On thermal logic: Why? What? How? Who? logic.pdfHeat fluxes are abundant in nature and technology T...
Transcript of On thermal logic: Why? What? How? Who? logic.pdfHeat fluxes are abundant in nature and technology T...
On thermal logic:Why? What? How? Who?
Ishwar K. PuriN. Waldo Harrison Professor of Engineering Science & Mechanics
Heat fluxes are abundant in nature and technology
Th
Tc
q
High temperature reservoir
Low temperature reservoir
Heat fluxes are abundant in nature and technology
Th
Tc
q
High temperature reservoir
Low temperature reservoir
w
Nature and humans utilize heat fluxes for work, e.g., atmospheric currents, power generation
Heat fluxes are abundant in nature and technology
Th
Tc
q
High temperature reservoir
Low temperature reservoir
w
Nature and humans utilize heat fluxes for work, e.g., atmospheric currents, power generation
qNature controls heat transfer, e.g., in mammals, why not human logic devices?
Logic devices
• Electronic devices have transformed us
• Electrons and information flow through diode, transistor, and OR, AND, NOT, NAND gates
• Can heat fluxes be similarly controlled?
Problem
• Heat does not flow in discrete quantities
• It changes material properties
• It also readily dissipates
• Besides, phonons are diffuse energy carriers with changeable properties
Thermal diode: rectification
• A sufficient condition for rectification is that thermal conductivity k, a function of position and temperature, is not functionally separable
• k(x,T) ≠ f(x) g(T)
• This inequality is satisfied for inhomogeneous or asymmetric materials
Manipulating k(x,T) in solids
Balasubramanian, G., I.K. Puri, M.C. Bohm, and F. Leroy, Thermal conductivity reduction through isotope substitution in nanomaterials: predictions from an analytical classical model and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
Nanoscale, 2011. 3(9): p. 3714-3720.
Manipulating k(x,T) in solids
Balasubramanian, G., I.K. Puri, M.C. Bohm, and F. Leroy, Thermal conductivity reduction through isotope substitution in nanomaterials: predictions from an analytical classical model and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
Nanoscale, 2011. 3(9): p. 3714-3720.
Differential stress
k
x
Liangruksa, M., and Puri, I. K., “Lattice thermal conductivity of a silicon nanowire under surface stress,” Journal of Applied Physics, 2011. 109:113501.
Use solid-fluid interfaces
• Solids have fixed structures that can be tuned, e.g., by applying mechanical stress or doping
• However, structural manipulations of solid lattices are typically much more energy intensive than efforts involving solid-liquid interfaces that are more easily manipulated
What we know
• The same physical laws that govern flows at the micro- and macroscales describe
• Nanoscale flows in the absence of strong interfacial forces
• Thermal phonon transport through long nonmetallic one-dimensional structures
• And so on…
What we find
• A number as small as ≈102 molecules in a control volume is adequate for continuum relations to hold
What we find
• A number as small as ≈102 molecules in a control volume is adequate for continuum relations to hold
• But interfacial effects become very important
Colliding nanojets
How thenanoscale is
different
S. Murad and I. K. Puri, Nanoscale Jet Collision and Mixing Dynamics. Nano Letters, 2007. 7 (3), p. 707–712.
The mixing physicsS. Murad and I. K. Puri, Nanoscale Jet Collision and Mixing Dynamics. Nano Letters, 2007. 7 (3), p. 707–712.
A hydrophilic orifice
hydrophilichydrophobic
S. Murad and I. K. Puri, Dynamics of nanoscale jet formation and impingement on flat surfaces. Physics of Fluids, 2007. 19(12), p. 128102.
Wall vibrationsS. Murad and I. K. Puri, Anomalous flow behavior in closed and open thin walled nanochannels. Physics Letters A, 2010.
374(41), p. 4242–4246.
Interfacial vibrations
• Fluid flow at nanoscale influenced by the vibrational characteristics of hydrophilic bounding surface molecules
• Free cantilever end (x = L) has larger vibration amplitude, since d2y/dx2 = d3y/dx3 = 0, than one attached to stiff spring, which mimics pinned end with y ≈ d2y/dx2 ≈ 0
BehaviorsS. Murad and I. K. Puri, Anomalous flow behavior in closed and open thin walled nanochannels. Physics Letters A, 2010.
374(41), p. 4242–4246.
Interfacial temperatureG. Balasubramanian, S. Banerjee, and I. K. Puri, Unsteady nanoscale thermal transport across a solid-fluid interface.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008. 104(6), p. 064306.
Kapitza Resistance
• Thermal energy transport through a solid-fluid interface faces an interfacial resistance
• Causes a temperature discontinuity across the boundary
• Kapitza resistance (1941), Rk
Hypothesis: decrease Rk
• For better phonon transport, increase fluid pressure to facilitate better acoustic matching
• Make interface more solid-like by adsorbing and ordering additional fluid molecule layers
• e.g., hydrophilic interface
Fluid-solid interfacesS. Murad and I. K. Puri, Thermal transport across nanoscale solid-fluid interfaces. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(13),
p. 133105.
LayeringG. Balasubramanian, S. Banerjee, and I. K. Puri, Unsteady nanoscale thermal transport across a solid-fluid interface.
Journal of Applied Physics, 2008. 104(6), p. 064306.
Implications for qS. Murad and I. K. Puri, Thermal transport across nanoscale solid-fluid interfaces. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. 92(13),
p. 133105.
Manipulating interfacial resistance
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Manipulating interfacial resistance
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Th
Tc
High temperature solid reservoir
Low temperature solid reservoir
q
Manipulating interfacial resistance
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Th
Tc
High temperature solid reservoir
Low temperature solid reservoir
q
Manipulating interfacial resistance
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Alter dT/dx, hence fluxTh
Tc
High temperature solid reservoir
Low temperature solid reservoir
q
Manipulating interfacial resistance
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Alter dT/dx, hence fluxTh
Tc
High temperature solid reservoir
Low temperature solid reservoir
q
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Alter dT/dx, hence flux
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Alter dT/dx, hence flux
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
Surface wetting, body force?
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
A simple application
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
A simple application
When Ta<Ti
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
A simple application
When Ta>Ti
Murad, S. and I.K. Puri, Communication: Thermal rectification in liquids by manipulating the solid-liquid interface. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2012. 137(8): p. 081101-081101-4.
This is a transistor
Inert wallsLinear behavior
EmitterCollector
Base
Th
Tc
Ti(Input)
(Output)
qh
qc
qi
Base Junction Transistor
• Current flowing through the base IB (or input heat flux qi) controls the current through the collector IC (or cold side flux qc)
• Transport factor α = IC/IE (or qc/qh)
• Current gain β = IC/IB (or qc/qi) = α/(1-α)
α = qc/qh, β = qc/qi
α>1α<1
β>1β<1
Emitter thresholdswitch
Collectorswitch
Transport factor
Current gain
Amplification
• Amplification α′=|∂qh/∂qi|>1
• Since, qh + qi = qc
• |∂qh/∂qi | = |(∂qc/∂qi – 1)|
• If ∂qc/∂qi < 0 then α′ > 1
Teams
Thermal logic devices
Electronics
Transport Phenomena
Surfa
ce
Engin
eerin
g
Nanofab
ricati
on
Computational Science
Materials
Teams
Thermal logic devices
Electronics
Transport Phenomena
Surfa
ce
Engin
eerin
g
Nanofab
ricati
on
Computational Science
Materials
Bioinspiration?
???
Needs
• Energy
• Electronic-type devices that use waste or ambient heat
• Healthcare
• Disaster recovery
• National security
• Infrastructure
NSF panel: Strengths• High novelty.
• Requires multidisciplinary approach. Case has been made for strongly interdisciplinary teams: thermal physics, nanofab, bioinspiration. Is interdisciplinary with engineers as leaders of teams.
• Heat transfer is an important problem.
• The nano-thermal community is starving for new opportunities beyond materials research; this could provide an important new direction.
• The proposed work is on building logic circuits using thermal rectification on liquid-solid interfaces. While thermal rectification has been studied in liquids in the past, and liquid transistors in similar forms has been proposed, detailed logic circuit elements proposed by this proposal have not been studied.
• Building thermal logic circuits requires interdisciplinary expertise and contributions from basic sciences and non-engineering fields.National need for conserving energy and providing power in certain scenarios (personalized medical devices, natural disasters, defense, infrastructure)
NSF Panel: Opportunities• The topic shouldn’t restrict focus to digital logic; there may well be
more valuable functionality coming from use of the phenomenon in other thermal control functions (heating, cooling, switching, sensing, etc.).
• There may be potential huge opportunities for enhanced thermal properties with transformative impacts on waste energy recovery technologies, but these should be sought after and identified.
• A major opportunity of this topic is to identify heat transfer and control concepts that would affect fields like building engineering, etc., rather than developing a replacement technology for the existing electronic logic circuits.
NSF panel: Weaknesses• Direct applications are not clear. Potential competitiveness with conventional electronics for logical functions
seems highly questionable. Is there, in fact, an advantage of using thermal logic (vs. electron logic)? But there’s no need to restrict the application scope to logic.
• Are the sizes of the available nonlinearities (and potentially reasonably) large enough to enable competitive applications?
• Effect size is controlled to some degree by confinement of phonons, which is much weaker than confinement of electrons in electron devices.
• There is no national need or grand challenge that is met by the topic.
• This is very early research. Is there a large enough community to sustain (or even to fill out 4-5 awards of several researchers each)? It might be more suitable for single-investigator grants for now.
• Needs to be benchmarked against thermoelectric conversion to sustain electronic devices.
• Even though many ideas are nicely explained, [panelist] does not think this proposal is transformative enough to create a new research area. [Panelist] also does not think there is a potential for making significant progress on a current national need.
• Proposed work needs a strong experimental component.