One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs
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Transcript of One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs
One Homeland or Two? The One Homeland or Two? The Nationalization and Transnationalization Nationalization and Transnationalization
of Mongolia’s Kazakhsof Mongolia’s Kazakhs
Alexander C. DienerAssociate Professor of GeographySocial Science DivisionPepperdine University
Research SupportResearch Support
National Science Foundation Macarthur Foundation International Research and Exchange Board Social Science Research Council Kennan Institute (WWC) University of Wisconsin Indiana University Pepperdine University
Time-LineTime-Line
Preliminary Research and Language Training – (U. Wisconsin-Madison, U. Iowa, Indiana U.)
SSRC Predissertation Fellowship – (Indiana University and Kazakhstan)
Field work:– 8 months Kazakhstan– 4 months Mongolia– 2 months Kyrgyzstan– 1 month Russia
Timeline Cont.Timeline Cont.
Dissertation Write Up (UW & SSRC)Kennan Institute (WWC) and Pepperdine U.
– Homeland Conceptions and Ethnic Integration among Kazakhstan's Germans and Koreans (Lampeter UK: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004) pp. 180
– One Homeland or Two?: Nationalization and Transnationalization of Mongolia’s Kazakhs (Stanford, CA and Washington DC: Stanford University Press and Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2009) pp.405
Theoretical Concerns and Theoretical Concerns and TerminologyTerminology
- Homeland Psychology- Place, Power, and Identity
Post-Nationalization and De-Territorialization Diasporic Identity - “Placeless”? Scale of Place Attachment De- and Re- Territorialization: Diaspora? Transnationalism and Hybridity Kin-States, Host-States, (re)Patriation
Evolution of the Research QuestionEvolution of the Research Question
Areas of Compact Living (Germans, Koreans, Russians, Poles, and Ukrainians)
Emigration of Non-Titular (largely European Groups)
Abandoned Homes Filled with Kazakhs from Abroad
Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs
History of “Diaspora”
Turkic HomelandTurkic Homeland
Turkic GravesTurkic Graves
Turkic HomelandTurkic Homeland
Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs
History of DiasporaIsolation / Insulation
Isolation / InsulationIsolation / Insulation
Largest Minority in MongoliaLargest Minority in MongoliaEthnic Group 1989 2000
‘000 % ‘000 %
Total 2044.0 100.0 2373.5 100.0
Total Mongolian Citizens 1987.3 97.2 2365.4 99.7
Khalka 1610.4 78.8 1934.7 81.5
Kazakh 120.5 5.9 103.0 4.3
Durved 55.2 2.7 66.7 2.8
Bayad 39.2 1.9 50.8 2.1
Buryat 35.4 1.7 40.6 1.7
Dariganga 29.0 1.4 31.9 1.3
Zakhchin 23.0 1.1 29.8 1.3
Uriangkhai 21.3 1.0 25.2 1.1
Other 53.1 2.6 82.6 3.5
Citizens of other Countries 56.7 2.8 8.1 0.3
Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia - 2000 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia: the Main Results 2001, 50
Isolation / InsulationIsolation / Insulation
Trans InfrastructureTrans Infrastructure
Millennium HighwayMillennium Highway
Mongolian-KazakhsMongolian-Kazakhs
History of DiasporaIsolation / InsulationCultural Compatibility
Cultural CompatibilityCultural Compatibility
Cultural CompatibilityCultural Compatibility
Nomadic TraditionsNomadic Traditions
Shared HistoryShared History
Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland
Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation
Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview
Supply LinesSupply Lines
Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland
Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation
Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan
Olgi Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi
Kazakhification of Bayan OlgiKazakhification of Bayan Olgi
Bayan Olgi – Bayan Olgi – Small-Scale HomelandSmall-Scale Homeland
Bayan Olgi: Historical Factors of Ethno-Territorial Articulation
Bayan Olgi: Socio-Economic Overview Demographics: Kazakhs in Mongolia and Bayan
Olgi Kazakhification of Bayan Olgi Discourses of Kazakh Migration and
Territorialization within Mongolia– Mongolia De-territorialization Discourses– Mongolia Re-territorialization Discourses
Return MythsReturn Myths
Kazakhstan or Kazakhstani-stanKazakhstan or Kazakhstani-stan
Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic ReturnSocio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return
Ethnic Nationalism – KAZAKH-stan1993 ConstitutionLanguage Policy*
It is the Responsibility of All Kazakhstani Citizens It is the Responsibility of All Kazakhstani Citizens to Learn Kazakhto Learn Kazakh
Socio-Political Climate of Diasporic ReturnSocio-Political Climate of Diasporic Return
Civic/Territorial Nationalism
- - Kazakhstani-stan1995 ConstitutionMedia – Campaign*
My Homeland is KazakhstanMy Homeland is Kazakhstan
EmigrationEmigration
Population Change in Kazakhstan 1989-1999Population Change in Kazakhstan 1989-1999
Nationalities 1989 1990 1993 1995 1999
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Kazakhs 6534616 39.7 6700363 40.3 7287635 43.1 7636205 46.0 7985039 53.4
Russians 6227549 37.8 6241930 37.6 6168740 36.5 5769711 34.7 4479620 30.0
Ukrainians 896240 5.4 893780 5.4 875434 5.2 820871 4.9 547054 3.7
Germans 957518 5.8 917485 5.5 696042 4.1 507199 3.1 353441 2.4
Uzbeks 332017 2.0 340532 2.0 364159 2.2 378811 2.3 370663 2.5
Tatars 327982 2.0 333412 2.0 335514 2.0 319592 1.9 248954 1.7
Uighurs 185301 1.1 n. a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 210365 1.4
Belarusians 182601 1.1 182814 1.1 181486 1.1 171716 1.0 111927 0.7
Koreans 103315 0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 99665 0.7
Others 717325 4.4 1007997 6.1 1004743 5.9 1002986 6.0 546398 3.7
Total 16464464 100 16618313 100 16913753 100 16607091 100 14953126 100
Source: Oka 2001, 94. 1989 USSR Population Census (CD Rom). 1996 East View Publications. Natsionalnoe statisticheskoe agenstvo respubliki kazakhstan, 1996. Demograficheskii ezhegodnik kazakhstana, pp.56-58 Alamty. Agenstvo rspubliki kazkahstan po statistike, 2000. Natsionalnyi sostab naseleniya respubliki kazakhstan: Itogi pereepisi naseleniya 1999 v respublike kazakhstan, vol.1 pp. 6-8. Note: Changes in Kazakhstan's territorial administrative structure have altered some of the population data from 1989 to 1999. It is not clear why these changes occurred.
SUPREME COURTSUPREME COURT
Kazakh IconographyKazakh Iconography
Role of the “Returning Role of the “Returning Diaspora?”Diaspora?”
Hardening of Space?Reclamation of Traditional Culture?Resource Exploitation?
Quota for Diasporic Return Quota for Diasporic Return Throughout the 1990sThroughout the 1990s
Years Quota - Families General Estimate of PeopleBased on the Number Families
% of Fulfillment
1993 10,000 60,000 76.5
1994 7,000 42,000 51.5
1995 5,000 30,000 66.6
1996 4,000 24,000 63.6
1997 2,200 13,200 56.0
1998 3,000 18,000 53.4
1999 500 3,000 56.0
2000 500 3,000 91.6
2001 600 3,600
Source: Kunayatuly 2000, 17
Settlement PlanningSettlement Planning
Quota imposed on Diasporic Return Availability of Housing
Abandoned HousingAbandoned Housing
Settlement PlanningSettlement Planning
Quota Imposed on Diasporic ReturnAvailability of HousingAvailability of Jobs
Map of Pastoral Industry RegionsMap of Pastoral Industry Regions
Satisfaction with ResettlementSatisfaction with Resettlement
Problems faced by Oralmandar Solutions to ProblemsThe Future of the Oralmandar
OralmandarOralmandar::Labeled and ‘Othered’Labeled and ‘Othered’
Secondary Migrations:Social Networks – Aga Network
OralmandarOralmandar ‘Othering’ ‘Othering’
Social Networks – Aga NetworkSub-National Homelands (Diasporic
Communities)Climatic Similarity
Kin-state DiasporaKin-state Diaspora
Cultural Purity?Cultural Purity?
Film ExcerptFilm Excerpt
Characters– Kazakh Maiden/Grandmother– Atumtai (Officer + Father of Zamanai)– Zamanai (Son of Kaz Maiden and Atumtai)– Amanai (Son of Zamanai – Born in China)– Alima (Wife of Zamanai - Mother of Amanai)
ConclusionConclusionPatriation or Repatriation?Patriation or Repatriation?
Those Who Stay in MongoliaThose Who Migrate to KazakhstanThose Who Return to Mongolia after failed
attempt to Resettle in Kazakhstan73 Million in Post Soviet SpacePatriation / Repatriation