Seminar Agustinus Seminar Agustinus (Confessiones book)(Confessiones book)

The Ontological The Ontological Status of Evil: Status of Evil: Manichaeism Manichaeism Metaphysics of Evil Metaphysics of Evil ActActCon. VII (Hlm.179 – Con. VII (Hlm.179 – 209)209)

Oleh:Oleh:David Jones SimanungkalitDavid Jones Simanungkalit

Sistematika PresentasiSistematika Presentasi

Pergulatan batin Pergulatan batin Agustinus mencari Agustinus mencari eksistensi kejahatan.eksistensi kejahatan.

The Ontological The Ontological Status of Evil: Status of Evil: Manichaeism. Manichaeism. Metaphysics of Evil Metaphysics of Evil Act.Act.

Pandangan Agustinus Pandangan Agustinus tentang Kejahatan.tentang Kejahatan.

Pergulatan Batin Agustinus Pergulatan Batin Agustinus Mencari Eksistensi Kejahatan.Mencari Eksistensi Kejahatan.

Agustinus Agustinus bergulat dengan bergulat dengan pertanyaan tentang hakekat pertanyaan tentang hakekat ontologis kejahatan. (Hlm. ontologis kejahatan. (Hlm. 183, 186).183, 186).

Sampai pada titik kecemasan. Sampai pada titik kecemasan. (Hlm. 191).(Hlm. 191).

Kecemasan Kecemasan membawa membawa pada pengaruh yang pada pengaruh yang menyelamatkan. (Hlm. 192).menyelamatkan. (Hlm. 192).

Membaca tulisan-tulisan Neo-Membaca tulisan-tulisan Neo-Platonis. (Hlm. 193). Platonis. (Hlm. 193). Inspirasi untuk menemukan Inspirasi untuk menemukan titik terang pada masalahnya.titik terang pada masalahnya.

Kembali pada diri sendiri. Kembali pada diri sendiri. (Hlm. 196).(Hlm. 196).

The Ontological Status of Evil: Manichaeism. The Ontological Status of Evil: Manichaeism. Metaphysics of Evil Act.Metaphysics of Evil Act.

Manicheism Manicheism (Mani of Persia; (Mani of Persia; c.215-276). “Moral Dualism”: c.215-276). “Moral Dualism”: there are two principles at there are two principles at work; Good and Evil. work; Good and Evil.

Confessiones Buku III, hlm. 80. Confessiones Buku III, hlm. 80. (catatan kaki).(catatan kaki).

Baik Baik zat atau kerajaan zat atau kerajaan terang. (Allah Baik)terang. (Allah Baik)

Buruk (jahat) Buruk (jahat) zat atau zat atau kerajaan kegelapan. (Allah kerajaan kegelapan. (Allah jahat).jahat).

Keberatan Agustinus terhadap Ajaran Keberatan Agustinus terhadap Ajaran Manikeisme (hakekat ontologis kejahatan)Manikeisme (hakekat ontologis kejahatan)

Agustinus Agustinus ><>< ontologi ontologi kejahatan Manikeisme.kejahatan Manikeisme.

Argumen 1: Keberatan Argumen 1: Keberatan Nebridius yg disetujui Nebridius yg disetujui Agustinus. (Allah tdk Agustinus. (Allah tdk dapat diganggu gugat, dapat diganggu gugat, tdk dapat rusak).tdk dapat rusak).

Argumen 2: jika yang Argumen 2: jika yang jahat adl zat maka pada jahat adl zat maka pada hakikatnya yang jahat itu hakikatnya yang jahat itu adl kebaikan. (dari prinsip adl kebaikan. (dari prinsip Kitab Suci).Kitab Suci).

Pandangan Agustinus tentang Pandangan Agustinus tentang Eksistensi KejahatanEksistensi Kejahatan

Diwarnai oleh dua Diwarnai oleh dua pandangan dasar;pandangan dasar;1. Kitab Suci 1. Kitab Suci Segala yang ada Segala yang ada

baik adanya baik adanya (Kej (Kej 1: 31).1: 31).2. Pandangan Plato. 2. Pandangan Plato.

Matter-form Matter-form (body-mind) (body-mind) dualism in dualism in

Plato. Plato. ((PhaedoPhaedo).).

Pandangan Agustinus tentang Pandangan Agustinus tentang Eksistensi KejahatanEksistensi Kejahatan

““If God is good, and God If God is good, and God created the world, how can created the world, how can there be Evil in the world?”there be Evil in the world?” Moral categories of good Moral categories of good and bad mix with theological and bad mix with theological questions.questions.

Akasioma Dasar: Segala yang Akasioma Dasar: Segala yang ada baik adanya (Kej 1: 31).ada baik adanya (Kej 1: 31).

Agustinus Agustinus Evil doesn’t exist.Evil doesn’t exist. Agustinus Agustinus Evil is the Evil is the

absence of Good. Evil has no absence of Good. Evil has no ontological status. (privatio).ontological status. (privatio).

Pandangan Agustinus tentang Pandangan Agustinus tentang Eksistensi KejahatanEksistensi Kejahatan

Asal muasal kejahatan Asal muasal kejahatan Kehendak bebas manusia.Kehendak bebas manusia.

Kejahatan Kejahatan kerusakan kerusakan kemauan (kemauan (free willfree will), yang ), yang menyimpang dari zat yang menyimpang dari zat yang tertinggitertinggi, yaitu , yaitu AllahAllah, , berpaling ke hal-hal yang berpaling ke hal-hal yang paling rendahpaling rendah, membuang , membuang intinya di dalam.intinya di dalam.

Membuang berarti pergi Membuang berarti pergi keluar, ke hal-hal lahiriah. keluar, ke hal-hal lahiriah. (Bdk. Sir 10: 10).(Bdk. Sir 10: 10).

Plato Plato dunia materi adl dunia materi adl buruk.buruk.

Pandangan Agustinus tentang Pandangan Agustinus tentang Eksistensi KejahatanEksistensi Kejahatan

Metaphysical evilMetaphysical evil is the lacking of a perfection is the lacking of a perfection not due to a given nature and hence is not not due to a given nature and hence is not actually an evil. Under this aspect, all creatures actually an evil. Under this aspect, all creatures are evil because they fall short of full perfection, are evil because they fall short of full perfection, which is God alone. which is God alone.

Physical evilPhysical evil consists in the privation of a consists in the privation of a perfection due to nature; e.g., blindness is the perfection due to nature; e.g., blindness is the privation of sight in a being which ought to have privation of sight in a being which ought to have sight according to the exigencies of its nature. sight according to the exigencies of its nature. AugustineAugustine, under Platonic and Stoic influence, , under Platonic and Stoic influence, justifies the presence of physical evil in the justifies the presence of physical evil in the general order of nature, in which dissonance general order of nature, in which dissonance serves to greater accentuate the general serves to greater accentuate the general harmony. The solution, certainly, is not very harmony. The solution, certainly, is not very pleasant. pleasant.

The only true evil is The only true evil is moral evilmoral evil; sin, an action ; sin, an action contrary to the will of God. The cause of moral contrary to the will of God. The cause of moral evil is not God, who is infinite holiness, nor is it evil is not God, who is infinite holiness, nor is it matter, as the Platonists would have it, for matter, as the Platonists would have it, for matter is a creature of God and hence good. matter is a creature of God and hence good. Neither is the will as a faculty of the soul evil, for Neither is the will as a faculty of the soul evil, for it too has been created by God. The cause of it too has been created by God. The cause of moral evil is the faculty of free will, by which moral evil is the faculty of free will, by which man is able to deviate from the right order, to man is able to deviate from the right order, to oppose himself to the will of God. oppose himself to the will of God.

KesimpulanKesimpulan Manikeisme Manikeisme Evil is exist.Evil is exist. Agustinus Agustinus Evil doesn’t exist, Evil doesn’t exist,

evil is the absence of Good. evil is the absence of Good. Evil has no ontological status. Evil has no ontological status. (privatio).(privatio).

Evil Evil the souce of evil is Free the souce of evil is Free WillWill

Evil Evil the lacking of a the lacking of a perfection. The source of perfection. The source of perfection is God.perfection is God.

Evil Evil kerusakan kehendak kerusakan kehendak bebas (bebas (free willfree will), yang ), yang menyimpang dari zat yang menyimpang dari zat yang tertinggitertinggi, yaitu , yaitu AllahAllah, , berpaling ke hal-hal yang berpaling ke hal-hal yang paling rendahpaling rendah, membuang , membuang intinya di dalam.intinya di dalam.

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