Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

16
A Condensed HISTORY Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY 1958 From Public Relations Department, Great Northern Railway Company, St. Paul 1, Minnesota

Transcript of Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

Page 1: Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

A CondensedHISTORY

Of The

GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

1958

FromPublic Relations Department, Great Northern Railway Company, St. Paul 1 , Minnesota

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Page 3: Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

THE GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

The G r e a t N o r t h e r n R a i l w a y s e r v e s a v a s t , d i v e r s i f i e d a n d p r o d u c t i v e r e g i o n

c o m p r i s i n g t he U p p e r M i d w e s t a n d the N o r t h w e s t .

On a s y s t e m 8 ,300 m i l e s i n l eng th , i t s t r a i n s c a r r y f r e i g h t , p a s s e n g e r s , m a i l

and e x p r e s s i n t he a r e a b e t w e e n the G r e a t L a k e s a n d the P a c i f i c O c e a n . T h e r a i l -

way o p e r a t e s i n W i s c o n s i n , M i n n e s o t a , N o r t h Dako ta , M o n t a n a , S o u t h Dako ta , I o w a

Idaho, Wa s h i n g t o n , O r e g o n and C a l i f o r n i a , a n d i n t he C a n a d i a n p r o v i n c e s o f M a n i -

toba a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a .

P r i n c i p a l m a i n l i n e s e x t e n d f r o m L a k e S u p e r i o r ( D u l u t h a n d S u p e r i o r ) a n d the

Tw i n C i t i e s (S t . P a u l and M i n n e a p o l i s ) o f M i n n e s o t a t o P u g e t Sound, o n the P a c i f i c

Coast. T h e s e l i n e s s e r v e t h e g r a i n , p o t a t o a n d s u g a r b e e t d i s t r i c t s o f the R e d R i v -

e r Va l l e y , N o r t h D a k o t a , M o n t a n a and e a s t e r n Wa s h i n g t o n ; t h e o i l t e r r i t o r y i n N o r t h

Dakota ; t h e g r a i n and c a t t l e c o u n t r y o f M o n t a n a , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e o i l , c o p p e r a n d

l u m b e r i n g i n d u s t r i e s o f t h a t s t a t e ; a p p l e a n d s o f t f r u i t d i s t r i c t s o f the We n a t c h e e

R i v e r Va l l e y i n Wa s h i n g t o n , a n d g r a i n and p e a - g r o w i n g a r e a s e l s e w h e r e i n t h a t

s tate; a n d l u m b e r i n g a n d f i s h p a c k i n g c e n t e r s o f P u g e t Sound.

O the r m a i n l i n e s s e r v e t h e M e s a b i I r o n Range i n M i n n e s o t a , a n d the f o r e s t s

of S o u t h - c e n t r a l O r e g o n a n d n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a . T h e l i n e s e r v i n g s o u t h e r n O r e g o n

and n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t he b a l a n c e o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s s y s t e m

by t r a c k a g e r i g h t s o v e r l i n e s o f o t h e r c o m p a n i e s , t o f o r m a n o r t h and s o u t h t h r o u g h

r o u t e o n the P a c i f i c C o a s t a n d be tween the N o r t h w e s t a n d C a l i f o r n i a .

The G r e a t N o r t h e r n was f o u n d e d b y J a m e s J . H i l l , k n o w n a n d r e m e m b e r e d as

" T h e E m p i r e B u i l d e r . " I n 1912, u p o n r e t i r i n g , h e s a i d : " M o s t m e n w h o have r e a l -

l y l i v e d have had , i n s o m e shape , t h e i r g r e a t , a d v e n t u r e . T h i s r a i l w a y i s m i n e .

T h r o u g h o u t h i s y e a r s o f c r e a t i n g , .en-coi)ra,ging a n d d i r e c t i n g , M r . H i l l ' s c r e e d

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was d e v e l o p m e n t o f the r e s o u r c e s o f the r e g i o n t he r a i l w a y s e r v e d . H e k n e w the

r a i l w a y c o u l d n o t p r o s p e r u n l e s s i t s t e r r i t o r y p r o s p e r e d . T h a t c o n c e p t i o n , t h a t

ob j ec t i ve , h a s g u i d e d the G r e a t N o r t h e r n t h r o u g h o u t i t s h i s t o r y .

M r . H i l l ' s " g r e a t a d v e n t u r e " began i n 1856. T h e n 18 y e a r s o f age, h e l e f t

h is b i r t h p l a c e , a f a r m c a r v e d f r o m the f o r e s t b y h i s p a r e n t s n e a r R o c k w o o d , a s e t -

t l e m e n t i n e a s t e r n O n t a r i o , C a n a d a . H e a s p i r e d t o be a s e a c a p t a i n i n O r i e n t a l c o m -

m e r c e a n d headed f o r t h e A t l a n t i c s e a b o a r d . N o t f i n d i n g a s e a f a r i n g j ob , h e s t a r t e d

Wes t t o s i g n on a s h i p s a i l i n g t o t he O r i e n t . E n r o u t e he p l a n n e d t o v i s i t a f r i e n d a t

F o r t G a r r y , n o w W i n n i p e g , M a n i t o b a .

The l a s t o x - c a r t c a r a v a n o f the s e a s o n had l e f t f o r t h e n o r t h b e f o r e he a r r i v e d

in J u l y, 1 8 5 6 a t St . P a u l , h e a d o f n a v i g a t i o n on the M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r . M r . H i l l h a d

to f i n d w o r k f o r t h e w i n t e r a n d d id , a s s h i p p i n g c l e r k i n the o f f i c e o f a M i s s i s s i p p i

R i v e r s t e a m b o a t c o m p a n y. H i s c a r e e r i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h u s began .

The M i n n e s o t a l e g i s l a t u r e , e a g e r f o r r a i l l i n e s i n i t s t e r r i t o r y , g r a n t e d c h a r -

t e r s a s e a r l y as 1853 a n d i s s u e d one i n 1857 t o t h e M i n n e s o t a & P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d

Company. T h e l a t t e r p r o v i d e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l i n e f r o m S t i l l w a t e r , M i n n . , o n

the St . C r o i x R i v e r , t o St . P a u l , S t . A n t h o n y ( n o w M i n n e a p o l i s ) a n d B r e c k e n r i d g e ,

and a n o t h e r b y w a y o f St. C l o u d t o St. V i n c e n t o n the C a n a d i a n b o r d e r .

T h e r e w e r e d e l a y s a n d d i f f i c u l t i e s . T h e St . P a u l & P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d C o m p a n y

a c q u i r e d the M i n n e s o t a & P a c i f i c ' s r i g h t s , c o m p l e t e d the f i r s t t e n m i l e s o f c o n s t r u c -

t i o n i n M i n n e s o t a - - f r o m St. P a u l t o St . A n t h o n y , n o w M i n n e a p o l i s - - a n d began r e g -

u l a r o p e r a t i o n s o n J u l y 2, 1 8 6 2 .

T r a i n e q u i p m e n t c a m e u p the M i s s i s s i p p i o n b a r g e s . T h e p i o n e e r w o o d - b u r n -

ing l o c o m o t i v e o f t he St . P a u l & P a c i f i c w a s n a m e d the W i l l i a m C r o o k s , a f t e r t h e

r a i l w a y ' s c h i e f e n g i n e e r. I t s t i l l i s N o . 1 o n the G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s l o c o m o t i v e r o s t e r

and i s o n p e r m a n e n t p u b l i c e x h i b i t i o n i n the St . P a u l U n i o n Depo t . I n 1939 t h e W i l -

l i a m C r o o k s w e n t t o a n d r e t u r n e d f r o m the N e w Yo r k W o r l d ' s F a i r u n d e r i t s o w n

p o w e r.

M r . H i l l w a t c h e d and l e a r n e d as r a i l e x p a n s i o n p r o g r e s s e d s l o w l y. I n 1865 he

e n t e r e d the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f i e l d o n h i s o w n accoun t , t o r e p r e s e n t a s t e a m b o a t l i n e

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connec t ing w i t h e a s t - b o u n d r a i l s a t l o w e r M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r p o i n t s . A y e a r l a t e r h e

was a g e n t f o r t h e F i r s t D i v i s i o n o f t h e St . P a u l & P a c i f i c . B y 1870 h e w a s i n a

p a r t n e r s h i p do ing g e n e r a l b u s i n e s s i n wood , c o a l a n d c o m m i s s i o n s , a n d i n a n o t h e r

to o p e r a t e a s t e a m b o a t s e r v i c e o n t he R e d R i v e r o f the N o r t h .

Success h e r e p r e c e d e d a c q u i s i t i o n i n 1 8 7 8 o f t h e St . P a u l & P a c i f i c , a n d t h e

F i r s t D i v i s i o n , S t . P a u l & P a c i f i c . M r . H i l l i n t e r e s t e d t h r e e m e n i n j o i n i n g h i m .

One w a s N o r m a n W. K i t t s o n ; t h e o t h e r s w e r e G e o r g e Stephen, p r e s i d e n t o f the B a n k

of M o n t r e a l w h o b e c a m e L o r d M o u n t Stephen, a n d D o n a l d A . S m i t h , c h i e f c o m m i s -

s i o n e r o f the H u d s o n ' s B a y C o m p a n y, l a t e r t o b e c o m e L o r d S t r a t h c o n a . T h e l a t t e r

two s u b s e q u e n t l y g a i n e d f a m e a s p i o n e e r r a i l w a y b u i l d e r s i n Canada.

The p r o p e r t i e s w e r e r e o r g a n i z e d i n 1879 a s t h e St . P a u l , M i n n e a p o l i s & M a n i -

toba R a i l w a y C o m p a n y. S e t t l e r s c a m e . B y 1881 t h e M a n i t o b a c o m p a n y o p e r a t e d 695

m i l e s o f t r a c k . R a i l r e a c h e d w e s t t o D e v i l s L a k e , N . D. b y 1885 a n d on s o m e n o r t h

and s o u t h b r a n c h e s . C o l o n i z a t i o n p r o g r e s s e d and t r a f f i c g r e w . M o n t a n a w a s r e a c h e d

in 1887 t o c o n n e c t w i t h o t h e r l i n e s o p e r a t i n g t o t he P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t .

On S e p t e m b e r 18 , 1 8 8 9 t h e n a m e o f the o l d M i n n e a p o l i s & St . C l o u d R a i l r o a d

C o m p a n y was c h a n g e d t o G r e a t N o r t h e r n R a i l w a y C o m p a n y. T h e l a t t e r , o n F e b r u -

a r y 1 , 1 8 9 0 , t o o k o v e r p r o p e r t i e s o f t he St . P a u l , M i n n e a p o l i s & M a n i t o b a R a i l w a y

Company and w h e n 1890 ended w a s o p e r a t i n g 3 ,260 m i l e s . T h e M i n n e a p o l i s & St .

C loud c h a r t e r , i s s u e d i n 1856, h a d been p u r c h a s e d b y the H i l l g r o u p i n 1881.

The R o c k y M o u n t a i n s l o o m e d ahead, a n d beyond , t h e P a c i f i c . J o h n F. S t e v e n s ,

a l o c a t i n g e n g i n e e r, w a s engaged t o d e t e r m i n e a n e a s y, l o w - a l t i t u d e r o u t e o v e r t h e

R o c k y M o u n t a i n s . H e f o u n d M a r i a s P a s s , a t t he h e a d w a t e r s o f t he M a r i a s r i v e r i n

Montana . A b r o n z e s t a t u e o f the e n g i n e e r a s h e a p p e a r e d t h a t w i n t r y d a y i n 1 8 8 9 n o w

stands a t S u m m i t , M o n t . , 1 2 m i l e s w e s t o f G l a c i e r P a r k s t a t i o n , w i t h i n a s t o n e ' s

t h r o w o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s p a s s i n g t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l t r a i n s . S u m m i t , 5 , 2 1 3 f e e t above

sea l e v e l , i s t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t o n t he r a i l w a y ' s t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l l i n e .

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f the P a c i f i c C o a s t e x t e n s i o n w e s t w a r d f r o m n e a r H a v r e , M o n t .

began i n 1890. T h e f i n a l s p i k e w a s d r i v e n n e a r Scen i c , W a s h . , o n J a n u a r y 6, 1 8 9 3 ,

c o m p l e t i n g t h e t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l p r o j e c t . B y m i d s u m m e r o f 1893 S e a t t l e a n d the E a s t

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w e r e l i n k e d b y r e g u l a r s e r v i c e .

O the r d e v e l o p m e n t i n the t e r r i t o r y m o v e d f o r w a r d w i t h m a i n and b r a n c h l i n e

c o n s t r u c t i o n , f o r s u c c e s s o f M r . H i l l ' s p l a n s depended upon q u i c k and s o u n d c o l o n -

i z a t i o n . H e h a d t o s e l l h i s c o u n t r y, t o m a k e g o o d a f t e r t h e s e t t l e r m o v e d in . O n l y

then w o u l d m o r e s e t t l e r s c o m e .

E a r l i e r M r . H i l l h a d s o l d a n d s e t u p one o f M i n n e s o t a ' s f i r s t t h r e s h i n g m a -

ch ines, h a n d l e d t he f i r s t s h i p m e n t o f M i n n e s o t a - g r o w n w h e a t a n d f r o m b r o w n o f f i c e

paper c u t a s t e n c i l f o r t h e l a b e l o n the f i r s t b a r r e l o f M i n n e s o t a - m i l l e d f l o u r . N o w

he a d v o c a t e d c r o p d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , s h o w e d f a r m e r s h o w to i m p r o v e m e t h o d s . H e i m -

p o r t e d p u r e b r e d c a t t l e f r o m a b r o a d and d i s t r i b u t e d t h e m a m o n g t h e f a r m e r s . H e l a i d

h is r a i l s , t h e n l a b o r e d t o c r e a t e t r a f f i c f o r h i s t r a i n s .

Subs id ies o f l a r g e g r a n t s o f l a n d a n d c a s h had h e l p e d b u i l d e a r l i e r l i n e s t o t he

P a c i f i c c o a s t . M r . H i l l ' s v e n t u r e w a s u n i q u e i n t h a t l a n d g r a n t s o r o t h e r g o v e r n -

m e n t a i d s w e r e n e i t h e r s o u g h t n o r g i v e n . O n l y g o v e r n m e n t l a n d s e v e r r e c e i v e d b y

M r . H i l l ' s c o m p a n y w e r e t h o s e a t t a c h e d t o 600 m i l e s o f r a i l w a y i n M i n n e s o t a c o n -

s t r u c t e d b y p r e d e c e s s o r c o m p a n i e s a n d a c q u i r e d b y p u r c h a s e .

E x p a n s i o n w e n t on . A c c e s s w a s g i v e n to w h a t p r o v e d t o be t h e l a r g e i r o n o r e

depos i t s i n N o r t h e r n M i n n e s o t a . I n c r e a s i n g tonnage o f o r e w a s m o v e d f o r t h e n a -

t i o n ' s i r o n and s t e e l . T o d a y G r e a t N o r t h e r n owns a n d o p e r a t e s t h e w o r l d ' s l a r g e s t

i r o n o r e d o c k s , a t S u p e r i o r , W i s . H e r e o r e i s l o a d e d o n G r e a t L a k e s v e s s e l s f o r

s h i p m e n t e a s t w a r d .

M i l e a g e e x c e e d e d 5 ,000 b y 1901. A n o u t l e t t o a n d f r o m C h i c a g o w a s needed .

To p r o v i d e t h i s , G r e a t N o r t h e r n and the N o r t h e r n P a c i f i c R a i l w a y C o m p a n y j o i n t l y

a c q u i r e d c o n t r o l o f the C h i c a g o , B u r l i n g t o n & Q u i n c y R a i l r o a d i n 1901.

G r e a t N o r t h e r n and the N o r t h e r n P a c i f i c i n 1905 f o r m e d the Spokane, P o r t -

land & Sea t t l e R a i l w a y C o m p a n y, w h i c h b u i l t a l i n e b e t w e e n Spokane a n d P o r t l a n d .

Subsequent l y, t h a t c o m p a n y a c q u i r e d v a r i o u s l i n e s i n O r e g o n b y p u r c h a s e , l e a s e

and b u i l d i n g .

U t i l i z i n g t r a c k a g e r i g h t s , G r e a t N o r t h e r n began o p e r a t i n g t r a i n s b e t w e e n

Seat t le a n d P o r t l a n d i n 1910.

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In 1912 c o m p l e t i o n o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s S u r r e y cu to f f , b e t w e e n F a r g o and S u r -

r e y, N . D . , r e d u c e d the t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l r o u t e b y 52 m i l e s .

In 1907 M r . H i l l l e f t t he r a i l w a y ' s p r e s i d e n c y t o b e c o m e c h a i r m a n o f the

board . H e r e t i r e d i n 1912 f r o m the c h a i r m a n s h i p and a c t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t he r a i l -

r o a d s y s t e m h i s g e n i u s h a d c r e a t e d .

On M a y 29, 1 9 1 6 M r . H i l l d i e d i n St . P a u l , t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s c i t y o f the s t r o n g

r a i l w a y he h a d founded a n d deve loped . T h u s e n d e d the l i f e s p a n w h i c h began w i t h h i s

b i r t h on S e p t e m b e r 16 , 1 8 3 8 i n a l o g house o n the C a n a d i a n f r o n t i e r .

F a m e a s a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n gen ius a n d " E m p i r e B u i l d e r " h a s l a r g e l y e c l i p s e d M r .

H i l l ' s o t h e r n o t e w o r t h y a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . H e h e l p e d b u i l d t he C a n a d i a n P a c i f i c . H i s

a d d r e s s e s o n e c o n o m i c t o p i c s a r e w e l l w o r t h r e a d i n g i n the l i g h t o f l a t e r h i s t o r y . H e

became a n a u t h o r i t y on a g r i c u l t u r e a n d l i v e s t o c k . E x p e r i m e n t a l f a r m s a n d c r e d i t f a -

c i l i t i e s f o r p r o d u c e r s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d . C o n s e r v a t i o n o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s w a s a d v o -

cated. M a n y c h a r a c t e r - b u i l d i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s c a r r y on n o w w i t h t h e

a i d o f h i s e n d o w m e n t s .

W o r l d W a r I and f e d e r a l c o n t r o l o f the n a t i o n ' s r a i l l i n e s p r e c e d e d the 1 9 2 0 -

1930 p e r i o d o f e x t e n s i v e i m p r o v e m e n t s t o G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s f a c i l i t i e s . A b o u t

$160, 000, 000 w a s s p e n t i n t he decade .

A n e a s i e r c r o s s i n g o f the C a s c a d e m o u n t a i n s i n W e s t e r n Wa s h i n g t o n w a s c o m -

p le ted i n 1929. T h i s i n c l u d e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the C a s c a d e t u n n e l , 7 . 7 9 m i l e s i n

leng th and l o n g e s t r a i l w a y t u n n e l t o d a y i n t he W e s t e r n H e m i s p h e r e ; r e l o c a t i o n o f 43

m i l e s o f l i n e , a n d e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n o f 74 m i l e s b e t w e e n Wena tchee a n d S k y k o m i s h ,

Wash. M a x i m u m e l e v a t i o n i n c r o s s i n g t h e C a s c a d e s w a s r e d u c e d f r o m 3 ,383 t o 2 ,881

feet above s e a l e v e l . F o r t y - t h r e e m i l e s o f s t e e p and w i n d i n g m o u n t a i n t r a c k a g e w a s

r e p l a c e d b y 34 m i l e s o f e a s i e r , f a s t e r , e l e c t r i f i e d l i n e .

W i th the c o m p l e t i o n o f a g i a n t v e n t i l a t i o n p r o j e c t f o r t h e C a s c a d e t u n n e l i n

la te s u m m e r o f 1956, t h e e r a o f e l e c t r i f i e d o p e r a t i o n on G r e a t N o r t h e r n ended.

A t t h a t t i m e t h e 7 4 m i l e s o f m a i n l i n e a n d 21 m i l e s o f y a r d s a n d s i d i n g s t h e n e l e c -

t r i f i e d b e c a m e f u l l y d i e s e l i z e d .

The o r i g i n a l l i n e b u i l t i n the C a s c a d e s i n 1892 w a s c a r r i e d o v e r t h e s u m m i t

Page 8: Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

- 6 -on a s e r i e s o f s w i t c h b a c k s , w i t h m a x i m u m e l e v a t i o n o f 4 ,059 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v e l .

In 1900 a t u n n e l 2 . 63 m i l e s i n l e n g t h w a s c o m p l e t e d , r e d u c i n g s u m m i t e l e v a t i o n t o

3,383 f e e t . T h i s b o r e , e l e c t r i f i e d i n 1909, w a s s u p p l a n t e d b y the t u n n e l c o m p l e t e d

in 1929.

The E m p i r e B u i l d e r , t h e t o p t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l p a s s e n g e r t r a i n o f the l i n e , b e -

gan o p e r a t i n g i n d a i l y s e r v i c e b e t w e e n C h i c a g o and the P a c i f i c C o a s t i n 1929, s o o n

a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e C a s c a d e p r o j e c t . I n 1 9 4 7 a n d a g a i n i n 1 9 5 1 t h e E m p i r e

B u i l d e r n a m e p a s s e d t o a f l e e t o f n e w t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l s t r e a m l i n e r s . T h e a d d i t i o n

of 22 c o l o r f u l " G r e a t D o m e s " t o t he E m p i r e B u i l d e r f l e e t i n 1955 f u r t h e r e m b e l l i s h -

ed i t s l o n g - s t a n d i n g r e p u t a t i o n as one o f the f i n e s t t r a i n s i n the n a t i o n .

The G r e a t N o r t h e r n s y s t e m i s k n o w n as " T h e R o u t e o f the E m p i r e B u i l d e r .

The b a s i s o f t h i s i s d u a l , f o r i t p a y s t r i b u t e t o the m e m o r y and a c h i e v e m e n t s o f

James J . H i l l and a l s o d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e l i n e ' s p r i n c i p a l p a s s e n g e r t r a i n , w h i c h t r a -

v e r s e s t h e l a r g e t e r r i t o r y t o w h i c h M r . H i l l d e v o t e d h i s l i f e .

The f i r s t G r e a t N o r t h e r n t r a i n i n t o K l a m a t h F a l l s , O r e . , w a s o p e r a t e d i n 1928,

a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n and a c q u i s i t i o n o f t r a c k a g e . C o n s t r u c t i o n f r o m K l a m a t h F a l l s t o

B i e b e r, C a l i f . , g a v e a d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n , t h r o u g h the W e s t e r n P a c i f i c , w i t h San F r a n -

c i s c o i n 1931. O n l y f r e i g h t s e r v i c e i s m a i n t a i n e d o n t h i s l i n e .

I n c r e a s e d m a i n t e n a n c e a n d i m p r o v e m e n t p r o g r a m s w e r e i n a u g u r a t e d . W h e n

t r a f f i c s o a r e d f r o m the l o w p lanes o f the 1 9 3 0 ' s t o e v e r - h i g h e r l e v e l s i n the p r e - w a r

and w a r p e r i o d s , G r e a t N o r t h e r n was r e a d y f o r i t s b i g t a s k .

The r a i l w a y w a s b u s y as a m i l i t a r y s u p p l y l i n e i n W o r l d W a r I I . N e w y e a r l y

a l l - t i m e r e c o r d s f o r f r e i g h t t r a f f i c w e r e s e t c o n s e c u t i v e l y i n 1942, 1 9 4 3 a n d 1 9 4 4 ,

and f o r p a s s e n g e r v o l u m e i n 1944 and 1945.

In t h e a l l - t i m e r e c o r d f r e i g h t y e a r o f 1944, t o n m i l e s ( a t o n m i l e m e a n i n g

m o v e m e n t o f a t o n o f f r e i g h t one m i l e ) t o t a l e d 19 ,586 ,780 ,000 . I n t he a l l - t i m e r e -

c o r d p a s s e n g e r y e a r o f 1945, p a s s e n g e r m i l e s ( e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f

one p a s s e n g e r one m i l e ) a m o u n t e d t o 1 , 305, 138, 000. I n 1957 r e v e n u e t o n m i l e s t o -

t a l ed 17, 677, 654, 496 a n d p a s s e n g e r m i l e s 450 , 060, 551.

The h e a v y w a r t i m e t r a f f i c w a s h a n d l e d b y a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f d i e s e l l o c o -

Page 9: Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

- 7 -m o t i v e s , a s w e l l a s o i l and c o a l - b u r n i n g s t e a m l o c o m o t i v e s a n d b y e l e c t r i c m o t i v e

p o w e r i n the C a s c a d e s a r e a . I m p r o v e m e n t o f o t h e r r a i l w a y f a c i l i t i e s c o n t i n u e d a l -

so, s u b j e c t t o w a r t i m e c o n d i t i o n s .

The p r o g r a m o f b e t t e r m e n t s h a s p r o g r e s s e d s t e a d i l y s i n c e t h e w a r ended .

F o r e x a m p l e , d u r i n g 1956 t he c a s h e x p e n d i t u r e f o r p r o p e r t y i m p r o v e m e n t s w a s

$22, 908, 723, a n d i n 1957, $ 3 5 , 111 , 298. O f the l a t t e r $ I O , 574, 007 w e n t t o f i x e d p r o -

p e r t y and $24 , 537, 290 w a s i n v e s t e d i n n e w e q u i p m e n t .

The r a i l w a y i n 1944 p r o d u c e d t he A m e r i c a n r a i l r o a d i n d u s t r y ' s f i r s t p l y w o o d -

s t e e l - l u m b e r b o x c a r s , a n d t h e r e a f t e r c o n s t r u c t e d 2 ,000. E a c h i s t w o t o n s l i g h t e r

than e a r l i e r c o n v e n t i o n a l s t e e l b o x c a r s .

G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s g a l a x y o f s t r e a m l i n e d t r a i n s b e g a n t o t a k e f o r m w i t h t he a n -

nouncemen t i n 1944 - - d u r i n g w a r t i m e - - t h a t f i v e c o m p l e t e l y n e w E m p i r e B u i l d e r s

wou ld go i n t o s e r v i c e b e t w e e n C h i c a g o a n d the P a c i f i c N o r t h w e s t as s o o n as t h e y

cou ld be c o n s t r u c t e d .

On F e b r u a r y 23, 1 9 4 7 t h e s e s t r e a m l i n e r s , e a c h o f 12 c a r s a n d a 4, 0 0 0 - h o r s e -

powe r, t w o - u n i t d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c l o c o m o t i v e , b e g a n d a i l y s e r v i c e . G r e a t N o r t h e r n

was t h e f i r s t n o r t h e r n t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l s y s t e m t o i n a u g u r a t e t h i s s t r e a m l i n e r s e r -

v i ce a n d t he f i r s t a m o n g t h e s e l i n e s t o o f f e r p a s s e n g e r s e r v i c e o n a 4 5 - h o u r s c h e d u l e

be tween C h i c a g o o n the e a s t , a n d Sea t t l e a n d P o r t l a n d on t he w e s t .

These w e r e t h e f i r s t c o m p l e t e l y n e w s l e e p e r a n d c o a c h t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l t r a i n s

b u i l t i n the n a t i o n a f t e r W o r l d W a r I I ended and s i n c e b e f o r e t h e U n i t e d S ta tes e n t e r e d

the c o n f l i c t .--,

A n o t h e r c o m p l e t e l y n e w f l e e t o f f i v e E m p i r e B u i l d e r s t r e a m l i n e r s - - t h e t h i r d

g e n e r a t i o n u n d e r t h i s n a m e - - e n t e r e d s e r v i c e o n June 3 , 1 9 5 1 . E a c h had 15 c a r s

and a 4 , 5 0 0 - h o r s e p o w e r , t h r e e - u n i t d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c l o c o m o t i v e . T h i s t r a i n , a g a i n

p r e s e n t i n g t h e m o s t m o d e r n e q u i p m e n t and a c c o m o d a t i o n s , t o o k o v e r t h e r u n and

schedu le o f i t s p r e d e c e s s o r . I n the s u m m e r a n d e a r l y f a l l o f 1955, t h e a d d i t i o n o f

f o u r d o m e c a r s - - t h r e e d o m e c o a c h e s a n d a f u l l l e n g t h d o m e l o u n g e - - t o e a c h o f

the f i v e s t r e a m l i n e r s b r o u g h t t h e u l t i m a t e i n m o d e r n i z a t i o n . A l t h o u g h the p r e s e n t

c o n s i s t o f the E m p i r e B u i l d e r r e m a i n s a t 15 p a s s e n g e r - c a r r y i n g c a r s , i t i s n o w

Page 10: Of The GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY

- 8 -

p o w e r e d b y a 6 , 0 0 0 - h o r s e p o w e r, f o u r - u n i t l o c o m o t i v e .

A l s o on June 3 , 1 9 5 1 t h e f i v e s t r e a m l i n e r s t h a t began o p e r a t i n g i n 1947, p l u s

a s i x t h c o m p l e t e l y n e w t r a i n , w e r e g i v e n the n a m e o f W e s t e r n S t a r, a n d the W e s t e r n

Star b e c a m e t h e c o m p a n i o n t r a i n o f the E m p i r e B u i l d e r b e t w e e n C h i c a g o o n the east

and Sea t t l e a n d P o r t l a n d o n the w e s t . E a c h W e s t e r n S t a r h a s a b a s i c l e n g t h o f 14

c a r s , a n d i s d r a w n b y a 4 , 5 0 0 - h o r s e p o w e r , t h r e e - u n i t d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c l o c o m o t i v e .

Thus t r a v e l e r s o n G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l l i n e h a v e t h e i r c h o i c e o f

two d a i l y s t r e a m l i n e r s b o t h w e s t w a r d and e a s t w a r d . B e t w e e n C h i c a g o a n d St. P a u l

the r o u t e o f the E m p i r e B u i l d e r a n d the W e s t e r n S t a r i s B u r l i n g t o n L i n e s , a n d b e -

tween St. P a u l a n d Sea t t l e i t i s G r e a t N o r t h e r n . B e t w e e n Spokane a n d P o r t l a n d ,

c a r s f r o m b o t h s t r e a m l i n e r s a r e a p a r t o f c o n n e c t i n g t r a i n s o f t he Spokane, P o r t -

l and & Sea t t l e R a i l w a y.

When the i n i t i a l t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l s t r e a m l i n e r f l e e t t o o k o v e r t h e E m p i r e

B u i l d e r n a m e i n 1947, a n o t h e r f a m o u s G r e a t N o r t h e r n t r a i n n a m e w a s r e v i v e d - - t o

be r e t i r e d once m o r e i n 1951.

In 1947 t he O r i e n t a l L i m i t e d n a m e w a s g i v e n t o t he s i x c o n v e n t i o n a l - t y p e t r a i n s

w h i c h s i n c e 1929 h a d o p e r a t e d as t h e f i r s t - g e n e r a t i o n E m p i r e B u i l d e r . W h e n the

f l e e t o f E m p i r e B u i l d e r s t h a t w a s n e w i n 1947 - - t h e s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n o f t h a t t r a i n

n a m e - - w a s r e - n a m e d W e s t e r n S t a r i n 1951, t h e l a t t e r t o o k o v e r t h e r u n and s c h e -

dule o f the O r i e n t a l L i m i t e d a n d the l a t t e r n a m e w a s d r o p p e d .

O r i e n t a l L i m i t e d f i r s t b e c a m e a G r e a t N o r t h e r n n a m e i n 1905, w h e n the t r a i n

began o p e r a t i n g a s a n i m p o r t a n t l i n k w i t h t r a d e o f t he O r i e n t i n t he e m p i r e - b u i l d i n g

e r a o f J a m e s J . H i l l . N e w e q u i p m e n t i n 1924 added t o i t s r e p u t a t i o n as t h e f i n e s t

t r a i n o f the t i m e . I n 1931, t w o y e a r s a f t e r t h e f i r s t f l e e t b e a r i n g t he E m p i r e B u i l d -

er t i t l e w e n t i n t o o p e r a t i o n , t h e O r i e n t a l L i m i t e d was " h o n o r a b l y d i s c h a r g e d " a s a

name t r a i n . T h e O r i e n t a l L i m i t e d des igna t i on then r e m a i n e d unused un t i l the 1947 r e v i v a l .

In June , 1 9 5 0 t h r e e a d d i t i o n a l a n d c o m p l e t e l y n e w s t r e a m l i n e r s , e a c h o f f i v e

c a r s a n d d i e s e l p o w e r e d , b e g a n o p e r a t i n g , a l l o n s c h e d u l e s f a s t e r t h a n p r e v i o u s l y

e f f ec t i ve . T w o c a r r y the I n t e r n a t i o n a l n a m e a n d t o g e t h e r m a k e t h r e e r o u n d t r i p s

d a i l y b e t w e e n S e a t t l e a n d Va n c o u v e r , B . C. T h e t h i r d , t h e R e d R i v e r , t r a v e l s a

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r ound t r i p d a i l y b e t w e e n St. P a u l and G r a n d F o r k s , N . D.

P r e s i d e n t s o f t he G r e a t N o r t h e r n f o l l o w i n g J a m e s J . H i l l have b e e n L o u i s W.

H i l l S r . , 1 9 0 7 - 1 9 1 2 ; C a r l R . G r a y , 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 4 ; L o u i s W . H i l l S r . , ( w h o was c h a i r -

m a n o f t he B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s f r o m 1912 t o 1929) , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 9 ; R a l p h B u d d , 1 9 1 9 -

1931; W i l l i a m P. K e n n e y, 1 9 3 2 - 1 9 3 9 ; F r a n k J . G a v i n , ( w h o b e c a m e c h a i r m a n o f

the B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s i n 1951) , 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 5 1 ; a n d s i n c e 1951 J o h n M . B u d d .

T h r o u g h o u t t he y e a r s , t h e r a i l w a y ' s A g r i c u l t u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t D e p a r t m e n t has

been a c t i v e i n b e h a l f o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s t e r r i t o r y . W i t h agen ts a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s ,

the d e p a r t m e n t h a s f u r t h e r e d d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n , d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w c r o p s a n d m a r -

kets , i r r i g a t i o n i n a r e a s o f i n a d e q u a t e p r e c i p i t a t i o n , c o n s e r v a t i o n and r e s t o r a t i o n

of s o i l f e r t i l i t y , a n d o t h e r b e n e f i c i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s .

In a c l o s e l y a l l i e d f i e l d , t h e r a i l w a y ' s I n d u s t r i a l D e p a r t m e n t has f o s t e r e d i n -

d u s t r i a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t i n the t e r r i t o r y . N e w i n d u s t r i e s e s t a b l i s h e d

a long G r e a t N o r t h e r n t r a c k s i n 1957 n u m b e r e d 163, w i t h a t o t a l o f n e a r l y 3 , 400 l o -

cated on the c o m p a n y ' s p r o p e r t i e s i n the p e r i o d f r o m 1946 t h r o u g h 1957.

In 1956, i n t he i n t e r e s t s o f m o r e e f f e c t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n , t h e s e t w o a c t i v i t i e s

w e r e c o n s o l i d a t e d i n a s i n g l e I n d u s t r i a l and A g r i c u l t u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t D e p a r t m e n t .

A n o t h e r r e l a t e d f u n c t i o n i s t h a t o f the M i n e r a l D e v e l o p m e n t D e p a r t m e n t , w h i c h i s

conce rned w i t h m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t .

The G r e a t N o r t h e r n i s t h e o n l y r a i l w a y s e r v i n g G l a c i e r N a t i o n a l P a r k , i n M o n -

tana. T h i s t h i r d l a r g e s t n a t i o n a l p a r k , w h i c h i s o n the r a i l w a y ' s m a i n l i n e , w a s

e s t a b l i s h e d b y C o n g r e s s i n 1910. T h e G l a c i e r P a r k C o m p a n y, o p e r a t i n g h o t e l s a n d

cab in c a m p s i n t h e p a r k , a n d the G l a c i e r P a r k T r a n s p o r t C o m p a n y, p r o v i d i n g bus

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a r e b o t h a f f i l i a t e s o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n . T h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n goa t , o f -

ten s e e n b y p a r k v i s i t o r s , i s t h e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g f e a t u r e o f t he r a i l w a y ' s w e l l - k n o w n

t r a d e m a r k .

As 1 9 5 8 began f r e i g h t - t r a i n c a r s n u m b e r e d 45, 962, a n d p a s s e n g e r - t r a i n c a r s

660. L o c o m o t i v e s t o t a l e d 477, i n c l u d i n g 3 0 s t e a m a n d 447 d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c s m a d e u p

of 641 u n i t s . G r e a t N o r t h e r n r e t i r e d i t s f l e e t o f 15 e l e c t r i c l o c o m o t i v e s i n 1956,

w i t h the t e r m i n a t i o n o f e l e c t r i f i e d o p e r a t i o n s t h r o u g h the C a s c a d e M o u n t a i n s .

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-1 0-

The o l d " i r o n h o r s e " h a d a l l b u t d i s a p p e a r e d f r o m G r e a t N o r t h e r n b y the e n d

of 1957. T h e f e w s t e a m eng ines s t i l l c a r r i e d o n the r a i l w a y ' s l o c o m o t i v e r o s t e r

w e r e a l m o s t t o t a l l y i n a c t i v e d u r i n g t h e y e a r . A l l r e g u l a r l y - s c h e d u l e d f r e i g h t and

p a s s e n g e r t r a i n s a r e n o w p o w e r e d b y d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c l o c o m o t i v e s . O n e e x c e p t i o n

is t h e s e l f - p r o p e l l e d R D C ( r a i l d i e s e l c a r ) w h i c h p r o v i d e s p a s s e n g e r, e x p r e s s a n d

baggage s e r v i c e b e t w e e n G r e a t F a l l s a n d B i l l i n g s , H e l e n a a n d B u t t e , M o n t a n a .

E x t e n s i v e u s e o f r a d i o i n f r e i g h t t r a i n o p e r a t i o n and i n s w i t c h i n g a n d y a r d

a r e a s b e g a n i n 1953, a n d e a r l y 1956 s a w the c o m p l e t i o n o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s v e r y

h igh f r e q u e n c y r a d i o n e t w o r k be tween the T w i n C i t i e s a n d the P a c i f i c C o a s t . R a d i o

is n o w found on p a s s e n g e r, f r e i g h t and y a r d eng ines , o n cabooses , o n s n o w - f i g h t i n g

and o t h e r m a i n t e n a n c e e q u i p m e n t , a n d o n s u p e r v i s o r s ' r a i l c a r s a n d a u t o m o b i l e s .

C o m p l e t i o n o f c e n t r a l i z e d t r a f f i c c o n t r o l p r o j e c t s a u t h o r i z e d f o r 1957 b o o s t e d

the r a i l w a y ' s C T C m i l e a g e t o 287 b y the e n d o f the y e a r ; a n d a t t he s a m e t i m e t h e

m i l e a g e o f c o n t i n u o u s w e l d e d r a i l ( " r i b b o n r a i l " ) w a s i n c r e a s e d t o 122.

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n ' s l a r g e s t f r e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n y a r d , a t M i n o t ,

N o r t h D a k o t a , w a s b e g u n i n 1955 a n d c o m p l e t e d i n the e a r l y F a l l o f 1956. T h i s

u l t r a - m o d e r n e l e c t r o n i c " p u s h - b u t t o n " y a r d , b u i l t a t a c o s t o f 6 - 1 / 2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s ,

was d e d i c a t e d on O c t o b e r 12 , 1 9 5 6 , a n d n a m e d i n h o n o r o f F r a n k J . G a v i n , G r e a t

N o r t h e r n ' s s e v e n t h p r e s i d e n t .

F r e i g h t p i g g y b a c k i n g , o r t r a i l e r - o n - f l a t - c a r s e r v i c e , w a s i n a u g u r a t e d on t he

G r e a t N o r t h e r n i n 1954 and has b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l l y expanded s i n c e t h a t t i m e .

The r a i l w a y h a d an ave•rage o f 24, 968 f u l l - t i m e e m p l o y e s i n 1957. T o t a l p a y -

r o l l f o r t h e y e a r w a s $136 , 381, 881, w h i l e t a x e s w e r e $33 , 385, 948. N e t i n c o m e f o r

1957 w a s $26 , 643, 515. A n d a t t he c l o s e o f 1957 t h e c o m p a n y ' s 6 , 078, 566 s h a r e s o f

c a p i t a l s t o c k w e r e o w n e d b y 38, 158 s t o c k h o l d e r s .

The d i v e r s i f i e d c h a r a c t e r o f the t e r r i t o r y s e r v e d and t r a f f i c c a r r i e d i s r e -

vea led i n the f o l l o w i n g a n a l y s i s o f G r e a t N o r t h e r n g r o s s f r e i g h t r e v e n u e s b y c o m -

m o d i t y g r o u p s i n 1957: P r o d u c t s o f a g r i c u l t u r e , 3 2 . 0 p e r c e n t ; a n i m a l s a n d p r o d u c t s ,

2. 0; p r o d u c t s o f m i n e s , 1 9 . 2 ; p r o d u c t s o f f o r e s t s , 1 4 . 4 ; m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d m i s c e l -

laneous , 3 0 . 2; a l l l e s s t h a n c a r l o a d f r e i g h t , 2 . 2 p e r c e n t .

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DIRECTORS

J. STEWART BAKER, Chairman Executive Committee, The Chase Manhattan Bank, New York.JOHN M. BUDD, President, Great Northern Railway Company, St. Paul.

THOMAS L. DANIELS, President, Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Minneapolis.FRANK J. GAVIN, Chairman of the Board, Great Northern Railway Company, St. Paul.

F. PEAVEY HEFFELFINGER, President, F. H. Peavey & Company, Minneapolis.GRANT KEEHN, Executive Vice President and Assistant to the Chairman,

The First National City Bank of New York, New York.RICHARD C. LILLY, Director, First National Bank of Saint Paul, St. Paul.

WILLIAM L. McKNIGHT, Chairman of the Board, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company,St. Paul.

JAMES F. OATES, JR., Chairman, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States,New York.

WALTER G. SEEGER, Director, Whirlpool Corporation, St. Paul.FREDERICK K. WEYERHAEUSER, President, Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, St. Paul.

ARCHIBALD W. WITHERSPOON, Chairman of the Board, The Old National Bank of Spokane, Spokane.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

JOHN M. BUDD F R A N K J. GAVINF. PEAVEY HEFFELFINGER R I C H A R D C. LILLYWILLIAM L. McKNIGHT W A L T E R G. SEEGER

FREDERICK K. WEYERHAEUSER

OFFICERS

F. J. GAVIN, Chairman of the Board, St. Paul.J. M. BUDD, President, St. Paul.

V. P. TURNBURKE, Vice President, Executive Department, St. Paul.THOMAS BALMER, Vice President Seattle.

T. A. JERROW, Vice President, Operating Department, St. Paul.C. E. FINLEY, Vice President, Traffic Department, St. Paul.

ANTHONY KANE, Vice President and General Counsel, St. Paul.J. A. TAUER, Vice President and Comptroller, St. Paul.

R. M. O'KELLY, Secretary and Treasurer, St. Paul.

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