Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and ... Environmental Examination (IEE) of Okhaldhunga...

Initial Environmental Examination

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Prepared by Office of District Level Project Implementation Unit (Okhaldunga)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environmental Assessment Document

The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s members, Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project November 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001

Prepared by the Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

of

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga

Submitted to

Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority

Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted through

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by

District Level Project Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga

November, 2017

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page i

Nepali Executive Summary (sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1)

k[i7e"ld

@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u cGt{ut e"sDk k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 . u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{, cf]vn9'Ëf /x]sf] 5 .

cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf -!!=!) ls=dL=_ klg e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pkcfof]hgf xf] . pkcfof]hgf k'g{pTyfgsf qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëfn] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

k|:tfljt cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s v08 k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8s v08nfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !!, % / $ sf] /dfO{nf] 8f+8f, 9'°], a0ff{n', ;flg6f/, ?Dhf6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf k'j{ tkm{sf cGo jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd cf]vn9'Ëf tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .

k|:tfjs

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t u|fld0f ;8s cf]vn9'Ëf—?Dhf6f/ ;8s v08 -!!=!) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf – lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf – lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf cf]vn9'Ëf ahf/, cf]vn9'Ëf ;Dks{ kmf]g M )#&—%@)@$( O{d]n M [email protected]

1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.

mailto:[email protected]

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page ii

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo

e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@ / bf];|f] ;+;f]wg @)&$ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw

k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8F+8f (CH

!±)))_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 / l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsfs} j8f g+= $ sf] ?Dhf6f/ (CH !!±!))_ eGg] 7fp+df cGTo x'g]5 . of] v08nfO{ e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{t lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{n] k'glg{ld{0fsf] nflu k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df sfnf]kq ul/g] 5 . !!=!) ls=ld nDafO{ / gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= #*),#%%,**$=$@ / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=@*),&)&,@($=$% /x]sf] 5 .

of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f @! b]vL @^ ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .

pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf

k|:tfljt ;8s !,#%* ld b]lv !,*!@ ld sf] ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] ;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df @$=%# l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxp+bdf %=@$ l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ !,&@! ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf lkmnfO6, SjfhfO{6 kfOG5 . l;:g] vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo vf]nf xf] .

of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 . h;dWo] !±*)) b]lv @±@@), &±@() b]lv &±$)) ;Dd qmdzM >L d]w]kftfn / l;dwf/f kfvf ;fd'bflos jg /x]sf] 5 . o; ;8sdf ;Nnf, s6';, lrnfpg], plQ;, nfFs'/L, dnftf] / b'lwnf] cflb ?vx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L h+unL hgfj/x?df dn;fk|f], b'D;L, lrt'jf cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] k+IfLdf sflnh, sf]O{nL, 9's'/, Rofv'/f / ;/L;[k k|hfltdf uf]xf]/f], x/]p, cGwf] ;k{ cflb kfO{G5 .

k|:tfljt ;8s cf]vn9'°f lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f g+ !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8f+8f af6 k|j]z ub{5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t /dfO{nf] 8f+8f, agf{n', 9'ª\u|], ;lg6f/ / ?Dhf6f/ h:tf k|d'Vf jl:tx? kb{5g\ .. o; If]qdf u'?Ë hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf afx'g, bdfO{, z]kf{, g]jf/ cflb

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page iii

/x]sf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ (*=!)Ü -;fdfGo ;fIf/ ;d]t_ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . pkcfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? v]lt nufot s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu *@=$^ k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k|d'v :yfgLo ahf/ ?Dhf6f/ xf] eg] d'Vo ahf/ eg] cf]vn9'°f ahf/ /x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?

;sf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] %%,*)# JolQmlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df cf]vn9'°f lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsf j8f gF !! sf] /dfO{nf] 8fF8f, j8f gF % sf] a0ff{n' / ;fgL6f/ / j8f gF $ sf] ?Dhf6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf cf;kf;sf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'+r, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf lhNnf c:ktfn / ladfg:ynklg /x]sf]n] o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 ;b/d'sfd nufPt lhNnfsf cGoq If]qsf afl;Gbfn] klg ;]jf lng]5g\ . o;sf ;fy} o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh ljif]z ul/ ;'Gtnf cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .

gsf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg ;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ rflxg] ^=($) x]= hUuf dWo] %=$%) x]= a/fa/sf] If]qkmndf xfn af6f] sfod /x]sf] / cfa:os yk !=$() x]= dWo] )=(#! x]= v]lt u/Lg] hdLg, )=)@^ x]= ;fd'bflos ag, )=!@& x]= gLlh ag / )=#(% x]= a:tL / )=)!) x]= vf]nfdf gf]S;fgL eO{ ;8sdf kl/alt{t x'g]5 . of] ;+u} af6f] la:tf/df df * j6f lghL ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} pkcfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fduL|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g ;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/L lzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s6fg ubf{ ;fd'bflos agaf6 &* j6f / gLlh ag If]qaf6 #$* j6f ?vx? x6fpg' kg]{]{ b]lvG5 .

;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo

lgdf{0f Aoj;foL / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @)∞ dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page iv

gsf/fTds k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?

pkcfof]hgf sf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . pkcfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjsn] pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dxLnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .

lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .

k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f :yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 .

pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .

lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s6fg ubf{, ;fd'bflos jgsf] &* j6f / gLlh ag If]qaf6 #$* j6f x6fpg' kg]{ ?vx?sf] Ifltk'lt{sf nflu !M@% sf] cg'kftdf tyf !M! sf] cg'kftdf s|d; ?vx? /f]lkg]5 .

jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf @)&$÷)%÷!& ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .

o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ldlt @)&$÷)%÷@! df ul/of]. /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 cfPsf] /fo;'emfj ;lxt ;dfj]z u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nflu k]z ul/Psf] 5 .

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page v

u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq

pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo hgtfsf] hgu'gf;f] ;'Gg / tLgsf] plrt tyf ;dofg's'n ;Daf]wg ug{ o; k|f=j=k= k|ltj]bgdf $ txsf] u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGqsf] af/]df cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf

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o; :t/sf] pkcfof]hgfsf nflu pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/x? guGo 5g\ . w]/}h;f] c;/x? :yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f r/0fdf dfq l;ldt 5g\ . pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] clwsf+z gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ lbOPsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?af6} sd jf Ifltk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 / :yfgLo:t/df / lgdf{0f r/0fd} l;ldt ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfsf] leq ;d]6LPsf pkfox? cjnDag u/LP kl/of]hgf If]qdf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts jftfj/0fdf 7"nf] c;/kg]{ b]lvb}g . To;}n] pkcfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] cjl:ylt, :yfgLo hg;d'bfox?sf] cfof]of]hgf k|ltsf] ?lr tyf klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defljt gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoogn] lgb]{zg u/] cg'?ksf] Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page vi

Executive Summary

Background

In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Government funded

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan

assistance of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for

Development and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected districts. Through this project, ADB will

support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into

schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and

income for families by reconstructing critical road networks. The project will also repair and

improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the

earthquake and landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing

government agency. The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project-District Level Project

Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Okhaldhunga is the implementing agency for rural roads.

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction sub-project is one of the

projects under EEAP with the length 11.10 km. This IEE report has been prepared by

DLPIU, Okhaldhunga under EEAP to address the likely environmental and social impact,

both beneficial and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.

The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar road will render

the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the

major aftershock of 12 May 2015. Therafter, fully operation and reinstate of the road will

provde access to settlements like as Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar and

Rumjatar of Siddhicharan Municipality-11, 5 and 4 of Okhlaldhunga District. The road

connects eastern part of Okhaldhunga District to the district headquarter and other parts of

the country.

The Proponent

The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Okhaldhunga is the executing

agency at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) and the

proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road (11.10 km) of Okhaldhunga district.

Full Address of the Proponent

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project - District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Okhaldhunga

Okhaldhunga Bazaar, Okhaldhunga

Telephone No. 037-520249

Email: [email protected]

Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study

Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2015, Rule Relating to Reconstruction


IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page vii

of the Earthquake Affected Sstructure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal

Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 and

Second Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement, 2009 of ADB

suggest the appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to

address the environmental impact of the proposal.

The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-

economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and

site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement

environmental management plan for the sub-project.

Project Description and Study Methodology

The proposed sub-project starts from Ramailo danda (Ch 0+000) of Siddhicharan

Municipality-11 and ends at Rumjatar (Ch 11+100) of Siddhicharan Municipality-4 of

Okhaldhunga district. DLPIU, Okhaldhunga has proposed to reconstruct and rehabilitation of

the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into a District Road Core

Network (DRCN) standard road with blacktopped pavement. The road is 11.10 km length

6.25 meter formation width including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total sub-project

cost is NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the engineering cost is NRs. 280,707,294.45.

This IEE report has been prepared following defined procedure and also on the basis of the

ToR approved on 2017-07-09 A.D by the Chief Executve Oficer (CEO) level decision of

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN. The

findings and conclusions of the initial environmental examination report are based on the

analysis of the information collected from the field from 05/08/2017 to 010/08/2017 A.D by

undertaking a walk-through environmental survey along the proposed route and secondary

information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the social survey

and detail survey.

Existing Environmental Condition of Sub-project

The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea level. So, it

lies in sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the average maximum and minimum

temperature is 24.53° C and minimum of 5.24° C respectively. The average annual rainfall in

the district is 1,721 mm. The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include

Phyllite and Quartzite. Sisne Khola is the major stream of the sub-project area.

The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There

are Meghepatal and Simdharapakha CFUG from chainage 1+800 to 2+220 and from

chainage 7+290 to 7+400 respectively. Major forest types found in the sub-project area is

sub-tropical forest dominated by Schima castanopsis forest and Alnus forest. The major

plant species found along the proposed road alignment are Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo),

Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Fraxinus

floribunda (Lakuri), Macaranga pustulata (Malato), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo) etc. Major

wildlife includes Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Chituwa (Panthera

pardus) etc. Avian species include Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Koili (Eudynamys

scolopacea), Dhukur (Streptopalia sp.), Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar) etc. The extant

reptilian species in this forest include Gohora (Varanus bengalensis), Hareu (Trimeresurus

septentrionalis) and Aandho sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus) etc.

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page viii

The proposed sub-project started from Ramailodanda of Siddhicharan Municipality-11.

There major settlements along the road that include Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu,

Sanitar and Rumjatar. The population of the sub-project area is dominated by Gurung; other

main castes include Brahmin, Damai, Sherpa, Newar etc. Total literacy of the sub-project

area is 98.10% (including just literate also). People of the sub-project area are involved in

agriculture as their main occupations. Among the other main occupations, small businesses,

wage labour and aboard jobs are important. Almost 82.46% of the households use piped

water for drinking. Almost all of the households in the sub-project area have been supplied

with electricity. Rumjatar is the biggest market center and Okhaldhunga is main market in

the sub-project area.

Environmental Impacts

Beneficial Impacts

The immediate beneficial impact from the sub-project during construction phase is

generation of temporary employment opportunity of 55,803 person days. The major

beneficial impacts after operation of sub-project includes year round transportation facility

and accessibility to the people of Ramailo danda of Siddhicharan Municipality ward 11,

Barnalu and sanitar of ward 5 and Rumjatar of ward 4 and its surrounding settlements. It

also promotes the market development, increase in land value, industrial development,

increase in crop productivity and increase in sale of local products. In that area district level

hospital and airport are in operation, so people from the district headquarter and other part of

the district also get benefit from that road. Once in operation the road will offer easy,

comfortable and quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health,

education, market and other facilities. After rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road, the

supply of daily consumables, food and others will be easy and provide market to local

agricultural products like orange which will improve the living standard of and help the

earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.

Adverse Impacts

Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing

service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational

health and safety are of chief concern. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-

project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use. In total 6.940 ha land is

needed for upgrading the road, where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha

(average 5-5.25 m width) and further 1.490 ha of land will be needed. The formation width

for this road is Changes of land use due to the construction of road are mainly conversion of

0.931 ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha community forest area, 0.127 ha private forest area,

0.395 ha settlement area and 0.010 ha River/Stream land will be converted in to the built up

area of road. Due to the expansion of the road 8 private structures will be directly impact.

Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to unhygienic living

condition, communicable diseases etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the

sub-project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along road

alignment.

Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during

construction activates may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of

waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page ix

Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water

and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological

environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. In total,

78 trees from community forest and 348 trees from private will be cut down to clear the

formation of the road.

Benefit Augmentation Measures

Life skill training such as income generation activities, construction of soft engineering

structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted to improve their

livelihood. Awareness raising for environmental awareness will be conducted. More

emphasis will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.

Mitigation Measures

A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to

prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the sub-project implementation. The

sub-project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and

operation of the sub-project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the

mitigation measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as

follows:

Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and capacity

development training.

Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after

compensation.

To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will

be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses

and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning

signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized

persons to storage areas.

Arrangements of temporary latrines and water will be made for workers in proper site.

Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed

properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage

structures.

Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-

engineering technique.

All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste

collection pits away from the water path.

Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and

stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.

Arrangement will be made to plant at 1:25 and 1:1 for compensation against 78 trees

loss from CF and 348 trees loss from private forest respectively along both side of road.

Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching

of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.

Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members

of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of IEE report in order to aware

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page x

them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the

possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project After prepararation of the

draft IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2017/09/02 A.D on Rajdhani, a

national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned stakeholders.

Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit

augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared for public disclosure for

comments and suggestion on the Date 2017/09/06 A.D. Likewise, after the incorporation of

the comments from NRA, final IEE report for approval.

Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

The IEE report has specified four (4) levels of Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRMs) to

receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding sub-

project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.

Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including

issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring

methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing

environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.

Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during

reconstruction and operation phase. NRs. 635,000.00 has been allocated for EMP, of which

NR 150,000.00 is for monitoring.

Conclusion

Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the sub-project are of low significance

compared to the sub-project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the

adverse impacts can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and

construction period. Once the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no

risk for residual impacts that may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment of the sub-project area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the sub-project

addressing the impacts through the mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by

this IEE, considering the nature of the sub-project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xi

Table of Contents 1. Inroduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Proponent ................................................................................................................... 1

1.3. Consultant .................................................................................................................. 2

1.4. Objectives of ToR ....................................................................................................... 2

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study .............................................................................................. 3

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ..................................................................................... 3

2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work .......................................................... 4

2.1. Salient Feature ........................................................................................................... 7

2.2. Components and Activities of the Sub-project ............................................................ 8

2.2.1. Construction Approach .................................................................................... 8

2.2.2. Construction Materials Required ...................................................................... 9

2.3. Human Resource ....................................................................................................... 9

2.4. Land Requirement ...................................................................................................... 9

2.5. Cost .......................................................................................................................... 10

2.6. Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 10

3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 11

3.1. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 11

3.2. Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................... 11

3.3. Field Investigation .................................................................................................... 12

3.3.1. Physical Environmental .................................................................................. 12

3.3.2. Biological Environmental ................................................................................ 13

3.3.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment .................................................... 13

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation .......................................................................... 14

3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of

Impact ............................................................................................................................. 14

3.6. Study Team .............................................................................................................. 16

3.7. Information Disclosure .............................................................................................. 16

4. Description of the Environment .................................................................................... 17

4.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................... 17

4.1.1. Topography and Geomorphology................................................................... 17

4.1.2. Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................... 19

4.1.3. Climate and Hydrology ................................................................................... 20

4.1.4. Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ................................................................. 20

4.1.5. Air, Noise and Water Quality .......................................................................... 20

4.2. Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 21

4.2.1. Vegetation Type ............................................................................................. 21

4.2.2. Forest Type ................................................................................................... 22

4.2.3. Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 23

4.2.4. Birds .............................................................................................................. 23

4.2.5. Reptile ........................................................................................................... 23

4.2.6. Fish ................................................................................................................ 23

4.2.7. Protected Fauna ............................................................................................ 23

4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................................... 24

4.3.1. District Context .............................................................................................. 24

4.3.2. Indirect Impact Area ....................................................................................... 32

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xii

4.3.3. Direct Impact Area ......................................................................................... 35

4.3.4. Project Affected Families ............................................................................... 52

5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ................................. 55

5.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................................... 55

5.1.1. Construction Phase........................................................................................ 55

5.1.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 55

5.2. Adverse Impacts ....................................................................................................... 57


5.2.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 61

5.3. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 63

6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 64

6.1. No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 64

6.2. Project Alternatives .................................................................................................. 64

6.3. Alternative Alignment ................................................................................................ 64

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ......................................................... 64

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ............................................................................ 65

6.6. Alternative Resources .............................................................................................. 65

6.7. No Forest Alternative ................................................................................................ 65

7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures ............... 66

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ................................................. 66

7.1.1. Detailed Survey and Design ........................................................................... 66

7.2. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures .......................................... 66


7.2.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 67

7.3. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................................... 67


7.3.2. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 72

7.4. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 75

8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project .................................. 76

9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 82

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...................................................................................... 82

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ........................... 84

9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ......................... 94

9.3.1. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ........................................ 94

9.3.2. Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ..................................... 95

9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal ........................................ 96

9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring ....................................................................................... 96

9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring .................................................................................. 96

9.4.3. Impact Monitoring .......................................................................................... 96

9.5. Monitoring Parameters ............................................................................................. 97

9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase ................................................................................. 97


9.5.3. Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 98

9.6. Monitoring Indicators ................................................................................................ 98

9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................................................. 106

10. Conclusions and Recommendation ............................................................................ 109

References ....................................................................................................................... 110

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xiii

List of Tables

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road..................................................................... 7

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites .............................................................................................. 9

Table 3: Additional Land Required for Formation Width ...................................................... 10

Table 4: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ................................................................... 10

Table 5: Impact Area Delination .......................................................................................... 12

Table 6: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road .............. 17

Table 7: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment ........................................... 19

Table 8: Land Use along the Road Alignment ..................................................................... 19

Table 9: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works ............................................... 20

Table 10: Plant Species Recorded in the Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road ............................. 21

Table 11: Community Forest along Road ............................................................................ 23

Table 12: Protected Fauna along Road ............................................................................... 24

Table 13: Demographic Characteristic in the Okhaldhunga District ..................................... 25

Table 14: Absentee Population in Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 25

Table 15: Religion in the Okhaldhunga District .................................................................... 26

Table 16: Caste and Ethnicity in Okhaldhunga District ........................................................ 26

Table 17: Languages Spoken in the Okhaldhunga District .................................................. 27

Table 18: Educational Status in the Okhaldhunga District ................................................... 28

Table 19: Status of Drinking Water in Okhaldhunga District ................................................ 28

Table 20: Status of Toilet Facilities in Okhaldhunga District ................................................ 29

Table 21: Types of Toilets in Okhaldhunga District ............................................................. 29

Table 22: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Okhaldhunga District ................................. 29

Table 23: Ownership of House in Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 30

Table 24: Type of Foundation of House in Okhaldhunga District ......................................... 31

Table 25: Type of Outer Wall of House in Okhaldhunga District .......................................... 31

Table 26: Type of Roof of House in Okhaldhunga District ................................................... 31

Table 27: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in the Okhaldhunga District ........... 32

Table 28: Demographic Characteristic of Sub-project Affected Municipality ........................ 32

Table 29: Caste and Ethnicity of Sub-project Affected Municipality ..................................... 33

Table 30: Literacy Status of Sub-project Affected Municipality ............................................ 34

Table 31: Demographic Characteristics of sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 35

Table 32: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................... 36

Table 33: Major Ethnic Groups of Sub-project Affected Wards ............................................ 36

Table 34: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards................................................. 37

Table 35: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards ......................................... 37

Table 36: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ................................................. 38

Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards ...................................... 38

Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards .................................. 39

Table 39: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards ..................................................... 39

Table 40: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Road of Okhaldhunga District ............ 41

Table 41: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ............................. 41

Table 42: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ........................................ 42

Table 43: Religion Followed in PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District ........................................... 42

Table 44: Migration Trend in PAS in Okhaldhunga District .................................................. 42

Table 45: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement of Okhaldhunga District .............. 43

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xiv

Table 46: Livelihood Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District................................................ 43

Table 47: Available Health Service in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................... 44

Table 48: Major Disease of PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................................... 44

Table 49: Solid Waste Management Techniques ................................................................ 45

Table 50: Educational Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................................. 45

Table 51: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ............................... 46

Table 52: Status of Drinking Water in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................................... 46

Table 53: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS of Okhaldhunga District .................... 47

Table 54: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ..................... 47

Table 55: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................ 47

Table 56: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ................. 48

Table 57: Major Market in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ...................................................... 48

Table 58: Status of Industry in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ............................................... 48

Table 59: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District ......... 49

Table 60: Land Price in PAS of Okhaldhunga District.......................................................... 49

Table 61: Financial Institutions in PAs ................................................................................. 49

Table 62: Land Ownership Pattern in PAs ........................................................................... 50

Table 63: Irrigation Facilities in PAs .................................................................................... 50

Table 64: Cultivation Pattern in PAs .................................................................................... 50

Table 65: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS .................................................................... 51

Table 66: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading in PAS .................................... 51

Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ........................ 51

Table 68: Social Centers in PAS ......................................................................................... 52

Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project .......................................... 52

Table 70: Detail of Janajati Households .............................................................................. 52

Table 71: Average Income of APs ....................................................................................... 53

Table 72: Food Sufficiency of APs ...................................................................................... 53

Table 73: Landholding of APs ............................................................................................. 53

Table 74: List of APs with Affected Structure ...................................................................... 60

Table 75: Compensatory Plantation in Affected CFs ........................................................... 71

Table 76: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 76

Table 77: Institutions and Their Roles ................................................................................. 82

Table 78: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures ....................................... 85

Table 79 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................... 87

Table 80: Environemntal Monitoring Cost ............................................................................ 95

Table 81: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ................... 95

Table 82: Monitoring Indicators of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road ........................................ 98

Table 83: Compliance Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project ............... 100

Table 84: Impact/Effect Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project ............. 103

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Sub-project Location in GIS Map ............................................................................ 5

Figure 2: Ecological Map of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road .................................................... 6

Figure 3: Regional Geological Map of Okhaldhunga Area (DMG, 1987).............................. 19

Figure 4: Population in the Okhaldhunga District by Different Age Group........................... 25

Figure 5: Literacy Status of Okhaldhunga District Population Aged 5 Years and Above ...... 27

Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Okhaldhunga District ................................. 30

Figure 7: Educational Attainment Level in Sub-project Affected Wards ............................... 40

Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ............................................ 84

Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................. 107

Appendixes

Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study .......................................................................... 112

Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ............................................................................. 125

Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...................................... 127

Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected Area ......................... 130

Appendix V: Project Cost .................................................................................................. 135

Appendix VI: Public Notice ................................................................................................ 143

Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry ............................................................................................ 145

Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter ............................................................................. 151

Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure ........................................................ 153

Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods ......................... 158

Appendix XI: List of Person Consulted .............................................................................. 166

Appendix XII: Detail of Vegetation Species ....................................................................... 167

Appendix XIII: Detail Information of Affected Structure ...................................................... 180

Appendix XIV: Photographs .............................................................................................. 184

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB: Asian Development Bank

AP: Affected Person

CBO: Community Based Organization

CDC: Compensation Determination Committee

CF: Community Forest

CFUG: Community Forest Users Group

Ch: Chainage

CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora

CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit

DCC: District Coordination Committee

DFO: District Forest Office/Officer

DIA Direct Impact Area

DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants

DLPIU District Level Project Implementation Unit

DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads

DRCN: District Road Core Network

DTO: District Technical Office

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework

EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EMG Environmental Management Guidelines

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

EMS: Environmental Management Section

FGD: Focus Group Discussion

GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

GoN: Government of Nepal

GRC Grievance Redress Committee

Ha: Hectare

Hh: Household

IIA Indirect Impact Area

IEE: Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Km: Kilometer

LAC Local Area Committee

LC Least Concern

LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory

LR/nt Lower Risk/Near Threatened

MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development

NCB National Competitive Bidding

NRA National Reconstruction Authority

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NRs: Nepali Rupees

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page xvii

NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products

RoW Right of Way

RP: Resettlement Plan

SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SM: Social Mobilizer

ToR: Terms of Reference

VDC: Village Development Committee

IEE of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga Page 1

1. Inroduction

1.1. Background

1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented

with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It

aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will

support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into

schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and

income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected

districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu,

Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Okhaldhunga,

Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least

700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to

disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of

strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides.

The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand

future disasters and the impact of climate change.

2. Total 11.10 km long Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road starts at Ramailo danda of

Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-3) and ends at Rumjatar of

Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-13) of Okhaldhunga district. The

road was constructed by swiss project called District Road Support Program (DRSP) with an

average 4to 5 m width. It was constructed through labour based, environment friendly and

participatory (LEP) approach during 2062 B.S/2062 B.S. as earthen road.

3. The proposed Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-

project has been affected by earthquake. There are many landslides along the road.

Therefore, this road has been proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction. The road will

provide easy access to the eastern part of Okhaldhunga District to the district headquarter

'Okhaldhunga' and other parts of the country. Also, it connects district head quarter o the

airport at Rumjatar. Operation of road will benefit the major settlements like Dhungre,

Barnalu, Sanitar and Rumjatar in reconstruction activities. Hence, there is an urgent need of

rehabilitating and upgrading this road to facilitate easy accessibility for isolated villages and

the road has attracted DTMP priority No-12DR016.

4. The sub-project affected ward 3, 1 and 13 of Siddhicharan Municipality is now

restructured as wards no. 11, 5 & 4 of Siddhicharan Municipality respectively.

1.2. Proponent

5. The proposed sub-project is for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar road in Okhaldhunga district. The EEAP-DLPIU of Okhaldhunga

district, being responsible for the district roads is the proponent for conducting Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road. The National Reconstruction Authority

(NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the IEE study report.


6. Earthquake Emergency Assisstance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal

Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) is the implementing agency for the district road

sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU),

headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU)

headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District Implementation

Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support Consultant

(CISC) and CLPIU at central level.

Address of Proponent


District Level Project Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga

Telephone No. : 037-520249


1.3. Consultant

7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of

EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt

Consultant/TSE/ECN/EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service

to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) including IEE Report of the above mentioned road

project on behalf of the proponent adhering with all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and

guidelines.

Address of Consultant

Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)

Ekantakuna, Lalitpur

P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu

Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43

Fax No: 977-1-5543144

E-mail: [email protected] website: www.drilpnepal.org

1.4. Objectives of ToR

8. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive

and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of

schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact

Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures (Second Amendment,

2017). The specific objectives of the study were as listed below.

Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such

information.

Identify major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on biological,physical,

socio-economic and cultural environment

Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and

subsequent sub-project implementation.

Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report

http://www.drilpnepal.org/


1.5. Objectives of IEE Study

9. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to

implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help

decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the

environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:

Provide information on the general environmental setting of the sub-project area as

baseline data

Identify, predict and evaluate the major impact that may arise as a result of proposed

works on biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the sub-project

area

Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement

measures

Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the sub-

project

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE

10. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental

consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest

appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District

Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision,

September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural

Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to


of the Earthquake Affected Structure 2016, Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal

Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second

Amendment 2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the

appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the

environmental impact of the proposal.

2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a

neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.


2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work

11. The proposed Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road is located in Siddhicharan Municipality of

Okhaldhunga District of Nepal. The proposed road alignment starts at Ramailo danda of

Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-3) and ends at Rumjatar of

Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then Siddhicharan Municipality-13) of Okhaldhunga district. The

major settlements along the road alignment are Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar

and Rumjatar. The main caste/ethnic groups settled in the sub-project area are Gurung,

Sherpa, Brahmin, Newar, Chhetri, etc. The area is accessible through sagarmatha highway.

12. The land use of the sub-project area is mainly covered by forest, cultivated land and

built-up area. The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea

level. The sub-project area is located in sub-tropical climatic zone. The road does not pass

through any protected areas, historically and archaeologically sensitive areas.This road has

been proposed for upgrading with bituminous standard. The road passes through forests,

cultivated land, barren land and settlement area crossing streams (khola/kholsi) at some

location. The proposed sub-project site falls under middle mountain physiographic region of

Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch, Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The

dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include Phyllite and Quartzite and the

common soil types include colluvial and residual soils. Sisne Khola is the major stream of the

sub-project area.

13. Length of this road is 11.10 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost

of the road is estimated NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the total civil work cost is NRs.

280,707,294.45 as shown in Appendix V.The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.


Figure 1: Sub-project Location in GIS Map


Figure 2: Ecological Map of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road


2.1. Salient Feature

14. The salient features of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road including the features described

in the preceding section are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road

Particular Description

Name of the sub-project Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Sub-project

Geographical location Okhaldunga District

Starting point Ramailo Danda, Siddhicharan Municipality-11 (then

Siddhicharan Municipality -3), Okhaldhunga District

End point Rumjatar, Siddhicharan Municipality-4 (then

Siddhicharan Municipality -13), Okhaldhunga District

Sub-project starting date June, 2017

Sub-project ending date December, 2018

Geographical features

Terrain Hilly

Alignment Rolling and Hilly

Altitude 1,358 m to 1,812 m

Altitude at starting point 1,358 m

Altitude at ending point 1,812 m

Climate Sub-tropical

Geological feature Basically characterized by Phyllite and Quartzite and

the common soil types include colluvial and residual

soils

Classification of road District Road Core Network, 12DR016

Length of road 11.10 km

Existing road Earthen and stone soling

Proposed pavement Bituminous

Construction period Three Years

Maximum gradient (%) 12

Minimum gradient (%) 0.5

DTMP code 12DR016

Municipality along road corridor Siddhicharan Municipality

Households (DIA) 2,803

Major settlements Ramailo danda, Dhungre, Barnalu, Sanitar and

Rumjatar

Cross-section

Right of way 10 m on either side from centerline of the road


Particular Description

Formation width 6.25 m

Carriage way 3.75 m

Retaining structures

Stone masonry wall 1065.78 m3

Gabion retaining and breast wall

6,745.00 m3

Bioengineering works (NRs.) 908,403.75

Earthwork

Cutting 80,830.17 m3

Filling 7,699.17 m3

Total civil cost (NRs.) 280,707,294.45

Cost per kilometer of construction

work (NRs.)

22,679,768.54

Mitigation cost (NRs.) 485,000.00

Monitoring cost (NRs.) 150,000.00

Total EMP cost (NRs.) 635,000.00

Total resettlement cost (NRs.) 98,813,589.97

Total GESI Cost (NRs.) 200,000.00

Total sub-projectroject cost

(NRs.)

380,355,884.42

Employment generation (Total person days)

Skilled 12,142

Unskilled 43,661

2.2. Components and Activities of the Sub-project

15. Total length of the road is 11.10 km with 6.25 m formation width. Sub-project

components are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as

earthwork like site clearance. The road surface will be upgraded to blacktopped pavement.

Bioengineering, spoil disposal management, compensatory plantation are the activities

during the construction of this road sub-project.

2.2.1. Construction Approach

16. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor,

selected through NCB with following features:

Use of heavy machinery for construction.

Balancing cut and fill and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and

thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.

Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil

engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.


2.2.2. Construction Materials Required

17. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the sub-project

sites along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows

areas of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and alluvial deposits). The prospective borrow

sites were identified as sources of coarse aggregates.

18. The construction material survey was carried out for the following purposes:

Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand, boulder, gravel and other

possible construction material in and around the construction site

Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that

can be used as concrete aggregates.

The bitumen will be bought from market.

19. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along

the road alignment as well as at river bank, and are shown below in Table 2.

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites

Material Site Average

Distance

Location (Ward, RM/

Municiplaity)

Sand Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km Siddhicharan

Municipality, ward 5 Stone Sisne Khola, quarries along the road

alignment and quarries within 10 km periphery

10 km

Gravel/

sub-base

Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km

Aggregate

s/sub-base

Sisne Khola, quarries within 10 km periphery 10 km

SD Chips Sunkoshi at Harkapur 87 km ( ch

0+000)

Manebhanjyang RM,

Ward 7

Source: Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, DPR (2016)

2.3. Human Resource

20. The sub-project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total of 55,803

person days will require including 12,142 skilled and 43,661 unskilled persons are required

to carry out civil work activities.

2.4. Land Requirement

21. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term

permanent change in the land use (Refer Table 3). In total 6.940 ha land is needed for

upgrading the road, where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha (average 5

to 5.25 m width) and further 1.490 ha land will be needed. There will be conversion of 0.931

ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha community forest area, 0.127 ha private forest area, 0.395 ha

settlement area and 0.010 ha River /Stream landwill be converted in to the built up area of

road changing the total 1.490 ha land. Similarly, there will be some change in land use due

to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from changes in land use will be high,

direct, local and long term in nature.


Table 3: Additional Land Required for Formation Width

S.N. Land Use Area

Ha %

1 Cultivated Land 0.931 62.50

Khet 0.140

Bari 0.791

2 Forest (Community) 0.026 1.78

3 Forest (Private) 0.127 8.55

4 Built-up Area 0.395 26.50

5 River/Stream 0.010 0.67

Total 1.490 100.00

(Source: Field Survey, 2017)

2.5. Cost

22. Length of this road is 11.10 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost

of the road is estimated NRs. 380,355,884.42 and the total civil work cost is NRs.

280,707,294.45 as shown in Appendix V.

2.6. Implementation Schedule

23. Following Table 4 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project .

Table 4: Sub-project Implementation Schedule

S.N Activities 2016 2017 2018

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

1 Detailed survey, design and estimate

2 Preparation of resettlement plan

2.1 Life skill and income generation training

3 Environmental assessment and

Implementation

3.1 ToR preparation and approval from

NRA

3.2 Field study

3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice

publication

3.3 IEE report finalztion and approval from

NRA and ADB

3.4 Implementation of EMP

3.5 Environmental monitoring

4 Work Implementation

4.1 Civil construction work by contractor

Note:

I - January, February, March II - April, May, June

III - July, August, September IV - October, November, December


3. Methodology

24. ToR was approved on 2074/3/25 B.S (09/07/2017A.D) by the CEO level decision of

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as Act Relating to




Amendment 2017. Total road length in ToR was 11.10 km and IEE report has been prepared

accordingly. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and Rapid Environmental

Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and environmental checklist

(Appendix IV) were also considered during IEE report preparation. Necessary information

was collected through literature review and field study to accommodate all issues as

included in the approved ToR to analyze environmental impacts on physical, biological,

socio-economic and cultural issues. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have

been identified, mitigation measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.

3.1. Literature Review

25. IEE study team collected and reviewed the available secondary sources related to

physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environmental resources of the sub-project

area. After the literature review, sub-project specific checklist was prepared.

a. Physical Environment

26. From various available sources of secondary information (e.g. Topographical Map,

Regional Geological Map, DHM, MoPE, and District Transport Management Plan (DTMP) of

Sindhui and information on topography, geology and precipitations, temperatures were

reviewed and collected.

b. Biological Environment

27. The important secondary sources of information were reviewed from relevant

literatures including other projects IEE/EIA reports, then VDC Profiles, and websites of

MoPE, DoF, MoFSC, and DNPWC.

c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

28. During desk study necessary secondary data and information were gathered from

related organizations/institutions, like cadastral survey maps, National Population and

Housing Census, CBS 2011 A.D (including VDC/Municipality level). Similarly, resettlement

plan and GESI report for this road sub-project was also reviewed. These documents were

reviewed and relevant information for the study was assembled.

3.2. Impact Area Delineation

29. The sub-project influence area and the impact area are delineated based on the field

conditions and nature of sub-project development using the similar past experiences of the

experts. Based on the environmental impacts of the sub-project, the sub-project -affected

areas are classified as the following Table 5.


Table 5: Impact Area Delination

Category Description

Direct Impact Area (Ward

level) Construction areas which include road alignment & right of

way along with sub-project facilities such as construction

camp, quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage etc.

(Considering administrative boundary: Ward 4,5 and 11 of

Siddhicharan Municipality)

Indirect Impact Area

(Municipality level) Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low

impacts. Such area covers area beyond the DIA and within

100 meters each side from the centerline of road including

a buffer area of about 100 meters from the ancillary

structure sites.

(Considering administrative boundary: Siddhicharan

Municipality)

3.3. Field Investigation

30. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site

inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 5/08/2017 to 10/07/2017 A.D

(2074/4/21 B.S to 2074/4/26 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (District Team Leader,

Sub-Engineer, Social Safeguard Officer, Asssitant Sub-Engineer). IEE study team also

collected muchulka, recommendation letters after the publication of notice. The following

tools were used for the collection of primary data.The following tools were used for the

collection of primary data.

Consultation meeting and focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with

the local communities at different settlements, 2 consultation meeting was organized with

local people to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed back towards sub-project

Key informants survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different

settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment

related information using a checklist

Walk through survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land,

forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the

formation width of the road alignment.

Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features

according to the chainage.

Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during

walkthrough survey.

Photographs - Necessary photographs were taken to show different environmental

features.

3.3.1. Physical Environment

31. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which

might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road

main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use,

topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall,

meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information


on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local

communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly flood prone areas/

landslide/erosion prone areas etc.

3.3.2. Biological Environment

32. Total enumeration was done for tree loss assessment within the formation width and

Right of way in the road alignment. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by walkover

survey throughout the road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type, forest condition

(NF, CF, and PF), Floristic composition (Direct Impact Area & Indirect Impact Area), Ethno-

botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified based on the species composition.

33. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the influence area as

per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on

consultation with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the sub-project. The trees to

be felled down from forest for the proposed road was recorded and documented.

34. Wildlife (Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and herpetofauna) bio-diversity in the indirect

impact areas was studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field.

The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES

Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was recorded through consultation with the local

communities.

3.3.3. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

35. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the sub-project

affected wards of Municipality was collected through Key Informant Interview (Appendix X

and XI) or Focused Group discussions, Appendix IX. The information was collected through

pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-economic characteristics of the people of

all class, caste and economic categories. The information include demographic features of

the settlement, migration pattern, employment, landholding size, agricultural production, food

sufficiency, other productive resources, livestock raising,access to different social

infrastructures such as drinking water, education, health-posts, general health, hygiene and

sanitation condition, etc.

36. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through

direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of

sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and

loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 160; out of

355 HHs (others were absentee households).

37. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water

etc. was collected from the Ward offices of municipality, consultation with village elites and

through focus group discussions at Ward levels to assess the current situation of these

facilities and the general sanitation status of the sub-project area community. Information

was also collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary

population.

38. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the DIA was visited and

observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values and significance of these sites


was noted through consultation with the communities. Possibilities of protecting, conserving

or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly in consultation with local people,

priests and village elite. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross

checked and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation

39. During the IEE report preparation, consultant team met, discussed and interacted

with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal, municipality in the district head quarter and

teachers, community based organization member and knowledgeable key persons of

surrounding areas within the DIA (please refer Appendix XI). In order to ensure public

involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report preparation.

Publication of Notice and Draft IEE Disclosure

40. According to Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, 7 days public notice was published

in 2074/05/17 B.S (02/09/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix

VI) seeking written opinion from concerned DFO, municipality, schools, health posts and

related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per Act Relating to




Amendment 2017. A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the above mentioned

organizations and a deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected (see Appendix VII) for deed

of inquiry. Recommendation letters were also obtained from the concerned municipality as

given in Appendix VIII. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and

related stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions.

Moreover, focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information

regarding the bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar

Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, the meeting minutes are in Appendix

IXa. Similarly, draft IEE was discosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on

2074/05/21 (2017/09/06) at Barnalu. The issues, queries, concerns raised during the IEE

disclosure meeting is listed below and Appendix IXb. A summary of meeting minutes with

local people during consultation and IEE disclosure is given in IXc.

3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification,

Prediction and Evaluation of Impact

Data Analysis and Interpretation

41. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source

as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed

qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical,

biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the

questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and

interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were

carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the

results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.


Physical Environment

42. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography

(i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative

data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure

discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. The output of analyzed

information and data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.

Biological Environment

43. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird

species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. The biological

information were primarily collected with the use of specified checklist during the formal and

informal meetings with the local people. In addition biological experts identified the different

species of wildlife and plants with their expert judgement, identification keys and with the

help of local people. The local name, photographs and information from the expert

judgement thus collected were analysed during report preparation. Forest type with

management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and

verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare

and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN.

Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

44. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as

required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was

analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestion made by the local people and

stakeholders' during public consultation was considered for benefit augmentation measures

and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are proposed.

Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method

Impact Identification

45. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may

trigger due to sub-project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both

types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were

categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and

cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of sub-

project implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the

assessment.

Impact Prediction

46. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend

analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge

of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.

Impact Assessment

47. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline

environmental conditions of the affected environment with the sub-project activities in

relation to spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of


impacts. The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and

high), extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term).

Evaluation of the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative

setup, numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with

stakeholders, expert’s past experience and other criteria.

3.6. Study Team

48. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site

inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 5/08/2017 to 10/07/2017 A.D

(2074/4/21 B.S to 2074/4/26 B.S) by the IEE study team. The study team members are listed

below:

Team Member:

Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environment and Social Expert

Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Anthropologist /Forester

Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist

Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist

Mr. Shashwat Sharma- Environmental Engineer

Mr. Suraj Nepal- Civil Engineer

3.7. Information Disclosure

49. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts,

recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language was prepared and

distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned Municipality for public disclosure. The

draft IEE report was also be kept in information centre of DTO, Okhaldhunga for public

disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews

and group discussions. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and

the general public through the information centre of CLPIU/DLPIU, Okhaldhunga and

websites of EEAP-CLPIU, CISC, NRA and ADB.


4. Description of the Environment

50. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio-

economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:

4.1. Physical Environment

51. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of

the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.

4.1.1. Topography and Geomorphology

Topography

52. Nepal Himalayas is located in the seismic risk zone hence its beongs to sesmic

active area and has experienced mega earthquakes that have resulted in major destruction,

loss of life and property. Okhaldhunga is also one of the earthquake affected district in the

2015 earthquake of the Nepal.

53. Limited earlier geological works has been carried out in this area. Schelling (1992)

put the rocks of the study area under Okhaldhunga window of the Lesser Himalaya.

Geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology (Shrestha et al., 1984)

has traced Seti Formation (Phyllite and Qaurtzite) in the sub-project area. The detail on

geology of the sub-project area is shown in Figure 3 below.

54. The sub-project area lies in the lesser himalayan unit. The main lithological units of

the lesser himalayan succession in the sub-project area are: Unit of Phyllite with few bands

of Quartzite; thin discontinuous unit of white Quartzite and Augen Gneiss. This road

alignment passes south of the thrust. The activation of the thrust is considered as minimal.

The road alignment is located about 10 km south from the thrust.

Geology and Soil Type

55. The road alignment follows the rocks of the Seti Formation, Midland Group, Lesser

Himalaya. The Seti Formation is comprised of quartzite and phyllite. The road alignment

passes through the rocks of the Seti Formation. The Seti Formation is composed of thick

phyllite and quartzite. Ratio of phyllite is greater than quartzite. This road alignment passes

south of the thrust. The activation of the thrust is considered as minimal. The road alignment

is located about 10 km south from the thrust. Table 6 shows the Lithostratigraphy of the

lesser and Higher Himalaya.

Table 6: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road

Group Formation Lithology Thick (m) Age

Main Central Thrust (MCT)

Midland

Kushma Phyllite, quartzite, limestone 1000

Pre-

Cambrian

Lakharpata Limestone, dolomite 1000

Syangja Slate, limestone, quartzite 1000

Galynag Dolomite, slate 800

Naudanda Quartzite, 1000

Seti * Phyllite, quartzite 3000

*Rock exposed along the road alignment


56. Along the road section, the rocks of the quartzite and phyllite of the Seti Formation is

also exposed along the road alignment. Road alignment is covered by the residual soil with

thick colluvial deposits. More than 90% alignment covered by residual soil and colluvial

deposits. Very few location bedrocks of phyllite can be seen along the road alignment.

57. Engineering Geological log is prepared based on distribution of failures, soil and rock

along the alignment. Information covers depth of soil, rock and soil type, weathering grade.

The road alignment passes through weathered phyllite and colluvial, residual soil deposits.

Thickness of the colluvial and residual soil deposits are excess of 5 m. Table 7 shows the

geology and types of soil along the road alignment

Okhaldhunga - Ahale Section (0+000 - 3+400)

58. The road alignment is about 3.4 km in length and passes very gentle slope area

along the ridge area. The road alignment runs on thick (more than 5 m thick) residual soil

and colluvial deposits and very few locations covers the bedrock of phyllite. The hydrological

condition of the road alignment is dry to wet. The land use pattern along the road alignment

is dry cultivated land, forest and grassland but most of the alignment follows the dry

cultivated land. There is very less chance to meet further cut slope failure due to low height

cut slope and land use pattern. The bedrocks of phyllite of the Seti Formation are exposed

along the road alignment but very few location bedrocks are exposed and covered by

residual soil. The main cause of covering the residual soil deposits due to presence of the

soft rock phyllite so these soft rocks easily weathered and formed the residual soil. The

failures occurred along the road can be mitigated by trimming of cut slope, applying

bioengineering as well as surface drainage, management and arrangement of the wall. The

slope stability condition is more or less stable even the alignment runs on the residual soil

deposits. Between the chainages road alignment has the low height cut slope on hill side so

stability condition seems to be good.

Ahale – Sanitar Section (3+400 - 8+200)

59. This complete section of the road is about 4.8 km and is passing 90% on residual soil

/ colluvial deposits and 10% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (phyllite) and the Seti

Formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The road follows very gently topography. Some cut slope

failures are found along road alignment in hill side. These failures are developed due to

weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits, undercutting slope by

road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road section is more than 5 m

at places. At some places of the road alignment phyllite is exposed. These rocks are slightly

to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are well observed in rocks exposed along

the road alignment. The stereographic projection of the discontinuities of the rock mass

shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of the rocks mass is moderate to low.

The hydrological condition is wet to dry to wet. The land use pattern is cultivated land and

forest and settlement.

Sanitar – Rumjatar Section (8+200 -11+100)

60. This complete section of the road is about 4 km and is passing 90% on residual soil /

colluvial deposits and 10% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (phyllite) and the Seti

Formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The road follows gently topography. Cut slope failures

are found along road alignment in hill side are developed in the soil. These failures are


developed due to weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits,

undercutting slope by road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road

section is more than 5 m at places. At some places of the road alignment phyllite is exposed.

These rocks are slightly to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are well

observed in rocks exposed along the road alignment. The stereographic projection of the

discontinuities of the rock mass shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of the

rocks mass is moderate to low. The hydrological condition is wet to dry. The land use pattern

is dry cultivated land and forest and settlement.

Figure 3: Regional Geological Map of Okhaldhunga Area (DMG, 1987)

Table 7: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment

Chainage Geology Types of Soil

0+000 - 3+400 Soft rock phyllite Residual soil / colluvial deposit

3+400 - 8+200 Phyllite, quartzite Residual soil / colluvial deposit

8+200 - 11+100 Phyllite, quartzite Residual soil / colluvial deposit


4.1.2. Land Use Pattern

61. The sub-project road traverses from Ramailo Danda to Rumjatar through the

settlement area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. the deatail is shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Land Use along the Road Alignment

Chainage Land Use Pattern

0+000 to 3+400 Dry cultivated land, forest, grassland etc

3+400 to 8+200 Cultivated land, forest, settlement etc

8+200 to 11+100 Dry cultivated land, settlement etc



4.1.3. Climate and Hydrology

62. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The elevation of the proposed road

varies from 1,358m to 1,812m from mean sea level.The sub-project has sub tropical

climatic condition. The proposed sub-project site falls under middle mountain

physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey Branch, Department of Survey, HMG,

Nepal, 1983). According to data calculated from Department of Hydrology and Metrology

(DHM), the annual maximum mean temperature from 1962 to 2015 is in the month of June

which is recorded to be 24.53°C, while the minimum mean temperature is in the month of

January which is recorded to be 5.24°C. The average annual rainfall for the year was

recorded to be 1,721 mm.

63. The alignment crosses one medium khola (Sisne khola-Ch 4+380) and two small

types of Khola (ie. Naksari khola-Ch 1+470, & Pani khane khola-Ch 7+070) requiring bridge

in Sisne khola and Causeways have been recommended for others. No wetlands are found

within the vicinity of the road.

4.1.4. Landslide and Erosion Prone Area

64. During field visit, few minor slides / erosions were observed. The location requires

special consideration during construction period. Gabion walls and toe walls have been

proposed in the design as noted essential during the site visit. Also, bioengineering works

has been proposed in other locations where landslides have occurred though small in scale.

In many locations, where erosion has been witnessed, gabion breast walls have been

proposed. Gorkha earthquake 2015 had affected the road at Ch 3+325 to Ch 3+365 and Ch

3+620 (below the loop) where there is steep slope. Toe cutting at Table 9 shows the detail

of landslide and bio-engineering works to be done.

Table 9: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works

S. N Chainage Length (m) Slope

Height (m)

Quantity (m2)

From To

1 3+325 3+365 40.00 15.00 600.00

2 3+620 100.00 15.00 1500.00

Total 140.00 30.00 2100.00

(Source: Field Survey, 2017)

4.1.5. Air, Noise and Water Quality

Ambient Air Quality

65. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality

observed is normal.

Noise

66. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.


Water Quality

67. There is no defecation problem observed near and around the drinking water

sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to

the accumulation of silt.

4.2. Biological Environment

68. There is no sensitive area such as wildlife sanctuary, national parks, buffer zone etc

in the sub-project area vicinity Thus, the proposed sub-project site is not located any

conservation areas or ecologically significant site of aesthetic value.

4.2.1. Vegetation Type

69. The elevation of proposed road varies from 1,358 m to 1,812 m from mean sea level.

So, it lies in sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976). Major forest types found in the

sub-project area is sub-tropical broadleaved forest dominated by Schima castanopsis forest

and Alnus forest. The major plant species found along the proposed road alignment are

Alnus nepalensis (Uttis), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Michelia champaca (Chap),

Castanopsis sp. (Katus), Nemaro, Pinus roxburghii (Khote Sallo), Macaranga pustulata

(Malato), Fraxinus floribunda (Lakuri), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo), Rhododendron sp. (Lali

Gurans), Eurya acuminata (Jhigane) etc.

70. Hence species of trees are needed to be cleared during reconstruction phase of the

sub-project. The overall detail of vegetation species recorded in the formation width & right

of way during vegetation survey is presented in Appendix Xlla-b. The plant species

recorded in the forest of proposed road alignment are listed in Table 10.

Table 10: Plant Species Recorded in the Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road

Species Scientific Name

Baans Bambusa arundinacea

Bajh Quercus lanata

Bhimsenpati Buddleja asiatica

Chilaune Schima wallichii

Dudhilo Ficus hemoralis

Gurans Rhododendron arboretum

Jhigane Eurya acuminata

Kafal Myrica esculenta

Katus Castanopsis indica

Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda

Malato Macaranga pustulata

Mauwa Madhuca longifolia

Nimaro Ficus roxburghii

Painyu Prunus cerasoides

Patle Salla Castonopsis sps

Salla Pinus roxburghii

Uttis Alnus nepalensis

(Source: Field Survey; August, 2017)


4.2.2. Forest Type

71. Government managed forest or any national park/buffer zone/conservation area is

not found in this road section. Only community forest and private forest are recorded along

the road alignment. The road passes through two community forest, namely Meghepatal

Community Forest, and Simdhara Pakha Community Forest. The detail is given in Table 11

below.

72. Meghepatal Community Forest: The Meghepatal Community Forest was handed

over to the community forest user’s group (CFUG) in 2052 B.S. The forest covers an area of

60.500 ha, and there are 220 households that avail resources from this forest. Among these

households, Sherpa constitutes the majority of the ethnic composition, followed by Rai,

Kami, Giri, Jogi, Newar, Tamang, and Chhetri. The major species of plants found in this

forest include Patle (Castonopsis sp.), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia), Chilaune (Schima wallichii),

Gurans (Rhododendron arboretum), Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Baans

(Bambusa arundinacea), Nigalo (Drepanostachyum intermedium), Okhar (Juglans regia) etc.

Major wildlife includes Fox (vulpes montana), Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi

(Hystrixindica), Chituwa (Panthera pardus) etc. Avian species include Dhukur (Streptopalia

sp.), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa), Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar), Kalij (Lophura

leucomelanos), Koili (Eudynamys scolopacea) etc. The extant reptilian species in this forest

include Aandho Sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu (Trimeresurus septentrionalis),

Gohora (Varanus bengalensis) etc.

73. Simdhara Pakha Women’s Community Forest: The Simdhara Pakha Women’s Community Forest was handed over to the community forest user groups (CFUGs) in 2060

B.S. The total area covered by this forest is 0.770 Ha and the number of forest users

includes 92 households, with a total population of 461, of which 236 are men and 225 are

women. All the users of this community forest are from the former VDC of Barnalu – 1, 2 and

3 which has now been converted to Siddhicharan Municipality-5. There are altogether 13

members in executive committee. The major tree species found in this community forest are

Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Patle (Castonopsis sps), Utis (Alnus

nepalensis) etc. Major wildlife includes Malsapro (Martes flavigula), Dumsi (Hystrixindica)

etc. Avian species include Dhukur (Streptopalia sp.), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa),

Chyakhura (Alectoris chukar) etc. The reptilian species in this forest include Aandho Sarpa

(Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu (Trimeresurus septentrionalis) etc.


Table 11: Community Forest along Road

Name of

Forest

Chainage Length

(m)

Total Area

(ha)

Main Species

From To

Meghepatal

Community

Forest

1+800 2+220 420 0.021 Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Lakuri

(Fraxinus floribunda), Kafal (Myrica

esculenta), Gurans (Rhododendron

arboretum), Dudhilo (Ficus

nemoralis), Nimaro(Ficus roxburghii),

Patle (Castonopsis sps), Banjh

(Quercus lanata), Uttis (Alnus

nepalenses)

Simdhara

Pakha

Community

Forest

7+290 7+400 110 0.005 Pachuta Salla (Pinus roxburghii),

Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Lakuri

(Fraxinus floribunda), Uttis (Alnus

nepalenses)

Total 530 0.026

(Source: Field survey, 2017)

4.2.3. Wildlife

74. Some wild animals are occasionally observed nearby the forests traversed by road

alignment. The main wildlife species reported in sub-project area are Vulpus montana (Fox),

Naemorhedus goral (Ghoral), Dumsi (Hystrix indica), Panthera pardus (Leopard) and

Macaca mulatta (Monkey).

4.2.4. Birds

75. The bird reported as well as recorded in the sub-project area are Chyakhura

(Alectoris chukar), Koili (Eudynamys scolopacea), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), bhangera

(Passer domesticus), kaag (Corvus splendens), Titra (Ophrysia superciliosa), Dhukur

(Streptopelia sp.) etc.

4.2.5. Reptile

76. The reptiles reported in the sub-project area are Locadon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas

muscosus (Dhaman), Aandho Sarpa (Ramphotyphlops braminus), Hareu Sarpa

(Trimeresurus septentrionalis) etc.

4.2.6. Fish

77. The fish reported in the streams of the sub-project area are Schizothorax sp. (Asala),

Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei (Buduna), Psilorbgncbus pseudechens (Tite) etc.

4.2.7. Protected Fauna

78. The protected fauna found in the forest alongroad corridor area given in Table 12.


Table 12: Protected Fauna along Road

Local Name Scientific Name Remarks

IUCN

2008

CITES Code GoN

Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3

Dumsi Hystrix indica LC

Fox Vulpes montana LC

Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I

Ghoral Naemorhedus goral NT Appendix I

Malsapro Martes flavigula LC

Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC

Dhukur Streptopelia sp. LC

Koili Eudynamys scolopacea LC

Chyakhura Alectoris chukar LC

Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017

4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

79. The socioeconomic level of the proposed sub-project is presented at district level,

Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the sub-project premises.

The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to give a fair knowledge of

the directly impacted people in relation to the district, Municipality.

4.3.1. District Context

80. The sub-project road is located in Okhaldhunga District such it is termed as affected

district. Itis located Province no 1 of Nepal. The affected district is located in the Sagarmatha

Zone of the Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The district is located within 27 08’ to 27 32’ latitude and 86 11’ to 86 41’ longitude. The district borders with Sindhuli District in South, Khotang District in East, Ramechhap District in West and Solukhumbu in North. The

socioeconomic information of this district is presented in the following sub-sections.

Demographic Information

81. The total population of Okhaldhunga District is 147,984 with male population

(46.42%) slightly lower than female population (53.58%) at the ratio of 1.15. The total

household in the district is 32,502 with average household size 4.55, refer Table 13.

3

Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled


Table 13: Demographic Characteristic in the Okhaldhunga District

S.N Description No. %

1 Total Population 147984

2 Total Male Population 68687 46.42

3 Total Female Population 79297 53.58

4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.15

5 Total Nos. of Household 32502

6 Average Household Size 4.55

(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS)

82. Also, 7,712 household were absent during the time of census 2011, which shows the

trend of migration of that district, please refer Table 14.

Table 14: Absentee Population in Okhaldhunga District

S.N. Description No.

1 Absentee Households 7,712

2 Absentee Male Population 9,371

3 Absentee Female Population 1,181


Population by Age Group

83. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (40.83%)

among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 35.55% of the total

population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating

the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59)

represents 53.65% of the total population, please refer Figure 4.


Figure 4: Population in the Okhaldhunga District by Different Age Group

Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years60 years and

above

Male 7,110 19,152 25,695 9,077 7,653

Female 6,888 19,465 34,732 9,886 8,326

Total 13,998 38,617 60,427 18,963 15,979

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

Po

pu

lati

on


Religion

84. Hindu (70.76%), Buddhism (17.69%) and Kirat (10.24%) are the major religion

followed by the the population of Okhaldhunga district, refer Table 15.

Table 15: Religion in the Okhaldhunga District

S.N. Religion Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Hindu 48633 32.86 56078 37.89 104711 70.76

2 Buddhism 12173 8.23 14002 9.46 26175 17.69

3 Christianity 601 0.41 762 0.51 1363 0.92

4 Islam 13 0.01 13 0.01 26 0.02

5 Kirat 7013 4.74 8143 5.50 15156 10.24

6 Prakriti 41 0.03 49 0.03 90 0.06

7 Other 213 0.14 250 0.17 463 0.31

Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100.00


Caste/Ethnic Composition

85. In Okhaldhunga district, Chhetri (22.83%) is the predominant caste among the

population followed by Magar (11.21%), Brahman-Hill (10.60%), Rai (9.91%), Tamang

(9.73%), Sherpa (6.98%) etc, refer Table 16.

Table 16: Caste and Ethnicity in Okhaldhunga District

S.N. Caste/Ethnic

Group

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1.1 Chhetri 15504 10.48 18278 12.35 33782 22.83

1.2 Magar 7412 5.01 9176 6.20 16588 11.21

1.3 Brahman-Hill 7341 4.96 8351 5.64 15692 10.60

1.4 Rai 6763 4.57 7909 5.34 14672 9.91

1.5 Tamang 6621 4.47 7779 5.26 14400 9.73

1.6 Sherpa 4911 3.32 5420 3.66 10331 6.98

1.7 Newar 4485 3.03 5199 3.51 9684 6.54

1.8 Kami 2779 1.88 3229 2.18 6008 4.06

1.9 Damai/Dholi 2209 1.49 2662 1.80 4871 3.29

2.0 Sunuwar 2076 1.40 2338 1.58 4414 2.98

2.1 Sarki 1992 1.35 2227 1.50 4219 2.85

2.2 Gharti/Bhujel 1488 1.01 1658 1.12 3146 2.13

2.3 Gurung 1048 0.71 1341 0.91 2389 1.61

2.4 Bahing 1007 0.68 1194 0.81 2201 1.49

2.6 Other 3051 2.06 2536 1.71 5587 3.78

Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100



Mother Tongue

86. Majority of the population (57.88%) of Okhaldhunga District speaks national

language Nepali. Other languages of the district are Tamang (9.18%), Magar (8.91%),

Sherpa (6.77%) etc. please refer Table 17.

Table 17: Languages Spoken in the Okhaldhunga District

S.N. Mother Tongue Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Nepali 39478 26.68 46172 31.20 85650 57.88

2 Tamang 6260 4.23 7325 4.95 13585 9.18

3 Magar 5894 3.98 7295 4.93 13189 8.91

4 Sherpa 4771 3.22 5249 3.55 10020 6.77

5 Wambule 3301 2.23 3822 2.58 7123 4.81

6 Bahing 2509 1.70 3072 2.08 5581 3.77

7 Sunuwar 1486 1.00 1672 1.13 3158 2.13

8 Rai 1314 0.89 1449 0.98 2763 1.87

9 Newari 729 0.49 826 0.56 1555 1.05

10 Jero/Jerung 659 0.45 808 0.55 1467 0.99

12 Other 2286 1.54 1607 1.09 3893 2.63

Total 68687 46.42 79297 53.58 147984 100


Literacy

87. Majority of the population (64.43%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in

this district. However, the illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable (32.74%) with female number (22.27%) significantly higher than male number (10.47%),

please refer Figure 5.


Figure 5: Literacy Status of Okhaldhunga District Population aged 5 years and above

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

Can read and write Can read only Can't read and

write

Literacy not stated

45,770

1,764

14,033

10

40,556

2,000

29,835

18

86,326

3,764

43,868

28

Male Female Total


Education Status

88. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (64.91%) have

obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is

remarkable low with 23.06 %. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.34 %) has

obtained education of graduate and post graduate levels, please refer Table 18.

Table 18: Educational Status in the Okhaldhunga District

SN Description Population that have completed the educational level

Male Female Total

No % No % No %

1 Beginner 1609 1.81 1521 1.71 3130 3.52

2 Basic level (Upto 8) 30500 34.27 27275 30.64 57775 64.91

3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 11026 12.39 9499 10.67 20525 23.06

4 Graduate and above 903 1.01 290 0.33 1193 1.34

5 Others 49 0.06 39 0.04 88 0.10

6 Non Formal Education 2866 3.22 3039 3.41 5905 6.63

7 Level not stated 169 0.19 220 0.25 389 0.44

Total 47122 52.94 41883 47.06 89005 100.00


Drinking Water

89. Majority of households (82.60%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water

supply, followed by uncovered Well/Kuwa (7.87%), spout water (4.75%) etc, please refer

Table 19.

Table 19: Status of Drinking Water in Okhaldhunga District


1 Tap/piped water 26,818 82.60

2 Tubewell / handpump 34 0.10

3 Covered well/kuwa 604 1.86

4 Uncovered well/kuwa 2,555 7.87

5 Spout water 1,543 4.75

6 River /stream 641 1.97

7 Others 49 0.15

8 Not Stated 222 0.68

Total 32,466 100


Sanitation

90. About 70.05% households have toilets but the 29.25% households don't have toilet

till now. Thus, open defecation can be seen as sanitation issue of the district. However,

thedistrict has been declared as ODF recently, please refer Table 20.


Table 20: Status of Toilet Facilities in Okhaldhunga District


1 With-toilet 22744 70.05

2 Without toilet 9495 29.25

3 Not stated 227 0.70

Total 32466 100


91. Among the households having toilet facility, few households (26.07%) have flush

toilet with septic tank and significant nos. of household (73.93%) has ordinary toilet, please

refer Table 21.

Table 21: Types of Toilets in Okhaldhunga District


1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 5929 26.07

2 Ordinary 16815 73.93

Total 17867 100


Energy Used for Lighting

92. Electricity is the major source of energy for lighting purpose in Okhaldhunga district.

62.79% households are using solar for lighting purpose. The utilization of kerosene by the

households for lighting purpose is 27.97% while only 21.75% household use Solar energy,

please refer Table 22 for detail.

Table 22: Status of Energy used for Lighting in Okhaldhunga District

S.N Energy No. %

1 Electricity 13,542 41.71

2 kerosene 9,082 27.97

3 Biogas 128 0.39

4 Solar 7,062 21.75

5 Other 2,427 7.48


Total 32,466 100


Energy Used for Cooking

93. Majority of households (97.00%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from

community and other forest. 1.54% using LP gas and only 0.42% households are using

kerosene for cooking purpose, please refer Figure 6.



Figure 6: Status of Energy used for Cooking in Okhaldhunga District

House Ownership

94. Majority of households (94.92%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some

households (3.61%) live in rented house too, please refer Table 23 for detail.

Table 23: Ownership of House in Okhaldhunga District


1 Owned 30818 94.92

2 Rented 1172 3.61

3 Institutional 113 0.35

4 Others 363 1.12

Total 32466 100


House Type

House with Foundation Type

95. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with mud bonded

brick/stone (96.36%). Some households (1.74%) comprises of foundation of houses

constructed with wooden pillar. However, the household with their foundation constructed

with RCC with pillar is comparatively low (0.31%), , please refer Table 24 for detail

31,492

137 501 60 29 1 20 226

-5,000

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Wood /

firewood

Kerosene LP gas Santhi/

guitha (cow

dung)

Bio gas Electricity Others Not Stated


Table 24: Type of Foundation of House in Okhaldhunga District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 31,284 96.36

2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 124 0.38

3 RCC with pillar 102 0.31

4 Wooden pillar 565 1.74

5 Others 75 0.23


Total 32,466 100


House with Outer Wall Type

96. In Okhaldhunga district, significant households (94.59%) have constructed their outer

wall of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Some households (1.45%) have constructed their outer

wall with bamboo, please refer Table 25 for detail.

Table 25: Type of Outer Wall of House in Okhaldhunga District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 30,711 94.59

2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 293 0.90

3 Wood/ planks 284 0.87

4 Bamboo 470 1.45

5 Unbaked brick 325 1.00

6 Others 61 0.19


Total 32,466 100.00


House with Roof Type

97. Majority of households (52.70%) has constructed their roof of house with

Thatch/Straw followed by Tile/Slate (27.99%) and Galvanized iron (13.52%). Very few

households (0.37%) have RCC roof, please refer Table 26 for detail.

Table 26: Type of Roof of House in Okhaldhunga District


1 Thatch/ straw 17,111 52.70

2 Galvanized iron 4,388 13.52

3 Tile / slate 9,086 27.99

4 RCC 119 0.37

5 Wood/ planks 1,027 3.16

6 Mud 4 0.01

7 Others 402 1.24


Total 32,466 100.00



Facilities to Accessories

98. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (55.10%),

Mobile phone (34.24%), and Television (4.10%), please refer Table 27 for detail.

Table 27: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in the Okhaldhunga District

S.N Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH

1 Radio 22,378 55.10

2 Television 1,667 4.10

3 Cable Television 782 1.93

4 Computer 229 0.56

5 Internet 153 0.38

6 Telephone 1,127 2.77

7 Mobile Phone 13,908 34.24

8 Motor 41 0.10

9 Motorcycle 189 0.47

10 Cycle 59 0.15

11 Other Vehicle 29 0.07

12 Refrigerator 52 0.13

Total 32,466 100.00


4.3.2. Indirect Impact Area

Household and Population

99. The total area of Siddhicharan municipality is 167.88 km2 having population 31,175.

The total household of the municipality is 7,753 (including 1-8 wards of former Barunashwor

VDC) with male population (45.23%) slightly lower than female population (54.77%); please

refer Table 28 for detail.

Table 28: Demographic Characteristic of Sub-project Affected Municipality

S.N Merging

VDC

No. of

HHs

Average

Household

Size

Population

Male Female Total

No. % No. %

1 Andheri 607 3.94 1053 44.06 1337 55.94 2390

2 Barnalu 694 4.10 1283 45.08 1563 54.92 2846

3 Baruneswar 809 4.19 1576 46.52 1812 53.48 3388

4 Betini 459 4.59 931 44.21 1175 55.79 2106

5 Bigutar 533 4.05 999 46.31 1158 53.69 2157

6 Jantarkhani 388 4.54 755 42.85 1007 47.82 1762

7 Jyamire 545 3.90 915 43.04 1211 50.67 2126

8 Okhaldhunga 1358 3.65 2407 136.61 2556 106.95 4963

9 Rumjatar 751 3.60 1216 44.92 1491 55.08 2707

10 Salleri 419 3.97 721 43.33 943 56.67 1664

11 Taluwa 447 4.47 870 43.59 1126 56.41 1996

12 Thulachhap 743 4.13 1374 68.84 1696 101.92 3070

Total 7753 14100 45.23 17075 54.77 31175

(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS


Caste/Ethnic/Religion

100. In sub-project affected Municipality, Rai (18.09%) is the predominant caste among the population followed by Brahmin (15.3%), Magar

(11.97%), Sanyashi/Dashnami (10.70%), Sherpa (10.17%), Newar (7.84%) etc. The area has mixed rthnicity and accordingly mixed religious

faith. The major religion in the area is Hindu, Kirant, Buddhist etc., please refer Table 29 for detail.

Table 29: Caste and Ethnicity of Sub-project Affected Municipality

Mu

nic

ipality

Merg

ing

VD

Cs

Ch

hetr

ee

Bra

hm

an

Tam

an

g

Dam

ai/D

ho

li

Kam

i

Mag

ar

New

ar

Gh

art

i/B

hu

jel

Bah

ing

Sark

i

Gu

run

g

Rai

San

yasi/D

ash

nam

i

Sh

erp

a

Oth

er

To

tal

Siddhicharan Andheri 386 386 121 93 40 59 0 155 821 35 99 58 42 0 95 2390

Barnalu 0 708 12 0 31 0 166 44 0 51 27 353 105 1268 81 2846

Baruneswar 669 865 21 324 204 16 53 161 120 247 0 460 0 212 36 3388

Betini 23 857 0 65 115 937 38 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2106

Bigutar 187 152 93 0 52 37 110 133 0 0 0 168 0 1207 18 2157

Jantarkhani 0 0 0 0 222 1104 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 37 1762

Jyamire 877 64 0 30 47 389 476 72 0 98 50 0 0 0 23 2126

Okhaldhunga 1270 334 382 148 281 153 976 85 103 22 69 627 136 107 270 4963

Rumjatar 223 325 36 311 133 135 232 134 0 132 731 206 0 0 109 2707

Salleri 39 545 389 95 25 112 0 0 0 0 424 0 28 0 7 1664

Taluwa 465 200 0 39 116 729 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 152 1996

Thulachhap 1502 333 31 181 150 60 74 45 0 645 0 0 24 0 25 3070

Total 5641 4769 1085 1286 1416 3731 2444 879 1044 1230 1400 1872 335 3169 874 31175

% 18.09 15.3 3.48 4.13 4.54 11.97 7.84 2.82 3.35 3.95 4.49 6 1.07 10.17 2.8 100

(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS& GoN, 2017)


Literacy

101. Majority of the population (68.93%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in sub-project affected Municipality. However, the

illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable (28.96%), please refer Table 30 for detail.

Table 30: Literacy Status of Sub-project Affected Municipality

S. N

.

Mu

nic

ipality

Merg

ing

VD

C

Can read and write Can read only Can't read and write

Literacy not state

Total

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

Male

Fem

ale

To

tal

1

Sid

dh

ichara

n

Andheri 741 739 1480 33 54 87 188 431 619 0 0 0 962 1224 2186

2 Barnalu 864 777 1641 32 36 68 248 608 856 0 0 0 1144 1421 2565

3 Baruneswar 1113 988 2101 48 60 108 265 622 887 0 0 0 1426 1670 3096

4 Betini 620 607 1227 18 37 55 193 444 637 0 1 1 831 1089 1920

5 Bigutar 632 556 1188 18 17 35 246 500 746 0 0 0 896 1073 1969

6 Jantarkhani 523 531 1054 20 24 44 135 355 490 0 0 0 678 910 1588

7 Jyamire 671 672 1343 7 12 19 167 452 619 0 0 0 845 1136 1981

8 Okhaldhunga 1961 1692 3653 23 23 46 187 610 797 0 0 0 2171 2325 4496

9 Rumjatar 853 811 1664 15 20 35 228 554 782 0 0 0 1096 1385 2481

10 Salleri 537 587 1124 4 9 13 93 274 367 1 2 3 635 872 1507

11 Taluwa 626 696 1322 7 8 15 146 319 465 0 0 0 779 1023 1802

12 Thulachhap 928 858 1786 38 30 68 281 682 963 1 0 1 1248 1570 2818

Total 10069 9514 19583 263 330 593 2377 5851 8228 2 3 5 12711 15698 28409

Total (%) 35.44 33.49 68.93 0.93 1.16 2.09 8.37 20.60 28.96 0.01 0.01 0.02 44.74 55.26 100

(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS& GoN, 2017)


4.3.3. Direct Impact Area

102. The sub-project road is aligned along ward no 4, 5, and 11 of Siddhicharan

Municipality. Thus, these wards are termed as sub-project affected wards of Municipality.

The socioeconomic information of these affected wards is presented in the following sub-

sections.


103. The total population of sub-project affected wards is 10516, with the male population

(46.65%) slightly lower than female population (53.35%). The male to female ratio is 0.87:1.

The total households of these five affected wards are 2803 with an average household size

of 3.75, please refer Table 31 for detail.

Table 31: Demographic Characteristics of sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Name of

Municipality

Merging VDC No.

of HH

Average

HH Size

Population

Male Female Total

No. % No. %

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 1358 3.65 2407 48.50 2556 51.50 4963

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 694 4.10 1283 45.08 1563 54.92 2846

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 751 3.60 1216 44.92 1491 55.08 2707

Sub-total (1) 2803 4906 46.65 5610 53.35 10516

Sub Average (1) 3.75


Population by Age Group

104. In sub-project affected wards, the economic active age group (15-59 years)

represents 57.61% of the total population. However, the age group of 15- 44 years (45.28%),

replicates the dominating population of the area. The older age group (above 60 years)

represents only 10.41% of the total population, please refer Table 32 for detail.


Table 32: Population by Different Age Group in Sub-project Affected Wards

SN Name of

Municipality

Former VDC Age Group

Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 year Above 60 Total

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 236 231 577 543 1135 1293 297 277 162 212 2407 2556 4963

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 139 142 360 370 496 699 149 194 139 158 1283 1563 2846

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 120 106 266 273 465 674 173 206 192 232 1216 1491 2707

Total 495 479 1203 1186 2096 2666 619 677 493 602 4906 5610 10516

% 4.71 4.55 11.44 11.28 19.93 25.35 5.89 6.44 4.69 5.72 46.65 53.35 100

(Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)

Caste, Ethnicity and Religion

105. The predominant caste/ethnic groups of the sub-project affected wards district are Chhetree (14.20%), Sherpa (13.08%),

Newar (13.07%), and Brahmin (13.00%), followed by Rai (11.28%), and Gurung (7.86%). The area has mixed rthnicity and

accordingly mixed religious faith. The major religion in the area is Hindu, Buddhist, Kirant etc, please refer Table 33 for detail.

Table 33: Major Ethnic Groups of Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N

Mu

nic

ipa

lity

Me

rgin

g

VD

C

Po

pu

lati

on

Households with Caste/Ethnic Group

Ch

he

tree

Bra

hm

an

Ta

man

g

Da

ma

i/

Dh

oli

Ka

mi

Ma

ga

r

Ne

wa

r

Gh

art

i/

Bh

uje

l B

ah

ing

Sa

rki

Gu

run

g

Ra

i

San

yas

i/

Da

sh

na

Sh

erp

a

Oth

er

To

tal

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga No. 1270 334 382 148 281 153 976 85 103 22 69 627 136 107 270 4963

% 25.59 6.73 7.70 2.98 5.66 3.08 19.67 1.71 2.08 0.44 1.39 12.63 2.74 2.16 5.44 100

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu No. 0 708 12 0 31 0 166 44 0 51 27 353 105 1268 81 2846

% 0 25 0 0 1 0 6 2 0 2 1 12 4 45 3 100

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar No. 223 325 36 311 133 135 232 134 0 132 731 206 0 0 109 2707

% 8 12 1 11 5 5 9 5 0 5 27 8 0 0 4 100

Total No. 1493 1367 430 459 445 288 1374 263 103 205 827 1186 241 1375 460 10516

% 14.20 13.00 4.09 4.36 4.23 2.74 13.07 2.50 0.98 1.95 7.86 11.28 2.29 13.08 4.37 100



Language

106. Nepali and Sherpa are the major languages of the sub-project affected wards, the former being spoken by 62.84% of the total

population and the latter by 11.01% of the total population. Bahing (8.83%) and Rai (3.93%) were the other frequently spoken

languages within the area, please refer Table 34 for detail.

Table 34: Major Languages of Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N. Municipality Nepali Tamang Bahing Magar Sherpa Rai Newar Bhujel Other Total

1 Siddhicharan-11 3419 301 517 89 108 84 48 14 383 4963

2 Siddhicharan-5 1088 0 412 0 1050 147 56 0 93 2846

3 Siddhicharan-4 2101 26 0 65 0 182 14 0 319 2707

Total 6608 327 929 154 1158 413 118 14 795 10516

% 62.8 3.11 8.83 1.5 11 3.93 1.12 0.1 7.56 100


Drinking Water

107. Majority of the households (94.05%) within the sub-project affected area utilize tap/ piped water for drinking purposes, with

some households relying on uncovered well (kuwa) (4.22%) for the same purpose, please refer Table 35 for detail.

Table 35: Drinking Water Usage in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Municipality Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources

Tap/Piped Uncovered

well/Kuwa

Spout River/

Stream

Covered

well/Kuwa

Tubewell Other Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Siddhicharan-11 1009 74.30 54 3.98 163 12.00 47 3.46 15 1.10 3 0.22 67 4.93 1358 100

2 Siddhicharan-5 657 94.67 18 2.59 2 0.29 11 1.59 4 0.58 1 0.14 1 0.14 694 100

3 Siddhicharan-4 702 93.48 43 5.73 3 0.40 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 0.40 751 100

Total 2368 84.48 115 4.10 168 5.99 58 2.07 19 0.68 4 0.14 71 2.53 2803 100



Sanitation

108. 92.26% of the total affected households have access to latrines, with 39.24% of these households having flush toilets and

50.59% having ordinary toilets. 7.74% of the affected households have no access to toilets, please refer Table 36 for detail.

Table 36: Sanitation Status in Sub-project Affected Wards

S. N Municipality Merging

VDC

HHs

without

Toilet

HHs with Toilet Total

Ordinary Flush Others Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 80 5.89 463 34.09 750 55.23 65 4.79 1278 94.11 1358 100

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 91 13.11 396 57.06 206 29.68 1 0.14 603 86.89 694 100

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 46 6.13 559 74.43 144 19.17 2 0.27 705 93.87 751 100

Total 217 7.74 1418 50.59 1100 39.24 68 2.43 2586 92.26 2803 100



109. 81.56% of the sub-project affected households use firewood as their main fuel source for cooking, while 14.38% of

households use LPG as their main fuel for cooking, please refer Table 37for detail.

Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Municipality Merging

VDC

Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel

Wood/Firewood LP Gas Kerosene Cow Dung Bio Gas Electricity Other Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 872 64 382 28 26 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 77 6 1358 100

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 685 99 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 694 100

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 729 97 16 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 751 100

Total 2286 81.56 403 14.38 32 1.14 0 0.00 2 0.07 0 0.00 80 2.85 2803 100




110. Of the entire sub-project affected households, 45.52% rely on electrical energy to fulfil their lighting necessities, while 38.64%

use kerosene, 8.88% use solar panels, and 6.96% use other lighting sources, please refer Table 38 for detail.

Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Sub-project Affected Wards

S.N Municipality Merging VDC Households Utilizing Lighting Sources

Electricity Kerosene Solar Bio gas Other Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Siddhicharan-11 Okhaldhunga 432 31.81 552 40.65 207 15.24 4 0.29 163 12.00 1358 100

2 Siddhicharan-5 Barnalu 278 40.06 384 55.33 29 4.18 2 0.29 1 0.14 694 100

3 Siddhicharan-4 Rumjatar 566 75.37 147 19.57 13 1.73 2 0.27 23 3.06 751 100

Total 1276 45.52 1083 38.64 249 8.88 8 0.29 187 6.67 2803 100


Literacy

111. 72.92% of the affected population has the ability to read and write, while 1.56% have the ability to only read. On the other

hand, 25.52% of the population is illiterate, please refer Table 39 for detail.

Table 39: Literacy Status in Sub-project Affected Wards

S. N Municipality Can read and write Can read only Can't read and write Literacy not stated Total

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

1 Siddhicharan-11 1961 1692 3653 23 23 46 187 610 797 0 0 0 2171 2325 4496

2 Siddhicharan-5 864 777 1641 32 36 68 248 608 856 0 0 0 1144 1421 2565

3 Siddhicharan-4 853 811 1664 15 20 35 228 554 782 0 0 0 1096 1385 2481

Total 3678 3280 6958 70 79 149 663 1772 2435 0 0 0 4411 5131 9542

Total (%) 38.55 34.37 72.92 0.73 0.83 1.56 6.95 18.57 25.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.23 53.77 100

Source: Population and Housing Census 2011, CBS GoN, 2017)


Educational Attainment

112. Of the population that is literate, 39.82% have attained primary level education, 16.52% have attained lower secondary level

education, 12.11% have attained secondary level education, and 11.60% are SLC graduates. 9.91% have higher secondary

education, while 3.72% and 1.09% have attained graduate and post-graduate level education respectively, please refer Figure 7.


Figure 7: Educational Attainment Level in sub-project Affected Wards

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Ma

le

Fe

ma

le

To

tal

Beginner Primary (1-5) Lower Secondary SLC & Equiv. Intermediate Graduate Post Graduate Other Total

Siddhicharan-11 Siddhicharan-5 Siddhicharan-4 Total


Market Survey

113. Market Survey was conducted in major settlements of the proposed road alignment.

The price list of commodity and other goods were recorded during the survey. The detail of

market survey is presented in Appendix X.

4.3.3.1 Core Project Area

114. The settlements located along the road alignment i.e. sub-project affected

settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most of the section of road

alignment completely lack settlements.

115. The major settlements located along the road alignment of Okhaldhunga District are

presented in the Table 40 below:

Table 40: Major Settlement located in the Proposed Road of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of Settlement District Name of VDC/Municipality and Ward

Number

1 Barnalu Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-5

2 Sanitar Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-5

3 Rumjatar Okhaldhunga Siddhicharan-4

(Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017)


116. The total households and population of PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District is 1180 and

5650 respectively. The representations of male and female population are 49.29% male and

50.71% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 4.83, please refer Table 41 for

detail.

Table 41: Household and Population of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of Settlement Households Population HH Size

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 150 500 50.00 500 50.00 1000 100.00 6.67

2 Sanitar 230 325 50.00 325 50.00 650 100.00 2.83

3 Rumjatar 800 1960 49.00 2040 51.00 4000 100.00 5.00

Total 1180 2785 49.29 2865 50.71 5650 100.00

Average Household Size 4.83


Caste/Ethnicity

117. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, the major ethnic/caste groups are Gurung

(41.10%), Brahmin (23.14%) and Damai (10.08%), please refer Table 42 for detail.


Table 42: Caste and Ethnicity of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District S

.N

Nam

e o

f

Sett

lem

en

t Caste and Ethnicity

Ch

hetr

i

Bra

hm

in

Sh

erp

a

Kaam

i

New

ar

Rai

Dam

ai

Gu

run

g

To

tal

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 0 0.00 0 0.00 105 70.0 4 2.67 30 20.0 8 5.33 3 2.00 0 0.0 150 100

2 Sanitar 0 0.00 210 91.30 4 1.74 8 3.48 0 0.00 2 0.87 6 2.61 0 0.0 230 100

3 Rumjatar 7 0.88 63 7.88 0 0.00 90 11.25 35 4.38 10 1.25 110 13.75 485 60.63 800 100

Total 7 0.59 273 23.14 109 9.24 102 8.64 65 5.51 20 1.69 119 10.08 485 41.10 1180 100


Religion

118. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households of PAS(s) follow Hinduism (84.79%).

Moreover, the households following Buddhism religion is also significant (13.50%). Few

people (1.71%) follow kirat religion; please refer Table 43 for detail.

Table 43: Religion Followed in PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Religion By Household (Nos.)

Hindu Kirat Buddism Total

1 Barnalu 37 8 105 150

2 Sanitar 214 2 4 220

3 Rumjatar 741 10 49 800

Total (No.) 992 20 158 1170

Total (%) 84.79 1.71 13.50 100


Migration

119. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households (83.64%) of PAS(s) are living since

generation, 9.75% households are living from last 20-30 years and 5.51% of households

were living from last 20 years. However, 1.10% households have temporarily out-migrated

from village in past few years; please refer Table 44 for detail.

Table 44: Migration Trend in PAS in Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Household (No.)

Living from

generation

Living

from 20-30

years

Living

From Last

20 Years

Temporarily

out-migrated in

past few years

Total

1 Barnalu 150 0 0 0 150

2 Sanitar 100 110 15 5 230

3 Rumjatar 737 5 50 8 800

Total 987 115 65 13 1180

Total (%) 83.64 9.75 5.51 1.10 100.00



Occupation

120. The major occupation of PAS(s) in Okhaldhunga District is agriculture (26.09%).

However majority of (37.43%) of them are student. The other occupations are wage labor

(19.08%), foreign employment (9.88%), service (5.50%), and business (2.02%), please refer

Table 45 for detail.

Table 45: Occupation in Sub-project Affected Settlement of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Occupation of Population (%)

Agriculture Business Service Wage

Labor

Student Foreign

Employment

Total

1 Barnalu 20.00 1.50 4.10 18.60 51.50 4.30 100.00

2 Sanitar 63.69 1.38 3.08 14.15 15.38 2.31 100.00

3 Rumjatar 21.50 2.25 6.25 20.00 37.50 12.50 100.00

Total 26.09 2.02 5.50 19.08 37.43 9.88 100.00

Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017

Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation

Livelihood

121. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households (46.69%) in PAS(s) have sufficient

earning without surplus to fulfill their livelihood. While few households (11.27%) have

sufficient earning with surplus. However, significant households (42.03%) do not have

sufficient earning to fulfill their livelihood; please refer Table 46 for detail.

Table 46: Livelihood Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Earning of Household

Sufficient with

Surplus

Sufficient

without Surplus

Inadequate to meet

Livelihood

Total

Nos. % Nos. % Nos. % Nos. %

1 Barnalu 30 20.00 105 70.00 15 10.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 23 10.00 46 20.00 161 70.00 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 80 10.00 400 50.00 320 40.00 800 100.00

Total 133 11.27 551 46.69 496 42.03 1180 100.00


Health

122. In Okhaldhunga district, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in their ward of

Municipality for general health treatment. However, in major health treatment, they visit the

district hospital Rumjatar which lies near the sub-project area. Majority of them walk for 5 to

20 minutes to reach the health institutions. Most of the clinics and health posts have average

of 10-20 patient visit every day. Primary level of treatment is conducted in all of the available


health institution. Medical and District hospital in Rumjatar also provide X-ray and Laboratory

services; please refer Table 47 for detail.

Table 47: Available Health Service in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Name of

Nearest Health

Institution

Location Distance

or

Duration

No. of

Staff

Members

Available

Services

Incoming

Patients

per day

1 Barnalu Barnalu Sub-

Health Post

Barnalu 5 minutes 8 Primary Level

Treatment

10-15

2 Sanitar Barnalu Sub-

Health Post

Barnalu 15

minutes

8 Primary Level

Treatment

10-15

3 Rumjatar District Hospital Rumjatar 1 km 33 X-Ray,

Laboratory

Services etc.

100

Medical Facility Rumjatar 1 km 2 X-Ray,

Laboratory

Services etc.

20


123. In Okhaldhunga district, the major diseases reported are fever, common cold &

cough. Most of them also suffer from seasonal illness and minor injuries; please refer Table

48 for detail.

Table 48: Major Disease of PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of Settlement Major Disease

1 Barnalu Seasonal iIllnesses and minor injuries

2 Sanitar Seasonal illnesses and minor injuries

3 Rumjatar Fever, cough, cold

Fever, cough, cold


Solid Waste Management Techniques

124. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated

from their day to day activities. All of the inorganic wastes are burned; please refer Table 49

for detail.


Table 49: Solid Waste Management Techniques S

.N.

Se

ttle

me

nt

Na

me

Solid Waste Management Techniques

Organic Waste Total Inorganic Waste Total

Co

mp

os

tin

g

Oth

er

Incin

era

tio

n

Op

en

Du

mp

ing

Mu

nic

ipal

Co

lle

cti

on

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

HH

No

.

%

1 Barnalu 150 100 0 0 150 100 150 100 0 0 0 0 150 100

2 Sanitar 230 100 0 0 230 100 230 100 0 0 0 0 230 100

3 Rumjatar 800 100 0 0 800 100 800 100 0 0 0 0 800 100

Total 1180 100 0 0 1180 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 1180 100


Education

125. In Okhaldhunga district, the educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate

(1.9%), Basic (70.86%), Secondary (20.65%) and graduate and above (6.456%); please

refer Table 50 for detail.

Table 50: Educational Status in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Settlement

Name

No. of Education Level Total

Illiterate Basic (Up

to class 8)

Secondary

(Up to 12)

Graduate

and higher

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1

Barnalu

Males 3 4.6 56 86.15 6 9.23 0 0.00 65 100.0

Females 4 6.2 56 86.15 5 7.69 0 0.00 65 100.0

2

Sanitar

Males 0 0.0 172 85.15 26 12.87 4 1.98 202 100.0

Females 0 0.0 192 77.42 53 21.37 3 1.21 248 100.0

3

Rumjatar

Males 6 3.3 93 51.10 53 29.12 30 16.48 182 100.0

Females 5 3.0 90 53.57 49 29.17 24 14.29 168 100.0

Total 18 1.9 659 70.86 192 20.65 61 6.56 930 100.0


Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status

126. In Okhaldhunga district, the available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from

Basic Level to higher secondary level. Majority of educational institutions are of Basic level.

Students need to walk from 300 meters to 1.5 Kilometers to reach their school; please refer



Table 51: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s)

S.N Name of

Settlement

Available

Educational

Institution (Private

/ Government)

Educational

Level

Number

of

Students

Average

Distance in

Km or Time

Taken

(Minute)

Location

1 Barnalu Kalika School Primary 120 1Km

2 Sanitar Rajyalakshmi

Secondary School

Primary and

Secondary

270 300 m Barnalu

Everest English

School

Secondary 190 250 m Barnalu

3 Rumjatar Rumjatar Secondary

School

Secondary 250 1.5 km Rumjatar

Rumjatar Campus Undergarduate 300 1.5 km Rumjatar

Sunrise English

School

Primary 400 1.5 km Rumjatar

Lincoln English

School

Primary 250 1.5 km Rumjatar


Drinking Water

127. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, Pipe water supply (82.46%) is the main source of

drinking water. However, majority of households (17.54%) also rely on communal tap for the

purpose of drinking water; please refer Table 52 for detail.

Table 52: Status of Drinking Water in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

SN Name of

Settlement

Household Benefited Total

Communal Tap Pipeline

No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 0 0.00 150 100.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 207 90.00 23 10.00 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 800 100.00 800 100.00

Total 207 17.54 973 82.46 1180 100.00



128. In Okhaldhunga district, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (84.15%) for

cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (13.81%).

Very few of the households (2.03%) also use biogas for the cooking purpose; please refer



Table 53: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Household Utilization

Firewood Biogas LPG Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 135 90.00 0 0.00 15 10.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 218 94.78 0 0.00 12 5.22 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 640 80.00 24 3.00 136 17.00 800 100.00

Total 993 84.15 24 2.03 163 13.81 324 100.00



129. In Okhaldhunga district, all (100%) of households of PAS(s) use Electricity for the

lighting purpose; please refer Table 54 for detail.

Table 54: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of Settlement Electricity Total

No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 150 100.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 230 100.00 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 800 100.00 800 100.00

Total 1180 100.00 1180 100.00


Toilets

130. In Okhaldhunga district, the overall households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their

houses (95.68%); please refer Table 55 for detail.

Table 55: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of Settlement Household with Toilet Type Total

In-house Toilet Out-House

No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 0 0.00 150 100.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 0 0.00 230 100.00 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 800 100.00 800 100.00

Total 0 0.00 1180 100.00 1180 100.00


Telecommunication

131. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, there are few (3.98%) landline telecommunication

facilities in PAS of Okhaldhunga district. NTC is the major telecom facility (677.71%) along

with Ncell (17.29%), and very few Sky mobile services, please refer Table 56 for detail.


Table 56: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Telecommunications

Landline NTC N-Cell Sky Total

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 0 0.00 85 56.67 65 43.33 0 0.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 7 3.04 112 48.70 99 43.04 12 5.22 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 40 5.00 720 90.00 40 5.00 0 0.00 800 100.00

Total 47 3.98 917 77.71 204 17.29 12 1.02 1180


Economic Activities

132. There are various markets in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district. Majority of them are

small markets in Barnalu and Sanitar while one of them are temporary weekly market (Haat

Bazaar) and one are big markets in Rumjatar. Most of the small markets are 300 to 500

meters from the settlement center. While the markets in Rumjatar are 1 to 1.5 kilometers

from the settlement center, please refer Table 57 for detail.

Table 57: Major Market in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Name of

Bazaars

Type of Bazaar Distance or duration from the

settlement center

1 Barnalu 1 Small 500m

2 Sanitar 1 Small 300m

3 Rumjatar 2 Haat Bazaar (weekly fair) 1.5 km

Big 1 Km


Industry

133. In PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, there are no major industries. The only industry is

of medium scale in Rumjatar, please refer Table 58 for detail.

Table 58: Status of Industry in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N Name of

Settlement

Industry Type

Large Industry (No.) Medium Industry (No.) Small Scale Other

1 Barnalu 0 0 0 0

2 Sanitar 0 0 0 0

3 Rumjatar 0 2 0 0

Total 0 2 0 0


Refreshment and shops

134. There are 5 hotel and lodges, 35 teashops and 95 ration stores in PAS(s) of

Okhaldhunga district. Other shops include 2 stationery, 8 cosmetics shop, 2 pharmacy, 3

hardware shop, 5 meat-shop and 2 clothing stores; please refer Table 59 for detail.


Table 59: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS of Okhaldhunga District S

.N

Na

me

of

Se

ttle

me

nt

Amenities Type (Nos.)

Ho

tels

an

d

Lo

dg

es

Tea

Sh

op

s

Ra

tio

n S

tore

Sta

tio

nery

Co

sm

eti

cs

Ph

arm

acy

Clo

thin

g

Sto

re

Ha

rdw

are

Me

at

Sh

op

s

To

tal

1 Barnalu 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

2 Sanitar 0 10 10 0 2 0 0 0 0 22

3 Rumjatar 4 20 80 2 6 2 2 3 5 124

Total 5 35 95 2 8 2 2 3 5 157


Land Value

135. The land price of various PAS(s) varies in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district. The land

price is high nearby district capital 'Salleri'. The detail of land price of PAS(s) is presented in

Table 60.

Table 60: Land Price in PAS of Okhaldhunga District

S.N

Name of

Settlement

Land Price (Rs.)

Irrigated

Land (Khet)

in Ropani

Non-

Irrigated

Land in aana

Ghaderi

(Residential

Plot) in aana

Khar

Bari in

aana

Pakha/

Bari in

aana

1 Barnalu - - - - -

2 Sanitar 600,000 45,000 375000 50,000 4,500

3 Rumjatar 600,000 45,000 375000 50,000 4,500


Financial Institutions

136. All of the financial institutions in the PAS(s) are Shahakari which is 4 in number.

While there are no banks or Laghubitta in the PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga district, please refer


Table 61: Financial Institutions in PAs

S.N. Settlement

Name

Financial Institutions

Banks Laghubitta Sahakari Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Barnalu 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 -

2 Sanitar 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 1 100.00

3 Rumjatar 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00 3 100.00

Total 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 100.00 4 100.00



Land Ownership

137. Majority of the households (31.27%) in PAS(s) owe more than 20 ropanis of land.

30.17% HH have 10-20 ropanis of land, 24.49% have 5-10 ropanis while 13.31% have less

than 5 ropanis of land. Very few (0.76%) are landless, please refer Table 62 for detail.

Table 62: Land Ownership Pattern in PAs

S.N. Settlement

Name

Land Ownership Total

> 20

Ropanis

10-20

Ropanis

5-10

Ropanis

Upto 5

Ropanis

No Land

(Sukumbasi)

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Barnalu 17 11.33 37 24.67 65 43.33 31 20.67 0 0.00 150 100.00

2 Sanitar 32 13.91 79 34.35 64 27.83 46 20.00 9 3.91 230 100.00

3 Rumjatar 320 40.00 240 30.00 160 20.00 80 10.00 0 0.00 800 100.00

Total 369 31.27 356 30.17 289 24.49 157 13.31 9 0.76 1180 100.00


Irrigation

138. 5% of the agriculture areas in Rumjatar of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation

systems. Rest of all the agricultural areas has not been linked to any of the irrigation system,

please refer Table 63 for detail.

Table 63: Irrigation Facilities in PAs

S.N. Settlement

Name

Irrigation Status

Land with Access to

Irrigation

Land without Access to

Irrigation

% %

1 Barnalu 0 100

2 Sanitar 0 100

3 Rumjatar 5 95


Crops graph

139. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are paddy, millet and maize. Wheat. Buckwheat

and Barley are also cultivated in Barnalu village; please refer Table 64 for detail.

Table 64: Cultivation Pattern in PAs

S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops

1 Barnalu Maize, Millet, Paddy, Wheat, Buckwheat, Barley

2 Sanitar Paddy, Millet, Maize

3 Rumjatar Maize, Millet, Paddy



Livestock

140. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Chicken and Sheep are also

some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s); please refer Table 65 for detail.

Table 65: Livestock Rearing Practices in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock

1 Barnalu Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Chicken

2 Sanitar Goat, Buffalo, Cow, Chicken

3 Rumjatar Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Sheep


Economic Activities

141. Majority of people of PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District believe that the proposed road

sub-project will enhance business and trade in the district through the export of local

agricultural production and increment of business activities. However Livestock rearing and

Agriculture are other major economic activities; please refer Table 66 for detail.

Table 66: Potential Economic Activities by Road Upgrading in PAS

S.N Name of Settlement Description

1 Barnalu Livestock Rearing

2 Sanitar None

3 Rumjatar Business Growth


Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance

142. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism

importance in PAS(s) of Okhaldhunga District is presented in Table 67.

Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites

S.N Name of Settlement Description

1 Barnalu Ganeshkunda, Kalika Devi

2 Sanitar Januka-Jalawa Mandir, Kunjara Mandir, Kalika Mandir

3 Rumjatar Bhagawati Mandir, Kalika Devi, Jalpa, Krishna Mandir,

Mahadev Mandir, Rumjatar Gumba


Social Centers

143. During the road rehabilitation except for the Local School in Sanitar none of the other

social centers were recorded to be affected in the PAS(s), please refer Table 68 for detail.


Table 68: Social Centers in PAS

S.N. Settlement

Name

No. of

Social

Centres

Name of Social Centre Physical

Status

Affected due to Road

Rehabilitation (Y/N)

1 Barnalu 1 Mahila Samudayik Bhawan Fair N

2

Sanitar

2 Local School Fair Y

Samudayik Ban Bhawan Fair N

3 Rumjatar 0 - - -


4.3.4. Project Affected Families

144. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households

income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures, trees and other assets.

Of the total 355 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 160 households

consisting of 850 populations. The Table 69 provides summary of the affected households.

Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project

SN Variable Count

1 Total Affected HHs 355

2 Absentee HHs 195

3 Interviewed HHs 160

4 Interviewed Population 850

4.1 Male 421

4.2 Female 429

4.3 Average HHs Size 5.3

4.4 Dalit HHs 8

4.5 Janjati HHs 84

4.6 Brahmin/Chettri/ Sanyasi HHs 68

4.7 Women Headed HHs 16

Source: Household Survey, September, 2016

145. 84 janajati households are found as Aps. Out of 46 janajati households Gurungare of

highest proportion 30.95 followed by Rai (22.62), Sherpa (20.24), Newar (15.48), Tamang

(7.48) and Bhujel (7.14). Table 70 shows the details of the Janajati households residing

along the road alignment.

Table 70: Detail of Janajati Households

S. N. Description No of HHs Percentage

1 Gurung 26 30.95

2 Rai 19 22.62

3 Sherpa 17 20.24

4 Newar 13 15.48

5 Tamang 6 7.14

6 Bhujel 3 3.57

Total 84 100.00

Source: Household Survey, September, 2016


146. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road

alignment but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People

in the area grow mostly paddy, potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat. The average

agricultural income of the 355 affected families is NRs 27,740.00 annually and the non-

africultural income of the affected households is NRs 348,650.00 annually. Please refer


Table 71: Average Income of APs

Annual

Income

(NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual

Agriculture

Income (NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual Non-

agriculture

Income (NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual

Income

(NRs.)

<=12,000 90 27,740.00 0 348,650.00 1 376,390.00

12,000-

25,000

21 12 2

>25,000 49 148 157

Total

Source: Household survey, 2016

147. Similarly, the average food sufficiency of the Aps from their agricultural production is

9.03 months. However, the Aps major income source is the non-agricultural sector which

remains unaffected by the sub-project. The Aps are involved in small business activities like

tea shop, restaurants etc. The other non-agricultural incomes of the interviewed HHs are

foreign jobs, non-agricultural labor etc., please refer Table 72 for detail. The average

landholding of APs is 1.450 ha, detail is given in Table 73.

Table 72: Food Sufficiency of APs

S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks

1 < 3 months 10

2 3-6 months 33

3 6-9 months 21

4 9-12 months 60

5 >12 months 36

Average (months) 9.03


Table 73: Landholding of APs

S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks

1 < 0.5 ha 68


2 0.5-1 ha 48

3 >0.5 ha 44

Average Land Holding (ha) 1.45



5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on

Environment

148. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out by considering the

proposed proposal activities examined in terms of the construction and operation stage.

Impacts from the proposed road sub-project can be both beneficial as well as adverse. Most

of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible. The identified impacts have

been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent (site specific,

local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and appropriate benefit

enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7.

5.1. Beneficial Impacts

5.1.1. Construction Phase

Employment Generation

149. The construction works offers a wide range of works for unskilled, skilled labors.. The

road construction will create of 12,142 skilled and 43,661 unskilled person day’s work. There

will be positive impacts in other economic activities in a chained manner creating other

income generating activities. This is one of the direct, high, short-term and local in nature.

Economic Increment of Local People

150. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of wage

earnings and various commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic

increment in the sub-project area. The local people of the sub-project area will have

opportunity to sell their agro products (such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on

better price to the contractors, construction workforce as well as the personnel of sub-project

office. Besides to meet the daily demands of the contractors and construction workforce,

there are possibilities of opening of new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops.

This impact is direct, low, local and long-term in nature.

Skill Enhancement

151. Although many people in the sub-project area are unskilled at present, the

construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large number of

people will get practical or hands on training. This impact is indirect, moderate, local and

long-term in nature.

5.1.2. Operation Phase

152. The construction of road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to the people

of the sub-project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time will be reduced and

the cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct, high, regional

impacts and will have long-term benefits.

Improve Access

153. Construction of road will enhance the access of people to social services, and quick

transportation of goods. Travelling time will be reduced by three times and the cost of


transportation will be cheaper by around three times. This is the direct, high, regional

impacts and will have long-term impact.

Possible Market Development and Business Promotion

154. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and

industrialization of the sub-project area, which will lead to the regional development of the

area. There is increased economic opportunitities and significant growth and extension of

the minor local markets along the road. There will be many non-farm employment

opportunities for the growing urban population especially for occupational caste groups due

to extension of market centre and development of towns. The sub-project will have indirect,

long term, local and high benefits.

Increase in Land Value

155. Upgrading of the road with bituminous standard leads to urbanization growth that

appreciation of land values, particularly near the market and settlement areas. People from

the different village will migrate near the road because of facilities and commercial purpose

which increase the demand of plot land near the road alignment. Increase in the demand will

increase the land value. The impact is indirect, high, local and longterm in nature.

Development of Cottage Industries

156. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of

the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of traditional cultivation practices

because of the lack of the market. Similarly, Rumjatar being pocket area of orange

production, people of the area has been selling orange to orange contractors in low value

(selling the whole tree randomly) and NRs. 5-10 per piece to individual, which is more

profitable. After completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due to

increase in the commercial farming because of enhanced transportation and market facilities

in district headquater and Rumjatar. The sub-project will have indirect, long term, local and

high benefits.

Increase in Crop Productivity

157. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to

many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased

agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase

agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in

occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence

farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs

that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and

will have long term benefits.

Increase in Sale of Local Products

158. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cashcrops, fruits and livestock products will

be increased almost all the settlement along the road corrider. Due to market accessibility

the local product also take place in local market in reasonable price which preserve time and

money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in the product increases in

the sale. This is the direct, moderate, local and will have long term benefits.


5.2. Adverse Impacts


Physical Aspects

Change in Land Use

159. The land acquired for the implementation of the sub-project can undergo a long-term

permanent change in the land use. In total 6.940 ha land is needed for upgrading the road,

where as the existing road alignment is found to be 5.450 ha (average 5 to 5.25 m width)

and further 1.490 ha land will be needed. The changes of land use due to the construction

of road are mainly conversion of 0.931 ha agricultural land, 0.026 ha Community Forest

area, 0.127 ha private forest area, 0.395 ha settlement area and 0.010 ha River /Stream

landwill be converted in to the built up area of road changing the total 1.490 ha land.

Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside settlements.

The impact from changes in land use will be high, direct, local and long term in nature.

Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

160. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road section during

the upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from

inappropriate disposal of spoils are: gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when

combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of

vegetation, crops and property at downhill. The impact from spoil disposal will be direct,

moderate, site specific and long term in nature.

Slope Instability

161. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may

create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the

unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified

the problematic areas from the geological point (Table 9). The stability of slopes along the

road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock

discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil

erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.

Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works

162. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The

concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting

the stability of the road. The impact will be indirect, moderate, site specific and medium term.

Air Pollution

163. Although the air quality of the sub-project area is not measured, the air does not

appear to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of

dust pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may

affect the local people and workers, as well as agricultural crops. Dust may create nuisance

to markets, schools and health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short

term in nature.


Noise Pollution

164. The sub-project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However,

excavator, bull dozzer and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the workers and

people living in nearby areas. The impact of noise will be direct, low, local and short term in

nature.

Water Pollution

165. The water quality within the sub-project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of

water in the water bodies within the sub-project area appears to be fairly good as they are

widely used by households for consumption. The haphazard disposal of various types of

waste generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper

sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be

contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact

will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.

Impact due to Quarrying

166. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials.

The extraction of materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts can damage

the local environment. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion,

landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. The

likely impact from the operation of quarry sites will be direct, low in magnitude, local nature

and short term duration.

Impact due to Camp Sites

167. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction

camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate

the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover,

such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may

cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water

problems. Impact will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and for short-term.

Construction Equipment Vehicles

168. The contractor based construction will use heavy machineries and tools. The related

negative impacts are increase in air pollution due to emission of smoke and dust, and

increase in vibration due to vehicular movement. The likely impact from the operation of

vehicle and equipment will be direct, high in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.

Use of Bitumen

169. Bitumen is required for black topping which needs heating before using. Contractors

tend to use local fuel wood collected from nearby forest to heat bitumen. Spillage of bitumen

also damage soil productivity. The impact will be direct, high, local and long term.


Biological Aspects

Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation

170. In total, 0.154 ha of forest (ie. 0.026 ha from CFs &0.127 ha from Private forest) will

be affected due to this sub-project. 78 no. of trees from community forest (56 from Megapata

CF and 22 from Simdhara Pakha CF) and 348 no. of trees from private forest (all total 426

trees) will be necessary to be cut down to clear the formation of the road (Appendix

XII) .The impact on vegetation/forest resources have been considered to be Moderate in

magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in duration.

Pressure in Forest Product

171. Local people and labors and/or their dependents may be involved in collecting, using

and selling the forest products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking

demand of construction camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall,

restaurants, and lodges will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers

and sub-project staffs. These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber.

Moreover, large and small sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts

such that the construction workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site for

such purpose resulting in the loss of natural forest and vegetation resources. The impact will

be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Habitat Fragmentation

172. The forest resources of sub-project area have already been in a degraded and

disturbed condition due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and

human intervention. The major portion of the road alignment passed through cultivated land.

In case of the forest, majority of forest areas of the road section is private forest comprising

less floral species of the biodiversity significance. However, the construction of the road may

disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor. The movement of labor, use

of construction equipments, and noise during construction may affect the home range of the

fauna. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna

173. The proposed area is not significant habitat for wildlife and bird species. However,

the construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road corridor

due to increased noise level. Some protected wild fauna are in protected list of IUCN and

CITES (Table 12). The impact will be indirect, low, local and short term in nature.

Socio-economic Aspects

Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

174. In total 1.326 ha of agricultural land will be acquired for the sub-project. Moreover,

spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. The landholdings of

APs will decrese to 1.44 ha from 1.45 ha, decreasing food sufficiency from 9.03 to 8.8

months. This will also decrease agricultural income of APs from NRs. 27,740.00 to NRs.

27,081.00. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local in extent and of long

term in duration.


Impact on Private Properties

175. Eignt private residence (seven houses and one Hut) along the road corridor will be

affected as given in Appendix XIIIa. The impact will be direct, low, site specific and long

term in nature, please refer Table 74 also.

Table 74: List of APs with Affected Structure

S.N Chainage Name of Owner Address Structure Type

1 0+210 Bhim Kumar

Karki

Siddhicharan Municipality -

11,Ramailo Danda

House

2 0+250 Bhim Kumar

Karki

Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward

No.11,Ramailo Danda

Hut

3 9+563 Khem Prasad

Dahal


No.13,Kafalbot

House

4 9+430 Hom Kumari

Dahal


No.13,Kafalbot

House

5 10+280 Mina Dahal Siddhicharan Municipality,Ward

No.13,Kafalbot

House

6 10+345 Saraswoti

Pradhan

Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House

7 10+380 Pudki Shrestha Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House

8 10+700 Lakhman tamang Tinkune-4,Rumjatar House


Impact on Community Infrastructure

176. There is no any Community Infrastructure that will be affected due to this sub-project

along the road alignment.

Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

177. There are no any cultural, religious and archeological sites that will be affected due to

this sub-project along the road alignment.

Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety

178. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks

and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the sub-

project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be

encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope

stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease

due to exposure to dust.

179. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines and washing

facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as dysentery, diarrhea

and cholera. The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.


Impact on Public Health and Safety

180. For the sub-project construction works, people from various parts of the sub-project

affected municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the sub-project area.

Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in sub-project area

in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people might be suffering

from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be transmitted to local

people arising threat to community health.

181. The sanitation condition of sub-project area is good with entire households of sub-

project affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and

around the project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp. The

impacts are indirect, low, short term and local.


Physical Aspects

Road Slope Stability and Management

182. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making

the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be

destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, faulty construction,

de-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may also be

expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying stones or soil,

build up new houses, animal grazing and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct,

moderate, local and long term in nature.

Impact due to Air Pollution

183. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will

produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road

corridor. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will

be direct, low, local and long term.

Impact due to Noise Pollution

184. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will

produce Noise pollutants. This will increase the Noise level along the road corridor. The

impact is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will be direct, low, local and long

term.

Impact due to Water Pollution

185. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water

sources. The vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will

be direct, low, local and long term.


Biological Aspects

Pressure in Forest Resource

186. Due to easy access, forest areas on the roadside may suffer from human

interference such as trampling; grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may

hinder natural regeneration and growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of

smuggling of forest products due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The

impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.

Forest Fire

187. With increase human influence in forest area there is the chances of increase forest

fire intensionly and unknownly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Disturbance to Wildlife

188. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the

frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the forest area will have

impact on the wildlife and bird species. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Illegal Hunting

189. There may occur illegal hunting during operation period by the people from market

areas due to easy accessibility. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Impact on Protected Species

190. Protected plants are not reported in this area. But some protected fauna is reported

detail as in (Table 12). The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.


Public Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development

191. There is possibilityof linear ribbon like settlement growth along the road.Since the

road passes through 2 CF, chances of encroachment of forest land as well as public land is

high. In addition, the settlement growth along the roadside is also likely to increase the

volume of household wastes as well as wastes water on the road. The roadside surface

water may turn into wastewater drain. This may block the drain, which may damage and/or

degrade the road condition thereby demanding high cost for the maintenance and repair.

The impact will be direct, moderate, local and medium term in nature.

Increased Traffic Congestion

192. After the upgrading of road with bituminous standard road, there will be increase in

vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can get

disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community will

get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution due

to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns. The impact will be direct, moderate,

local and long term in nature.


Road Safety

193. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of

enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road

accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long

term in nature.

5.3. Climate Change Impacts

194. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future

planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas.

The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged

precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme

events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather

contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are

indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly

affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.

195. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions,

of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to

extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures)

which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g.

Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and

operations.

196. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future

impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes

and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation

operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather

events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future

climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport

performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences

could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures) for more detail refer Appendix II.


6. Analysis of Alternatives

197. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which

involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub-

project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes

the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the

sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following

sub-sections:

6.1. No Action Alternative

198. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the Proposal. This

alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is

not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district

headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship

of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental

adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.

6.2. Project Alternatives

199. DLPIU has selected Oakhaldhunga-Rumjatar road sub-project as it provides access

to east part of district. It will be upgrad road constructed by EEAP and through this road it will

be connected eastern part of Okhaldhunga to district headquater and national highway.

There is an airport in Rumjatar but it is not in operating right now. The condition of the airport

is good but the condition of proposed road that link airport site to district headquater

oakhaldhunga is not good. It is necessary to upgrade, hence there is no alternative to

upgrade of the sub-project.

6.3. Alternative Alignment

200. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with

vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other

socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past.

Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability,

etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the

current context.

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach

201. There are two types of road design approach-conventional and green road approach.

In conventional method, heavy machineries and equipment, explosives, heavy concrete

structures with the application of bituminous surfacing, side drains, bridges and culverts etc.

are extensively involved. On the other hand, labour based, environment friendly and

participatory (LEP) approach or the green road approach focuses to conserve the delicate

mountain ecology through the protection of vegetation cover as means of soil conservation.

202. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NCB approach by using

local labour and spoil disposal is balanced with cutting and filling as far as possible. There

will be use of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck for road construction.

Simple dry stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are also used.


6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process

203. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as

well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would

be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as constriction workers. The

construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages

and waterways during irrigation period.

6.6. Alternative Resources

204. The construction materials to be used for the sub-project are boulder for gabion & dry

walls, coarse aggregates of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base, base course

and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local hill slopes. In

addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost effective

alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement construction is

intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork, construction of

simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually. Alternatives of

the selected material will not be carried out manually.

6.7. No Forest Alternative

205. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction passing

through 2 Community Forest. The 6.25 m as formation width of the road is needed, only few

land is necessary for upgrade and few vegetation will be needed to clear. The alignment of

road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private land that increase

compensation and resettlement cost. Additional forest to be affected by the sub-project is

only about 0.154 ha Therefore, no forest alternative has been considered for this road Sub-

project. .


7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and

Minimization Measures

206. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse

consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the

sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures

and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the

sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified,

predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation

measures.

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase

207. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are

preventive in nature and have two basic objectives.

Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and

Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road

construction and operation.

7.1.1. Detailed Survey and Design

208. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The

works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the

contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is

sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and

manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link

local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.

7.2. Beneficial Impacts and Benefit Augmentation Measures


Employment Generation

209. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Uplifting the socioeconomic condition of the affected people through the life skill training

NRs. 47,070,800.00 will be injected in local economy during the road construction.

Economic Increment of Local People

210. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Awareness raising**4 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and

other financial institutions.

Increase in market demand and opportunity

Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 150,000.00 in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.


Skill Enhancement

211. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:

Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry

wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and

bio-engineering works.


Improve Access

212. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Possible Market Development and Business Promotion


Increase in Land Value


Development of Cottage Industries


Increase in Crop Productivity


Increase in Sale of Local Products

217. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.Adverse Impacts and

Mitigation Measures

7.3. Adverse Impacts and Mitigation Measures


Physical Aspects

Change in Land Use

218. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest

land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land

into built up area.

219. The following mitigation measures will be adopted

Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the

remaining land will not be lost due to erosion.

Roadside plantation of trees will be done within corridor of impact to discourage

encroachment of land for settlement to encourage greenery.


Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

220. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Adopting cut and fill balance.

Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and

depressed areas etc.

Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land

Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner

and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques

after surplus material is tipped.

Spoils will be disposed on proper location (Ch 8+100 - 9+400).

After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and

adequate protection against erosion.

Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.

Spoil management plan will be prepared with strict implementation

Slope Instability

221. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be

adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the

construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.


Ensuring minimum cut slope

Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type

Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native

plant species

Adoption of bio-engineering techniques

Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction

No construction work during rainy season

Mass balancing in cut and fill volume

Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes

In case of landslide at Ch 3+325, 3+620, following engineering measure is proposed.

RCC shear wall

Netting with Geo textile

Diversion of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works


Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have

minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area,

Avoid surface water discharge into farmland or risky locations,

Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal

of spoils.


224. Stone Masonry causeways will be constructed at following chainage required to

mitigate the water induced adverse impacts: Nakshari Khola (Ch 1+470) & Pani khane Khola

(7+130), culvert will be constructed in Sisne Khola (Ch 4+380). Besides that drainage and

effective engineering structure will be constructed in proper site.

Air Pollution


Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust

source.

Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier

Noise Pollution


Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking

Restrict horn near school, Hospital and settlement

Water Pollution


Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies

Construction of toilets in camp sites.

Proper spoil management and restriction in urination and defecation in open areas and

water bodies

Impact due to Quarrying Activities


Quarry operation plan will be prepared.

Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government, confirmation will be made

before any quarry related activites.

After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local

landscape.

Impact due to Camp Site

229. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp

to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas. Appropriate camp

sites have been identified at Ch 2+880 and Ch 9+400.

The following mitigation measures will be adopted

Pay compensation for using private farm or lands for storage or camp.

Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers.

Waste water and solid waste will be properly managed. Construction material will be

properly stored.


Construction Equipment Vehicles


All equipment/vehicles deployed for construction activities shall be regularly maintained.

All the vehicles deployed for material movement shall be spill proof to the extent

possible.

In any case all material movement routes shall be inspected daily twice to clear off any

accidental spills.

Materials under transportation shall be covered.

Use of Bitumen


Appropriate storage of material.

Use of appropriate safety gears to ensure safe health of workers such as masks, boot,

gloves, hat.

Biological Aspects

Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation

232. The following activities are proposed to cut the trees from the forest area during the

road construction.

Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the DFO and MoFSC.

Government procedures such as counting the number of trees to be felled, marking and

measuring wood quantity etc. will be followed.

After approval of tree cutting plan, trees will be felled by CFUG or DFO (for NF)

Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.

233. According to the Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National

Priority Projects, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D), the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with

protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest

Office. Total 78 trees need to be cut down from community forest. So, in total 1,950

seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs.

299,715.00 as given in Appendix XIIa and Table 75. This cost will be provided to CFUGs

through DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the

CFUGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and

protected species. The forest products from the forest will be used by CFUGs. Likewise, for

the 348 trees to be cut down from the private land plantation at the ratio of 1:1 trees will be

done by the sub-project or the seedling and plantation cost will be provided by the sub-

project . For the plantation, total estimated cost is NRs. 22251.12 as given in Appendix XIIb.

Computation of per plant plantation cost in private land and compensatory

plantation/Community forest is given in Appendix XIIc & d. For the compensatory plantation

in CF, compensatory plantation cost, sample agreement between DFO and DCC/DTO has

been attached in Appendix XIIe. Similalry plantation plan has been given in Appendix XIIf.

Ornamental Plants with minimum height of 5 feet will be planted along the roadside in


consultation with local people, please refer Appendix XIIf for roadside plantation plan. NRs.

235,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.

Table 75: Compensatory Plantation in Affected CFs

SN Name of the Forest No. of

Trees

Compensatory

Plantation (1:25)

Total Cost

(NRs)

1 Megapatal Community Forest 56 1400

215,180.00

2

SimdharaPakha Community

Forest

22 550 84,535.00

78 1950 299,715.00

Pressure in Forest Product

234. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the pressure in

Simdhara pakha and Megapatal Community Forest

Awareness programme allocates NRs. 150,000.00 for the construction workers before

the implementation of sub-project.

Prohibit collecting forest product inside the forest area by the workers.

Habitat Fragmentation


Construction activities near the forest areas will be done only in day time.

Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers.

Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts

and regulations strictly.

Awareness programme allocates NRs. 150,000.00 for the construction workers before

the implementation of sub-project

Impacts on Endangered, Threatened and Protected Species of Fauna

236. Following mitigation measures will be adopted inside the Community forest area.

Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals.

Coordination with DFO and Megapatal and Simdhara Pakha CFUG to control the

activities like illegal hunting and poaching by enforcing acts and regulations strictly.


Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity

237. Mitigation measures will be as follows.

NRs. 311,515.00 alloocated fr loss of standing rops and compensation for loss of land

equivalent to NRs. 56,690,222.9 will be provided to AP


Impact on Private Properties

238. Compensation equivalent to NRs. 20,321,874.16 will be provided to the affected

person for the displacement of houses.

Impact on Community Infrastructure

239. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected. Therefore, no

mitigation is required.

Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

240. Regarding community structure, no any structures will be affected. Therefore, no

mitigation is required.

Occupational Health and Safety


The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles, vests and goggles and boots

depending on the nature of the construction work.

Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established to control open

defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers

First aid box will be kept at work sites.

Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.

First aid training will be provided to field staff.

Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water,

mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management.

Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be

strictly prohibited.

Public Health and Safety


First aid facility will be provided.

Provision of information of signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades

NRs. 150,000.00 is allocated for awareness raising** training on Public health and safety


Physical Aspects

Road Slope Stability and Management


Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical

areas.

Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.

Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with

appropriate technology (bioengineering).


Impact due to Air Pollution

244. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Community and road user awareness programmes will be organized

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust

barrier.

Impact due to Noise Pollution



Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and

settlements.

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as noise

barrier.

Impact due to Water Pollution



Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

Biological Aspects

Pressure in Forest Resource

247. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize pressure in Simdhara

pakha and Megapatal Community Forest

248. .NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes to educate local

people for conservation of forest resources.

Enforcement of law along with community participation

Forest Fire


NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes.

Disturbance to Wildlife

250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned

impacts.

Appropriate sign boards will be erected near Megapatal CF and Simdhara Pakha CF,

informing drivers.

Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas

Potential areas for wildlife crossing


Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and

regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with.

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes about importance of

biodiversity to the local people, students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit

the speed and horn.

Illegal Hunting


impacts.

Strictly implemented rules and regulation to control Illegal Hunting.

Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 150,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to

the local people, student, and Forest user groups.

Impact on Protected Species


impacts.

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programmes about importance of

biodiversity and protected species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will

be conducted.


Public Land Encroachment and Ribbon Settlement Development

253. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** programs to regulate settlements

Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within

RoW.

NRs. 235,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is

not encroached

Increase Traffic Congestion

254. The mitigation measures adopted will be

Required traffic signs will be used along the road.

Applying appropriate traffic rules.

Road Safety Measures

255. The mitigation measures adopted will be

Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering,

Enforcement and Education.

Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area.

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** on road safety for school student


7.4. Climate Change Impacts

256. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the

construction and operation of the road.

Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and

regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.

Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done.

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for awareness raising** activities will be conducted about

climate change issues and adaptation and mitigation measures.


8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the

Project

257. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure

the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and

legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed sub-project are given

in Table 76. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process

and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 76: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines

A Constitution

The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean

environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State

policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse

environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.

B Plans and Policies

National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has

identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental

resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.

Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly

physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal.

Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D):

This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic condition of project

affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable

compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and

implementation of infrastructure development projects.

Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S: Aimed for economic growth through

infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development.

Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road

damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been

introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of

road is pointed.

ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework

consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and

Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in

the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential

adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed

and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of

development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include

all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road


linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and

countries

Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056

B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected

people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental

assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It

suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE, EIA

and Monitoring.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to

provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the

international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of

benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long

term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and

priorities for action.

C Acts

Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years

(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated

NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It

has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce

necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31).

Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local

government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection

and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities

detrimental to the intentions of the Act.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging

children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against

his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in

works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the

conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental

conservation activities

Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest

values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of

timber and other commodities.

Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for determining

beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects

thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned

that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial

wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the


water resource as prescribed.

The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with

occupational health and safety.

Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers

GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the

borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to

implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural

practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the

commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of

the acts has been done

Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission from

the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision

of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the

limits of the public roads.

National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act provides

protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles.

Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having the

roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be incurred in

repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective the repairing

and maintenance works of the roads.

D Rules and Regulations

Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it

defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA

and District Coordination Committee.

Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural guidelines

for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.

Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation

of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the

Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority

in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the

proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid.

Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC is

responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and

forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall

segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized

waste pickers.


E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others

Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the

name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality

with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4

metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.

Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and Second

Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for

undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive

suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land

acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S) and grievance

management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE and EIA.

The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It

prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and

reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE

study and approval.

The Second Amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or

EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the

project. Project requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry

EIA and equal to or less than 7.5 ha need IEE study.

Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074

B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features:

• EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance. • Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area

or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.

• Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation before approving IEE/EIA

• Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of

1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's and

forest fire

ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for

EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the

Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the

preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.

ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation of

resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and

ADP SPS.


Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance for

local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;

construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.

Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D):

This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local

institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are

different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special

indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main

objectives of this framework are as follows:

Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in

local development planning process.

Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.

Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.

Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.

Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable

development of environment.

Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design

standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the

development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,

DoLIDAR and its development partners.

National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been

instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has

developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation

needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including

infrastructure.

Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road

Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing

environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.

Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical

implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental

impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different

phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure.

APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S (1999

A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource

oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process.

Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural

Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions.

GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly

technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management,

bioengineering and phased construction.

Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR,


2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be

incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-economic

consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12

categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation

measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation

measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and

operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-economic issues like

land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and

forest fire

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D):

Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation

measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of

materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of

stone crushing plants etc.

F International Conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It regulates

international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or

eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal

from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade

in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some

exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in

case of their trade.

Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the conservation

of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable

sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA

of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological

diversity.

Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent

Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and

tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates

participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding

national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories

traditionally occupied by them.


9. Environmental Management Plan

258. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation

of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,

environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure

and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles

259. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these

institutions are given in Table 77. The environmental management organizational structure

is given in Figure 8.

Table 77: Institutions and Their Roles

Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project

National

Reconstruction

Authority

Executive agency and

concerned IEE approval

authority as per Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the

Earthquake Affected Structure

2015, Rule Relating to

Reconstruction of the

Earthquake Affected Structure

2016 and Working Procedure

Relating to Environemntal

Impact Aassessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake

Affected Structures, Second

Amendment 2017.

To review and approve IEE Report

Conduct environmental monitoring

from central level.

MoFALD Co-ordination of project

activities with EEAP

Representation in IEE review team

constituted by NRA

Conduct environmental monitoring

from district level.

CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof project activities

from center

Technical Unit to support and

coordinate all activities for

implementation of EEAP.

Review, comment and forward

ToR for IEE and IEE report to ADB

for concurrence and to NRA for

approval.

CISC Support consultant at Central

Level. Technical and management

support to CLPIU-EEAP

Supervises and monitors project


Institution Role Responsibility in the Sub-project

consultants and contractors.

Implements and monitor

resettlement plans and

IEEs for the relevant sub-project s

and prepares consolidated reports

on these.

Ensures timely and effective

implementation of the

activities set out in the Gender

Equality and Social Inclusion

(GESI) Action Plan.

Prepares progress reports, as

outlined in PAM

DLPIU DLPIU is sub-project

implementing

agency in district

Prepare ToR for IEE and submit

for approval to NRA through

CLPIU

Conduct IEE study, public

consultation and prepare draft IEE

and public disclosure and then

submit for concurrence from ADB

and approval from NRA through

CLPIU

Implement IEE and EMP of sub-

projects and conduct

environmental monitoring and

reporting.

DISC Supporting consultants at

district level Technical and management

support to DLPIU for the

implementation of sub-project

activities in the districts.

Responsible for supervision and

monitoring at field level.

Grievance

Redress

Committee

Support in addressing

grievances caused due to road

construction related to

environment.

Responsible for addressing

grievances due to road

construction which affects their

livelihood.

260. To support for smooth implementation of the sub-project, there are various district

level committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the sub-project.


Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation

Measures

261. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and

mitigation measures proposed in IEE report. Various agencies including DISC, local bodies

and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU/CLPIU for the implementation

of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment

beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of

the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in

environmental management plan is presented in Table 78 and 79.

CLPIU-EEAP Environment safeguard focal person

+ GRM-II

CISC Environment Safeguard Unit

(Environment Specialist)

DLPIU CDE Engineers Accountant

+ GRM-I

DISC

Contractor + GRM-I

Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) + GRC

Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local/ PCC

ADB, SDC

DFO/ CFUGs


Table 78: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures

Activity Effect Related

Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Benefit Augmentation

Measures

Responsible Agencies

Nat Mag Ext Dur Significance Executing Agency Supporting

Agency

Construction Phase

Construction

of road (Earth

excavation,

spoil

disposal, site

clearance)

Employment

Generation

(12,142 skilled

and 43,661

unskilled person

days) and

increase in

income level

Increase in

income level

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

VS (85) Life skill training for

income generation

activities to improve their

livelihood of the affected

peoples.

NRs. 47,070,800.00 will

be injected as local

economy during the road

construction.

DLPIU CL-PIU

/DISC/CISC

Construction

work & on the

job trainings

Economic

Increment

Increase in

income level

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S(50) Awareness rising to local

entrepreneurs for

promoting linkage with

cooperatives and other

financial institutions.

Increase in market

demand and opportunity

DLPIU CL-PIU/

DISC/CISC

Construction

of road & on

the job

trainings

Skill

Enhancement

Increase in

income

generating

activities,

employment

opportunities

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Providing skill training in

construction techniques,

small engineering

structures (masonry wall

construction, netting

wires and construction of

gabion wall, slope

cutting etc.) and bio-

engineering works.

DLPIU DISC


Activity Effect Related

Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Benefit Augmentation

Measures

Responsible Agencies

Nat Mag Ext Dur Significance Executing Agency Supporting

Agency

Operation Phase

Operation of

Road

Improve Access Saving in travel

time and travel

cost

D H

(60)

R

(60)

LT

(20)

VS

(140)

No benefit augmentation

measures are planned

Municipality Municipality

Operation of

Road

Possible Market

Development

and Business

Promotion

Shifts towards

improved

commercial

agriculture and

increase in non-

agricultural

occupation

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




Operation of

Road

Increase in Land

Value

Improvement in

local economic

condition and

related facilities

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




Operation of

Road

Industrial

Development

Employment

opportunities and

self employee

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




Operation of

Road

Increase in Crop

Productivity

Enhancement in

local economy

D M

(20)

R

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality DADO

Operation of

Road

Increase in sale

of local products

Shifts towards

improved

agriculture

farming and local

goods production

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality DADO


Table 79 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Activity Potential Negative

Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts

Type of Impact Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Mitigation

Measure

Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing

Agency

Supporting

Agency

Construction Stage


Earth

Excavation

Change in land use

0.931 ha cultivated

land & 0.395 ha built

up area

Loss of agricultural

land, production,

loss of property

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

Applying additional protective

measures (bio-engineering and toe-

wall) that the remaining land will not

be lost due to erosion.

Contractor

/DLPIU

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC

Hazard due

to Spoil

Disposal

Spoil disposal and

imposed weight of

spoil on fragile slopes

Gully erosion,

landslide, disruption

of road, damage to

farmland, water

pollution etc.

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Separation and utilization of top soil

and proper management of spoils

and waste, provision of proper

drainages, toe walls.

The Spoil will be disposed in proper

location(8+100 – 9+400)

Contractor/D

LPIU

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC

Site

clearance,

earth

excavation

Slope Instability at ch

3+325 to 3+365, 3+

620

Erosion, landslide,

loss of property

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Bio-engineering application will be

used to stabilize the slopes.

Necessary slope stabilization

structures will be constructed

DLPIU/

Contactor

DISC/CLPIU /CISC

Construction

of Road

Disruption of natural

water flow due to

drainage and cross

drainage works

Erosion, landslide,

damage to farmland

due to increase in

surface runoff

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

MT

(10)

S

(50)

Proper drainage structures

(causeways drain) will be

constructed. No blockage or

diversion of natural channels due to

construction of road and spoil

disposal.

DLPIU/

Contactor

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC

Construction

works, spoil

and waste

Air pollution due to

dust from exposed

surface, from

Effect on local

people and workers

health and effect on

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Proper drainage structures

(causeways drain) will be

constructed. No blockage or

DLPIU/

Contactor

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

disposal construction

equipment

agriculture diversion of natural channels due to

construction of road and spoil

disposal.

Noise pollution Disturbance and

annoyance around

school, health posts

and people living in

nearby areas.

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Restrict horn near school, health

posts and settlement area etc.

DLPIU/

Contactor/

Municipality

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC

Water pollution due to

sediment level

Risk of water borne

diseases

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Proper spoil management and

restriction in urination and

defecation in open areas and water

bodies.

DLPIU/

Contactor/

Municipality

DISC/CLPIU /CISC

Quarrying Quarry operation and

its potential effect on

instability, landslide

Water pollution,

damage to farmland,

disturbance in

natural drainage

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Quarry operation plant.

Rehabilitation of quarry sites after

completion of work.

DLPIU/

Contactor

DISC/CLPIU/

CISC

Establish

labor camp

and storage

deposit

Pollution and impact

due to location of

camp sites at the

chainage 2+880 and

9+400

Encroachment of

forest, agriculture

land, solid waste,

and waste water

may cause pollution

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Camp site will be located away from

productive land and forest area.

Local houses will be used as labour

camp rent/compensation will be paid

to land owner of camping area.

DLPIU/

Contactor

DISC/CLPIU/ CISC

Operation of

construction

equipment

Construction

machineries and

tools (Rollers, tippers,

spreader,

water tanker etc.)

Air pollution due to

emission of

smoke, increase in

vibration and

noise pollution

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

VS

(85)

Equipment/vehicles deployed for

construction

activities shall be regularly

maintained. All the vehicles

deployed for material movement

shall be spill proof to the extent

Contractor

DLPIU/DISC



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

possible.

Bitumen

heating

Spillage of Bitumen decrease in soil

productivity

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

Appropriate storage of material Contractor CLPIU/DLPIU


Clearance of

vegetation

necessary for

road

formation

Loss or Degradation

of Forests and

Vegetation-(0.026 ha

land and 78 trees from

CFs & 0.127 ha and

348 trees from private

forest/land).

N/A D M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(10)

S (40) Compensatory plantation of trees

will be done. (348 in private land

and 1950 in CFs), allocated budget

is NRs. 321.966.12 CFUGs/

DLPIU

DFO/DISC/CLPI

U/CISC

Clearance of

vegetation

necessary for

road

formation

Pressure in Forest

Product

Loss of vegetation, IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

INS

(50)

Use kerosene for heating fuel wood

is prohibited.

NRs. 150,000.00 for Awareness

raising** to the workers.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DFO//DISC/

CLPIU/CISC

Construction

activity

Habitat Fragmentation Disturbance to

wildlife including

birds

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

INS

(50)

Work only in day time; no

disturbance to wildlife


raising** to the workers.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DFO/CFUGs/

DISC/ CISC

Construction

activity

Impact on Fauna as

listed in CITES, IUCN

and GoN.

Loss of biodiversity IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Prohibiting workers for

hunting/harassing wildlife

DLPIU/

Contractor

DFO/ DLPIU

/CFUGs/DISC



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

Socioeconomic Environment

Acquisition of

land for

maintaining

road width

Loss or Degradation

of Farm Land and

Productivity

Reduced production,

loss of income

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)

Minimize productive land acquisition

through selection, compensation of

NRs. 56,690,222.90 will be provided

to affected people

DTO/DLPIU CDC5/DISC

CLPIU

Demolition of

structures

along road

Eight Private

residence at ch

0+210, 0+250, 9+563,

9+430, 10+280,

10+345, 10+380 and

10+700 along the road

corridor will be

affected.

Loss of services

provided by these

structures

D L

(10)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

INS

(40)

Compensation of NRs. 20321874.16

is allocated for affected private

structures and Rehabilitation of

public infrastructure will be done

according to the Resettlement Plan.

DLPIU DISC / CLPIU/

Municipality

Construction

activity

Impact on

Occupational Health

and Safety

Injury, fatal

accidents, outbreak

of epidemics and

diseases, decline in

capacity to work

D L

(10)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

INS

(40)

First aid facility at sites with health

treatment arrangements, proper

drinking water and toilet facility for

construction workers, safety gears

(helmet, face masks, goggles,

gloves, boots) and accidental

insurance of workers

DLPIU/

Contractor

DLPIU/DISC

Construction

activity

Impact on Public

Health and Safety

Work force and

migrating people

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

First aid facility at sites with health

treatment arrangements.

DLPIU/

Contractor

DLPIU/DISC

5The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1991 specify the establishment of an Acquisition and Construction Committee (also known as Compensation Determination

Committee, “CDC”) for fixing the rate of compensation of private properties to be acquired, consisting of the concerned Chief District Officer (Chair), Land Revenue Officer, representative of the DCC and the Project Manager and others as deemed necessary.



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

might be suffering

from several

communicable

diseases such that

their disease could

be transmitted to

local people arising

threat to community

health

NRs. 150,000.00 is allocated for

Awareness raising** training on

public health and safety

Operation Stage


Operation of

road

Road Slope Stability

and Management

Slides and slope

failure, Disturbance

to traffic flow,

pollution of water

bodies, impacts on

agriculture land, loss

of vegetation.

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Regular maintenance of slope

protection structures and

bioengineering techniques on

slopes.


Operation of

vehicles

Air Pollution

Disturbance to

students, patients,

local people effect to

nearby agriculture

land and settlement

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Plantation will be done near the

settlement around school and

health post to act as dust barrier.

Community and road user

awareness programmes will be

organized




Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

Operation of

vehicles

Noise Pollution Disturbance to

students, patients,

local people effect to

nearby agriculture

land and settlement

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Community awareness, no horn

signs near schools, health posts

Plantation will be done near the

settlement around school and

health post to act as dust barrier.

Water Pollution Community and road user

awareness programmes will be

organized

Restriction on washing of

vehicles in local streams.


Road

operation

Depletion of Forest

Resources

Loss of timber,

forest resources and

benefits

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for

Awareness raising** programmes

for conservation of forest resources,

enforcement of law along with

community participation

Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Road

operation

Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

NRs. 150.000.00 is allocated for


Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Road

operation

Disturbance to the

Wildlife

Collision of wildlife

with vehicles,

disturbance in their

normal activities

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Warning traffic signal, NRs.

150,000.00 allocated for Awareness

raising** training to drivers to limit

speed and horn use

Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Road

operation

Illegal Hunting Depletion of faunal

diversity

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Strictly implemented rules and

regulation to control Illegal Hunting


(NRS 150,000.00) about importance

Municipality

/local NGOs

DFO/ CFUGs/

LHFUG



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

of biodiversity to the local people,

student and forest user groups.

Road

operation

Impact on Protected

Species

Possibilities to

impact in protected

fauna due to

increase in human

influence

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Conduct Awareness raising**

programmes(NRs. 150,000.00

allocated), strictly prohibited to enter

the forest area, enforcement of law

Municipality/

CFUGs

DFO/CFUGs

Socioeconomic Environment

Road

operation

Ribbon Settlement

Development along

the road alignment

Encroachment of

RoW, increased

accidents, depletion

of local resources,

water pollution

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

MT

(10)

S

(50)

NRs. 150,000.00 allocated for

Awareness raising** programmes,

enforcement of law, planning of land

development, plantation of trees in

RoW

Municipality DFO/CFUG

Operation of

Road

Increase Traffic

Congestion

delay in traffic

movement, noise

pollution

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Manage traffic congestion by

applying appropriate traffic rule


Operation of

Road

Road Safety Increase in

accidents

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Appropriate road safety measures,

safety sign boards along the road.


raising** program for students.


Note:

Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)

Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific

Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)

Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect

Impact upto 44; insignificance (INS) 45-74; significance(S) 75 or greater; very significance (VS)


9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental

Management Plan

262. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising

program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities

will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration

component of the sub-project. Costs for income generation and awareness programme

activities for Affected Persons (APs) are included in Resettlement Plan. The design and cost

estimate for most of the suggested mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, spoil

disposal, landslide construction will be incorporated in the design and cost estimates.

However clear BoQ will be prepared for supply of face masks, helmets, muffles, accidental

insurance, bioengineering measures, plantation and environmental protection awareness

trainings. Therefore, most of the mitigation measures suggested would be a part of road

design and construction without additional cost. All proposed mitigation measures will be

integrated in the sub-project design so that these measures may automatically form part of

the construction and operational phases of the sub-project.

9.3.1. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities

263. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP

implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the sub-project’s risks and impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work,

deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake

site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress

toward the final outcome.

264. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CLPIU, who

will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and semi-

annual monitoring reports to ADB. Sub-project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring

and reporting requirements. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the

public.

265. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective

actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. Compliance with loan covenants will be

screened by the executing agency.

266. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as

agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will

be commensurate with the project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of

environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management

system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is

issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project

implementation:

Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts;

Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to

ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed

with ADB.


Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply

with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and

exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and

Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and

desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into

account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.

267. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and

report preparation) is estimated NRs. 150,000 as given in Table 80.

Table 80: Environemntal Monitoring Cost

Manpower requirement Duration (days) Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)

Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 4 4,000 16,000.00

Engineer 2 3,000 6,000.00

Forestry expert 2 3,000 6,000.00

Socio-economist 2 3,000 6,000.00

0Support staff 1 1000 1,000.00

Transportation cost LS 15,000.00

Report preparation LS 15,000.00

Central level monitoring LS 85,000.00

Total 150,000.00

9.3.2. Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures

268. The environmental management cost of this sub-project is 2,430,762.48 and is

summarized in Table 81.

Table 81: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

SN Particulars Amount

(NRs.)

1.1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1.1 Environmental awareness raising** training 150,000.00

1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and

private land

321.966.12

1.1.3 Road side plantation 235,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00

Sub-total (i) 635,000.00

1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)

1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 887,358.73

1.2.3 Bioengineering works 908,403.75

Sub-total (ii) 1,795,762.48

Total (i+ii) (A) 2,430,762.48


9.4. Matters to be Monitored while Implementing the Proposal

269. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a

basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.

Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the

actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with

regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the

environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the

mitigation measures during sub-project construction, and will generate important information.

It will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

270. The Working Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, Second Amendment 2017 requires a

monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility be identified in the IEE report.

The National EIA Guidelines for the Forestry sector, 1995 has proposed three stages of the

monitoring i.e. baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.

9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring

271. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during

IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal

implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the

preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality

is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of

this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.

9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring

272. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection

measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval

of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the

actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

273. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation

measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures

and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage

sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

9.4.3. Impact Monitoring

274. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the

environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence

an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction

phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on

each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will

also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps,

wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible,

condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to

human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in


other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status,

impediment to wildlife movement, etc.

9.5. Monitoring Parameters

275. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series

and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and

diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following

physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and

operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase

276. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that

the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the

Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are

sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.


277. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social

setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the

practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.

The specific monitoring tasks will include

Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying

measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely

consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of

responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their

consequences;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;

Verify and make scheduled proposals for improving the contractor’s and VWRCC efforts in awareness training both for the work forces and the public general in the affected

communities;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;

Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge

and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;

Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences

to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.



278. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:

Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and

demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;

Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and

hindrance of traffic on the road;

Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former

functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope

protection and erosion control;

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these

structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal

lands, as well as on aquatic resources;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by sub-project

activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the

identification of responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ; Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.

9.6. Monitoring Indicators

279. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.

Following Table 82 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 82: Monitoring Indicators of Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road

Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste

management Sites

Number, location and extent of slope failures

Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made

Area (ha ) of land, forest and properties affected

Number and extent of gully erosions and

pavement failures

Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures

Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and

garbage

Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-

engineering, disaggregated by protective function

Water Pollution, Water

Resources and their uses

Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary

impacts

Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of

waste and spoil

Damage to farm lands


Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

Air and Noise Level in relation to

traffic volume

Assessment of noise level in site by direct

observation and interview with stakeholders

Visual assessment of dust development at

selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with

local stakeholders

Traffic volume measurements

Road Safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the

Traffic Police and in local health service centers

Suitability of local road signs

Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance

Impacts on Forest Resources

Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife

DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife

trade

Observations and handling of invasive species.

Socio-economic Development

near Road

Number and extent of new settlements /types and

ethnic groups

Number and extent of new businesses

Number and extent of new services and utilities

Resettled Households and

livelihood restoration

Number of HHs resettled

Income situation and opportunities for the

resettlers

Verification of compensation and assistance to

resettlers

Community awareness

programmes relating to

environment protection and

avoidance of social conflicts

Number /schedule of campaigns and number of

beneficiaries

Revision of training agenda & information material

Number of beneficiaries having received

awareness training

280. The following Table 83 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.

Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible

implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring

refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the sub-project. Table 84

details the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.


Table 83: Compliance Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project

Parameters

/Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods

Schedule Responsible

Monitoring Agency

Final alignment

selection

DLPIU Incorporation of walkover

recommendations into

alignment selection

process and design

document

Walkthrough along

final road

alignment, verifying

sensitive areas

Initial stage of

preconstruction

phase

DLPIU

Land and property

acquisition and

compensation

DLPIU and CDC

with assistance of

DISC

Cadastral records, land

and properties

acquisition procedures;

verification report

Public consultation,

photos; geo-

referencing

Initial stage pre-

construction phase

DLPIU

Site selection and

preparation of

construction logistics

Contractor Sub-project’s arrangement for

materials storage, and

construction activities

Site observation,

geo-referencing

and photographic

documentation

Beginning of

construction period

DLPIU

Use of local labour,

particularly vulnerable

groups and women

Contractor Local labour, especially

vulnerable groups and

women, use of child

labour

Site observation,

interviews

During the entire

period where labour

work is contracted

DLPIU

Awareness and

orientation training on

road construction to

technicians, and

locally employed

labourers

DLPIU/DISC Training programmes for

skill development,

occupational safety and

environmental protection

associated with road

construction works

Specifications;

training records,

check training

programme

reports, assess

feedback from

participants

Beginning of

construction and

during construction

DLPIU/Municipality

/NGO


Parameters

/Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

Compliance to

occupational health

and safety matters

DISC/Contractor/

DLPIU

Health and safety

regulations, first aid and

medical arrangements,

number and type of

safety equipments such

as mask, helmet, glove,

safety belt, accidental

insurance

Spot checks at

work sites, photos,

accident records,

interviews

Throughout

construction

activities

CLPIU/CISC

Grievance Redress

Mechanism

Contractor/DISC/D

LPIU/CLPIU/CISC

Sub-project

arrangements for the

affected people's

concerns and grievances

about the projects

environmental and social

performance

No of complaints

and grievances

record

During construction CLPIU/DLPIU

Measures to avoid

pressure on forest

and wildlife

DISC/DLPIU Use of firewood or fossil

fuel by construction

crew, events of hunting

and poaching of wildlife

Inspection,

interview with local

people

Once a month

during construction

DFO/CFUGs

Measures to protect

environment from air

& noise pollution

Contractor/

DLPIU/DISC

Dust level and noise

level at work sites, major

settlements and

sensitive spots like

health centres and

schools

Visual observation

and discussion with

residents and

workers

Once in a month

during construction

Municipality/DLPIU


Parameters

/Indicator

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

Measures to protect

water bodies from

pollution

Contractor/

DLPIU/DISC

Visual observation,

observation of open

defecation and waste

disposal around water

sources near

construction sites

Site inspection,


people

Once in a month

during construction;

upon demand for

testing with field kit

Municipality/DLPIU

Adequate technical

and environmental

supervision

DLPIU Adequate number of

technicians regularly at

site with ability to

implement labour based

road construction

concept

Check number and

type of technicians

available at site,

skill of work carried

out, discussion

Twice a month

during construction

NRA/Mnicipality

Clean up and

reinstatement of the

construction sites

(camps, quarries)

Contractor/DISC/

DLPIU

Decommissioned sites

indicate no

adverse/residual

environmental impacts,

and are rehabilitated to

the satisfaction of the

supervisor and land

owners

Site observation;

comparing photos;

consultation with

land owners and

community based

organizations

At the end of

construction period

Municipality


Table 84: Impact/Effect Monitoring for Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar Road Sub-project

Parameters

/Indicator

Verifiable Indicators Verification

Methods

Location Schedule Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Slope stability

and

erosion

Inclination, slope failures, causes;

drainage facilities such as catch

drain, side drains and functionality

of cross drainage structures; fresh

gullies and erosion;

success/failure of bio-engineering

solutions

Site observation,

photos

discussion with

people and

technicians

Near steep slopes

and at landslide

areas and sites

Continuously during

construction and

operation

DLPIU during

construction;

District Soil

Conservation Office

during operation

Bio-engineering

of disturbed

slopes

Re-vegetation through bio-

engineering application on

disturbed slope; establishment of

nursery

Site observation;

inspection of

nursery and its

production rate,

photos,

measurements

Cut slope area,

where vegetation

is cleared;

nursery sites

During and at the end

of sub-project

construction

DLPIU

Disposal of

spoils and

construction

wastes

Affected aesthetic value, affected

forest and agriculture land,

initiated land erosion by local

blocked drainage, hazard to

downhill slope residents and

agricultural lands

Site observation

and interviews,

photos, geo-

referencing sites

At specific

locations where

such sites occur

During construction DLPIU

Loss or

degradation of

farmland,

Status of road side land;

production/yield;

status of road side houses; status

Observation, data

collection and

analysis and

Road side land

and houses



Parameters

/Indicator


Methods


Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

houses and

properties

of standing crop along alignment interview with

stakeholders

Water quality Observation of open defecation

and waste disposal around water

sources near construction sites

Visual observation Local streams During construction;

upon demand for

testing with field kit

DLPIU

Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction

sites and at

sensitive spots


Forest and

vegetation

Numbers of trees, presence of

ground vegetation, signs of illicit

logging and extraction of NTFPs

Observations,

DFO/CFUGs

records, photos

In and around the

construction sites,

markets

During construction

and

Operation

DLPIU/DFO during

construction;

CFUG's/DFO/Municip

ality during operation

Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by

work force, trade of wildlife, road

accidents inflicting wildlife

Interview with local

people/CFUGs/DFO

and

observations

Forest areas at

roadside

Twice a year during

construction and

routine during

operation

DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs

during construction;

DFO/CFUGs/ during

operation

Change in

economy

Numbers of people employed by

the sub-project during

construction, numbers of women

in work forces

Records kept by the

sub-project

management,

discussion with

stakeholders

Sub-project area Trimester during

construction phase

DLPIU


Parameters

/Indicator


Methods


Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Trade and

commerce

Numbers of shops increased or

decreased, rental of houses and

land spaces

Records, interviews,

observations,

photos

Throughout sub-

project area

Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality

Occupational

safety and

hazard

Type and number of accident

occurred during construction;

adequacy of occupational safety

measured provided; compensation

provided in case of fatal accidents

Observations,

photos, spot

checks,

contractors/BGs

and health centre

records interview

with workers

Throughout sub-

project area


Change in socio-

economic

structure

Number and extent of new

settlements/types and ethnic

groups; nos. and extent of new

businesses; nos and extent of new

services and utilities, social

conflicts

Observations,


people, DDC, Police

and VDC records

Throughout sub-

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality

Ribbon

settlement

Congestions to road users and

nos. of accidents, RoW

encroachment

Records,

observations

Throughout sub-

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality


9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism

281. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as

quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not

possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance

redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints

in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their

rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective

public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:

282. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for

the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants

on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local

community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary

disturbances, and to inform them of the sub-project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in

the area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants,

and DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved

in grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be

posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a

grievance related to the sub-project works can contact the sub-project to file a complaint.

The DLPIU offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The

safeguards (environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and

immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the

complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the

consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards

specialist) to resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU

safeguards focal person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The

DLPIU safeguards focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the

person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how

the complaint was resolved.

283. Second level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved; the DLPIU will forward

the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be

notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU

safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved

through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries

and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts.

Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal

person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the

person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how

the complaint was resolved.

284. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to

a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review

of the grievances, address them in consultation with CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected persons.

The GRC will consist of EA leadership, affected persons, and local area committee, among

others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. The GRC should


consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if necessary, where

the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote

conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are

grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and

assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the

GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from

environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for

entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons,

categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the

aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC.

285. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the

contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the

grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal

court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal

redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure

9 below.

Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Project Implementation Unit, DSC-

Design and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District

Implementation Support Consultant

Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism

286. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress

on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,

second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of

Grievance

2ndLevelGrievance

3rdLevelGrievance

1st Level Grievance

First Level: Contractor,

DISC, DLPIU

CLPIU, CISC

4thLevelGrievance

Grievance Redressed Committee

Grievance Redressed

Grievance Redressed

Grievance Redressed

Higher Authority/Court

of Law

Not redressed

Not redressed

Not redressed

1-2 days

7 days

15 days


pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared

with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing,

decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open,

closed, pending).

287. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations,

communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the sub-project

288. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.


10. Conclusions and Recommendation

289. The IEE study of the proposed Okhaldhunga-Rumjatar sub-project does not pass

through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse impacts. Most of the

adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as well as of reversible

nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to market centers and the

location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area and improve the quality of

life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct employment as workers, which will

contribute significantly to improving their livelihood. These benefits from the implementation

of the proposed road sub-project are more significant and long term in nature compared to

the adverse impacts, most of which can be mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised

during public consultation have also been addressed in the mitigation measures.

290. The sub-project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 Working

Procedure Relating to Environemntal Impact Aassessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake

Affected Structures, 2016 (Second Amendment 2017). Also, the IEE has shown that none of

the anticipated environmental impacts of constructing the proposed road are significant

enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA.

291. The proposed road sub-project is recommended for implementation with

incorporation of mitigation measures and the environmental management plan.


References

Asian Development Bank. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement. Manila: ADB.

Department of Road. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a

guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road

construction and upgrading. Kathmandu: Ministry of the Physical Planning and

Works.

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project: Resettlement

Framework:. Manila: ADB.

Asian Development Bank. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework:

Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project. Manila: ADB.

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Population and housing census. Kathmandu:

CBS.

Department of Road. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of

the Integrated Road Development. Kathmandu: Ministry of Physical Planning and

Works.

Dhital, MR. (2015). Geology of Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews. Switzerland:

Springer International Publishing.

Dobremez, J. (1976). Nepal Ecologie et Biogeography. Paris, France: Editions du Centre

national de la Recherche Scientifique.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1992). Water Resources Act.

Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation.


Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act.


Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance

Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and

Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and

Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072.


NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected

Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority.

Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process

and Practice. Kathmandu.


APPENDICES


Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study


Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist

Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Screening Questions Score Remarks

Location

and Design

of Project

Is siting and/or routing of the project

(or its components) likely to be

affected by climate conditions

including extreme weather-related

events such as floods, droughts,

storms, landslides?

1 There are landslide-

prone areas at specific

places along the entire

length of the road. These

slopes may be risky

during months of

incessant rainfall.

Would the project design (e.g. the

clearance for bridges) need to

consider any hydro-meteorological

parameters (e.g. sea-level, peak

river flow, reliable water level, peak

wind speed etc.)?

1 Even during months of

heavy downpour, the

rivers are unlikely to be

inundated, which

reduces the risk to some

extent.

Materials

and

Maintenance

Would weather, current and likely

future climate conditions (e.g.

prevailing humidity level,

temperature contrast between hot

summer days and cold winter days,

exposure to wind and humidity,

hydro-meteorological parameters)

likely affect the selection of project

inputs over the life of project outputs

(e.g. construction materials)?

0 Steel and RCC

structures will seldom be

used during construction.

Therefore, the

contraction and

expansion of such

materials can be

discounted. Even during

extreme conditions such

as thick fog and heavy

rainfall, construction

materials are not under

any major threat of

disintegration.

Would weather, current and likely

future climate conditions and related

extreme events likely affect the

maintenance (scheduling and cost)

of project output(s)?

1 Maintenance, being a

manual job, will be

difficult during weather

extremes such as

soaring mid-summer

temperatures and sub-

zero winter

temperatures.

Performance Would weather/climate conditions 1 Even if high quality

Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Response Program (EEAP) Sub-Project Sector: Sub-Sector: Division/Department:


of Project

Output(s)

and related extreme weather events

likely affect the performance (e.g.

annual power production) of project

output(s) (e.g. hydropower

generation facilities) throughout their

design lifetime?

control is achieved, the

performance of the road

will likely be affected due

to fluctuating weather

phenomena.

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:

Response Score

Likely Not 0

Likely 1

Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High):Medium

Other comments:

Prepared by: ______________________________________________

1

If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how

climate parameters are considered indesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in

key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of

construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of

project outputs.


Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Instructions:

(i) The CLPIU completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached

to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately

considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty

reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Project Title:

Sub-project:

IA:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. Project sitting

Is the project area adjacent to or within

any of the following environmentally

sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites.

Protected area No protected areas.

Wetland No wetlands.

Mangrove No mangroves.

Estuarine No estuaries.

Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any

buffer zone.

Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity

protection.

B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause…

Encroachment on historical/cultural

areas; disfiguration of landscape by

road embankments, cuts, fills, and

quarries?

A Scripting Stone (माने) falls under

the right-of-way, which might have

to be demolished later on.

Encroachmenton precious ecology

(e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

No encroachment.


Okhaldhunga - Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project, Okhaldhunga



Alteration of surface water hydrology

of waterways crossed by roads,

resulting in increased sediment in

streams affected by increased soil

erosion at construction site?

The existing road is muddy

throughout, which poses problems

as heavy rain causes erosion

along the hill slopes, which

consequently increases sediment

deposit in the existing water

sources.

Deterioration of surface water quality

due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes

from worker-based camps and

chemicals used in construction?

No haphazard waste dumping from

camping sites.

Increased local air pollution due to

rock crushing, cutting and filling works,

and chemicals from asphalt

processing?

Very insignificant level of air

pollution.

Risks and vulnerabilities related to

occupational health and safety due to

physical, chemical, biological, and

radiological hazards during project

construction and operation during

project construction and operation?

No such hazards are present.

Noise and vibration due to blasting

and other civil works?

Minor vibrations only on the road

during excavator usage;

insignificant effect on surrounding

households.

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement

of people?

Dislocation and compulsory

resettlement of people living in right-of-

way?

8 structures in total that are

affected directly, including 2

absentee owners.

Disproportionate impacts on the poor,

women and children, Indigenous

Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

No such discrimination.

Other social concerns relating to

inconveniences in living conditions in

the project areas that may trigger

cases of upper respiratory problems

and stress?

Absence of such conditions.

Hazardous driving conditions where

construction interferes with pre-

existing roads?

Road clearing has created a very

muddy landscape along certain

sections of the road, especially

during monsoon. Also, there are

landslide prone areas in certain

parts long the road that might prove

hazardous for commuters.



Poorsanitation and solid waste

disposal in construction camps and

work sites, and possible transmission

of communicable diseases (such as

STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to

local populations?

No such conditions are present.

Creationof temporary breeding

habitats for diseases such as those

transmitted by mosquitoes and

rodents?

No immediate problems but if

population influx increases

alongside the rehabilitation, then

the resulting density and pollution

might entail breeding sites for

mosquitoes and rodents.

Accident risks associated with

increased vehicular traffic, leading to

accidental spills of toxic materials?

Very less vehicle numbers, which

do not pose any problems with

traffic congestion.

Increased noise and air pollution

resulting from traffic volume?

No such conditions.

Increased risk of water pollution from

oil, grease and fuel spills, and other

materials from vehicles using the

road?

No such problems.

Social conflicts if workers from other

regions or countries are hired?

Unlikely, as all workers are hired

locally.

Large population influx during project

construction and operation that causes

increased burden on social

infrastructure and services (such as

water supply and sanitation systems)?

Very unlikely for the creation of

such circumstances.

Risks to community health and safety

due to the transport, storage, and use

and/or disposal of materials such as

explosives, fuel and other chemicals

during construction and operation?

No risks to community health as

no harmful and/or hazardous

chemicals will be used.

Community safety risks due to both

accidental and natural causes,

especially where the structural

elements or components of the project

are accessible to members of the

affected community or where their

failure could result in injury to the

community throughout project

construction, operation and

decommissioning.

No such safety risks as all existing

structures are well designed and

there are engineering measures in

place (gabion wall, breast wall) in

case of natural calamities such as

landslides.


Appendix IV: Checklist for Settlement Level Information of Affected

Area

a:tL :tl/o ;'rgf ;+sng ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] ufdf{—g]n]—af]un ;8ssf]]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f

!= a:tLsf] hfgsf/L

s= a:tLsf] gfdM v= xfnsf] uf=kf=÷g=kf M u= xfnsf] jf8{ g+= M 3= ;flas ufla;÷ g=kf, jf8{ g+= ª = 3/w'/L ;+VofM r = hDdf hg;+Vof 5= dlxnf ÷k'?if hg;+VofM

@= ;fdflhs tYofÍ

s|=; laa/0f 3/w'/L ;+Vof wd{ s= d'Vo hfthftL

!=! !=@

!=# !=$

!=% !=^

!=& !=*

v= a;fO;/fO{ 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot @=! Ps k':tf cuf8L b]lv

@=@ @) – #) jif{ cufl8 b]lv @=# xfn} - ! b]lv @) jif{ cufl8 _

@=$ s]lx aif{ clu o; 7fFp 5f]8]sf kl/jf/ u= k]zf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot

#=! s[lif #=@ Aofkf/

#=# gf]s/L #=$ Hofnf dhb'/L

#=% a}b]lzs /f]huf/

#=^ laBfyL{

#=& cGo 3 lhlasf]kfh{g 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot

$=! cfDbfgLn] vfg k'uL art ;d]t x'g] $@ h;f]t;f] vfg k'Ug] $=# Vffg gk'Ug]

ª 3/sf] ;+/rgf 3/w'/L ;+Vof s}lkmot %=! kSsL

%@ sRrL


#= :jf:Yo ;]jf

s|=; :jf:Yo ;:yfsf] gfd

:yfg b'/L sd{rf/L ;+Vof

pknAw ;]jfx?

cfuGt's la/fdL ;+Vof

b]lvg] d''Vo /f]ux?

!=

@=

#=

$=

$ lzIff ;]jf

$=! z}lIfs ca:yf

hg;+Vof -g+= jf Ü_ lg/If/ k|fyflds tx dfWoflds tx :gfts jf ToFxf eGbf dfly k'?if dlxnf

$=@ z}lIfs ;+:yfx?

s|= ;= :s'nsf] gfd k|sf/ -

;/sf/L÷gLlh_ tx

laBfyL{ ;+Vof

b'/L jf k'Ug nfUg] ;do

7]ufgf

!= @= #=

%= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{

s= Vffg]kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

;fd'bflos wf/f Vff]nfsf] kfgL d'n÷Ogf/÷s'jf kfO{k cGo v= rkL{ nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

rkL{ gx'g] rkL{ x'g] :yfO{ c:yfO{ 3/ leq 3/ aflx/ vfN8] rkL{ cGo

u= kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Aoa:yfkg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_

uNg] kmf]xf]/ guNg] kmf]xf]/ sDkf]l:6Ë cGo hnfpg] ;fa{hlgs

:yfgdf km\ofSg] gu/kflnsfnfO{ k7fpg]

cGo


^= cGo ;]jfx?

;]jfx? s=vfgf ksfpg] OGwg nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ bfp/f u'O7f Affof] Uof; Pn=lk=lh cGo v= phf{÷ aQL nfeflGjt 3/w'/L -Ü_ dl§t]n lah'nL aQL ;f]nf/ cGo cGo u= ;+rf/ ;]jf n]g nfOg g]kfn 6]lnsd Pg ;]n x'nfs ;]jf cGo 3= ahf/ != :yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L @= c:yfO{ ahf/ If]q ;+Vof gfd k|sf/ b'/L ª= sn sf/vfgf 7'nf] dWood ;fgf] cGo cGo r= xf]6n, nh÷k;n÷cGo -;+Vofdf_ xf]6n tyf nh

/]i6'/]G6 lrof k;n ls/fgf k;n cGo -:6];g/L, s:d]l6s, cf}iflw, km]G;L, xf8{jo/, :kf]6{ df;' k;n, cflb_

5=lalQo ;+:yfx? -;+Vof_ a}s nB'laQ ;xsf/L cGo


&= hUuf hdLgsf] ca:yf

hUuf hdLg

@) /f]kgL eGbf dfly

!) b]lv @) /f]kgL ;Dd

% b]lv !) /f]kgL ;Dd

% /f]kgL ;Dd hUuf hdLg gePsf] -;'s'Daf;L_

3/w'/L ;+Vof

l;+rfO{sf] ca:yf l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf ePsf] hdLg -Ü_ l;+rfO{sf] ;'lawf gePsf] hdLg -Ü_

*= ;fd'bflos k|of]hgsf eagx?÷:yfgx?

;fd'bflos eag÷:yfgx?sf] gfd

ca:yf Aff6f] la:tf/n] c;/ kfg]{÷gkfg]{

(= o; If]qdf nufOg]] k|d'v afnLx?

!)= o; If]qdf u/Lg] k|d'v kz'kfngx?

!!= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v af]6 la?jfx?

!@= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v h+unL hgfj/x?


!#= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v r/fr'?ËLx?

!$= o; If]qdf kfOg] k|d'v df5fsf k|hfltx?

!%=o; If]qdf kfOg] ;/L;[a k|hfltx?

!^= k|d'v d7dlGb/ tyf ;f:s[lts w/f]x/x? / To;sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj !&= o; If]qdf /x]sf] jf ;DefAo cfly{s pGgtLsf If]qx? !*= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efj jf kmfObfx? !(= cfof]hgfn] kfg]{ gsf/fTds k|efj jf c;/x? @)= cfof]hgf k|lt hg;d'bfosf] wf/0ff @!= cfof]hgf k|lt tkfO{sf] ;Nnfxf ;'emax?


Appendix V: Project Cost a. Total Civil Work Cost

Item

No.

Description of Item Unit Quantity Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)

PART 01: GENERAL

1.01 Establish, maintain and operate

labaratory at the site with

equipments furnishing required for

testing specified quality of the

materials as per DoR-SSRBW,

Section-511

LS 200,000.00

1.02 Carry out maintenance of the

existing road to keep the road

serviceable throughout the contract

period. Also provide and maintain

traffic safety, control measures and

temporary diversions during

construction including water

spraying thrice a week to avoid dust

pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech.

Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-

12.

month 18 38,000.00 684,000.00

1.03 Provide and installation of project

information board of size 1.80 mx1.2

m along with iron posts including

excavation, concreting, backfilling

etc all complete as per DoR

Standard Specification for Road and

Bridge Works (SSRBW) July

2001,Section-108

no 2 11,500.00 23,000.00

1.04 Insurance of works, plants,

materials, loss and damage to

equipments, Contractor's workmen

and employees and third party

insurance against damage to other

persons and property as per GCC

clause 13.

LS 887,358.73

1.05 Providing site office with

accomodation at appropriate

location acceptable to the project

manager of the Client

month 18 36,800.00 662,400.00

1.06 Supplying and providing rental four

wheel drive double cab pick-up

vehicle with full option including fuel,

driver's wages, maintenances etc for

the Engineer / Consultant

month 18 149,500.00 2,691,000.00

1.07 Provision and maintenance of labour

camps payable monthly in equal

month 18 23,000.00 414,000.00


Item

No.


instalments as per DoR Standard

Specification for Road and Bridge

Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-

109 (3)

1.08 Environmental mitigation measures

(dust and noise mitigation

measures, personal protective

equipment, first aid facility etc)

PS 400,000.00

1.09 Relocation of the utilities (water

supply, telephone, etc,) and services

as instructed by the Engineer as per

DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications

for Labour Based Construction Work

of Agricultural & Rural Roads (Tech.

Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-

10.

PS 300,000.00

1.10 Social complience and safe guards

as instructed by the Engineer

PS 200,000.00

1.11 Carry out additional tests for

material and works as required and

instructed by the Engineer.(GCC

Clause No. 33.1)

PS 200,000.00

Total Part 01 6,661,758.73

PART 02: SITE CLEARANCE

2.01 Clearing and grubbing including the

cutting of trees (only if necessary)

having girth of less than 30 cm when

measured at 1m above the ground.

m2 44,400.00 16.17 717,948.00

2.02 Dismantling of culverts, bridges,

pavements and other structures.The

operations covered are dismantling,

excavating, backfilling, stacking,

disposing, handling and haulage up

to a lead of 100 m along the lead

route. The activity includes safety

precautions and incidentals.

2.02 a) Stone masonry m3 90.00 1,220.04 109,803.60

2.02 b) Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) m3 3.00 1,830.05 5,490.15

2.02 c) Gabion work m3 432.50 692.93 299,692.23

2.02 d) Cobble stones m3 1,650.00 114.19 188,413.50

2.03 Clearing landslides, debris from

causeways, culverts and side drains

including haulage and disposal.

m3 280.00 116.05 32,494.00

Total Part 02 1,353,841.48

PART 03: EARTHWORK


Item

No.


3.01 Excavation of soil and hard rock in

roadway and drain including removal

and satisfactory disposal of all

materials up to a lead of 50 m along

the lead route.This includes handling

and stacking or hauling (to sites of

embankment construction) of

suitable cut materials as required

and also the disposal of unsuitable

cut materials in specified manner.

This further covers trimming and

finishing of the road way.

m3 76,465.56 91.89 7,026,419.85

3.02 Excavation for structures including

cutting of slopes, shoring, shuttering,

planking, ordinary sealing and

disposal of materials up to a lead of

50 m along the lead route

m3 4,364.61 110.29 481,372.84

3.03 Formation of embankment with

excavated soil including haulage,

compaction in layers not exceeding

150 mm and watering.

m3 7,090.85 341.18 2,419,256.20

3.04 Backfilling in layers in foundation

pits, trenches, structures etc

including compaction and watering

m3 608.32 404.14 245,846.44

3.05 Transporting of surplus material

beyond initial lead within 1 km

distance with safe disposal sites

m3 54,848.25 47.59 2,610,228.04

Total Part 03 12,783,123.37

PART 04: STRUCTURES

(STABILITY, CROSS DRAINAGE

AND SIDE DRAINAGE)

4.01 Providing and placing machine

made gabion and mattresses of

hexagonal mesh size 100 mm x 120

mm with mesh wire 3 mm , selvedge

wire 3.9 mm and lacing wire 2.4 mm

including stone placing.

4.02 a) Using new stones m3 7,997.05 3,886.88 31,083,554.27

4.02 b) Using stones from dismantling item m3 163.21 2,128.09 347,314.93

4.02 Stone masonry work (un-coursed

rubble masonry in MM5) including

full compensation for all labour,

material and other incidentals

required to complete the work as per

the specification and drawings. It

includes full compensation for using

specially dressed stones of the face

m3 6,666.89 7,322.56 48,818,724.01


Item

No.


of walls with batter and makes

provision for weep holes as

necessary.

4.03 Providing and placing cement

concrete M10/40 for foundation and

footing etc including compaction and

curing.

m3 204.33 9,957.94 2,034,705.88




curing.

m3 71.54 10,708.15 766,061.05




curing.

m3 162.65 12,301.06 2,000,767.41




curing.

m3 202.47 13,296.21 2,692,083.64


concrete M20/20 for precast slab

and other element including

compaction, curing and testing

m3 638.00 14,578.53 9,301,102.14

4.08 Reinforcement for RCC work. It

includes procuring steel, it's

bending, placing, binding and fixing

in position as shown on the

drawings and as directed by the

Engineer. It also includes all devices

for keeping reinforcement in

approved position and jointing as

per approved method with due

allowance for wastage, overlaps,

spacer bars and annealed steel wire

for binding.

mt 56.22 98,091.70 5,514,990.03

4.09 Formwork where it is provided as

separate item with timber as

material. It includes all labour,

materials and other incidentals

required for the construction and

removal of forms as described in the

specification. It further covers the

framing work that is required for

properly supporting the members

until the concrete is sufficiently

cured, set and hardened.

m2 4,509.03 850.70 3,835,831.82


Item

No.


4.10 Laying, fitting and fixing of hume

pipe. It includes all operations

required to complete the works up to

a trench depth of 2.2 m below the

ground level and the jointing of pipes

with 1:2 cement sand mortar.

4.10 a) 900 mm dia (internal) m 22.50 12,288.84 276,498.90

4.10 b) 600 mm dia (internal) m 217.50 7,421.58 1,614,193.65

4.10 c) 300 mm dia (internal) m 37.50 4,651.99 174,449.63

4.11 Providing, laying and fixing geo-

textile (filter fabric)

m2 6,393.64 163.24 1,043,697.79

4.12 Providing and laying granular

bedding material including

compaction and watering

m3 1,532.46 1,556.46 2,385,214.25

4.13 Providing and laying PVC pipe of

100 mm dia (pressure 4kg/cm2) for

weep holes as instructed by the

Engineer

m 157.50 496.79 78,244.43

4.14 Providing and fixing in position 50

mm dia GI pipe railing.

m 10.00 1,017.34 10,173.40

4.15 Providing and laying filter material

adjacent to abutement and other

structures including all other

operations required to complete the

works as per the specification

m3 432.42 1,601.14 692,364.96

4.16 Providing, jointing and laying HDP

pipes with complete fittings as per

drawing and specification

4.16 a) 200 mm dia (4kg/cm2) m 75.00 1,588.10 119,107.50

4.16 b) 160 mm dia (4 kg/cm2) m 90.00 1,064.87 95,838.30

Total Part 04 112,884,917.98

PART 05: PAVEMENT WORKS

5.01 Preparation of subgrade in all types

of materials including compaction

and watering

m2 62,586.30 15.98 1,000,129.07

5.02 Providing, laying, spreading,

watering, levelling and compaction

of natural gravel subbase

m3 9,387.95 1,496.83 14,052,157.71

5.03 a) Providing, laying, spreading,


of graded crushed stone base

course

m3 11,527.26 1,999.80 23,052,214.55

5.03 b) Providing, laying, spreading,


m3 990.00 703.80 696,762.00


Item

No.


of graded crushed stone base

course (Using existing cobblestones

from dismantling item)

5.04 Providing and spraying bituminous

prime coat MC30 / MC70 including

cleaning the road surface using wire,

brushes, broom etc

lit 62,586.30 201.06 12,583,601.48

5.05 Providing and laying sand spreading

over newly primed surface

m2 12,517.26 29.99 375,392.63

5.06 Providing and applying bitumen

binder for surface dressing

lit 135,186.41 180.76 24,436,295.11

5.07 Providing and applying cutter

(kerosene) for bitumen of surface

dressing

lit 5,632.77 81.68 460,084.41

5.08 Providing and applying chippings

(20 mm down) for surface dressing

sq.m 62,586.30 31.79 1,989,618.48

5.09 Providing and applying chippings

(10 mm down) for surface dressing

sq.m 62,586.30 21.69 1,357,496.85

5.10 Providing and applying anti stripping

agent

kg 704.10 517.75 364,545.64

Total Part 05 80,368,297.92

PART 06: ROAD FURNITURE AND

TRAFFIC SAFETY MEASURES

6.01 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in

place including steel tubes, steel

plates, cement concrete, painting,

writing and supporting steel angle,

nut and bolt etc as per the drawing.

6.01 a) Single post no 313.00 2,415.22 755,963.86

6.01 b) Double or more posts no 35.00 6,557.57 229,514.95

6.02 Supplying and placing RCC

kilometer post including excavation,

backfilling, painting and writing etc

as per the drawing.

6.02 a) Standard kilometer post (placed at

each km)

no 9.00 2,742.43 24,681.87

6.02 b) 5th kilometer post( placed at 5 km) no 2.00 6,386.11 12,772.22

6.03 Supplying and fixing in place RCC

delineator post with reflective

element including excavation,

backfilling, painting and erection etc

as per the drawing.

no 1,727.00 1,269.38 2,192,219.26

6.04 Providing and placing gabion safety

barriers / parapet wall

m3 535.00 3,886.88 2,079,480.80


Item

No.


6.05 Providing and placing stone

masonry safety barriers / parapet

wall

m3 170.25 7,322.56 1,246,665.84

Total Part 06 6,541,298.80

PART 07: BIO-ENGINEERING

WORKS

7.01 Stripping of top soil for a minimum

depth of 150 mm including storing or

reapplication within a lead up to 100

m along the lead route.

m3 315.00 488.01 153,723.15

7.02 Stone pitching work on the prepared

granular bedding

m3 15.00 2,786.94 41,804.10

7.03 Planting grass cutting on site

(planting rooted grass slip)

m2 2,100.00 304.22 638,862.00

7.04 Planting shrub and tree seedlings

and cutting on site (planting

containerised tree and shrub

seedlings including pitting,

transplanting, composting and

mulching on slopes)

no 1,050.00 40.95 42,997.50

7.05 Planting shrub and tree seedlings

and cutting on site (planting rooted

tree stump cutting and bare root

seedlings including pitting,

transplanting, composting and

mulching on slopes)

no 1,050.00 29.54 31,017.00

Total Part 07 908,403.75

Part 08: DAY WORKS

8.01 Manpower

8.01 a) Unskilled labour pd 300.00 592.25 177,675.00

8.01 b) Skilled labour pd 100.00 805.00 80,500.00

8.02 Equipment

8.02 a) Excavator hr 500.00 1,380.00 690,000.00

8.02 b) Tipper hr 500.00 517.50 258,750.00

8.03 Provide Built up Drawing as

completed

L.S 75,000.00

Total Part 08 1,281,925.00

Total (Part 01 to Part 08) 222,783,567.03


b. Sub-project Cost

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)

1.1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 150,000.00

1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and

private land

321.966.12

1.1.3 Road side plantation 235,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 150,000.00

Sub-total (i) 635,000.00

1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)

1.2.2 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 887,358.73

1.2.3 Bioengineering works 908,403.75

Sub-total (ii) 1,795,762.48

Total (i+ii) (A) 2,430,762.48

2 Civil Work Cost

2.1 Total civil work cost 280,707,294.45

2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in

item 1.2 above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering

works, toe wall for spoil management

1,795,762.48

2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety,

bioengineering and toe wall for spoil management (B)

278,911,531.97

3 Resettlement Cost

3.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and

community structures within RoW)

78,517,491.64

3.2 Supporting cost for deed transfer, management cost for absentee

families

592,600.00

3.4 Contingency (20%) 15,703,498.33

3.5 Income generattion and livelihood improvement Program 4,000,000.00

Sub-total (C) 98,813,589.97

4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Cost

4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show

on D & RM

100,000.00

4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00

Sub-total (D) 200,000.00

Grand Total Sub-project Cost (A+B+C+D) 380,355,884.42


Appendix VI: Public Notice


English Translation of Public Notice

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development


District Level Project Implementation Unit

Okhaldhunga

Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

(Date of First Publication: 2017/09/02)

The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan

assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for

Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for

reconstruction and rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Okhaldhunga, being the proponent of Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road, has prepared Draft Initial

Environmental Examination (IEE) report and this notice has been published for the implementation of

report as per the provision of the Section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake

Affected Structure 2016 (Second Amendment 2017).

Proponent: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Okhaldhunga

Proposed Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Sidhicharan Municipality

Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Ramailo danda of Sidhicharan

Municipality – 11 (then Sidhicharan Municipality – 3) and ends at Rumjatar of Sidhicharan Municipality

– 4 (then Sidhicharan Municipality – 13). The total length of road is 11.10 km and width is 6.25 m with

drainage.

As per Section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school,

health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested

to present at Kamidanda, Barnalu on 2nd

September, 2017 for discussion environment impacts,

information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of Sub-project .

The concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District Level Project

Implementation Unit, Okhaldhunga and Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central

Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as per section 12 (5) of the working procedure.

It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national

daily newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National

Reconstruction Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Venue for Meeting: Sidhicharan Municipality ward no 5, Barnalu, Kamidanda

Date: 6th September, 2017

Address to send comments and suggestions:

Central project Implementation Unit,


(EEAP), Lalitpur

Telephone no: 01-5260565



District Level project Implementation Unit,

Okhaldhunga

Telephone no: 037-520249





Appendix VII: Deed of Inquiry


Appendix VIII: Recommendation Letter


Appendix IX: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure

a. Meeting Minutes with Local People


b. Meeting Minutes of IEE Disclosure


c. Finding of Public Consultation and IEE Disclosure Meeting

Table: Summary of Meeting Minutes

Date Place for Public

Meeting

Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands

2074/04/23 B.S

(2017/08/07 A.D)

Siddhicharan

Municipality-5

(then Barnalu-4)

5 The road that will be constructed

must have high quality control and

must not wear out easily.

Road should be constructed in such

a manner that the environmental and

social impacts are kept to a

minimum.

The local people are in complete

favor of the road rehabilitation and

reconstruction.

2074/04/23 B.S

(2017/08/07 A.D)

Siddhicharan

Municipality-5

(then Barnalu-

1,2,3)

9 The compensation for houses and

land must be done according to

prevalent practices.

During road rehabilitation, the local

people must also be given jobs that

fit their abilities.

Environmentally friendly methods

must be adopted during

reconstruction.

Social and religious sites, if any,

must be reconstructed without any

delay should any such site face

damage during road reconstruction.

Issues should be discussed and

resolved in public hearings.

Road reconstruction process should

be implemented as early as possible.

(Source: Field survey, 2017)

Similarly, the major issues, queries, concerns raised during the Public meeting at Barnalu of

Siddhicharan Municipality were as followed:

Effect on residence due to landslide

Retaining structure along the stream

Bio-engineering techniques in forest after cutting of plant species

Land compensation, quality control, no work during monsoon, working in systematic way,

gabion work near residence

Reconstruction of road as per geological condition

Management of agricultural land


Proper valuation of land and property, implementation of agreement made during

delegation visit

No construction before compensation determination

Issues with spoil management

Conservation of temple and Religious Chautara

Provision of plantation for ―Meghepatal and Simdharapakha CFs‖


Appendix X: Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other

Goods

Former VDC: Barnalu Former Ward No.: 4

Settlement Name: Barnalu Municipality: Siddhicharan-5

FOOD CROPS

S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. (Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Rice 125 - Per pathi

2 Wheat 100 - Per pathi

3 Maize 120 - Per pathi

4 Millet 130 - Per pathi

5 Barley 250 - Per pathi

6 Lentils 250 - Per kg

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 150 - Per pathi

2 Mustard 450 - Per pathi

Vegetables

1 Spinach 20 - Per mutha

2 Beans (Simi) 80 - Per kg

3 Pumpkin 60 - Per kg

4 Eggplant 80 - Per kg

5 Tomato 100 - Per kg

6 Cabbage 100 - Per kg

7 Cauliflower 120 - Per kg

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Orange 120 - Per kg

2 Lemon/ Lime 10 - Per lemon

3 Apricot 5 - Per apricot

4 Plum - -

5 Guava 10 - Per guava

6 Jackfruit -

7 Banana 15 - Per kosa

8 Mango 180 - Per kg


MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/ Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Mutton 500 - Per kg

2 Chicken 600 360 Per kg

3 Fish 400 - Per kg

4 Pork 250 - Per kg

5 Buff 350 - Per kg

6 Eggs (Chicken) 20 - Per Egg

7 Yak - -

DAIRY AND OTHER COMMODITIES


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Milk 50 - Per mana

2 Yoghurt 80 - Per liter

3 Ghee 500 - Per mana

4 Vegetable Oil 170 - Per liter

5 Salt 35 - Per packet

(kg)

6 Sugar 95 - Per kg

7 Kerosene - -

8 LPG 1,700 - For refill only

4,000 - Per cylinder

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Cement 1,000 - Per bag (50

kg)

2 Bricks - - Per brick

3 Bamboo 200 - Per bamboo

stick

4 Stones/

Aggregates

5,000 - Per tractor

5 Iron rods 100 - Per kg

6 Wood 700 - Per plank


LAND PRICES

S.N. Particulars Price in Rs. Remarks

1 Irrigated Land (Khet) -

2 Non-Irrigated Land 40,000 Per aana

3 Ghaderi (Residential Plot) 3,00,000 Per aana

4 Khar Bari 30,000 Per aana

5 Pakha/ Bari 5000 Per aana

WAGES FOR DAILY LABOR


1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) 500 Per day

2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) 300 Per day

3 Carpenter 1,200 Per day

4 Mason 1,000 Per day

LIVESTOCK

S.N. Livestock Price in Rs.

(Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow 10,000 - Per cow

2 Buffalo 80,000 - Per buffalo

3 Ox 15,000 - Per pair oxen

4 He-Buffalo 30,000 - Per buffalo

5 Goat (Castrated) and Goat

(Male)

15,000 - Per goat

6 Chicken 2,000 500 Per kg


Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods

Former VDC: Barnalu Former Ward No.: 3

Settlement Name: Sanitar Municipality: Siddhicharan-5

FOOD CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks





5 Barley - -

6 Lentils 250 - Per kg (Maas)

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 50-70 - Per kg


Vegetables

1 Cabbage 80-100 - Per kg

2 Cauliflower 80-100 - Per kg

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Orange 10-25 - Per orange

2 Lemon/ Lime 10-25 - Per lemon

3 Apricot - -

4 Plum 25-40 - Per kg

5 Guava 15-35 - Per guava

6 Jackfruit -

7 Banana 10-15 - Per kosa

8 Mango - -

MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/ Hybrid)

Remarks



3 Fish - -

4 Pork 200 - Per kg

5 Buff 325 - Per kg

6 Eggs (Chicken) 20-25 - Per Egg

7 Yak - -




Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks





5 Salt 35 - Per packet

(kg)

6 Sugar 95 - Per kg

7 Kerosene - -





Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Cement 950 - Per bag (50

kg)

2 Bricks 10 - Per brick (h= 2

in., l= 4 in.)

3 Bamboo 90-100 - Per bamboo

stick

4 Stones/

Aggregates

5,000 - Per m3


6 Wood 115 - Per feet length

LAND PRICES


1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 600,000 Per ropani



4 Khar Bari 50,000 Per aana

5 Pakha/ Bari 45,00 Per aana



1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) - Per day

2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) - Per day

3 Carpenter 1,800 Per day (senior)

1,500 Per day (junior)

4 Mason 850 Per day


LIVESTOCK


(Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow - 45,000 Per cow

2 Buffalo 75,000-90,000 - Per buffalo


4 He-Buffalo 40,000-45,000 - Per buffalo


(Male)

10,000-15,000 - Per goat



Market Survey for Prices of Commodities and Other Goods

Former VDC: Rumjatar Former Ward No.: 9

Settlement Name: Rumjatar Municipality: Siddhicharan-4

FOOD CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks





5 Barley - -

6 Lentils 250 - Per kg (Maas)

CASH CROPS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Potato 50-70 - Per kg


Vegetables

1 Cabbage 80-100 - Per kg

2 Cauliflower 80-100 - Per kg

FRUITS


Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Orange 10-25 - Per orange

2 Lemon/ Lime 10-25 - Per lemon

3 Apricot - -

4 Plum 25-40 - Per kg

5 Guava 15-35 - Per guava

6 Jackfruit -

7 Banana 10-15 - Per kosa

8 Mango - -

MEAT PRODUCTS


Available)

Price in Rs. (Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks



3 Fish - -

4 Pork 200 - Per kg

5 Buff 325 - Per kg

6 Eggs (Chicken) 20-25 - Per Egg

7 Yak - -



Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks






5 Salt 35 - Per packet (kg)

6 Sugar 95 - Per kg

7 Kerosene - -





Available)

Price in Rs.

(Imported)

Remarks

1 Cement 950 - Per bag (50 kg)

2 Bricks 10 - Per brick (h= 2 in., l=

4 in.)

3 Bamboo 90-100 - Per bamboo stick

4 Stones/ Aggregates 5,000 - Per m3


6 Wood 115 - Per feet length

LAND PRICES


1 Irrigated Land (Khet) 800,000 Per ropani



4 Khar Bari - -

5 Pakha/ Bari - -



1 Agricultural Laborer (Male) - Per day

2 Agricultural Laborer (Female) - Per day

3 Carpenter 1,800 Per day (senior)

1,500 Per day (junior)

4 Mason 850 Per day

LIVESTOCK


(Locally

Available)

Price in Rs.

(Broiler/

Hybrid)

Remarks

1 Cow - 45,000 Per cow

2 Buffalo 75,000-90,000 - Per buffalo


4 He-Buffalo 40,000-45,000 - Per buffalo


(Male)

10,000-15,000 - Per goat



Appendix XI: List of Person Consulted

SN Name Designation Address

1. Bijaya mani Bajracharya Acting Project Manager DTO, Okhaldhunga

2. Ganga Ram Koirala District Team Leader DISC

3. Dilli Sher Rai Sub-Engineer DISC

4. Hom Kumari Gurung Social Safeguard Officer DISC

5. Bishnu B. Bhattarai Officer Sidhicharan Municipality

6. Kul Prasad Dahal President Sidhicharan Municipality Ward no 5

7. Cholendra Kumar Khatiwada Secretait Sidhicharan Municipality -4

8. Keshar B. Katwal Vice- Principal Rumjatar H.S, Rumjatar

9. Dan B. Gurung Principal Shree Bhagwati Adharbhut School

10. Nani Raj Gurung Teacher Shree Rajyalaxmi H.S., Sanitar

11. Bechat Thakur DFO District Forest Office

12 Khila Dahal AFO District Forest Office

13. Mohini Dahal President Simdhara Pakha women CFUG

14 Rajan Dahal Officer DoLR

15 Supriya Tharu HA Health post Barnalu

16 Khadga B. Shrestha President Meghepatal CFUG


Appendix XII: Detail of Vegetation species

a. Trees from Community Forest

SN Name of the

Forest

From To Species Scientific Name No.

of

Trees

Compensatory

Plantation

(1:25)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total Cost

(NRs) Ch Ch

1 Megapatal

Community

Forest

1+800 2+220 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 7 175 153.7 26,897.50

Bajh Quercus lanata 3 75 153.7 11,527.50

Chilaune Schima wallichii 9 225 153.7 34,582.50

Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 3 75 153.7 11,527.50

Gurans Rhododendron arboretum 4 100 153.7 15,370.00

Kafal Myrica esculenta 2 50 153.7 7,685.00

Katus Castanopsis indica 19 475 153.7 73,007.50

Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Patle Castonopsis sps 4 100 153.7 15,370.00

Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 50 153.7 7,685.00

Sub-total 56 1400 215,180.00

2

SimdharaPakha

Community

Forest

7+290 7+400 Chilaune Schima wallichii 5 125 153.7 19,212.50

Jhigane Eurya acuminata 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Other 8 200 153.7 30,740.00

salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25 153.7 3,842.50

Uttis Alnus nepalensis 6 150 153.7 23,055.00

Sub-total 22 550 84,535.00

Total 78 1950 299,715.00


b. Trees from Private Land

SN Species Scientific name of trees No. of Trees Compensatory

Plantation (1:1)

Rate (NRs) Total Cost (NRs)

1 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 15 15 63.94 959.10

2 Chilaune Schima wallichii 10 10 63.94 639.40










12 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 1 63.94 63.94




16 Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea 63.94 -

17 Patle Castonopsis sps 1 1 63.94 63.94


19 Painyu Prunus cerasoides 10 10 63.94 639.40

20 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 5 5 63.94 319.70


22 Others 5 5 63.94 319.70

23 Bhimsenpati Buddleja asiatica 2 2 63.94 127.88

24 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii 25 25 63.94 1,598.50



27 Malato Macaranga pustulata 63.94 -

28 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 63.94 -

29 Nigalo Drepanostachyum intermedium 63.94 -


SN Species Scientific name of trees No. of Trees Compensatory

Plantation (1:1)

Rate (NRs) Total Cost (NRs)

30 Gurans Rhododendron arboretum 1 1 63.94 63.94


32 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 1 63.94 63.94





37 Timmur 1 1 63.94 63.94


39 Chilaune Schima wallichii 50 50 63.94 3,197.00

40 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 20 20 63.94 1,278.80

41 Chilaune Schima wallichii 20 20 63.94 1,278.80

42 Jhigane Eurya acuminata 10 10 63.94 639.40






48 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis 3 3 63.94 191.82






54 Malato Macaranga pustulata 2 2 63.94 127.88

Total 348 348 22251.12


c. Calculation of Plantation Cost in CF

Item No. Description Unit Total

quantity

Rate

(NRs.)

Amount (NRs.) Remarks

Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00

20 Plantation per ha

20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 515 1,545.00

20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 515 5,150.00 25% shrubs and grasses

20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00

20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 515 16,480.00 50% slope

20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 515 3,090.00 1 km distance

20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00

20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 515 10,300.00 Up to 50% slope

32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 515 9,270.00

32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 515 4,635.00

33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 515 12,875.00 Up to 50% slope

Sub-total 101,635.00

35 Fencing per 200 running meter

35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m

height

Persondays 8 515 4,120.00

35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter)

35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00

Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost

Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00

35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 14 515 28,840.00

35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 24 515 49,440.00

Sub-total 156,000.00

Total 257,635.00

Contingency (5%) 12,881.75

Grand Total 270,516.75

Per plant cost 153.70 1600+10% plants with 2.5m

x 2.5m spacing


d. Calculation of Plantation Cost in Private land

Item no. Description Unit Total

quantity

Rate

(NRs.)

Amount (NRs.) Remarks

Seedling cost No 1760 30 52,800.00

20 Plantation per ha

20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 515 1,545.00

20.5(a)i Pitting 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 515 16,480.00 50% slope

20.6(a) Seedling transportation Persondays 6 515 3,090.00 1 km

distance

20.6(b) Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 515 1,545.00

20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 515 10,300.00 Up to 50%

slope

32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 515 9,270.00

32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 515 4,635.00

33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 515 12,875.00 Up to 50%

slope

Total 112,540.00

Per plant cost 63.94


e. Compensatory Plantation Agreement

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f(Compensatory Plantation)

k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf] o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDk If]qdf k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

of] sfo{s|d k'glg{df0f tyf k'g:yfkgf sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg] 5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk

k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 .cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|:tfljt ;8s pk–cfof]hgf

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{ nfluPsf] pkcfof]hgf xf] .

cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ pk–cfof]hgf cf]vn9'Ëf lhNnfsf] l;l¢r/0f gu/kflnsfsf] j8f gF= !! /dfO{nf]

8Ff8f b]lv o;} gu/kflnsfsf] j8f gF $ sf ?Dhf6f/ hf]8\g] !!=!)) ls=dL= nfdf] lkr ;8s k'glg{df0f tyf k'g{:yfkgf ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf]

;fGb{lestf /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt of]hgfsf] nflu /fli6«o jg If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&$ cg';f/ cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut

pk/f]Qm cg';f/ cf]vn9'Ëf – ?Dhf6f/ ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos jg eP/ hfg] / sfl6g]?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n ! df lbO{Psf] 5 .

6]a'n ! ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut

l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g] ?v ;+Vof

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f ?v ;+Vof -!M@%_

la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut klxnf] ls:tf -g]=?=_

uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f nfut bf]>f] ls:tf -g]=?=_

hDdf nfut -g]=?=_

! d]3fkftfn ;f= j=

%^ !$)) !(@,*)*=)) @@,#&@=)) @!%,!*)=))

@ ;Ldwf/fkfvf ;f j=

@@ %%) &%,&$^=)) *,&*(=)) *$,%#%=))

hDdf &* !,(%) @^*,%%$=)) #!,!^!=)) @((,&!%=))


lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf

;d"xsf] aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf

-Agreement_kq

s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj

lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, cf]vn9'Ëf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@ a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

lhNnf jg sfof{no, cf]vn9'Ëf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOsf] sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

d]3fkftfn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] .

$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ ÷s]lGb|o cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .

v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] %^ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -!$)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @!%,!*)=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !(@,*)*=));DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @@,#&@=));DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] .

lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M gfdM kbM ldltM 5fkM




lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]

aLrdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf

-Agreement_kq

s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{, cf]vn9'Ëf

!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

lhNnf jg sfof{no,cf]vn9'Ëf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] . @= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOsf] sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ . #= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;Ldwf/f kfvf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x != a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ . @= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ ÷s]lGb|o cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .


v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ . @= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . #= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . $= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /

cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] @@ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -%%) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= *$,%#%=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? &%,&$^=))

;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?=*,&*(=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] .

lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] tkm{ af6





f. Plantation Plan in District

Compensatory Plantation

Requirements for Plantation Activities

1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUGs to discuss about the

plantation management

2) Agreement with DFO/CFUGs/DCC - Agreement will be done with DFO and DCC/DTO

for the compensatory plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO/CFUG nursery

From private nursery owner from districts

Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.

4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO

and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG.

6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cmx 30cm size will be dug.

7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites

8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Plantation in CF

Activities May18 June

18

July

18

Aug

18

Sep

18

Oct

18

Nov

18

Dec

18

Jan

19

Agreement with

DFO/CFUG/DLPIU

Managing planting

stock

Survey of

plantation area

Fencing

Pitting

Transportation of

seedlings

Planting

Weeding

Survival count


Plantation in Private Land

Coordination with affected landowner - Meeting will be held with concerned affected

landowner to discuss about the plantation trees in their land.

1) Managing planting stock

From DFO/CFUG nursery



2) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified in

coordination with affected landowner.

3) Protection- Protection of planted trees will be done by the landowner.

4) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on the species.


6) Planting - It will be done by the affected landowner and cost will be provided in the

starting of monsoon

7) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce weed competition.


Roadside Plantation

1) Coordination with local communities, Municipality and DFO - Meeting will be held with

concerned local communities, Municipality and DFO to discuss about the plantation

management

2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local

communities, Municipality and DFO for the road side plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO nursery



4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by

concerned local communities, Municipality, and DFO and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, Municipality and DFO.

6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species


8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation

Activities May 18 June 18 July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18

Agreement with local

communities, Municipality

and DFO

Managing planting stock

Survey of plantation area

Fencing

Pitting

Transportation of seedlings

Planting

Weeding

Survival count


Appendix XIII: Detail Information of Affected structure

a. Private structure

SN Picture Detail

1.

Chainage 0+210

Name of Owner Bhim Kumar Karki

(Absent During Field visit)

Address Siddhicharan Municipality -

11,Ramailo Danda

Structure Type 2

Built Year 2057

Present Status 1

Family Member (no.)

Food Sufficiency

(Month)

Total Agricultural

Income (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural

Income (NRs.)

Total Affected Area

(sqm)

55.80

Total cost (NRs.) 926726w

2.

Chainage 0+250

Name of Owner Bhim Kumar Karki

(Absent During the time of

Field visit)

Address Siddhicharan

Municipality,Ward

No.11,Ramailo Danda

Structure Type 5

Built Year 2065

Present Status 1

Family Member (no.)

Food Sufficiency

(Month)

Total Agricultural

Income (NRs.)


Income (NRs.)

Total Affected Area

(sqm)

25.2

Total cost (NRs.) 25000


3. Chainage (9+563)

Name of Owner Khem Prasad Dahal


Municipality,Ward

No.13,Kafalbot

Structure Type 2

Built Year 2051

Present Status 2

Family Member (no.) 10

Food Sufficiency

(Month)

6

Total Agricultural

Income (NRs.)

50,000.00


Income (NRs.)

187,000.00

Total Affected Area

(sqm)

26.2

Total cost (NRs.) 441772.77

4. Chainage (9+430)

Name of Owner Hom Kumari Dahal


Municipality,Ward

No.13,Kafalbot

Structure Type 2

Built Year 2067

Present Status 1


Food Sufficiency (Month) 10

Total Agricultural Income

(NRs.)

20,000.00


Income (NRs.)

75,000.00

Total Affected Area (sqm) 21.76



5.

Chainage (10+280)

Name of Owner Mina Dahal


Municipality,Ward

No.13,Kafalbot

Structure Type 2

Built Year 2051

Present Status 1




(NRs.)


Income (NRs.)

100000



6. Chainage (10+345)

Name of Owner Saraswoti Pradhan

Address Tinkune-4,Rumjatar

Structure Type 2

Built Year 2054

Present Status 3




(NRs.)

25,000


Income (NRs.)

600000





Name of Owner Pudki Shrestha


Structure Type 2

Built Year 2051

Present Status 1




(NRs.)

84,000


Income (NRs.)

20000




Name of Owner Lakhman tamang


Structure Type House

Built Year 2036

Present Status Partly damage




(NRs.)

Not found


Income (NRs.)

Not found

Total Affected Area (sqm) 18



Appendix XIV: Photographs

Road section at the starting point, Ramailo

danda

Road section at the end point, Rumjatar

Structure at Right of way Sisne Khola along the road alignment

Road section at Sanitar Road section with vehicular movement


Measuring road width along CF

AFO Okhaldhunga measuring the DBH of

tree at CF

Measuring the tree DBH at cultivated land Measuring the tree DBH at private forest

Gabion wall constructing to control landslide Marking the tree of CF at formation width


Study team with District forest staff and

DISC team

Interaction with former president of CF

Consultation meeting at Barnalu Consultation meeting at Sanitar

Interaction with project manager of the road Interaction with affected family

Okhaldhunga – Rumjatar Road Rehabilitation and ... Environmental Examination (IEE) of Okhaldhunga...

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