ONROAD MOTORCYCLE (ONMC) RULE-MAKING KICKOFF · •CARB First Motorcycle Emissions Standards...
Transcript of ONROAD MOTORCYCLE (ONMC) RULE-MAKING KICKOFF · •CARB First Motorcycle Emissions Standards...
ON ROAD MOTORCYCLE WORKSHOP
ONROAD MOTORCYCLE (ONMC)RULE-MAKING KICKOFF
14/11/2018
OUTLINE
• ONMC Background and Standards
• Supporting Data
• Recent CARB Activity
• Potential Path Forward
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NEED FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
• Over 90% of Californians Breathe Unhealthy Levels of Air Pollutants During Some Part of the Year
• A Major Source of These Pollutants is Transportation Related Combustion o Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
o Reactive Organic Gases (ROG)
o Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Together NOx and ROG form Ozone in Sunlighto Ground level ozone is a major component of smog
• CARB’s Mission Involves Protecting the Public Health by Providing Safe Clean Air to All Californians
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NEED FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
• CARB Mobile Source 2030 Emission Reduction Goalso 80% NOx for South Coast
o 45% Green House Gas (GHG) emissions Statewide
• 2016 Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Action Plano Consider regulations that would create or expand upon emissions based
credit programs for zero-emission motorcycles
• Governor’s 2018 Zero-Emission Vehicle Executive Order o 5 million ZEVs in California by 2030
o 250,000 vehicle chargers installed in California by 2025
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On Road ROG Emissions Over Time (TPD)
Passenger Cars Motorcycles
ONMC EMISSIONS INVENTORY IN CA
• 2016 ONMC Emissions
o ~ 27 TPD of ROG
o Population ~ 688,000
• 2035 ONMC ROG Emissions Near Parity with LDV ROG Emissions
• ONMC Emissions are Significant when Considering VMT
o Passenger Car Miles ~100x Greater than ONMC
o ~ 0.5% ONMC vs. ~52% for Passenger Cars
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EMFAC Data_2014
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On Road ROG Category Contributions Over Time (%)
CARB MOTORCYCLE REGULATION HISTORY
• CARB First Motorcycle Emissions Standards Adopted in 1975
• Most Recent CARB ONMC Standards Amendments in 1998o Evaporative emissions effective in 2007
o Tail pipe emissions effective in 2008
• Many Other Countries Adopting More Stringent ONMC Emission Standards o Europe, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Chile, Indonesia, India, etc.
o Many adopting in part/whole European Union Standards (EU)
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• Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 Applies to ONMCs in Europeo Euro 4 (EU 4) is the current standard in effect since 2016
o Euro 5 (EU 5) is the latest standard going into effect in 2020
o EU ONMC Standard: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013R0168
• Key Features of EU 5 Regulation:o Stringent exhaust emissions limits
o Uses World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) for emissions testing
o OBD II required
WHAT ARE THE THE EURO 4 AND EURO 5 STANDARDS?
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ONMC EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS
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CA/EPA EU4 EU5 LEV III SULEV 30
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CARB / USEPA EU4 EU 5 CARB SULEV 30
0.1 g/km HC0.06 g/km NOx
0.17 g/km HC0.09 g/km NOx
ONMC EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS
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CARB / USEPA EU4 EU 5 CARB SULEV 30
ONMC EVAP EMISSION STANDARDS
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CARB ONMC EU 4 EU 5 CARB OHRV LDV
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OUTLINE
• ONMC Background and Standards
• Supporting Data
• Recent CARB Activity
• Potential Path Forward
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AVAILABLE ONMC EMISSIONS DATA
• European Rule Development Datao EU 5 technical feasibility and cost effectiveness study
o https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f3f268fc-943f-11e7-b92d-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-48593974
• CARB Data (2007-2017)o Certification data: 1,251 bikes
o In-house research testing: 58 bikes
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Certification THC+NOx By Year
MANY CARB CERTIFIED ONMC MEET EU 4 STANDARDS
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MANY CARB CERTIFIED ONMC MEET EU 4 STANDARDS
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Certification CO By Year
Lowest Cert Value
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CARB ONMC Limit
EU4 Nominal Limit
EU DRIVING CONTROL TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN CA
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Percent Control Devices Equipped By Certified Models Over Time
Three Way Catalyst Pulsed Air Injection Heated Oxygen Sensor Sequential Fuel Injection
OUTLINE
• ONMC Background and Standards
• Supporting Data
• Recent CARB Activity
• Potential Path Forward
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TAMPERING SURVEY
• 2017 CARB Surveyed 1000 Motorcycles for Evidence of Tamperingo Survey was an analysis of classified ads
• Key Findingso 34% tamper rate of Class III ONMC
o 93% of sample population was Class III ONMC
o Exhaust tampering was most common type of tampering
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PORTABLE EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (PEMS)
• CARB Deployed and Verified an Axion PEMS Unit Performance Against a Standard
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• Planned PEMS Work:o Before-and-after tampering tests
• Potential Future PEMS work:o Screening tool to assess real world performance
ZERO EMISSIONS MOTORCYCLES (ZEMS)
• Key Obstacles to ZEM Adoptiono Cost
o Range
o Charging Availability and Time
• Costs of Batteries Continue to Drop
• Many ZEMs Over 100 Miles Rangeo ISR rider survey: 77% ride < 100 miles per day
• 2011 to 2016 EV Stations Increase > 10 Timeso Source: U.S. Dept of Energy
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Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance
Lithium-ion Battery Price Survey ($/kWh)
ZEMS : CVRP
• Clean Vehicle Rebate Program (CVRP) has Given Over $600K in ZEM Rebateso $900 per ZEM
o Increased Number of Eligible ZEMs
o New funds awarded to expand program
• Staff Working on CVRP Motorcycle Surveys to Collect User Data
• CVRP Web Site: o https://cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng
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ZEMS : LCFS UTILITY REBATES
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• ZEMs Proposed Eligibile for Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Program Utility Rebates Program in 2019o Proposal to Board April 2018
• Rebates Vary by Utility up to One Time $600
• Web Site:o https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/electricity/utilityrebates.htm
CARB OUTREACH
• 2017 Staff Met with Motorcycle Manufacturers to Discuss Needed Reductionso Manufacturers represented over 90% of CA Sales
• Key Takeaways o California is a small portion of global ONMC sales
o Expensive to produce models for a small market
o Most produce Euro 4 compliant motorcycles
o Most prefer CARB harmonization with EU standards over separate new CARB and EU standards
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OUTLINE
• ONMC Background and Standards
• Supporting Data
• Recent CARB Activity
• Potential Path Forward
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HARMONIZATION BENEFITS
• Manufacturer Euro 5 ONMC Design Underwayo CARB 2020 proposal will be after EU 5 implementation
• Building for Larger Market Lowers Emissions Reduction Costso Elimination of duplicative design and testing resources
• EU 5 Standards Would Significantly Reduce Emissions from California ONMCo Tail pipe nominal emissions reduction near a factor of 10
o Evaporative nominal emissions 25% reduction
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HARMONIZATION CHALLENGES
Example of Differences Between CARB and EU Standards that Must be Understood
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EU 5 CARB
Fuel E5, RVP ~ 8.4 E10, RVP ~ 6.9
Drive Cycle WMTC FTP
Evaporative Tests 1 hour test OHRV TP 933 a 24 hour test
OBD Stage II No OBDReg and Category
DefinitionsL cat: power, speed and displacement ONMC class I, II , and III by displacement
Certification Ensure vehicles certification documentation can be accepted across jurisdictions
BEYOND HARMONIZATION
• Need Verification Procedures to Ensure Real World PerformanceRadon
• Potential In-Use Performance Monitoringo OBD-based inspection and maintenance requirements
o Tamper resistant designs and education
• Need to Consider ZEM Incentiveso Rebates
o Credits
o Fleet averaging
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NECESSARY TESTING AND RESEARCH
• Perform CARB Testing to Better Understand Difference in Existing CARB and EU Protocols
• Perform PEMS Testing to Assess Real World Performance and the Emissions Impacts of Tampering
• Other Research for Inventory Updateo Population
o VMT
o Sales
o Useful Life
o Activity
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TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS
• Technical Workgroup Purposeo Engage technical expertise of stakeholders to address complex areas of harmonization
• Begin Technical Working Groups with Stakeholderso Testing Protocols - Fuels, Drive Cycles, Evap Test Procedures, etc.
o Procedural - Certification Streamlining and Jurisdictional Definitions, etc.
o Verification - Assess Real World Performance, OBD, Tampering, etc.
o ZEM Incentives - Fleet Averaging, Rebates, Credits, etc.
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TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS(CONTINUED)
• Who Can Participate?o Motorcycle Manufacturers
o Motorcycle Parts Manufacturers
o Regulators
CARB Program Staff
EPA
Section 177 States
o Standards Organizations
o Motorcycle and Component Emissions Testing Groups
o Dealer and Maintenance Groups
o Rider Groups
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TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS(CONTINUED)
• How Technical Working Groups Will Operate?o Led by CARB Staff
o Regular meetings
Monthly or as needed
1 to 2 years
o Participants contribute as necessary
Relevant expertise and input
Testing samples/resources
o Meeting summaries detailing issues resolved and issues yet to be resolved
o Final summary write-up of issues group resolved and rationales
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TECHNICAL WORKING GROUPS
• Technical Working Groups Kicking Off in May 2018
• Contact CARB Staff to Participateo See Technical Work Group Flyers
• Stakeholder Participation is the Road to Success!
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TIMELINE
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May 2018:Kick-off Technical Working Groups
2018/19:CARB Vehicle
Testing
Late 2019:Results from Technical
Working Group
2019/20:Develop Proposal,
Analyze Costs and Benefits
2019:Inventory Update
• Manufacturers should plan for new standards for all motorcycles starting in MY2024
• Potential for optional phase-in and/or early adoption provisions to start in MY2021
Late 2020:Board Hearing
CONTACTS
• Please Contact Us With Any Questions or Concerns About Potential Harmonization with EU ONMC Emissions Standards
• Project Lead: Jason McPhee, P.E.
(916)323-1104
• Manager, Engineering & Regulation Development SectionScott Bacon
(916) 322-8949
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QUESTIONS?
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Questions?