sharing common understanding of the structure of information among people or software agents

Reusing of domain knowledge

Making domain assumptions explicit

Separating domain knowledge from the operational knowledge

Analyzing domain knowledge

Ontology LanguagesOntology LanguagesWeb Ontology Language (OWL)

A formal language used to encode the ontologyTo process the content of information instead of presenting informationSupported by

XML: provides a surface syntax for structured documents (no semantic constraints)XML Schema: Restricting the structure of XML documentRDF: A data model for objects and relations between themRDFS: A vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources

Web Ontology Language (OWL)A formal language used to encode the ontologyTo process the content of information instead of presenting informationSupported by

XML: provides a surface syntax for structured documents (no semantic constraints)XML Schema: Restricting the structure of XML documentRDF: A data model for objects and relations between themRDFS: A vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources

OWL SublanguagesOWL SublanguagesOWL Lite

Support a classification hierarchy and simple constraintsA quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomiesLower formal complexity

OWL DLSupport the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness and decidabilityIncluding all OWL language constructs, Using only under certain restrictions

OWL FullMaximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarentees

OWL LiteSupport a classification hierarchy and simple constraintsA quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomiesLower formal complexity

OWL DLSupport the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness and decidabilityIncluding all OWL language constructs, Using only under certain restrictions

OWL FullMaximum expressiveness and the syntactic freedom of RDF with no computational guarentees

Published OntologiesPublished OntologiesDublin Core

A simple ontology for documents and publishing

WordNetLexical reference system

GeneOntology for genomics

SBOSystems Biology Ontology for computational model in biology

LinkBaseA formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded on BFO(Basic Formal Ontology)

FOAF Friend-of-a-Friend

Dublin CoreA simple ontology for documents and publishing

WordNetLexical reference system

GeneOntology for genomics

SBOSystems Biology Ontology for computational model in biology

LinkBaseA formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded on BFO(Basic Formal Ontology)

FOAF Friend-of-a-Friend

Ontology Generation from Tag SpacesOntology Generation from Tag Spaces

TagsTags

A relevant keyword or term associated with or

assigned to a piece of information

Describes the item and enabling keyword-based

classification of information it is applied to

is usually chosen informally and personally by the

author/creator or the consumer of the item

A relevant keyword or term associated with or

assigned to a piece of information

Describes the item and enabling keyword-based

classification of information it is applied to

is usually chosen informally and personally by the

author/creator or the consumer of the item

Problem: searching the TagSpaceProblem: searching the TagSpace

How wouldYou tag this?

How wouldYou searchFor it?

Tags: Ikura, Uni, Ebi, Sushi, Nigiri, Japanese food, lunch in Tokyo,Ezobafun-uni, Kitamurashiuni, Murasakiuni, Akazaebi, Tenagaebi, etc.

Problem: exploring the TagSpaceProblem: exploring the TagSpace

Not usable !

What is Missing ..?What is Missing ..?“Tag Relations improve searchability and exploration.”

Similar TagsSpelling and morphology

macos<->mac_os<->mac os; tagging <-> tags <->tagged,

Synonyms:macos <-> tiger; films <-> movies; new york <-> nyc;

Related:cooking <-> recipes, software development <-> programming,

Tag Groups or SubtagsLocation -> san francisco, london, new york, etc.

Food -> sushi, sashimi, pizza, etc.

Programming -> html, java, css, etc.

“Tag Relations improve searchability and exploration.”

Similar TagsSpelling and morphology

macos<->mac_os<->mac os; tagging <-> tags <->tagged,

Synonyms:macos <-> tiger; films <-> movies; new york <-> nyc;

Related:cooking <-> recipes, software development <-> programming,

Tag Groups or SubtagsLocation -> san francisco, london, new york, etc.

Food -> sushi, sashimi, pizza, etc.

Programming -> html, java, css, etc.

1. Get Meta Data1. Get Meta Data

2. Build Tag Relation Graphs2. Build Tag Relation Graphs

Compute SimilarityCompute Similarity

Ontology ClusterOntology Cluster

Ontology-Based Federation of DataOntology-Based Federation of Data

The ProblemThe ProblemRepresentation of Geo-scientific Data

Different Data SourcesDifferent Data RepresentationsDifferent Data Types

Facilitate the use of this data

Representation of Geo-scientific DataDifferent Data SourcesDifferent Data RepresentationsDifferent Data Types

Facilitate the use of this data

Proposed ArchitectureProposed Architecture

ScientistPortal

UserModels

DomainOntology

Ontologies forInformation

Sources: INSARGPS, etc.

FilteredInformation,

Services

DeliveryAssembly

InformationFiltering

SourceReconciliation

Ontologies forInformation

Sources ConnectedTo Domain Ontology

The DataThe DataGlobal Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS)

The DataThe DataInterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

a.k.a InSAR

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar a.k.a InSAR

QuakeTablesQuakeTablesSoftware ArchitectureSoftware Architecture

InSAR GPS EQ Fault OWL

Mapping Software

Web Services & Web Feature Services

InternetDBDB

DB

DB

InSAR GPS EQ Fault OWLInSAR GPS EQ Fault OWL

Mapping Software

Web Services & Web Feature Services

InternetDBDB

DB

DB

Questions …?Questions …?