ON- CAMPUS DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

BY LT COL (Rtd) J K KANDIE

National Disaster Operations CentreState Department of Interior,

Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government

Introduction DefinitionsDisaster CycleDisaster Risk Management Security Awareness How to react in the event of attack Q & A

ScopeScope

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Established on January, 21st 1998 in response to the El Niño rains of

1997 and the August 1998 Bombing of the US Embassy

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

NATIONAL DISASTER NATIONAL DISASTER OPERATIONS OPERATIONS CENTRE (NDOC):CENTRE (NDOC):

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MissionTo monitor, coordinate, mobilize and respond to disaster incidents in the country

Vision To be the leading focal point for disaster management & response in Kenya

Mission & Vision Mission & Vision

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MandateMonitor all disasters on 24 hrs, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.

Mobilize national resources to combat rapid onset disasters.

Co-ordinate disaster management activities.

Collaborate and network with other stakeholders.

Sensitize and inform the public on disaster related issues.

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Roles And Responsibilities

Coordination at the national level.

Ensuring agencies are informed of the activation of disaster contingency plans.

Translating the decisions of the National Disaster Coordination Committee (NDCC) into action.

Prepare inventories for resources/assets countrywide.

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Roles and responsibilities (…contd)

Carryout Humanitarian needs Assessment.

Develop a prioritized list of needs for donors.

Prepare evacuation plans, shelter and refugee areas.

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LINKAGES

Disaster A Disaster is a serious

disruption of the functioning of a society causing widespread human, material or environmental damage and losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope using their own resources

KOBE EARTHQUAKE – JAPAN 1995

Common disasters in Kenya

Natural Disasters

Earthquakes Droughts Famine Floods Landslides Pandemics

Man-made Disasters

Technological Accidents Aircraft Crashes Train Accidents Road Accidents Hazardous materials

Terrorism Structural Collapse Fires Internal Conflicts

Risk Management Risk Management in disasters is the systematic

process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating and responding to risk by applying risk management principles.

It is the complete process of risk analysis and risk control.

It involves the following: Risk analysis of the available information to estimate

the risk to population. Recognizing preventive measures to minimize risk. Implementing Contingency Plans to counter risk.

Disaster Risk ManagementPre Disaster Activities Post Disaster Activities

Risk Identification

Mitigation Preparedness Emergency Response

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction/Recovery

Hazard Assessment(frequency and magnitude, location)

Structural and non-structural works and Actions

Warning systems, Communication systems

Humanitarian assistance

Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged infrastructure

Vulnerability Assessment•Fires•Terrorism•Structural collapseStudents and Staff members

Building code, Land use

Contingency Planning

S & REvacuation PlansClean up, temporary repairs and restoration of services

Macroeconomic and budget management

Disaster Risk Management …contdPre Disaster Activities Post Disaster Activities

Risk Identification

Mitigation Preparedness Emergency Response

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction/Recovery

Risk Assessment

Financial incentives for preventive behaviour

Network of emergency respondersKRCS

Damage assessment and identification of priorities for recovery

Revitalization of affected sectors

Hazard monitoring and forecasting

Education training and awareness about risks and assessment

Shelter facilities, evacuation plans

Mobilization of recovery resources

Incorporation of risk management in reconstruction processBuild Back Better

The Disaster Risk Management Cycle describes the process through which emergency /disaster managers prepare for emergencies and disasters, respond to them when they occur, help people and institutions recover from them, mitigate their effects, reduce the risk of loss, and prevent disasters such as fires from occurring.

THE PROGRESSION OF VULNERABILITY

1Underlying causes

PovertyLimited access to - power structures - resources

Ideologies

Economic systems

General pre-conditioning factors

2 Dynamic pressuresLack of - local institutions - education - training - appropriate skills - local investment - local markets - press freedom

Macro-forces - population expansion - environmental degradation

3 Unsafe conditions

Fragile physical environment - dangerous locations - dangerous buildings and infrastructure

Fragile local economy - livelihoods at risk - low income levels

Public actions

DISASTER

DISASTER

=

VULNERABILITY

+

HAZARD

HAZARD

Trigger events

Earthquake

High winds

Flooding

Volcanic eruption

Landslide

Drought

War, civil conflict

Technological accident

THE DISASTER CRUNCH MODEL

What Needs to Happen?

Release the Pressures

Create a safer world -[protect lives

and property]

Where possible manage the hazards

[i.e. Warning systems Flood controlsWind breaks]

Reduce Vulnerable Conditions

Increase local capabilities

Safe critical facilities to be built or strengthened

Governments and local communities to prepare and protect

The Disaster Cycle

X X

XX

X

Disaster Impact

Relief / Emergency Assistance

(undertaken by Emergency Services National Disaster Office / home Ministry / Civil Defence / Military

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction(undertaken by Public Work / Contractors, Ministries of Finance Planning Agriculture Urban Development)

Mitigation(undertaken by Contractors, Ministries of Planning/ Public Works / Agriculture / Water resources)

Preparedness(undertaken by Emergency Services / National Disaster Office , Home Ministry / Education Ministry etc.)

This reveals:1. Sequence of actions2. Imbalances3. The Active / Pro-

active phases of DM4. Relationships

PreparednessPrepare It is the phase prior to the actual

occurrence of a disaster event. Governments and Organizations undertake several preparations.

The aims of activities in the preparedness phase are:

To save lives from the expected disaster

Minimize disaster damage Enhance disaster response

operations when the disaster eventually occurs.

Carrying out emergency exercises/training

Activities include Training / Drills

Response Phase

Response phase is the phase that immediately follows a disaster event. The activities in the response phase are aimed at:Providing emergency assistance for casualtiesReducing the probability of secondary damageSpeeding recovery operations

Recovery Phase

Recovery phase starts when the disaster has been contained or brought under control.

The recovery activities aim at restoring all systems in the area affected by the disaster to normal or better.

Recovery PhaseThe measures put in place in the recovery phase are:Returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standardsProviding damage insurance, loans and grantsProviding temporary housingProviding long-term medical care for the affected population.Providing disaster unemployment insurance

Recovery Phase …..contd

Provision of counseling programs Provide public information necessary to help

people in their recovery efforts Provide health and safety education Reconstruction of critical infrastructure Carrying out economic impact studies

Mitigation The mitigation phase starts when disaster

management improvements have been made in anticipation of the next disaster event.

In mitigation phase, various activities and measures are undertaken to eliminate or reduce the probability of occurrence of another disaster, or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters

Security awareness

11June 2015

TERRORISM OVERVIEW

Definition: A terrorist is an individual who uses terror to achieve a political end. Terrorism knows no bordersCauses loss of life and propertyPerpetrated by clandestine groupsRequires joint efforts to combatComplex in nature

04/19/23 SECURITY AWARENESS25

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TERRORISM

Political: Unpopular, repressive or corrupt governments

Social: Gross discrimination Economic: Extreme poverty or

unemployment, Ideological: Divergence of Political ideology, Geopolitical: Border disputes, Religious: Religious strife, or religious

violence Foreign influence: Foreign support of

dissident activities.

April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS) 2626

METHODS OF EXECUTING TERRORISM

Bombing: Using car bombs, parcel bombs, suicide bombers , road side IED’s, and remotely controlled devices .

Assassinations

Hostage taking

Hijacking

Others: assault, arson, kidnapping etc.

April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS) 2727

SUICIDE ATTACKER INDICATORS

Alone and nervous.

Loose and/or bulky clothing (may not fit

weather condition).

Exposed wire (possibly through sleeves).

Rigid mid-section (explosive device or may be

carrying a rifle)

Tightened hands (may hold detonation

device).

April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS28

SECURITY roles Access control

Vetting of all guests and staff Manning the barrier Recording entries/exits Surveillance detecting equipment Checking entries/exits- by use of detectors

Perimeter security Patrolling around the facility Parking control Reporting of suspicion persons.

April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS29

SCREENING OF PASSENGER/LUGGAGES.

-Change of screening procedure occasionally

-Terrorist disguising as Christians, or any other

person.

-Electronically screening of luggage

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What should you do in case of a terror attack ? Run

Hide

Fight back

HOW TO RESPOND WHEN AN ACTIVE SHOOTER IS IN YOUR VICINITY

Quickly determine the most reasonable way to protect your own life.

1. FleeIf there is an accessible escape path, attempt to evacuate the premises. Be sure to:–Have an escape route and plan in mind–Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow–Leave your belongings behind–Help others escape, if possible–Prevent individuals from entering an area where the active shooter may be–Keep your hands visible–Follow the instructions of any police officers–Do not attempt to move wounded people–Call 999 when you are safe

Hide out If evacuation is not possible, find a place to hide where the active shooter is less likely to find you.

Your hiding place should:• Be out of the active shooter’s view• Provide protection if shots are fired in your direction (i.e., an office with a closed and locked door)• Not trap you or restrict your options for movement

To prevent an active shooter from entering your hiding place:– Lock the door– Blockade the door with heavy furniture

 If the active shooter is nearby:

• Lock the door• Silence your cell phone • Turn off any source of noise (i.e., radios, televisions)• Hide behind large items (i.e., cabinets, desks)• Remain quiet

Take action against the active shooter If close to the shooter, and only when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to disrupt and/or incapacitate the active shooter by: Acting as aggressively as possible against

him/her Throwing items and improvising weapons Yelling Be courageous and committed to your actions

SUMMARY Good practices in the event of terror attack

• Be aware of your environment and any possible dangers

• Take note of the two nearest exits in any facility you visit

• If you are in an office, stay there and secure the door

• If you are in a hallway, get into a room and secure the door

• As a last resort, attempt to take the active shooter down. When the shooter is at close range and you cannot flee, your chance of survival is much greater if you try to incapacitate him/her

• CALL 999 WHEN IT IS SAFE TO DO SO

How to react when law enforcement arrives:

• Remain calm, and follow officers’ instructions• Put down any items in your hands (i.e., bags, jackets) • Immediately raise hands and spread fingers• Keep hands visible at all times• Avoid making quick movements toward officers such

as holding on to them for safety• Avoid pointing, screaming and/or yelling• Do not stop to ask officers for help or direction when

evacuating, just proceed in the direction from which officers are entering the premises