Of Sheep & Fishthe heads of West Sussex Library Service and West Sussex Record Office at a...

Of Sheep & FishA History of the South Downs between

Lewes and BrightonAn Historical-Archaeology Project Proposal

by David Cuthbertson4th June 2019

Photograph of Newmarket Farm c.1925. From a collection by Capt. Bertie Hubbard MacLaren,in Brighton Pavilion and Museums, HA930078.

Title: Of Sheep & Fish: A History of the South Downsbetween Lewes and Brighton: An HistoricalArchaeology Project Proposal

Authors: David Cuthbertson

Derivation: Meetings of Peggy and David Cuthbertson withDesmond (Bob), Lucy and Sylvia Phipps at theWoodingdean Then and Now Event; the 2013Newmarket Farm Dig project and correspondencewith Mark Barratt, OASIS.

Origination Date: 2010

Revisers: David Cuthbertson

Date of last revision: 4th June 2019

Version: 0.51

Status: Draft

Summary of Changes: Content planning, writing, layout & proof reading

Circulation: Preliminary consultation with the East SussexCounty Archaeologist and Sussex ArchaeologicalSociety Research OfficerThen, East Sussex Historic Environment Record,OASIS;Finalised project document also to Brighton andHove Archaeology Society, Brighton and HoveRoyal Pavilion and Museums, East SussexRecord Office, Hodson family, Kingston HeritageGroup, Natural England, Peter Mercer(Woodingdean historian), Phipps family, Societyfor Post-Medieval Archaeology, South DownsNational Park Authority, Sussex ArchaeologicalSociety.

Required Action: Feedback

Approval: Provisional

File Name/Location: OSF-0_51.pdf

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Contents

1 Executive Summary 3

2 Project Name 4

3 Summary Description 4

4 Background 5

5 Research Aims and Objectives 7

6 The Business Case 7

7 Methods 8

8 Stages, Products and Tasks 19

9 Project scope 22

10 Interfaces 22

11 Stakeholder Communications 23

12 Proposed Project Team 26

13 Ownership 27

14 Estimated Overall Budget 28

15 Estimated Overall Timescale 29

Appendices 30

Appendix A Glossary 30

Appendix B Sub-Projects; Stages, Products, Tasks 31

Appendix C SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICALSTANDARDS: 2019 51

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1 Executive SummaryThis amateur project aims to research, record, interpret and communicate thehistorical archaeology of an area of the South Downs associated with a remoteoutfarm — Newmarket Farm — a c.1830 agricultural labourer’s cottage, farmyardand barns, destroyed during WW2. The site is located just inside the Castle HillNational Nature Reserve, about 100m due east of the communications mast nearthe summit of Newmarket Hill, the highest hill on the ancient ridgeway betweenLewes (the county town of (East) Sussex), and Brighton (one of the largest southcoast towns since at least the 17th century).

As project director, I aim to record its associated history and archaeology,and to interpret this in relation to its wider historical and geographical contexts.It begins with studies of pre- and post-enclosure Kingston near Lewes — theparish to which Newmarket Farm belonged — then follows its post-WW1 history,which connected it with the former chapelry of Balsdean (the northern half ofRottingdean Parish), including the plotland village of Woodingdean with whichthe later history of the outfarm was closely involved.

The parish of Kingston near Lewes has a large quantity of surviving documentsas a result of the enclosure and sale of effectively the whole of the parish in the1830s to the Gorings of Wiston. I wish to explore the possibility that NewmarketFarm was built as a model outfarm, to increase the attractiveness of the estate forthis sale. I also intend to explore the social consequences of this action.

A murder in 1868 of a Newmarket Farm labourer by a young man from theBrighton slums gives an insight into aspects of everyday life on the Kingston Estate.It provides an opportunity to compare urban and rural poverty.

Newmarket Farm’s twentieth century history requires research into the pre- andpost-WW1 socio-economic factors which resulted in the sale of land for housingdevelopments. These played a big role its history.

My 2013 excavation of the cottage (as yet unpublished) provided insight intothe lives of its tenants, owners, and those who destroyed it during WW2. Furtherresearch into the use of the Balsdean Downs for military training and defence hasrevealed many new and as yet unpublished insights.

This document explores the questions of what, why, where, how, with whom,and how much might be required (not necessarily financial), in order to enablethis ambitious study of a former remote Southdown outfarm to proceed towardsthe best of possible outcomes. Much research has already been done; the import-ance of its geography, military activities, hunting, sheep, coal, welsh slate, thelives of the people involved, and their wider historical context. My findings havebeen communicated via my website, talks, stalls, guided walks, and short articles.Target audiences include both the general public and professional archaeologists.

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2 Project NameThe project name is ‘Of Sheep & Fish: A History of the South Downs betweenLewes and Brighton’.

Figure 1: Map of Project Area. Contour data traced from Ordnance Survey maps.

3 Summary DescriptionOf Sheep & Fish is an amateur historical archaeology project, aiming to research,record and communicate the history of an area of the South Downs associated witha remote 1830 outfarm, Newmarket Farm. It was the birthplace of the projectdirector’s mother, shortly before its destruction as part of WW2 military trainingexercises. The site is located just inside the iconic chalk grassland of Castle HillNational Nature Reserve, just below the summit of Newmarket Hill. This is thehighest hill on the ancient Juggs Road ridgeway, between Lewes (the county townof (East) Sussex) and Brighton (one of the largest south coast towns since at leastthe 17th c.).

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4 BackgroundNewmarket Farm was an outfarm, built as part of the enclosure of Kingston nearLewes, East Sussex, in 1830. My mother, Peggy Cuthbertson nee Latham, wasborn there in April 1942. Her family lived there as farm labourers for three years,working for Balsdean Farm, which acquired it in 1921. In 1925 it was compulsorypurchased by Brighton Corporation. May 1942, it was requisitioned as part ofNo.3 South Downs (Military) Training Area, which resulted in its destruction. Itwas not rebuilt. In 1975 its bulldozed remains were enclosed within Castle HillNational Nature Reserve, a chalk grassland site of European importance.1

4.1 Newmarket Farm’s remains are located just inside the north-west boundaryof Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, just below the summit of Newmarket Hill,about 100m to the east of the 1950s television aerial; centred on grid reference TQ36355 06992.2 This new project covers farmland that is largely owned by SpringBarn Farm, Kingston Farm, and Balsdean Farm (the latter leased from Brightonand Hove City Council). Other landowners are too numerous to record here.

4.2 This project was (informally) initiated as a result of meeting the Phippsfamily in 2010. They were tenants in Newmarket Farm from 1934 – 1938. Iwas asked, with Peggy’s help, to research the history of Newmarket Farm withthe aim of publishing a book. In 2012 a preliminary draft copy of our book wascompleted — about the origins, lives and events associated with the cottage, basedon desk-based and oral history studies. As a result of our research, in 2012 I wasinvited by Natural England to conduct an excavation of the cottage’s remains,with permission from the County Archaeologist and support from Brighton andHove Archaeology Society. This was my first archaeological dig and it necessarilyinvolved a very steep learning curve!

The 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13) was (relatively speaking) a greatsuccess; it revealed the layout and construction of the cottage, its front yard, andoutside toilet; material finds provided an insight into the lives of its agriculturallabourer tenants3 as well as the changes which occurred over time. Most import-antly, the dig generated excellent community involvement and interest. It alsorevealed considerable material evidence of the military exercises which resulted inits destruction. Post-excavation work is ongoing and the report is now hoped tobe published by 2020.

1See (D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012a), and (Natural England 2016).2D. Cuthbertson 2013.3The only exception was an army pay roll officer for about a year, from sometime in 1938 till

shortly after September 1939, who was the probable owner of our gold pen nib NMF13 find.

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4.3 To understand the dig’s WW2 finds, in 2016 I conducted detailed researchat both The Keep (East Sussex Records Office), The National Archives, recordedoral histories, and field work, as well as studies of the defence of both Sussex andBritain to better understand the historical context. I was surprised just how muchpreviously unpublished information I was able to find. My preliminary resultswere presented to Sussex Military History Society in 2017.

4.4 Further material finds, desk-based, landscape, and oral history researches,mostly in response to requests for talks, have revealed a surprising amount ofhistory, from the prehistoric to the present day, all of which are important torecord. As yet most of these have not been formally recorded. One of the purposesof this project is to determine the best ways in which this can be done.

4.5 This document is a proposal for the project as a whole to be formalised as anhistorical archaeology project, of which the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13)is a part.

4.6 This project, to date, has produced a number of outputs:4.6.1 Six additions, in 2012, were made to the Historic Environment Record fromfieldwork, desk-based, and oral history sources.

4.6.2 Twenty-eight volunteers were directly involved with the dig. Dozens morevisited.

4.6.3 Several hundred people have attended two guided walks, eight talks, andvisited six stalls at a number of historical events and village fairs. A lot of interesthas been shown by the general public, historians and archaeologists — both adultsand children.

4.6.4 A blog was created at the end of 2012, where I have posted informationabout the project’s progress. It has been viewed over 20,000 times by people fromat least 80 countries, with an average of 2.7 views per visitor.4

4.6.5 A personal, illustrated draft of the book received excellent feedback fromthe heads of West Sussex Library Service and West Sussex Record Office at agenealogical event.5

4D. Cuthbertson 2012.5D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012a; the book is currently unillustrated online, for

many image reproduction permissions have yet to be obtained.

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5 Research Aims and ObjectivesThe project’s aims and objectives have been largely based on the recommend-ations of a range of the South East Research Framework’s many contributorydocuments.6 The central themes were those of context: whole landscape studiesand an understanding of the motivations of those who lived, worked and playedthere.My overall aims are twofold:

1. To research, record, interpret and communicate, using a range of document-ary sources, oral history, and archaeological fieldwork, the history of a remoteoutfarm on the South Downs and its associated areas of Kingston near Lewes, andthe former chapelry of Balsdean.

2. To disseminate the project findings to as wide an audience as possible.They have been broken down into a series of seven aims and thirty-eight objectives,which have been detailed in Appendix B.

6 The Business CaseThis amateur project — to research the history of a remote early 19th centuryoutfarm (its landscape, people and associated events) situated in an iconic part ofthe South Downs National Park — is very much worth pursuing.

Newmarket Farm was an example of a late Georgian outfarm. They havereceived little study, yet most large farm estates possessed one or more of them.The downland area in which it was situated lies between the county town of Lewesand the popular seaside town of Brighton. For this reason it has been associatedwith an extraordinary amount of historical activity. This is largely a reflection ofits location, though many other socio-economic and material factors, as well asthe personalities of its many stakeholders through history, have all played a role.

My academic scientific training, as well as my more recent philosophical stud-ies, have been of great help in teaching myself both archaeological and historicalinterpretation, especially in understanding the importance of context. Also, withmy family connections, I am very much a part of this project.

Archaeological training and support has been received from County Archae-ologist Greg Chuter, Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society’s John Funnel,Sussex Archaeological Society’s Research Officer Luke Barber, Lisa Jayne Fisher

6“The South East Research Framework (SERF) aims to identify what we know about thesouth east’s historic environment and what we want to know more about.” Kent County Council2019

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(Managing Director of Archaeology Services Lewes), and many others. Member-ship of Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society, the Society for Post-MedievalArchaeology, and online social media have enabled me to make connections withother amateur and professional archaeologists. Further guidance has been obtainedvia books and online publications, such as English Heritage (2009), Museum ofLondon Archaeology Service, et al. (1994), Wilkinson (2007). Also a number ofcourses were attended from Sussex School of Archaeology, including Post-Medievalceramics, building and other stones, and bone. Geographical and historiographicalmethodologies, and the use of a range of digital tools, have also been studied.

However, the main reason for this project has been the wide range of supportand interest I have received from the local community. Both sides of my familyare well known as ‘old Woodingdeaners’, having lived there since the 1920s.7 I wasborn in a house on Balsdean Road, and the remains of an ancient trackway toBalsdean runs through my parents’ garden, where bronze age pottery and flintshave often been found.

The Balsdean Downs, Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, and the Juggs Roadancient ridgeway route from Brighton to Lewes via Kingston (with its popularpub, The Juggs) are all well known and loved by a wide range of walkers, runners,cyclists, horse riders and nature lovers from far and wide, but the depths andbreadths of its rich history — ancient and modern — are hardly known at all.

7 MethodsThough I am an amateur, this project aims as far as possible to be professionalin its approach. My primary guidance is from the County Archaeologist, GregChuter. In 2019 he co-authored (with West Sussex and Chichester) a new Sussex-wide standard which I have included, with comments, in Appendix C. I intend tofollow these guidelines wherever practicable.

7.1 Guiding Principles The guiding principle of my work is, as far as prac-ticable, the academic ideal of “a culture of participation and sharing”8. However,compromise is often necessary when open source standards, or digital tools, areOpen

Sourcespelling???

less accessible or functional than proprietary ones. Copyright restrictions may alsobe associated with maps, images, or other information sources, which are of greatimportance to this project. Even if I gain rights to use such copyrighted material,those rights cannot necessarily be transferred to others.

7Cuthbertsons, Hollands, and Lathams all moved to Woodingdean in the 1920s.8Morgan and Eve 2012.

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7.1.1 Creative Commons Licence I therefore wish to freely and openly shareas much of my work and findings as possible. This means, wherever possible, usingdata sources free from copyright restrictions. Also, all aspects of the project arebeing run in a not-for-profit manner. In general a Creative Commons licence willbe used. Any exceptions to this will be clearly noted and respected. The particulardetails of such a licence will be arranged with the County Archaeologist.

7.1.2 Digital Data Management Wherever possible I will be working digit-ally. My laptop is dual-boot, running Ubuntu Gnu/Linux9 and (when necessary)Windows 10. Wherever possible I use Free and Open Source Software (see subsec-tion 7.5). The software to be used is fully capable of reading from, and writing to,the majority of industry standard file formats.

7.2 Historical Sources

7.2.1 Historical Events

• Primary and Secondary Literature: The standard historical sources in-clude the Victoria County History of Sussex, though this is less useful for the19th and 20th century. Another important secondary source is Cooper 2006.Many primary sources have already been accessed from the Barbican Lib-rary, East and West Sussex Archives, The National Archive, and elsewhere.Further sources are listed in Farrant et al. 2000.

• Document Image Capture and Storage: Many archived documents con-tain large amounts of information which I have only discovered to be import-ant after further research has revealed their significance. I have thereforechosen to make photographic copies wherever possible, for later examina-tion. For example, the cost of a one-day camera pass at The Keep is lessthan the transport costs of multiple visits. However, my photographic re-cords now run to several thousand images. This requires the use of suitablephotographic management software. For this project I propose to use theopen source, digiKam, for local storage and image tagging.10

To share my image collection, an online photograph album, probably Flickr,would be suitable. This would enable others to make use of my copies,thus helping preserve the archived originals (the more popular items in TheNational Archives are badly suffering from over-use). I would require a pro-fessional account. Though such an account, at the discretion of Flickr, can

9Canonical 2019.10digiKam 2019.

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be provided free to certified non-profit organisations, this project is not dir-ected by a constituted organisation so is unlikely to be eligible for such adiscount.

• Text-Based Timelines: In general, when collating information from his-torical sources, I have chosen to record such information by organising thedata chronologically, in an outline format, as a simple text file.

7.2.2 Cultural

• Census, Birth and Death Records: A prosopographical analysis is to bemade of the census returns of Kingston — 1841–1911 — and also includingthe birth and death records of the village of Kingston. It should be noted Iam very much aware of the dangers of the inappropriate use of statistics inhistorical studies, but this is not the place for a discussion of the subject.11

7.2.3 Biographical

• Genealogical & Historical Research: The intention is to identify indi-vidual, personal histories. This enables their personal social and culturalnetworks to be assessed. I have an account with Ancestry.co.uk, as wellas membership of Sussex Family History Society. Complementing this withstudies of the lives of better documented but similar individuals may thenenable something of each of their long lost voices to heard.

7.3 Archaeological Fieldwork My Newmarket Farm excavation in 2013 wasabout as easy a dig as one might find, ideal for a beginner. I was pleased to findthe site’s interpretation to be relatively straightforward. However, I found theformalities of context recording to be particularly challenging. Now that I havemore training and experience 12

7.3.1 Standards & Guidelines These include:

• 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards. These are the main guidelines to befollowed, though they are primarily designed for professional archaeologistsinvolved with planning developments. Nevertheless, wherever practicable Iwill endeavour to comply with them. They have been included in Appendix Cfor my own guidance during the implementation of this project.

11For an introduction to the use and misuse of prosopography see, Keats-Rohan 2019.12My previous experience was a single day’s fieldwork with Brighton and Hove Archaeology

Society!

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• Though I am not registered with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists,I intend to comply with their codes, standards and guidelines. (CIfA)

• English Heritage (2009) Management of Research Projects in the HistoricEnvironment: The MoRPHE Project Manager’s Guide.

• English Heritage (2008) Project Planning Note: Archaeological Excavation.This document is largely based on the recommendations of the above twoproject management guides. In particular I agree that:

– “The precautionary principle should apply. Project Managers shouldinitially treat a project as complex, aiming for a detailed approach, andplanning for appropriate commitment to planning, reviews etc. It maybe possible to scale down the resources devoted to project managementonce a project is underway and going well. It is much more difficult tointroduce more rigorous management later in a project.”13

• MoLAS (1994) Archaeological Site Manual. In general my fieldwork has beenguided by a number of MoLAS publications.

7.3.2 Historic Environment Record Firstly, I will require a copy of the His-toric Environment Record to inform me of the current archaeological knowledge ofmy study area. This was done for NMF13.

Secondly, but not of less importance, my archaeological finds require recording:prehistoric artefacts, crop marks on aerial photographs, the sites of former historicstructures, ancient field boundaries, etc. I need to arrange with the HER Officerhow this might best be done.

7.3.3 OASIS The Government’s database of archaeological projects and literat-ure. It was on their advice that this project is being formalised as an historicalarchaeology project.

7.3.4 Archaeological Excavation Until the publication of the 2013 Newmar-ket Farm Dig Report, no further archaeological works are planned, as agreed withthe County Archaeologist.14

13English Heritage 2009, p. 25.14Future dig targets could include: confirmation of the existence of a rainwater-tank south of

the cottage, as shown on a 1921 plan, for the supply of drinking water; whether the barn mayhave been used for threshing; to examine whether the stable may have originally been constructedfor oxen.

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• Within Castle Hill National Nature Reserve, all digging must be done byhand, without the aid of a mechanical digger.

• Also, within the NNR, metal detectors can only be used for health and safetypurposes, due to the relatively high risk of unexploded WW2 ordnance inthe area. However, they might be used within open trenches and on the spoilheap.Elsewhere they might be used to actively search and identify WW2 activity,such as identified in subsubsection B.5.8.

• All excavation work requires prior information regarding mains services,Rights of Way and environmental constraints, to prevent potential problems.

• All excavated areas are to be planned onto a copy of an OS map of not lessthan 1:2500 scale.

7.3.5 Context Records I seriously struggled with the recording of contexts:

• I tried and failed to differentiate between the two phases of destructionrubble, which was found within an inch or two of the topsoil:(a) that associated with WW2 ordnance,(b) that associated with the post-WW2 bulldozer site clearance.The professional advice I received, after the completion of NMF13, was totreat everything above the 1942 ground surface as ‘topsoil’.

• I struggled to characterise the clay-with-flints sub-soil, based on recommen-ded soil tests. I also struggled with characterising its colour.I tried using Dulux colour charts as a replacement for the very expensiveMunsell archaeological standard. It was alleged that they were capable ofinterconversion, but I discovered considerable variation for the same colouron different charts. I have since been told that detailed soil characterisationsare only essential for large and complex multi-phase sites.

• I had problems delineating the extent of a midden which sat on top of thesame ground surface as the demolition rubble.There was also a tendency for some of my volunteer diggers to chase finds,digging down through context boundaries whenever further finds were visible.This led me to spend most of my time supervising my diggers and not workingon context recording sheets or drawing formal plans and sections.The idea I have since had is to mark each find with a golf tee. The diggerswould be instructed not to dig below the level of the golf tees. Different

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coloured tees would be associated with different find types. One of the mostimportant to be recorded was that of Welsh roof slate. It appeared to bethe first to hit the ground as a result of explosive ordnance used in WW2training exercises. Therefore the 1942 ground surface was easily identifiableby the preponderance of roofing slate.

7.3.6 Harris Matrix I did a lot of reading about context recording and theconstruction of a Harris Matrix. I was particularly challenged by the presence ofa single context consisting of a fill of chalk which in reality represented a series oftips of chalk. In the centre of this fill was a flat ceramic floor tile, possibly usedas a temporary post pad for scaffolding. My challenge was that it was a separatecontext embedded within what was otherwise a single seemingly homogeneouscontext.

Fortunately, the professional advice I retrospectively received was not to botherwith a Harris Matrix on simple sites with very few phases.

7.3.7 Photography Unfortunately no measuring scales or poles, north arrows,context numbers, or photograph numbers were used in any of the archaeologicalphotographs. My attempt to improvise using a tape measure or plastic ruler wasunsuccessful. I have since been on a short archaeological photography course andintend to comply with archaeological standards to the best of my ability in future.

7.3.8 Planning, Mapping and Surveying See Appendix C for further details.

• 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps from National Library of Scotland (late 19thand mid-20th centuries) have been used to indicate the position of ourtrenches to within a few metres, based on a visual alignment.

• It should be noted that when overlaid with other mapping or with aerialimagery such as Google and Bing satellite maps or lidar, it appears thatLIDAR??

sp, at least the older (1952 surveyed) OS maps may contain errors of up to5m. Therefore a 10 figure OS grid ref based on such maps would only beapproximate.

• Due to the proximity of a large communications aerial, a GPS survey ofNMF13 failed.

• We were unaware (at that time) of any surviving OS bench marks within akilometre of the site, so a dumpy level (of which I had no experience) wasnot used.

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• Since then the Ordnance Survey have included (potentially) surviving benchmarks on their online mapping which indicate the possibility of the site beingresurveyed, if required (though this would require the loan of equipment andexpertise and my practical experience of its use is limited).15

• A high resolution 3d laser scan of the excavated site was obtained, though3D??checkallin-stances

the levels were only relative.

7.3.9 Finds

• Treasure: Any items which might legally be considered as Treasure are tobe reported to the relevant authorities. The requirement of mapping anysuch finds to within 1 metre is unlikely to be achieved, though +/-2m mightbe managed.

• Finds are to be retained for recording before being reburied on site, eitherimmediately or at the project end.

• All finds, suitably bagged and labelled, are removed from the site at the endof the day.

• First Aid for Finds (3rd. ed. 1998) has been followed wherever practicable.

7.3.10 Health & Safety This is important. The Construction (Design andManagement) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) are the ones I need to take on board.Fortunately the Citb website has an excellent range of introductory and practicalhelp and guidance.16

7.3.11 3d Laser Scan The software used to analyse the scan data is Faro SceneLt. Though it is capable of exporting point cloud data as an ASCII xyz text file,the free version of its software is not capable of exporting a CAD drawing of thesite.

7.3.12 2d CAD I therefore intend to use measurements taken from the laserscan data to redraw the site plan and elevations using suitable 2d-CAD software,such as Librecad. In the drawing of the site plans I would also make use of mysite notes, sketches and photographs.

15Ordnance Survey 2018, and Ordnance Survey 201916Construction Industry Training Board 2019.

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https://librecad.org/

7.3.13 3d Modelling I hope to use simple 3d-modelling software to help visu-alise the interior of Newmarket Farm cottage. However, I do not intend to usea 3d-CAD application, or high-end modelling software (the learning curve is toosteep). Fortunately there are a number of promising-looking easy-to-use altern-atives, including the Open Source Sweet Home 3d, which is designed to model asimple building and its internal rooms, to arrange furniture within it, and to gen-erate fly-through videos or static png images of the rooms. Though its file formatis relatively obscure, models can be imported by Blender, which can then exportthe model to a number of industry standard formats.

7.3.14 Scalable Vector Graphics For the purposes of report publication, im-ages are required to meet certain design and format criteria. See Section 4.4 ofthe 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards.

7.4 Geographical Fieldwork

7.4.1 GPS Recording Both my Android phone and tablet have been used forgeo-referencing and are accurate to about 5 metres or less.

7.4.2 QField A mobile QGIS app is QField, which enables the collection ofgeographic data in the field. Since I first discovered it about 3 years ago, a numberof guides to its use have been written on the Internet.internet??

sp.Checkallin-stances...

7.5 Digital Tools

7.5.1 LibreOffice My office suite of choice, fully compatible with Microsoft Of-fice.

• Writer: Fully compatible with Microsoft Word .doc and .docx formats,amongst others.

• Calc: This is an Excel spreadsheet equivalent from LibreOffice, capable ofimporting and exporting Excel files. I have used it to tabulate information,such as WW2 order of battle data, to record the organisational structures ofBritish and Canadian military units who were active in the area.

• Base: I may find myself using this database application (possibly as a fron-tend to MySQL), to collect and collate census data. It is likewise capable ofimporting and exporting from Microsoft Access.

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http://www.sweethome3d.com/

https://www.blender.org/

https://qfield.org/docs/index.html

• Impress: A (mostly) compatible PowerPoint presentation program. It hasbeen used for all my presentations. Most recently I have converted thefinished presentation to PDF to ensure that my formatting is fully conservedwith other computer systems.

7.5.2 Data Management Systems This project has, and will further generate,a large volume of information. The use of computers has greatly helped. Theirimpressive search facilities enable excellent data retrieval. On Ubuntu Linux I useRecoll for a full text search of all my documents, etc. including embedded metadata of image files.17 I had considered the use of a database for managing theproject’s data as a whole but I have (so far) found ‘off-the-peg’ solutions to beunsuitable and the design of a suitable relational database has involved too muchof a learning curve. This is due to the wide-ranging nature of the different researchquestions I wish to ask and the disparate natures of the data sources. However,they may prove useful for analysis of census and related data.18

7.5.3 Visualisation Software

• Inkscape — A scalar vector graphics editor, similar to and partially compat-ible with CorelDRAW.

• Gimp — An image editor, similar to Adobe Photoshop.

• LibreCad — A 2d CAD app, (partially) compatible with AutoCAD.

• 3d Modelling — SketchUp used to be fully compatible with Google Earth andrelatively easy to use but is not available on Linux; Blender is an excellentOpen Source animation program, but its learning curve is very steep and isnot specifically designed to work with scale models; Sweet Home 3d is mycurrent favourite, for it is supposed to be very easy to use for simple models.

7.5.4 Document Typesetting Editor TeXstudio is a cross-platform open-source LaTeX editor. LaTeX is a markup language commonly used as a documentpreparation system/typesetting editor for scientific and technical documents. Itoutputs to PDF, including basic level accessible Pdf/A documents. This I havecomplied with to the best of my ability, for I consider accessibility to be important.

Accessible PDF documents are an East Sussex County Council requirement.Sadly LaTeX, as yet, does not produce fully tagged documents, nor does it consist-ently produce well rendered tables (essential for text reader software). However,

17Recoll 2019.18Institute of Historical Research 2019.

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nor did the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standards PDF which stated this require-ment. Unfortunately, this is not the place for a discussion of PDF/A accessibilityissues.

7.5.5 Maps Maps are essential to researching aspects of the natural and builtlandscape, including changes through time. Copyright issues need to be borne inmind.

• QGIS — The geographical information system software I plan to use (seebelow).

• Satellite Images — Bing allows users free access to its data and is recommen-ded for use in conjunction with Open Source mapping, but Google Earth’shistorical timeline of satellite imagery is excellent for identifying crop andplough marks.

• Base Maps — OpenStreetMap (OSM) is the most open and can be freelyupdated and modified.19

However, Sussex Archaeological Standards (2019), section 3.3, requires anOrdnance Survey basemap. Fortunately they have already opened up theirolder mapping database. Other advantages are that its contour data is moredetailed and its grid reference system is still the industry standard in Britisharchaeology. It must be noted though, that the current process of openingup its modern mapping data is likely to be available for this project only ata cost.20

• Historic Maps — In particular:Yeakell & Gardner’s late 18th c, 2 inch to the mile map of Sussex has provedto be an excellent resource;Late 18th and early 19th c. estate maps of Kingston;A paper copy of the original 1813 Ordnance Survey map;The 1840 Tithe map;The many late 19th to mid 20th century maps freely available to view onthe National Library of Scotland website.

• Other maps include; Defra’s Magic Maps application, land use maps, Lidar,etc.

19OSM Contributors 2019b.20Though out of date, a good overview of mapping providers, including the Ordnance Survey,

is provided by OSGeo 2013; a recent consideration of licence issues with the use of OrdnanceSurvey data for OSM mapping is discussed by OSM Contributors 2019a.

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http://www.envf.port.ac.uk/geo/research/historical/webmap/sussexmap/Yeakell_36.htm

https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagiCMap.aspx

A geographic information system (GIS) enables a number of maps and other geo-referenced data such as aerial photographs to be overlaid, displayed and queried,enabling and enhancing map regression exercises, and much, much more.21

• I have limited experience with Quantum GIS (QGIS).22

• Other free open source GIS software is available;

– gvSIG — apparently easier to use for data entry and 3d visualisation.– GRASS GIS — apparently better for data processing and analysis and

thus may be of use, for example, recording field sizes when analysingthe 1853 Kingston Farm valuation.

– QGIS — is supposed to be better at cartography and map making, andshould therefore be better suited to my general cartographic needs thanGRASS GIS. Fortunately the two have been designed to complimenteach other.

– gvSIG Community Edition — this gvSIG OADE fork also works withGRASS.

• The Open Source Geospatial Foundation website (OSGeo) contains excellentresources relating to the use of such software and has helped me focus in onmy expected needs:23

– To scale and orient a wide range of maps and aerial photographs (cor-recting any surveying errors where possible), onto a geo-referenced back-ground map.

– To produce a range of static maps of the project area for both Internetuse and publication quality images.

– To freely share my geo-spatial dataset for use by other parties.– The creation of an interactive website is outside the scope of this project.

• A number of organisations hold maps of relevance to the project. Theseinclude:

21An example of use might be to calculate field boundary sizes to help identify surveying errors,land ownership and field name issues (fields are often listed by area and not always identified ona map).

22I have used it to visualise the records of a Livens Projector (mustard gas bomb) test firingexercise in the Balsdean/Castle Hill area in 1941, for a presentation to Sussex Military HistorySociety in 2017 (D. Cuthbertson 2017b). This was achieved in conjunction with GoogleEarth(D. Cuthbertson 2017a).

23OSGeo 2019.

18

– National Library of Scotland; holds an excellent collection of onlinecopies of Ordnance Survey and other maps, freely usable (with relevantattribution).24

– Magic; online habitat and land use maps.25

– Lidar ; currently, within the project area, only the far west of Kingstonhas been surveyed. However, the government has promised that thewhole country will be completely surveyed by 2020.

– The National Archives, East and West Sussex Record Offices; all hold awide range of maps and other documents of importance to this project.26

– Aerial photographs; though technically not maps, Historic England,Swindon, holds the national collection. I have already visited themfor imagery of the Newmarket Farm area.27

– Satellite imagery; another valuable source of historical information, of-ten showing crop and plough marks. Bing has allowed its satellite im-agery to be freely copied, though Google has not. Nevertheless, GoogleEarth, with its timeline of satellite images contains a unique record ofnatural, historical and archaeological information.

8 Stages, Products and TasksThe table below outlines (in relatively general terms) the project’s stages, products(outcomes), and some of the tasks required to achieve each of the project’s object-ives. The individual sub-projects (or the aims and objectives on which they arebased) are given in Appendix B.

The project consists of a series of interrelated sub-projects, the biggest ofwhich is the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13), which had stalled at the post-excavation stage. This project proposal gives NMF13 a wider context. Moreimportantly it helps me to separate some of my planned deeper analysis from thecore archaeological dig (sub-) project.28

24National Library of Scotland 2019.25Department for Environment and Affairs n.d.26TNA 2019, Keep 2019, WSRO 201927Historic England 2019.28An example would be a minimum vessel analysis for tea drinking ceramics, to look for

patterns of tea consumption, 1830–1942.

19

Stage Product Tasks

Start Up;The first formalstage of myprojectmanagementprocess,covering initialidentificationand earlyplanning.

The Project Proposal (this document), is to provide an initial statementof my Aims and Objectives (section 5), the Business Case (section 6)and a general plan of how this project is expected to develop during theInitiation Stage. An initial estimate of project costs (section 14) ispresented.29

The tasks required to complete this document included previoushistorical research, reference to South East Research Frameworkdocuments30, review of MoRPHE (English Heritage 2009) for thedocument’s design and content, proof reading and consultation witharchaeology professionals and other key stakeholders.

Review PointR1

A decision in principle, based on the Project Proposal, whether todevelop the project further. If approved, the project will proceed to theInitiation Stage. At this Review Point, a commitment will have beenmade to support Initiation. If the project is to proceed no further, noadditional time or funds are required.31

Consultation with major stakeholders in this project; see section 11 andsection 12.

Initiation;This project’sdesign stage.

The Project Design articulates Aims and Objectives (section 5) and theBusiness Case (section 6) in detail, identifies Stakeholders (section 12),proposes project Execution Stages (this section), and the Products tobe completed in each of them. Uncertainties, potential problems andopportunities are to be documented in a Risk Log. A Project Team isproposed and consulted as to availability. Plans are developed forcommunication within the Team and with Stakeholders, as well as forReview Points (section 11).For familiar, well understood projects, Initiation may consist simply ofan agreement by those involved that the Project Proposal is a suitablebasis for managing the project. In this case the Project Proposal ineffect becomes the Project Design.32

Prior consultation with the County Archaeologist and otherstakeholders during R1 will help determine the tasks required tocomplete this stage.

29English Heritage 2009, pp. 12, 21.30Kent County Council 2019.31English Heritage 2009, pp. 12, 23.32I believe the in-depth nature of this document should enable the Project Design document to be a simple revision, based on the feedback it receives during R1.

Stage Product Tasks

Review Point R2 is adecision on whether toauthorise the project on thebasis of the Project Design.

Possible outcomes are:1. Project authorisation and commitment of resources to the firstExecution Stage;2. Repetition of Initiation Stage with aim to revise the ProjectDesign (for example, to alter the scope of the proposed work);3. Exceptional Project Closure without further work.33

Tasks depend on decisions made in previous stages.

Execution refers to myproject’s research work,including stages of collection,assessment and analysis ofdata, report preparation, userconsultation, documentation,peer review, testing etc. Thenumber, duration andproducts of the ExecutionStage(s) will have been setout in the Project Design.

Each stage will also involve:• Preparation of the archive of that stage’s results anddocumentation of how the results were achieved;• Dissemination of the stage’s results or products;• Project-management activities as specified in the Project Design,including Highlight Reports, Issue Log (see Glossary), review of theRisk Log and planning for any unforeseen changes;• Assessment of the potential of the results, or products to achievethe Aims and Objectives of the project.34

As before, the tasks to be done depend on the nature of thesub-project concerned. These are based on the objectivesgiven in section 5. Some of the products and tasksassociated with their execution have been provisionallydetailed in Appendix B.

Review Point R3 is areview, conducted at theconclusion of each ExecutionStage (sub-project), of theproject’s progress against itsAims and Objectives.

The review may generate an Updated Project Design, to be appliedto subsequent Execution Stages. The nature and format of thereview will have been set out in the Project Design or any existingupdates to it. The outcome is either:A. Acceptance of an Updated Project Design and commitment ofresources to the next Execution Stage;B. Planned Closure;C. Exceptional Closure.

This review would include a range of tasks, depending oncircumstances.

Closure is the project’s finalplanned stage.

Following closure the completed project archive will consist of theproducts of the Execution Stages and the Project Documents.

Checks are made to ensure that all tasks and products havebeen completed, Aims and Objectives have been met, lessonslearned from the project have been recorded andrecommendations for future evaluation, where applicable,have been documented in an End-of-Project Report.

33English Heritage 2009, pp. 14, 29.34English Heritage 2009, p. 14.

9 Project scopeThis project entails an in-depth evaluation of the historical archaeology associatedwith a remote farm labourer’s cottage, with particular emphasis on communicat-ing an understanding of its wider context. It may have been a remote outfarmbut it cannot be considered in isolation from its wider landscape: geographical,prehistoric, historical, natural. The lives of the poor labourers were both affectedby, and had an effect on, their wider environment.

Because the project’s scope is so wide, it would be easy for it to get out ofcontrol. To prevent this from happening, the scope of each project element requirescareful delineation, in the Stages, Products and Tasks process (section 8), withparticular reference to the project’s Aims, Objectives (section 5) and Methods(section 7).

Because I have discovered the existence of such a large quantity of researchmaterial relevant to the project, I no longer intend that this project should bea complete record of all available documentary sources. This is especially truefor the huge quantity of WW2 regimental diaries and other such military records.To fully research the No.3 Balsdean Training Area would be a project in itself.Therefore this project is more of an in-depth evaluation with an emphasis onfacilitating others to be able to conduct further research in the area, or similarstudies elsewhere.

The geographical scope is the former Parish of Kingston, before it separatedin 1894 into Kingston Urban and Kingston near Lewes. Also the northern partof Rottingdean, which originally formed the chapelry of Balsdean, which includesmodern Woodingdean. However, an understanding of context will often require awider area to be considered.

The historical scope is primarily from the late Georgian to the end of theSecond World War. Again, an understanding of its context will require a forayfar into the study area’s geological, prehistoric and historic past. To round theproject off, a consideration of the study area’s recent past, present and future willalso be included.

10 InterfacesThis project directly interfaces with the 2013 Newmarket Farm Dig (NMF13),which now lies at the heart of the wider Of Sheep & Fish project. The completionof its post-excavation work is a project priority (see section 15). Now that it ispart of a wider project, some of my deeper research questions and all but the mostimportant contextual information, can be placed in separate sub-projects, to becompleted at a later date.

22

The other project with which this project interfaces, on an informal basis, isthe Kingston History and Heritage Workshop. Most recently, it was from themthat I found out about Kingston’s Beggars’ Bush furlong name, which connectswith my own studies in relation to Brighton’s late Stuart/early Georgian history,and the Juggs Road.35

11 Stakeholder CommunicationsThis is a small amateur project, though with big ambitions. Without a committeeand just a team of two, internal communications are kept to a minimum. However,I am answerable to a number of stakeholders who are effectively gatekeepers formany aspects of this project. I also wish to keep them all informed of my progressand findings.

11.1 East Sussex County Archaeologist I consider the East Sussex CountyArchaeologist to be the project’s primary gatekeeper to whom I am answerablefor all archaeologically related activities. I therefore hope that he will be able toadvise on a number of matters or be able to recommend where I might seek adviceelsewhere.

• I require access to a range of maps of the project area, preferably digitised,suitable for importing into the project’s QGIS database. These include O.S.base maps, geological maps, etc. The County Archaeologist may be able toadvise.36

• As yet I have not investigated the extent of possible publication costs. I havegiven some information in section 14.

• Advice is required regarding the suitability of a non-commercial, attribution-based Creative Commons licence for the project’s publicly shared products.See subsubsection 7.1.1 for a few more details.

• Do I require to be registered with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists?I might be eligible to apply for accredited practitioner membership (PCIfA).

• Access permissions from landowners and managers for a range of projectobjectives will need to be sought. Advice on the best way to approachfarmers, etc. would be gratefully received.

35See Whittick, Thorburn and Pennington 2011 and Objective subsubsection B.1.4.36For details of my mapping requirements see subsubsection 7.3.8, subsubsection 7.5.5, 2019

Sussex Archaeological Standards: section 2.2.2, section 2.2.5, section 3.3, Appendix 1: section 1,and more.

23

• Who are my stakeholders? Who are potentially useful contacts? Who mightbe interested in my work?

• All new archaeological works will be formally communicated to the CountyArchaeologist, though none are planned at present.

• Suitable site codes are required for surface finds collected during the courseof the project.

• So far the project has kept a low profile. Advice on media relations wouldbe welcome, should this become an issue.

11.2 OASIS In 2017 I was invited to register my project with OASIS and wasoffered advice and support by their project officer. I need to renew contact, onceI have agreement with the County Archaeologist.

11.3 Barbican House Museum The recommended recipient museum forNMF13 was Sussex Archaeological Society’s Barbican House Museum. Theyagreed to receive only the documentary archive. An accession number was notissued. My material finds were to be retained by myself during post-excavationwork, then reburied on site. This arrangement needs to be confirmed, with theexception of my wish to retain the finds throughout the lifetime of this project asa whole.

11.4 Brighton & Hove Archaeology Society Our bone finds from NMF13had a promise of help for their identification some time ago from the Brightonand Hove Archaeology Society. This needs to be reaffirmed. I also had an offer ofphotogrammetry from them to produce a 3d-model of a pre-1934 aluminium milkbottle top, to help read and record its embossed name.

11.5 Historic Environment Record Officer

• The Historic Environment Record Officer will need contacting to obtain de-tailed archaeological records for the project area. Ideally this would be in adigital format suitable for importing into QGIS.

• I also need to enquire as to what kinds of new historic records are acceptedby the HER Officer, in what format, how much detail, etc.

11.6 Sussex Archaeological Society The Research Officer for Sussex Archae-ological Society has offered me advice on the recording of Post-Medieval ceramics

24

and other such finds, by way of my assisting in a voluntary capacity with the post-excavation processing of the late-18th – mid-20th century Bishopstone Tidemills37

excavation finds during the winter of 2019/20.

11.7 Historians and Historical Organisations Newmarket Farm’s origins liein the Georgian period. Therefore I wish to contact Dr Sue Berry, an academicauthority on the history of Brighton, Sussex, and the Georgian period in general.38

11.8 Methods of Communication

• I prefer to communicate by email, immediate communication by text orphone. Email provides a written, searchable record which can be archivedfor future reference and so has fewer possibilities for misunderstanding.

• Highlight Reports will be produced on the completion of each Stage of theProject (section 8) and will be published on my blog.39

• Formal (Sub-)Project Reports will be completed at the end of each part ofthe Project. Academic articles will also be produced, including in the SussexArchaeological Collections.

A wide range of ongoing communications with the general public about my find-ings, has already been produced. Ongoing communications include:

• A meeting with a Sussex University digital animation modeller, and Wood-ingdean historian Peter Mercer, about the possibilities of creating a videofly-through past a reconstruction of (1930s?) Woodingdean’s Warren Roadto the Downs Hotel crossroad, possibly including as a soundtrack an editedoral history recording. I am hoping an animated reconstruction of Newmar-ket Farm might be possible.

• As part of Brighton’s Health Walks programme, I am leading a 5-mile guidedhistory tour of Balsdean, Castle Hill and Newmarket Hill, and will be show-

37Barber 2007.38The advice I received from her on researching the strange object shown on Newmarket Hill

on the Yeakell and Gardner map was invaluable. Unfortunately I will be unable to attend herforthcoming workshop at The Keep on ‘Tudor and Stuart Brighton, 1540 – 1750’ (Berry 2019),detailing the importance of Brighton’s North Sea fishing and their return via Newcastle ladenwith coal. I had postulated a link between sheep, corn and coal, and knew of the North Seafishery, as well as the landing of coal on Brighton Beach in the late Georgian period, but not oftheir connections, and only had a few historical sources to support my hypotheses.

39https://southdownhill.wordpress.com

25

https://southdownhill.wordpress.com

ing several old photographs of its many ancient buildings, as well as tellingsomething of the history of this beautiful and iconic downland.40

• I will (probably) have a history stall at Rottingdean Village Fair, SaturdayAugust 3rd.

12 Proposed Project Team

12.1 Project Director As project director, though fairly knowledgeable withregard to archaeological and historiographical theory, I am relatively inexperi-enced practically in both disciplines. I therefore intend to plan my activities andresponsibilities accordingly, based on the 2019 Sussex Archaeological Standardsdocument. Though I am currently not a CIfA member (affiliate or otherwise) Inevertheless agree to follow the CIfA Code of Conduct.41

As the responsible individual, I agree to be on-site at all times during all futurefieldwork. If anyone is given delegated authority to act on my behalf, I have a dutyto communicate their name(s) in advance to the County Archaeologist (section Cappendix C: subsection 1.2).

12.2 Peggy Cuthbertson My mother’s meeting with the Phipps family in 2010effectively initiated this project. She was born in Newmarket Farm42 to twoWoodingdean-based parents and later married an ‘old Woodingdeaner’ herself.She is therefore particularly knowledgable in Woodingdean and Balsdean’s post-WW1 history.

Her role has been largely supportive. I have Attention Deficit Disorder andAsperger’s Syndrome. This helps explain my tendency to get ‘carried away’, asthe length of this project proposal document may testify. Amongst her manyskills, proof-reading has been the most valuable. Peggy has been involved withmost of our early project research and was the most active member of my NMF13dig team.

12.3 Team Organisation and Responsibilities We have chosen not to form-ally constitute this project as an organisation. Though there would be benefits

40Monday 15 July, 10am. Castle Hill and Balsdean histories: Explore the fascinating historyof our eastern downs, from prehistoric remains and WW2 to tales of sheep, fish and murdermost foul! Meet at the car park by the junction of Falmer Rd and Bexhill Rd, Woodingdean. 5miles. https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/sport-and-activity/healthwalks-programme

41Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2014.42Though Peggy’s eldest brother probably correctly believes she was born in Brighton Mater-

nity Hospital!

26

https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/sport-and-activity/healthwalks-programme

https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/sport-and-activity/healthwalks-programme

in doing so, the time required for meetings and with administration is time thatmight have been spent on research. Our time and (relatively limited) money has sofar been our own to spend as we chose, though bearing in mind any commitments,duties and responsibilities our choices may entail.

12.4 Co-opted Support Wherever possible, help and advice has been soughtfor a wide range of aspects of the project. For example, I have two friends withtheatrical experience with whom I rehearse my talks, though they would not con-sider themselves part of the team as such. The same would apply to advice andsupport received from a wide range of individuals and organisations too numerousto mention here.

12.5 Delegated Authority As according to the 2019 Sussex ArchaeologicalStandards, no one will be given delegated authority to act on my behalf, withouttheir details having first been forwarded to the County Archaeologist. At presentonly Peggy Cuthbertson may do so.

13 OwnershipIt has always been my intention to freely share all of my findings, wherever legallypossible. However, many of the images that I have used in my research are subjectto copyright restrictions and whilst I have been granted permission to use themfor my own personal research, I do not necessarily have permission to share themwith others.

I therefore propose to adopt (at least in part) RCUK’s Open Access Policy:“in order to maximise the opportunities for access to and reuse of repository con-tent, this project’s publications are to be made available using the most liberaland enabling licences, ideally CC BY (Creative Commons by attribution), and inparticular without restriction for non-commercial use.”43

The particular licences to be used for different Project Products would besubject to agreement with the relevant project stakeholders. The following aretwo examples of possible licences:

13.1 CC0 Only where the work is entirely my own (such as the forthcoming2013 Newmarket Farm Dig Report, which is likely to use only my own text andimages) might I consider using a CC0 (Creative Commons Zero, all rights waived)

43See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license for examples of Creat-ive Commons licences.

27

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license

licence, which effectively puts my work (entirely, permanently and irrevocably) inthe public domain.44

13.2 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Where I have used material licensed by others fornon-commercial use, a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike4.0 International licence might be appropriate. Individual elements may have tobe removed, separately licensed and/or details redrawn where appropriate.

13.3 Finds Retention The NMF13 finds agreement with landowner Brighton& Hove City Council was that the finds are to be retained either by the BarbicanMuseum or by myself as Project Director, so as to be able to show them to thegeneral public at a range of events. I hope this arrangement may be continuedwith future project work. At the recommendation of the Barbican House MuseumCurator, unless one or more finds are considered worthy of retention by a recognisedmuseum (unlikely), they will be reburied on site, either after being recorded, or atthe end of the project.

14 Estimated Overall BudgetThis is a self-funded amateur project, so to date a budget has not been required.However, should costs become significant assistance might be sought, either byarrangement with other organisations willing to support me with the free loan ofequipment or space for finds processing.

14.1 Image Reproduction It is my intention to use copyright free imageswherever possible. However, I am already aware of several images, which areof importance to this project likely to entail costs. This needs to be investigatedfurther.

14.2 Online Subscription Costs The costs of professional subscriptions toFlickr.com and Wordpress.com require researching.

14.3 Modern Ordnance Survey Maps If freely available older OS mapping isnot acceptable, there may be licence costs, though these are unknown at present.

14.4 Equipment Costs Surveying equipment, if required, may hopefully beborrowed.

44https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/CC0_FAQ

28

https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/CC0_FAQ

14.5 Other Costs Possible archive costs, consultation charges and publicationcosts all require investigation.

15 Estimated Overall TimescaleAs an amateur, I am fortunate that my time is my own. However, this is not myonly big research project. Both are at about PhD level in terms of the amountof research required. I therefore estimate eight years for this project’s comple-tion. Nevertheless, a range of outcomes will regularly be produced throughout theproject’s duration.45

15.1 Next Actions The project’s next actions are:

May 2019 Proof reading this Project Proposal.

June 2019 Project Proposal submission for review to the County Archaeologist,the Sussex Archaeological Society Research Officer, the Historic Environ-ment Record Officer and other key stakeholders as appropriate. A HighlightReport to be published on my blog.

July 2019 Review based on consultation feedback, and the proposal documentupdated as necessary. A summary of this feedback to be published in aHighlight Report on my blog.

August 2019 If successful, the Project Design document will be written andsubmitted to the OASIS website, with support if required. It will then alsobe circulated to all relevant stakeholders as well as on my blog.

Autumn 2019 NMF13 Post-excavation work begins; Since it is a new sub-project, I will be following MoRPHE guidelines to “assess and review in-formation collected to date, to consult Sponsors and other Stakeholders,and if necessary to update the [Sub-]Project Design for subsequent [post-ex]work.”

45See Appendix B for an indication of these Products.

29

AppendicesAppendix A GlossaryCAD Computer-aided design software is traditionally used to produce technicaldrawings of mechanical objects. In archaeology it can be used to generate accuratescale drawings of archaeological features.

NMF13 The site code for my 2013 archaeological dig of Newmarket Farm’scottage, front yard and outside toilet. Post-excavation work is still ongoing andwill hopefully be completed by 2020.

OASIS Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS ; http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis, provides a signposting service for all organisa-tions undertaking on-site investigations. OASIS entries can be created early in aproject and subsequently updated to reflect progress. Completed entries for pro-jects in England are digitally disseminated to the National Monuments Recordand to local-authority Historic Environment Records.46

Outfarm Outfarms consist of one or more buildings set around a yard away fromthe main farmstead, typically having shelter sheds for cattle flanking a threshingbarn. A cottage for a farm worker could also be sited nearby. They are particularlyassociated with areas of large farms which could have fields a long way away fromthe farmstead, for example in chalk downland areas where farmsteads located inthe valley bottom could be one or more miles from fields enclosed from downlandin the 18th or 19th century. Some outfarms eventually became farmsteads in theirown right.47

Wiston Archive “[Kingston has] an unusually comprehensive set of documentsshowing title to lands in the village over a long period. They were brought to-gether in 1830, from manorial and other records, when the estate of Charles Goringof Wiston purchased virtually all the lands and houses of Kingston. This largepurchase happened just at the point when Kingston was transformed from a ‘cham-pion’ open field village to a system of enclosed fields. The Wiston Archive makesit possible to trace patterns of ownership over long periods — especially importantbecause the manorial records for Kingston are rather poor... The Gorings wereengrossers of entire estates and landlords on a [large] scale... The family had been

46English Heritage 2009, p. 32.47English Heritage 2006.

30

http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis

http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis

long established in Sussex; their name has been traced back at least to the time ofHenry III and there had been various titled branches. In 1745 Charles MatthewGoring married a Miss Elizabeth Fagg, who stood in line to inherit the old Shirleyestate of Wiston in the western part of Sussex. The Gorings established them-selves at Wiston thereafter. The first Charles Goring of Wiston was succeeded bya second, who died in 1829. His eldest son, also Charles Goring, in turn succeededhim. He was a minor at the time and Mary Goring his mother was appointed hisguardian. The trustees who came looking for land in Kingston had been appointedunder his father’s will. This young man of 14 was heir to one of the largest estatesin Sussex. Gorings owned land in literally dozens of villages in West and EastSussex. Kingston [1833] was a mere speck in their vast list of possessions.”48

Appendix B Sub-Projects; Stages, Products,Tasks

This section is provisional and will be the basis of future decision making.

48Cooper 2006, pp. 3, 302.

31

B.1 Aim: To research the geographical and historical contexts of the study area, previous to Kingston’s enclosure; Prehistoric–1825.

B.1.1 Objective: A consideration of the geology, geomorphology and related physical factors which helped create the iconic grassland landscape between Eastbourneand the River Adur, the area from where the place-name ‘South Downs’ originated.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored. Review available data sources (maps), identify possible authorities tocontact for advice; review potential issues (copyright, site access forphotography); define thesis to be studied; publish proposal.

Investigation,assessment andanalysis

- Maps; contour, solid and surface geology, micro-climate (if one exists),cross referenced with habitat, archaeology and land use.- Sites photographed for illustration purposes.- Maps imported into QGIS database.- Archaeological sites added from HER database.

Search for suitable resources: Take photographs illustratinggeographical and geological effects on human and natural landscape;revise knowledge of QGIS.

Disseminationand ArchiveDeposition

Publish: informal account on blog, formally in professional journal,photo archive on Flickr. deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guidedwalks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos anddocuments. Follow archive methodology.

B.1.2 Objective: The influence of the region’s prehistoric and historic past on this landscape’s creation, with particular reference to southdown sheep and thesheep-corn system.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Why the South Downs were originally just from the Adur toEastbourne.

Review potential data sources, authorities to contact for advice andpotential issues (image copyright, access to record sheep folds). Definethesis to be studied. Publish proposal.


Understand sheep management in history and southdown landscaperelated info; identified, recorded and photographed dewponds,sheepfolds, chalk grassland plants, etc.

Study: sheep, southdown literature, old maps; collate and analyse;identify, map, explore and record sheep related locations (lambing).


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal,tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guidedwalks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photos anddocuments.

B.1.3 Objective: The socio-economic consequences of the resultant deforestation will be investigated, with particular reference to the importation of coal.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored; sheep eattrees, so no firewood, so cooking with coal.

Review potential data sources, including fireplace evidence fromstanding buildings, NMF13, including evidence of pre-Victoriancoal, firegrates in excavations in South Down areas east vs westof the Adur.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare andcontrast with wider contexts.


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, taggedphotos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, selfguided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photosand documents.

B.1.4 Objective: Original research on local place-names providing evidence for study area’s history; i.e., Kingston, Newmarket Hill, Juggs Road & Beggars Bush.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: SaxonKingston; Newmarket from mearc geat = new boundary gap (13th c. hundredboundary changes?); Juggs Rd (OED 15th c. nickname for low woman, mid17th c. Brighton is one of biggest south coast fishing towns, late 17th c.collapse of Brighton’s North Sea fisheries, early 18th c. serious poverty possiblyforced fishwives to sell wares in Lewes); Beggars Bush furlong name in Kingstonnear Lewes on route of Juggs Road (first named post-16th – pre-late 18th c.,possibly named after first shady tree on route to market in Lewes via sheepdeforested downs taken by poor Brighton fishwives).

Review potential data sources and authorities to contact foradvice. Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied.Publish proposal.


Saxon, Medieval, Post-Medieval (Tudor–Georgian) history (nationally andlocally).

Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare andcontrast with wider contexts.


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, taggedphotos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, selfguided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive photosand documents.

B.1.5 Objective: Were Medieval era peasants better off than in Georgian/Victorian times?

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Some evidence suggests that Victorian agricultural labourers werebetter off than their Tudor ancestors, but can it be proved?49

Review potential data sources, authorities to contact for advice andreview potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrastwith wider contexts.




B.1.6 Objective: Can Georgian/Victorian architecture indicate politics of owner and their treatment of labourers?50

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: (1)Were Georgian Neo-Classical buildings built by Whigs and Neo-Gothicbuildings built by Tories?51 (2) Did Whig landowners treat theirlabourers worse than Tories?52

Review potential data sources and potential issues: Availability ofinformation on; voters names, architecture of their houses, politicalaffiliations, reputation for treatment of labourers.


Evidence collected, recorded, analysed, assessed. In particular ThomasRogers IV (1728–1811) and Thomas Rogers V (1754–1833) of Kingston,and their known associates.

Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrastwith wider contexts.




49Condition of England literature stated that monks cared for both material needs of poor, and morality of their feudal lords (noblesse oblige; see for example, Carlyle1843 & Disraeli 1845 who alleged that liberal Whig politics resulted in labourers being worse off. Led to social reforms.

50Condition of England literature was against ideals of Whig industrialists. Looked to the Medieval past for inspiration.51Gothic as name for Medieval architecture was (allegedly) Renaissance anti-Catholic propaganda. Landowning Tories looked back to a golden age of Medieval feudalism.52Rural tories vs industrial whigs, supportive vs exploitative, tradition vs progress. Too simplistic? And all changed with Reform Act.

B.1.7 Objective: Research and understand the consequences of the American and Anglo-French War (1778–1783) on the project area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Myresearch on American Revolutionary War and resultant Anglo-Frenchwar, suggested unrecorded signal-fire on Newmarket Hill, based onstudies of Duke of Richmond, strange symbol on Yeakell & Gardner1778-1783 map of Sussex and 1787 print of Brighton Races. Alsoprobably influenced date of Prince of Wales’ arrival in Brighton.Identify potential authorities to contact, such as Sue Berry.

Review data sources and issues: History of Anglo-French War(1778–1783) and defence of Sussex by D-of-R. Strange symbol onNewmarket Hill shown on Yeakell & Gardner map, commissioned byD-of-R at time of war. D-of-R head of Sussex Militia and Master-Generalof Ordnance. Prince of Wales arrived Brighton few days after end of war.1787 Brighton Races print showed possible fire beacon (used as raisedviewing platform) and large frame capable of supporting a fire cage.






B.1.8 Objective: Understand life and times of Rottingdean’s vicar, 1792–1838, Rev. Dr. Hooker.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Enables understanding of local, national and international historicalinfluences on the area.53

Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice.Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.






53Connected with: Jane Austen, the Church of England, cricket, the aristocracy, the Grand Tour, Eton College, the Duke of Wellington, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ireland,hunting, schooling, music and painting, smuggling, the Napoleonic Wars, the shepherd scholar John Dudeney and more!!

B.1.9 Objective: Potential influences of smuggling in the area and its connections with national politics.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: In Kingston anancestor of the Tuppens (a family of shepherds) was believed to be involved insmuggling. In 1802 and 1804 the shepherd, Henry Tuppen, ‘mysteriously’ bought 2cottages.54 Also Rev. Hooker, Rottingdean, and smuggling as organised with possiblepolitical connections.

Review potential data sources and authorities tocontact for advice. Review potential issues. Definethesis to be studied. Publish proposal.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied.Compare and contrast with wider contexts.


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos onFlickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walkleaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication.Archive photos and documents.

B.1.10 Objective: The influences of the Napoleonic Wars on the study area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Prince of Walesrequired military protection. Organised huge sham battles on and in vicinity ofNewmarket Hill. Influenced public opinion of British Army55. This includes Gillray’s1802 cartoon of Lt. Col. George Leigh, The Prince of Wales’ own 10th Light Dragoons,A Newmarket Hill Character. Also Rev. Hooker and defence of Sussex.

Task: Review potential data sources and potentialissues. Research Gillray’s political cartoons who,according to Napoleon, “did more than all the armies inEurope to bring me down.” Also read and reviewThompson 1991.




Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos onFlickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walkleaflet.


54See Alexander 1997, and Cooper 2006.55Jane Austen’s ‘scarlet fever ’.

B.1.11 Objective: Influences of Georgian tourism on the area, in particular hunting.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Thenationally famous Brookside Harriers which hunted over Kingston andBalsdean Downs, connecting the Rogers family in Kingston, theRev. Hooker and significant figures both locally and nationally.







B.1.12 Objective: Was the South Downs in art and literature seen as an arcadian ideal?

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Review books on South Downs landscape, art and literature.







B.1.13 Objective: The isolated downland location of Balsdean as reason for medical activities there.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Mr Sutton’s variolation clinics (1786) and the (lunatic) asylum(1825–29) of Drs. King and Attree — important figures in Brighton’shistory.56





Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal,tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guidedwalks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.


B.2 Aim: To understand the enclosure of Kingston near Lewes and the building of Newmarket Farm; 1825–1833

B.2.1 Objective: To understand the pre- and post-enclosure agricultural workings of Kingston’s three manorial estates.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Thesis to be explored: Was expense incurred by enclosure offset byfuture profitability.

Include assessment of available resources, on and off-farm; mineral,timber, labour, etc.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Both desk-based studies (including new place-name researches) andfield work. Of use is the large and detailed Wiston Archive, created forKingston Estate sale in 1834. This has been analysed in some detail byCooper 2006. Also of use is the 1853 Kingston Farm evaluation.57




56The Attrees were a well connected Sussex family and the Rogers family married their daughters on two occasions.57I was kindly allowed to make a copy of this and other documents privately held by the Hodson family.

B.2.2 Objective: The socio-economic implications of the enclosure for all in the parish.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Last two chapters of Cooper 2006 detail consequences of ‘agricultural revolution’, mid-18th c.–19th c., includingKingston residents effected by consequences. Cross-reference with info from Ancestry.co.uk and other familyhistory sources, as well as books on rural life and enclosure. To include studies on John Clare.

Review potential data sourcesand potential issues. Includeagricultural labour revolts.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matterto be studied. Compare andcontrast with wider contexts.


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formaldigital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paperbased publication. Archivephotos and documents.

B.3 Aim: Life and Death in Kingston and Newmarket Farm, 1831–1921

B.3.1 Objective: A study of post-enclosure Kingston, using census returns, birth and death records, including causes of death and other records.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: To enable an understanding of what life waslike for the village as a whole and how it may have changed with time: Collate available information on thepopulation of Kingston; Statistically analyse this data to examine; life expectancy through time, causes ofdeath, occupations, migration within and outside the village, etc.; Consider possible causes, based on widersources of information58.

Review potential data sourcesand authorities to contact foradvice. Review potential issues.Define thesis to be studied.Publish proposal.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matterto be studied. Compare andcontrast with wider contexts.


Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formaldigital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paperbased publication. Archivephotos and documents.

58I.e. the autobiography and diary of James Nye 1981

B.3.2 Objective: To enable a deeper understanding of these findings; to read other Sussex diaries, memoirs, etc. compared and contrasted with general ruralstudies and their wider historical context.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: SeeFarrant et al. 2000, etc. for further sources.







B.3.3 Objective: A detailed consideration of the life of an agricultural labouring family in an isolated outfarm.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Worst case of disease, malnutrition and poverty in Kingston given byCooper was the Rich family of Newmarket Farm.59 They were detailedin 1861 census record.

Review potential data sources and potential issues: Also include info onother outfarms, such as Cambridgeshire Farm, Falmer.60






59Cooper 2006, p. 326.60See Bevendean History Group 2017, Goodfield and Robinson 2007, p. 77, Mercer and Holland 1993, p. 75, and Mercer 2010, pp. 51, 132–36.

B.3.4 Objective: To read and review the historical evidence for the life and times of agricultural labourers in general.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: See,for example, Farrant et al. 2000.

Review potential data sources and potential issues.






B.3.5 Objective: To research and interpret the details of the murder story of David Baldy by Martin Brown in 1868, with particular attention to the significanceof how the story was told and the public’s reaction to it.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Toinclude a study of Victorian attitudes to crime and punishment.

Review potential data sources and potential issues: Verbal permissionhas been obtained by the Copper family to use a melodramatic versionof the tale, as told to a young Bob Copper by his father.61






61Copper 1971.

B.3.6 Objective: To compare and contrast slum dwellers of Brighton and agricultural labourers of Kingston.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Requires a study of slum life in Brighton, including education ofchildren.

Review potential data sources and potential issues: For example, themurderer was caught because he could read and write.62






B.3.7 Objective: To research ‘Baldy’s memorial stone’ (now lost).

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: WasBaldy’s stone erected ~30 years after Baldy’s murder by John Hodson,as symbolic gesture to honour the Hodson/Rogers dynasty’s debt ofgratitude to their labourers in general?63

Review potential data sources and potential issues: There isphotographic and documentary evidence for the stone’s inscription andlocation, as well as for the actual murder location from police reports atBrown’s trial.






B.3.8 Objective: To consider what the material finds from my 2013 excavation of the cottage have to say about the life and times of those living there.

621851 census for the slum street where he grew up recorded the majority of children as scholars, but none were so recorded in Kingston at that time.63It claimed to mark the spot of his murder, but was in fact placed a mile away on the Shepherds’ Path on Kingston Down, directly overlooking The Street (Kingston’s

High Street). John Hodson was supposed to have created the path on his return to Kingston.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:The plates bearing mid/late Victorian fashionable aesthetic movementdesigns and other mid-19th–early 20th c. highly decorative householdceramics, glassware, jewellery and dolls, are all strongly indicative thateven the poorest of households spent a significant part of their moneyon goods for their aesthetic qualities.

Review potential data sources and potential issues: Starting point isCasella and Croucher 2010; first English Heritage funded excavation toexplicitly focus on domestic and residential aspects of the IndustrialRevolution. It reflected new interest in collection and conservation of19th–20th c. archaeological assemblages, of men, women and children ofrural working-class households who struggled to maintain and improvetheir conditions of everyday life.






B.4 Aim: ‘Tourist’ activities on the Kingston/Balsdean Downs; 1830–1942. Those at Newmarket Farm would have seen many such activities which took place onthe downs where they lived. Rumour had it that the farm was something like a coaching inn, with people who arrived in posh-carriages being provided with food andrefreshments. This was partly true. Newmarket Hill was a well known meeting place for hunting and other activities during this time.

B.4.1 Objective: Victorian Sham battles and reviews on or near Kingston and Balsdean Downs.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored:Military displays (Easter Reviews) continued after the Napoleonic Warsin the Victorian period, getting progressively larger.

Review potential data sources and potential issues: The IllustratedLondon News featured them in great detail, though copyrightpermissions may be needed to use these.






B.4.2 Objective: Hunting activities on the downs, especially the nationally famous Brookside Harriers.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Presentation of preliminary work to develop thesis to be explored: Toresearch the later history and demise of Brookside (hare) Harriers andthe rise of the Southdown (fox) hunt. To include involvement ofRottingdean Beard family and, from 1920s, AWJ Dalgety, who wasMaster of the Southdown and other hunts.64







B.4.3 Objective: 1931, Southdown Soarers and Southern Gliders clubs.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:In 1931, Southern Gliders’ Social Club were allowed to fly on BalsdeanFarm, storing their gliders in Newmarket Farm’s barn. Woodman hadrecently become their vice-president. He was in the Royal Flying Corpsin WW1. Southern Soarers Club organised the 2nd British GlidingCompetition, 1931 which took place in Balsdean in October, involvinginternational competitors.65





Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal,tagged photos on Flickr; Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guidedwalks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.

Prepare for digital and paper based publication. Archive; photos anddocuments.

64Dalgety formed a partnership with Woodman to farm Balsdean on or shortly after 1925. An interesting character, perhaps to be researched here, for his life’s workwas that of hunting, though perhaps the detail of his life should be placed later. A slim volume of his poetry reflected his views on horses and WW1.

65My father remembered (aged 5) ‘helping’ launch one of the gliders. Woodman was in the Royal Flying Corps in WW1.

B.4.4 Objective: Writers and artists in Kingston and the surrounding area.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Literary and artistic descriptions of the South Downs, in particular inthe vicinity of Kingston and Balsdean provide an insight into the livesand landscape of the area. Also of note are the reactions of the locals tothese visitors.







B.4.5 Objective: Ramblers and nature lovers.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Visitors to the downs included foreign students from Brighton. ThePhipps family (1934–1938) sold them cups of tea from 1934–38! Thetourists took photographs which it would be wonderful to find...







B.5 Aim: Historical developments; WW1 – WW2.

B.5.1 Objective: Costs and benefits of British Empire, technological change, growing population particularly of Brighton and effects on the downland landscape.66

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: To explore the costs(and benefits) of our Empire providing an increasing majority of our food and other agriculturalgoods. By the Edwardian period our industrial towns had become the government’s main sourceof wealth and our agricultural countryside was increasingly seen as a playground for the idlerich. In particular, Edwardian Brighton had one of the highest population densities in Britain.

Review potential data sources and authoritiesto contact for advice. Review potential issues.Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.




Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr.Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.


B.5.2 Objective: This includes Kingston estate’s sale in 1911 and Newmarket Farm in 1921.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis: The Gorings of Wistonsale of the Kingston Estate to Howell. He then sold a large part of its arable land for housingand smallholdings, including fruit and mushroom farms. The far eastern portion of the estate,including Newmarket Farm, was later sold to Selbach who was also interested in propertydevelopment.

Review potential data sources and authoritiesto contact for advice. Review potential issues.Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.Include ruined chimney from (alleged)attempted to extraction silver from flint67.




Publish informal account on blog, formally in professional journal, tagged photos on Flickr.Deposit formal digital archive. Talks, guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.


66See for example, D. Cuthbertson 2014.67Allcroft 1924, p. 98.

B.5.3 Objective: To study and record something of the two plotland developments, 1913 and 1919, which later became the village of Woodingdean.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Woodingdean was (and still is) home to several generations of both sidesof my family since the 1920’s. I wish to record its social and materiallegacy to the end of WW2. This includes the Phipps and Lathamfamily reminiscences, for whom Woodingdean played an important role.The local histories by Peter Mercer will be of particular use here.68

My family (both sides) accumulated a large number of Woodingdeanphotographs; these require digitising, tagging and possibly adding to aGIS database. Also of interest is the Warren Farm Dairy Farm dairy,which became an independent business. Its (broken) milk bottles werefound in NMF13. Its unpasteurised nature was featured. Also ofinterest was the lack of services; my father’s family’s water wascollected from the roof in an underground concrete lined tank (likeNewmarket Farm). Lighting and cooking by paraffin.






B.5.4 Objective: WW1 costs and benefits, as motivation for Oscar Selbach’s farming activities and development plans, including Newmarket Farm in 1921; toresearch and record material remains of early 20th c. fencing, new farm roads, water pumps, etc.69.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and presentthesis: Selbach’s motivation was entrepreneurial. Post-WW1guaranteed farm prices, (cheap? ex-WW1?) barbed wire and nitratefertiliser, cheap German POW labour and a demand for housing.

Balsdean and Kingston Downs were popular because of a lack of fences.Barbed wire and ploughing was an issue, as witnessed by (alleged) HighCourt case against Selbach for ploughing Lord Carson’s racing gallops.Fences first appear in significant numbers on O.S. maps after WW1.






68Mercer and Holland 1993, and Mercer 201569D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012b.

B.5.5 Objective: Brighton Corporation’s compulsory purchase of downland for amenity purposes; rambling and interwar tourism.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and presentthesis: To read and review publications on protection of the SouthDowns. To be reviewed in relation to Brighton Corporation’sdevelopment plans.

To be included is poem on possibility of motor cars racing upNewmarket Hill (in Sussex County Magazine in early 1930s).






B.5.6 Objective: To consider administrative challenges for those living on both the socio-economic and geographical margins of society.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and presentthesis: Newmarket Farm tenants from 1921 worked for Balsdean Farm.They belonged politically to Kingston, yet they worked, shopped,obtained medical help and went to school in Rottingdean,Woodingdean, Falmer and Brighton, which were in different adminareas.

Agricultural labourers were the poorest of the working poor. In 1938they earned less than on the dole.70 They would therefore have alreadybeen marginalised by society... How did they cope?






70D. Cuthbertson and P. Cuthbertson 2012c.

B.5.7 Objective: To research the consequences of Brighton Corporation’s compulsory purchase of downland to protect Brighton’s largest water catchment areaand the building of Balsdean pumping station in the 1930s.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:Was the historic Balsdean Farm, (including its subsidiary Norton andNewmarket Farms) offered to the military for training during WW2,with permission given for its demolition, in order to rebuild the farmafter the war in its present location, just outside of the Balsdean watercatchment area thus protecting its water catchment area?







B.5.8 Objective: WW2, its effects on local agriculture, military activities in the area and, in particular, the compulsory purchase for training purposes of the Block3 South Downs Training Area. Fieldwork might include a metal detector survey for anti-tank ordnance in the bank behind the site of a figure 8 railway target of whichnothing visible remains today. A slit trench has been identified overlooking the target. Both are in an SSSI so permissions from N.E. would be required. A barbed wireenclosed artillery firing position identified from aerial photographs could also be investigated, but is on private land. Evidence for a possible long range Livens Projectorused in a mustard gas test firing exercise is particularly interesting.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis. Review potential data sources and authorities to contact for advice.Review potential issues. Define thesis to be studied. Publish proposal.






B.6 Aim: Of sheep & bullocks; to provide a natural historical postscript.

B.6.1 Objective: To interpret Castle Hill National Nature Reserve’s wildlife in relation to former management practices.71

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation The reserve as a beautiful time-capsule of the past — enclosed inbarbed wire.

Detail wildlife and how it reflects former downland management practices.e.g.; Nottingham catchfly, early spider orchid, wart-biter cricket.


Record results of studies, including materials for illustration. Obtain, read and review matter to be studied. Compare and contrast withwider contexts.


Publish; informal account on blog, formally in professional journal,tagged photos on Flickr. Deposit formal digital archive. Talks,guided walks, stalls, self guided walk leaflet.


B.7 Aim: To disseminate the project findings to as wide an audience as possible.

B.7.1 Objective: To present the project as a whole to a wide an audience as possible by means of a book.

Stage Product Tasks

Implementation Preliminary presentation of work required to develop and present thesis:To date I have shared my findings via the Internet, talks, localnewsletters, guided walks and stalls at local public events. Eachobjective’s outcomes (singularly or combined) are to be similarlydisseminated, as detailed elsewhere. On completion of all the aboveobjective outcomes a book is to be written.

It would be useful to confirm the nature of the book’s publication asearly as possible. A non-commercial print-to-order book (such asLulu.com) may be eligible for the use of discounted or royalty free(Creative Commons or related) images. A commercial publicationwould be expensive.






71Castle Hill NNR is noted for its early spider orchids and wart biter crickets; the former require sheep grazing but the latter, found in Newmarket Bottom, requirelonger grass such as from grazing cattle. Baldy on the day of his murder had been tending bullocks (oxen?) in Newmarket Bottom.

Appendix C SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICALSTANDARDS: 2019

My own comments are highlighted so as to be clearly identifiable.

Recommended practice and procedures for undertaking archaeologicalinvestigations in connection with the planning and development man-agement process in East and West Sussex including Brighton and Hove.The wording contained in the standard clauses set out below (andcovered in more depth in the appendices and annexes) should be used asthe basis for preparing archaeological specifications or written schemesof investigation (WSIs) where fieldwork is undertaken to inform theplanning process or required as a condition of planning consent.

See section 7.

Foreword: These ‘Standards’ are principally intended to cover archaeologicalfieldwork and recording generated by the National Planning Policy Framework(NPPF) and Local Plan policy but may be applicable to all archaeological fieldworkprojects carried out in East and West Sussex, including Brighton and Hove as ‘bestpractice’ in project management. These standards should be used in conjunctionwith the relevant codes and by-laws of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

See subsubsection 7.3.1.

The local Historic Environment Record (HER) is the starting point in checkingwhether a proposal will have an impact on designated or known heritage assets(NPPF 189) but many heritage assets remain unknown to the HER and areaswhich appear to be ‘blank’ may only indicate that there has been no archaeolo-gical investigation hitherto. However, the effect of a planning application on thesignificance of a non-designated heritage asset (which could include below-groundarchaeological remains) should be taken into account when determining the applic-ation (NPPF 196) and Local Authorities should make use of their archaeologicaladvisers in order that the impact upon heritage assets can be assessed using ap-propriate expertise (NPPF 189).


The default technique used in assessing the archaeological potential of a devel-opment site (the field evaluation referred to in NPPF 189) is trial trenching. Com-plementary survey methods such as surface artefact collection and remote sensing

51

techniques (geophysical survey) can also be used to help determine a strategy fortrial trenching. Trial trenching remains the most cost effective single evaluationtechnique and as a ‘rule of thumb’ it will be expected that the trench sample sizewill be not less than 5% of the development site. This reflects experience gainedfrom trial trenching exercises in the 1990s where trench sample sizes as low as 2%or 3% had proved unreliable in terms of quantifying the nature of the potentialarchaeological resource. (For discussion of sample size and techniques see “Evalu-ation of Archaeological Decision-making Processes and Sampling Strategies” Heyand Lacey, Oxford Archaeological Unit (OAU), 2001).72

There may be circumstances where variations to these Standards, and to theAppendices and Annexes are necessary; any such variations or additions will be setout in the site-specific Written Scheme of Investigation prepared by the Archae-ological Contractor carrying out the fieldwork to be approved in writing by theLocal Planning Authority after consultation with their Archaeological Adviser.


These Standards have been prepared by the Local Planning Authority Archae-ological Advisers in Sussex in consultation with Archaeological Organisations andArchaeologists working in the County.

72

Hey and Lacey (2001) is currently available online via Scribd. I have yet to read it, andit is largely written for large projects, but it may have some relevance.

52

Contents

1.0 Professional Requirements2.0 Pre-Fieldwork3.0 Fieldwork Requirements4.0 Fieldwork Report5.0 Site Archive6.0 Compliance MonitoringAppendicesAppendix 1. Format of Archaeological ReportAppendix 2. Palaeo-Environmental and Archaeological Science TechniquesAnnex A Desk-Based AssessmentAnnex B Written Scheme of InvestigationAnnex C Trial Evaluation ExcavationAnnex D Archaeological Monitoring and Recording Exercise (Watching

Brief)Annex E Comprehensive Archaeological Excavation (and ‘Stage 2’ where

Stage 1 investigation/evaluation has already been undertaken)Annex F Excavation and Recording of Lithic Artefact ScattersANNEX F [2015]: Historic Building Assessment Survey

This was omitted from the 2019 standards document, I have chosen to addit for my own guidance.

Annex G Metal detector surveyAnnex H Post-Excavation AssessmentAnnex I Digital Data and Report Submission to East Sussex HER

53

1.0 Professional Requirements1.1 All archaeological fieldwork (and desk-based assessment) will becarried out by archaeologists acceptable to the relevant Local Plan-ning Authorities, with recognised experience and expertise in thespecified type of assessment or survey to be carried out. Registrationwith, or Membership of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists(CIfA), will be expected of any professional Archaeological Organ-isation working in Sussex. Professional archaeological organisationsare encouraged to register with CIfA or their project managers andsenior site staff should be members of CIfA at a level appropriate totheir level of responsibility.

See subsection 12.1.

1.2 During the course of fieldwork the Archaeologist (also referredto as the ‘Archaeological Organisation’ carrying out the work shallbe on-site or represented on-site at all reasonable times by a suitablyqualified archaeologist who shall be responsible on their behalf for theconduct of the on-site work. The names of the relevant member(s)of staff will be communicated to the Local Authority ArchaeologicalAdviser, in advance of commencement of on-site works.


1.3 In initiating or tendering for archaeological work, the Archae-ological Organisation must seek to ensure that all parties (includingthose commissioning the work) understand their full responsibilitynot only for the acquisition of data in the field but also for the pro-cessing and analysis of data and finds, appropriate scientific analysis,synthesis, appropriate dissemination of the results, long-term secur-ity of the archive and conservation and storage of the finds, togetherwith the appropriate financial provision for all aspects of the work.

See section 6.

54

2.0 Pre-fieldwork requirements2.1 Prior to commencement of on-site works the Developer or

the Archaeological Organisation on their behalf shall inform theLocal Authority Archaeological Adviser/s, of the proposed team as-signed by the Archaeological Contractor to undertake such works andprovide (if required) CVs of staff and specialists to be involved withthe project. Project managers should be Members of the Institutefor Archaeologists (CIFA). Projects should be planned with regardto relevant national standards and guidance including English Her-itage MAP2/MoRPHE and CifA Codes, Standards and Guidelines:http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/CIfA

See section 12.

2.2 Prior to commencement of archaeological works on the Site,the Archaeological Organisation shall have:

2.2.1 consulted the relevant Historic Environment Record held byEast Sussex County Council... ;


2.2.2 ascertained the anticipated solid and superficial geology ofthe site, from British Geological Survey/Geological Survey of GreatBritain maps;

See subsection 11.1, and subsubsection B.1.1.

2.2.3 examined, and interpreted from an archaeological point ofview (as far as is possible), any readily available geotechnical siteinvestigation records (e.g. borehole or test pit logs);

See subsection 11.1, and subsubsection B.1.1.

2.2.4 examined and noted details of published secondary docu-mentary sources relevant to the site, e.g. the relevant volume of theVictoria County History of Sussex (where published);

55

http://www.archaeologists.net/codes/CIfA


2.2.5 examined and noted details (e.g. Landscape/archaeologic-al/historical features, quarries, field names and plot numbers loc-ated in and around the development site) of relevant historical mapsin the East Sussex and West Sussex Record Offices which may beof archaeological or historical significance — maps to be examinedmust include the relevant parish Tithe and/or Enclosure Map andassociated Apportionments, Ordnance Survey maps from 1st editionto present, 18th – and 19th century maps of Sussex/Southern Sus-sex and, where appropriate, estate/land development maps held inprivate archives;

See subsubsection 7.3.8, and subsubsection 7.5.5.

2.2.6 sought and obtained a provisional Accession number for theSite Archive from the recommended recipient museum (except wherethe museum prefers to issue an accession number following comple-tion of fieldwork), the box charge to be applied and any guidelinesfrom the recipient museum regarding deposition of the Site Archive;


2.2.7 obtained information derived from Statutory Undertakerson services (gas, electricity, water, sewerage, telecommunications)on the Site, ascertained the alignments of Rights of Way and anyenvironmental constraints; such information to be taken into accountin carrying out fieldwork, so as to avoid those services/assets;

subsubsection 7.3.4.

2.2.8 written and submitted a Written Scheme of Investigation/-Method Statement to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser;

See section 8.

56

2.2.9 obtained (or submitted) full copies of the Written Scheme ofInvestigation and issued copies to the field officer responsiblefor carrying out the work on site prior to the commence-ment of fieldwork — these and any other relevant documents suchas Archaeological Desk-Based Assessments must be retained on siteduring the investigation, so that the field officer is aware of all po-tential requirements for the project;

See subsection 15.1, subsection 11.1.

2.2.10 ascertained the Developer’s requirements in respect of com-munications with the media and public relations regarding the field-work;


2.2.11 There is not currently a requirement to upload archivesand reports to OASIS, but in light of the HIAS Project, this may bereviewed once HERALD is operational.


2.2.12 contacted the Local Authority Archaeological Advisor toinform the anticipated start date.

See section 15.

3.0 Fieldwork requirementsSoil stripping, cleaning and identifying3.1 All archaeological features, structures and deposits exposed

during fieldwork must be cleaned, planned, and recorded. In gen-eral terms the amount of each archaeological feature to be excavatedshall be proportional to its significance and sufficient to obtain agood indication of the date and function of that feature, subject tothe requirements of adequate palaeo-environmental assessment andsampling — see below.

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subsection 7.3.

3.2 Excavation of discrete features should generally be carried outusing small hand tools; single horizontal layers and deposits, largediscrete features and ditches may be excavated where appropriateby mattock/pick and shovel as well as hand tools. Deeper archae-ological features and deposits should be characterised by excavationto full depth. Sampling of deeper features below achievable safetylevels or development formation levels should be discussed with thearchaeological advisor to the planning authority.


Planning, mapping, surveying3.3 Archaeological structures, features and deposits exposed or

excavated will be planned by the Archaeologist in relation to theexcavated area within which they lie, and the plan outlines of theexcavated areas planned on to a copy of an Ordnance Survey basemap of not smaller than 1:2500 scale.


3.4 Archaeological structures, features or deposits must be sur-veyed by the Archaeologist in relation to Ordnance Survey levels,either by use of GPS survey or by use of an OS bench mark.


Human remains3.5 Any human remains revealed during the fieldwork should ini-

tially be left by the Archaeologist in situ, covered and protected,and reported by the Archaeologist with despatch to the Coroner,the Ministry of Justice and to the Local Authority ArchaeologicalAdviser/s. Where their removal has been agreed by the Ministry ofJustice, a licence for their removal may be required and if so must

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have been obtained by the Developer or Archaeological Organisa-tion, and the relevant Ministry of Justice and environmental healthregulations should be complied with.

I agree, but hope I don’t have to!

Treasure3.6 Any finds believed by the Archaeologist to fall potentially

within the statutory definition of Treasure, as defined by the Treas-ure Act 1996 and further defined by the Treasure (Designation) Or-der 2002, shall be reported with despatch to the Coroner or to therelevant local reporting museum, the Portable Antiquities SchemeFinds Liaison Officer (c.o. Sussex Archaeological Society), to thelandowner and to the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser/s. Arecord shall be provided by the Archaeologist to the Coroner and tothe Local Authority Archaeological Officer, of the date and circum-stances of discovery, the identity of the finder, and the exact locationof the find(s) (OS map reference to within 1 metre, and find spot(s)marked on map).


Health and Safety3.7 In respect of the carrying out of any archaeological fieldwork

attention is drawn to the Construction (Design and Management)Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) and those elements of the Construc-tion (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations 1996 which were incor-porated when the 1996 regulations were revoked.


Use of Metal Detectors3.8 In order to mitigate the loss of metal artefacts from top-topsoil

ortopsoil??

soil/plough soil which would be removed as part of a development

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project or field evaluation, a metal detecting survey of the site maybe required before any such soil stripping. Consideration should begiven to working with local metal detectorists for archaeologicallymanaged metal detecting of top soil/plough soil where appropriate.plough

soil?? A log should be kept of the metal detector use. Finds must be re-corded accurately in three dimensions using appropriate surveyingmethods and subject to careful handling, bagging, conservation andreporting as set out in the relevant sections of these Standards. Fur-ther detail is provided in Annex G.


3.9 In order to facilitate the recovery of small artefacts a metaldetector should be used by the Archaeologist to survey excavatedspoil, the surfaces of all exposed archaeological features, and anyadditional parts of the site directed by the Local Authority Archae-ological Officer.

Ibid.

Treatment of finds3.10 All artefacts (e.g. pottery, glass, metalwork, clay pipes, ob-

jects in worked flint and stone, wood, bone, horn and leather, brickand tile, slag) and ecofacts (organic finds such as bones, preservedancient plant remains, seeds, pollen and charcoal, soil samples) re-covered during the fieldwork will be made available by the landownerto the Archaeologist pending completion of the written report on thework.


3.11 Artefacts and ecofacts recovered during fieldwork will bebagged or put in trays on site and then stored during the courseof the fieldwork at the Archaeologist’s secure offices or usual placeof secure storage of archaeological finds. The Archaeologist shall not

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leave any artefacts or ecofacts unearthed from the fieldwork on siteovernight or on days other than working days.


3.12 Normally all artefacts recovered during fieldwork will bewashed and identified and those to be retained will be marked bythe Archaeologist with the Site Code and Context (where the size,condition and material type of the artefacts allows). All artefacts andecofacts will be bagged and boxed by the Archaeologist, in accord-ance with current United Kingdom Institute for Conservation/RES-CUE publication First Aid for Finds (3rd. ed. 1998). Bags andboxes should be marked with the Museum Accession Number. All“small finds/registered finds” (unless too small or of a material notto be marked) will be marked with the Museum Accession Number(where small, the Accession Number is to be preferred to the SiteCode) and will be boxed together, separate from bulk finds.


3.13 All artefacts recovered during fieldwork, which require labor-atory conservation will initially be stabilised by the Archaeologistprior to their deposition at the recipient museum, using passive con-servation measures, in accordance with the guidelines set out in FirstAid for Finds, referred to above.

Not currently applicable, but will be done if required in future.

3.14 Artefacts which require prompt active conservation measuresto prevent deterioration must be identified at the time of excava-tion and a written conservation method statement prepared at anearly stage during post-excavation work. Where initial fieldwork, orinitial desk-based assessment, results in preservation of archaeolo-gical remains by record, all artefacts of this sort, recovered duringdevelopment-related fieldwork from the relevant site, should have

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been cleaned and, subject to discussion with the receiving museum,stabilised or laboratory-conserved prior to their deposition in the mu-seum. Full records of any treatment should accompany the artefacts.

Not currently applicable, but will be done if required in future.

3.15 Before deposition of artefacts or ecofacts at the receivingmuseum the Archaeological Contractor must confirm in writing (tothe museum) that the written permission of the landowner to donatethe finds to the museum has been obtained; and, where relevant, thatthe laws relating to Treasure have been complied with.


Palaeo-environmental sampling and other archaeological science techniques

3.16 On all sites involving archaeological excavation — evalu-ation, full excavation or recording under archaeological monitoring(watching brief) conditions — a structured programme of envir-onmental sampling appropriate to the aims of the field work willbe implemented. The strategy and methodology for the sampling,recording, processing, assessment, analysis and reporting of depos-its with environmental archaeology potential will be in accordancewith English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines “Envir-onmental Archaeology — A guide to the theory and practice ofmethods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation” (Eng-lish Heritage, 2011). Any variation to this guidance will be agreedin advance with both the Local Authority Archaeologist and theEnglish Heritage Science Advisor (South East) — Jane Corcoran:[email protected]. Particular note willbe taken of the following requirements, which are applicable to mostsites:

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[email protected]

Unfortunately, as an amateur archaeologist, I consider environ-mental archaeology to be beyond the remit of either NMF13,or any future such fieldwork conducted as part of this project.However, I am very much aware of the ability of environmentalarchaeology to answer important questions about the diet of asite’s occupants, and their physical and biological environment.For example, with support, it may be possible to discover theformer prevalence of heather on Newmarket Hill.

3.17 High priority deposits for palaeo-environmental sampling are:primary fills of pits, wells, ditches and cesspits, layers of middens,occupation surfaces and other discrete activity areas, contents ofhearths, kilns and ovens, storage areas or containers. Discrete burntor charcoal areas are of the greatest interest and should always besampled, but sampling should not be limited to areas of visiblyburnt remains, for even charred plant remains are not necessarilyvisible within deposits, and many other types of material, includ-ing small finds, can be retrieved from the bulk samples. For somecontexts and features (e.g. ditches, middens, occupation layers) mul-tiple samples might be needed, from different locations; and for floorssampling should target areas where preservation is likely to be best(e.g. corners). On dry sites, pit and ditch fills where concentrationsof bones and pottery are visible will yield the richest bulk samples.

See above.

Geoarchaeological sampling and recording3.18 The geoarchaeological potential of a site should be investig-

ated to inform an understanding of site formation processes. Thestrategy and methodology for the recording, sampling, processing,assessment, analysis and reporting of deposits will be in accordancewith English Heritage Centre for Archaeology Guidelines “Geoar-chaeology: Using earth sciences to understand the archaeological

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record” (English Heritage, 2007). As a minimum all bedrock, super-ficial deposits and soils, exposed during fieldwork, will be describedand interpreted in relationship to any recorded archaeological fea-tures and deposits. See also Annex E for consideration of the geolo-gical context for lithic artefact scatters.

An excellent looking document. An understanding of the geo-logy and geomorphology of the project area is essential to anunderstanding of its history.

Access3.19 Existing access to adjacent land shall be maintained, where

possible, by the Archaeological Contractor at all times during thecourse of fieldwork. Access to the Site during the course of fieldworkshall be in accordance with those points specifically designated forthat purpose. Arrangements for access to the site should be notifiedto the Archaeologist by the Developer prior to commencement ofthe investigation. The Archaeologist should not commence workson site until all pre-commencement works (e.g. ecological mitigationmeasures) and arrangements for access to the Site have been notifiedand agreed.

To be done if required.

3.20 All existing public and private highways including accessesshall be kept free of mud from site vehicles used to transport theArchaeological Organisation’s staff to the Site to carry out the field-work. Public Rights of Way must not be obstructed by the Archae-ological Organisation’s site vehicles, spoil, equipment or other itemsassociated with the fieldwork.

To be done if required, but unlikely to be an issue.

3.21 The Archaeological Organisation should ascertain any re-quirements on the Developer’s part in respect of communications

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with the media and public relations regarding the fieldwork and com-municate those requirements to visiting Local Authority Archaeolo-gists in advance of their first visit. In cases where a Local Authorityis commissioning directly or through an agent an Archaeological Or-ganisation to carry out fieldwork or Desk-Based Assessment, or isacting directly for the commissioning body, any approaches to theArchaeological Organisation from the media or the press shall bereferred to the Local Authority’s Press Officer or public relationssection.


Summary report/update bulletins3.22 Unless otherwise agreed in writing, a brief written summary

of the findings of the fieldwork, with plans showing the locationsand outlines of excavations and archaeological features and depos-its/relevant standing structures/surface collections of finds, shall becompleted within 10 working days of completion of fieldwork in eachseparate phase or sub phase of site work, and copies of these reportssubmitted, when requested, to the Local Authority ArchaeologicalOfficer, and where requested direct to the Local Planning Authority.

This has not yet been achieved for NMF13, largely due to mylack of experience with post-excavation work. However, a high-light report was published for each day of the dig online, whichmore or less gave the required information but in an informalmanner.

3.23 Where appropriate, subject to consultation with the LocalAuthority Archaeological Officer, the WSI may call for a weekly bul-letin of key results supported by an updated site plan. These areparticularly valuable in circumstances where the scale or complexityof the site/development require fieldwork to be split into successivephases and/or where the Local Authority Archaeological Officer is

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asked to ‘sign off’ a phase of recording against partial discharge ofthe planning condition relating to archaeology.

This was informally done for NMF13. I agree to do this formallyif required.

4.0 Fieldwork report4.1 A full report on the fieldwork shall be completed by the Ar-

chaeological Contractor within six weeks of completion of all field-work on the site, unless agreed in writing with the Local PlanningAuthority and Archaeological Officer. A digital copy of this report(PDFA) shall be submitted to the Local Planning Authority, theLocal Planning Authority’s Archaeological Adviser, and the relevantHistoric Environment Record. A hard copy of the final report mustbe included with the project archive. In West Sussex and Chichestera hard copy of the report must also be sent to the HER and the WestSussex Record Office.

The NMF13 report is now five years late. As I have said before,I hope to have completed it by 2020.

4.2 The Developer and Archaeological Contractor should assumethat reports lodged with the respective Historic Environment Re-cords will become available for public inspection; and that inform-ation from the report may be authorised to be used by the LocalAuthority, with due acknowledgement to the Developer and Archae-ological Contractor.

I very much agree.

4.3 The principal functions of the report are to set down an ac-curate record of the sampled archaeological features to enable thenature and significance of the site to be understood and potentiallyre-assessed given that the recording process is destructive in itself(normally a one-off process and there is unlikely to be a second op-

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portunity to re-visit and investigate archaeologically). Where ap-plicable it will also enable the Local Authority Planning Committeeto determine a planning application (and its impact upon heritageassets) from a position of knowledge. In this process the expertiseof the Local Authority’s archaeological adviser will be called uponto consider the options available and recommend suitable mitigationmeasures, if appropriate.

I wholeheartedly agree.

4.4 The report shall normally contain reproduced photographicillustrations (which are now likely to be digital in origin) showing,as a minimum, the overall extent of the area investigated and im-ages of significant standing structures/contexts, with, in the caseof trial trenches, an illustration(s) clearly showing the depth of thetrench(es) and including ranging rod/scale, feature/context numberand north arrow.

Whilst a large number of photographs of all aspects of the siteexcavation were taken, due to a lack of experience, rangingrod/scale, north arrow, etc. were not included. These are to beused in future fieldwork.

5.0 Site Archive5.1 The Site Archive, which comprises a hard copy of the final

report as well as records of the archaeological investigation and anymaterials recovered, including written elements, plans and drawings,photographic prints, digital images and transparencies (where appro-priate) and other primary data recovered during the investigation, inwritten, drawn or electronic media, must be quantified, ordered, in-dexed, digitised (where appropriate), and made internally consistent.Treatment of materials, records, site matrix and summaries must becompleted in accordance with Appendix 3 (site archive specification)of Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage, 1991)

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(MAP 2), Management of Research Projects in the Historic Envir-onment (MoRPHE: English Heritage 2006) and with reference to‘Archaeological Archives: A guide to best practice in creation, com-pilation, transfer and curation’ (AAF, author Duncan Brown, 2007).

To be complied with, as appropriate.

5.2 Work on the Site Archive shall be completed within sixcalendar months of completion of the archaeological investigation.Exceptions: (i) where the application of specialist scientific and ana-lytical techniques render this time scale impractical, an extendedtime scale for completion of the site archive will be agreed in writingbetween the Archaeological Organisation and the Local AuthorityArchaeological Officer, prior to commencement of post-excavationworks. (ii) where long periods separate each stage or phase of ar-chaeological work (e.g. in some mineral workings), it may be appro-priate for work on Site Archives to take place in phases, with separatePost-Excavation Assessments. Upon completion of the Site Archivethe Archaeological Organisation shall notify the Local Authority Ar-chaeological Officer, in order that the latter may, if they wish inspectthe Site Archive prior to its deposition in an appropriate museum.

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The NMF13 dig was my first archaeological dig, and I feel Idid the best that I could as site director during fieldwork. How-ever, I very soon discovered I needed to gain a lot more practicalexperience and theoretical knowledge in the analysis and writ-ing up of the dig’s findings. I have now gained some excellenttraining, support, and experience, from the Sussex School of Ar-chaeology, Brighton and Hove Archaeology Society, Lisa JayneFisher (Managing Director of Archaeology Services Lewes), Hil-ary Orange (formerly) of Archaeology South East, and the So-ciety of Post-Medieval Archaeology, and most recently my workas a volunteer digger on the Bishopstone Tidemills site underthe direction of Sussex Archaeological Society’s Research Of-ficer, Luke Barber. My most recent delay has been due to MarkBarratt, Project Officer for OASIS, recommending that NMF13be embedded in this larger project.

5.3 It is recommended either that Copyright of the written, drawnand photographic elements of the Site Archive (electronic or manual)shall be vested jointly in the Archaeological Organisation and in therecipient museum; or that before deposition of the Site Archive inthe recipient museum, the recipient museum should be given per-mission in writing by the Copyright holder to make reproductions ofspecified categories of material from the Site Archive for educationalor research purposes, with due acknowledgement to the Copyrightholder. In either event, the disposition of Copyright must be madeplain in the Written Scheme of Investigation for the project and inwriting to the recipient museum before archive deposition.

I very much wish to share all of my archive, where appropriate,and therefore wish to request a Creative Commons licence (orsimilar), though perhaps with a suitable attribution clause tobe agreed with all relevant stakeholders.

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5.4 Cost estimates for archiving (including long-term storagecosts) should be ascertained by the Archaeological Contractor inpreparing quotations for undertaking the investigation. Within sixmonths of completion of fieldwork, the Archaeological Contractorshall inform the Local Authority Archaeological Officer of arrange-ments reached with the recipient archive store and the NMRC forthe submission of a security copy of the archive.

This has yet to be discussed.

5.5 Subject to the agreement of the landowner (and in line withNational Planning Policy) with regard to deposition of artefacts andecofacts recovered during fieldwork, the site archive should be de-posited by the Archaeological Contractor with the recipient mu-seum/archive depository within five years from the date of comple-tion of the investigation. NB. The Archaeologist should en-sure that sufficient funding for the long term storage of thearchive can be paid to the museum/archive depository.

My understanding is — for NMF13 — I have an agreementwith the landowner, Brighton & Hove City Council, that: “thephysical finds will be stored by Project Manager, David Cuth-bertson, and will be made available for study by interestedparties by prior arrangement”.

5.6 Subject to the terms of the Treasure Act 1996, it is recommen-ded that all artefacts and ecofacts unearthed from the investigationand all other elements of the Site Archive (as defined in MAP2)should be deposited by the Archaeologist in an appropriate pub-lic museum registered or provisionally registered by Resource (TheCouncil for Museums, Archives & Libraries) and acceptable to theLocal Planning Authority (to be discussed with their Adviser/s).

To be discussed.

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5.7 Prior to deposition of finds in the recipient museum the Ar-chaeologist should agree with that museum the sample or quantity ofbulk finds (pottery, animal and (if appropriate) human bone, otherecofactual material, building material, burnt flint, worked flint andstone) to be deposited.

Not applicable. See subsection 11.3.

5.8 All excavated artefacts and ecofacts and all other elementsof the Site Archive should be delivered by the Archaeological Con-tractor to the recipient museum as one deposit. Where this arrange-ment is not practicable lists will be submitted by the Contractor tothe recipient museum of objects not deposited, together with inform-ation as to the quantity involved and their current location, reasonswhy items have not been deposited and a timetable for their ultimatedeposition.

Not applicable. See subsection 11.3.

5.9 Artefacts and ecofacts deposited by the Archaeological Con-tractor in the recipient museum must be accompanied by the originaldrawn, written and photographic Site Archive or by a complete du-plicate record thereof.

All my special finds are to be kept with a copy of the site archive.

5.10 In carrying out post-excavation work and analysis, the Ar-chaeological Contractor will liaise with the Local Authority Archae-ological Officer and the Sussex Archaeological Society Research Of-ficer — [email protected], with a view to ensuring aconcordance between type descriptions of artefacts from this siteand those employed on other recently excavated sites in the area andthose commonly employed elsewhere in Sussex. The reason for suchliaison is to ensure against a proliferation of different systems of arte-fact type descriptions and nomenclature in the area of the relevant

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[email protected]

site. NB. The Archaeologist must ascertain whether therewill be a charge for other archaeologists’ time in undertak-ing such liaison, and if so to take this charge into accountin cost estimates for carrying out the investigation.

To be done, but the possibility of charges needs consideration.

5.11 In cases where the results of field work are considered suit-able for publication, consideration will be given first to publicationin the Sussex Archaeological Collections. The Written Schemeof Investigation should state that this may be the case and allow-ance made for the costs of publication. Publication in specialistjournals may also be required where the results of the workare considered by the Archaeological Contractor and LocalAuthority Archaeological Adviser/s to warrant it.

To be done, but possible costs need to be investigated.

6.0 Compliance Monitoring6.1 On behalf of the Local Planning Authority the Local Planning

Authority’s Archaeological Adviser/s will normally be responsiblefor;

* reporting to the Local Planning Authority the progress andstandards of on-site fieldwork,

When and how often to be formally agreed.

* for validating the reporting and findings of such fieldwork, and

It has been agreed that no new archaeological works will be con-ducted until the publication of the NMF13 excavation report.

* for warranting the conformity of working practices with theseStandards and with the Written Scheme of Investigation on behalfof the Local Planning Authority.

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Agreed.

6.2 A minimum of 5 days’ notice before commencement of field-work should be given by the Archaeologist to the Local AuthorityArchaeological Adviser/s.

To be agreed for any future fieldwork.

Appendix 1. Format of the Archaeological Report1 The report must include, except where otherwise stated in theBrief:

• Planning history, in brief, including nature of proposed develop-ment, relevant Local Planning Authority, applicant, and plan-ning application reference number (where applicable)

• Function of the report• Location of site by OS map reference (5 figures easting, 5 figures

northing)• A location plan of the site, with boundary clearly marked, on

an OS base map of not less than 1:2500 scale (smaller scale forlarge sites only), showing Grid North, and tied in to the OSGrid (Grid lines to be numbered)

• Plans showing the outlines of trenches/excavated areas in rela-tion to the site boundary

• Plans of trenches/excavated areas showing archaeological con-texts recorded therein, at a scale suitable for distinguishingclearly the outlines of recorded contexts, and changes in slopeindicated by hachures

• Those parts of archaeological contexts which have been excav-ated

• For deeper/stratified sites, drawn sections of each trench eleva-tion, with OD levels

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• Levels above/below OD at top and bottom of trenches/excav-ated areas, at each end/corner of the trench/excavated area

• Site geology• Archaeological and historical background• Reproduced extracts of relevant historical maps, with site

boundary superimposed and clearly shown (where photocopiescannot be taken, good quality traced extracts should be made)

• Dates of fieldwork - beginning and end• Fieldwork methodology, archaeological and palaeoenviron-

mental sampling strategies• Site Code• Staff Structure - Project Manager, Site Supervisor(s)• Name of developer, person or body commissioning the archae-

ological contractor• An abstract of the background and findings of the report of

about 100-200 words• Principal author and (at the head of each specialist report)

names of contributors to the report• Stratigraphic report, by excavated area and context• Finds reports by recognised specialist• Identification of finds requiring active conservation• Present location of finds, intended repository of the finds, mu-

seum accession number, quantification of archive table• Palaeo-environmental report - results of palaeo-environmental

processing and assessment by recognised specialist• A list of contexts excavated, arranged numerically, with brief

description, nature of artefactual/ecofactual contents, and pro-visional/final dating

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• A list of palaeo-environmental samples taken• Discussion and Conclusions• References• Historic Environment Record summary form

2 The copies of the report approved by the Local Planning Author-ity must be in PDF A format and on a CD accompanied by aselection of illustrative images which shall be submitted to the HERwithin six weeks of completion of trial investigation works on site.These images are intended both for record purposes and for dissem-ination of information to the Local Planning Authorities and to thepublic (e.g. through presentations and talks). See also hard copyrequirements for West Sussex and Chichester in 4.1 above.3 In the case of complex sites or significant archaeological/architec-tural features, illustrations in the report and images submitted to theHER will include scenes of excavation works in progress (includingclose-up pictures of archaeological feature(s) under excavation); moreimportant archaeological features/site sections (in Site terms) bothexcavated (with scale) and, where appropriate, under excavation,and important archaeological finds, both under excavation (whereappropriate) and cleaned (with scale).

Appendix 2. Palaeo-environmental and ArchaeologicalScience techniques:

Palaeo-environmental sampling and techniques (detailedrequirements)

1. Where moderate to abundant archaeological deposits and fea-tures are revealed, sampling for a number of categories of envir-onmental remains, including plants, animal bones, fish bones,molluscs and invertebrates will be essential. The potential ofthe material has to be ascertained through the taking of bulk

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(‘whole earth’) samples, each 40 to 60 litres, from a represent-ative cross-section of features and layers of all periods; theseshould be well dated or datable and well-sealed (not mixed).The selection of these samples will therefore take into accountthe presence/absence of datable artefacts and the degree of re-siduality and intrusiveness (e.g. of finds, recent or modern ma-terial etc.) within the deposits.

2. All bulk environmental samples will be processed in their en-tirety during or immediately following excavation, with c 5 litresretained from samples that might repay other forms of pro-cessing at a later stage of the project (e.g. for insect analysis).Each sample will be floated, with the flot collected in a mesh of250 microns, and the residue (heavy fraction) in a 500-micron or1mm mesh. After drying, the sub-sample flot and residue will beassessed by a specialist to ascertain the degree of preservation,amount, diversity of environmental remains and the potential toaddress research questions. This will be done using a binocularmicroscope (no less than x10 magnification) and good lighting.All samples should be removed from the excavation to a securestorage (this could be on site) within 48 hours.

3. In addition to standard bulk samples, certain types of depositcan repay other environmental sampling techniques:

• Where good conditions for the preservation of bone havebeen identified, all large bones will be collected by hand andsieving of bulk samples up to 100 litres will be undertakenfrom key contexts, as appropriate.

• In suitable deposits (colluvium, alluvium, ditch fills etc.),mollusc samples of 2 litres each will be taken vertically fromappropriate sections to investigate the changes of environ-ment and in particular vegetation through time.

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• Where waterlogged deposits occur, bulk samples of 10 to20 litres will be taken vertically from appropriate sections(or 100% of the fill of the feature/deposit, if less than thatcapacity). Sub-samples of these waterlogged samples mustbe assessed by suitable specialists for the presence of plants,insects, and other biological indicators.

• Where deposits are likely to have accumulated by naturalprocesses (for example, some ditch and pond fills or alluvialsequences) or otherwise appear to be wet, waterlogged orpeaty, monoliths will be taken from cleaned vertical surfacesfor the retrieval of pollen, diatoms, ostracods, foraminiferaand for tests such as magnetic susceptibility and loss on igni-tion. Wherever possible such samples should be taken by ageoarchaeologist or the environmental archaeologist, so thatthe sequence of deposits can be examined and interpretedon-site and the most appropriate location and number ofsamples identified.

4. All processed samples will be assessed and reported on as part ofthe fieldwork report. The assessment will estimate the presenceof cereal grains, chaff and weed seeds as well as that of fish andsmall mammal bones and charcoal (including size ranges), witha quantification of each on a five-point scale and a note of thepreservation on a similar point scale (very good to very poor).Results of this assessment will be included in the fieldwork re-port, together with a description of methodology.

5. The Archaeological Contractor will make appropriate provi-sion for the application of scientific dating techniques such asradiocarbon, dendrochronology, archaeomagnetic dating, OSLand thermoluminescence dating, Provision for other scientifictechniques involving specialist advice or/and site visit mightalso be necessary if remains of ancient metalworking and otherindustrial activities, waterlogged remains and burials are re-

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vealed. The advice of the English Heritage Science Advisor willbe sought in advance of the application of these techniques anda specialist visit to the site to examine the remains in situ andtake samples will be arranged, where appropriate.

6. The Local Authority Archaeological Adviser, in consultationwith English Heritage’s Science Advisers, wishes to encouragea more systematic approach to palaeo-environmental and otherscientific sampling in undertaking archaeological fieldwork of allkinds. The archaeological organisation undertaking the invest-igation will:

Prior to undertaking fieldwork:

• Appoint a suitably qualified/experienced environmental ar-chaeologist to advise on palaeo-environmental aspects of theproject and to devise and supervise the implementation ofthe environmental sampling strategy;

• Include within the Method Statement/WSI a descriptionof the proposed method of palaeo-environmental sampling,processing and assessment, prepared in consultation withthe palaeo-environmental specialist/environmental archae-ologist

• Address in the Method Statement/WSI the proposedsampling methods for the types of feature that might beanticipated on the specific site in question and the type ofenvironmental remains that might be targeted. This shouldnot be an exhaustive list but a realistic proposal having con-sidered the background to the site (section 2 of the stand-ards), research objectives and the approach to excavation(section 3), taking into account known/anticipated site, soilconditions and conditions of preservation;

• State clearly in the Method Statement/WSI which sampleswill be taken on site by specialists rather than excavation

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staff and under what circumstances specialists in archae-ological science might be asked to visit the site to adviseand take samples. Again this should not be a generic state-ment including every eventuality, but should be orientatedtowards features that might be anticipated on this specificsite. (For example, consideration might be given to datingtechniques, or/and soils and sediments, burials and gravegoods, industrial sites/processes, living/working floors, wa-terlogged wood and artefacts);

• State clearly in the Method Statement/WSI the processingand proposed post-fieldwork sample assessment strategyand methodology;

• Ensure that site staff are aware of the standard bulk (wholeearth) sample size of 40-60 litres or 100% of smaller features;

• Ensure that processing staff are aware that all bulk samplesshould be processed in their entirety (unless a small amount,c 5 litres, is retained for later processing by different tech-niques, such as paraffin flotation for insects), Ensure suit-able equipment is available for the flot to be collected ona sieve with mesh size of 250-300 microns, residues to becollected on sieve size of 500 microns — 1mm;

• Arrange with the environmental archaeologist to visit thesite during investigation, if archaeological features/depositsare found and arrange how often this will be needed in orderto keep track of features exposed;

• Notify the English Heritage Science Adviser for the SE re-gion, (Jane Corcoran, of the date of commencement of in-vestigation (E-mail: [email protected] ) and offer her an opportunity to visit the site dur-ing fieldwork, preferably together with the environmentalarchaeologist;

During fieldwork:

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[email protected]

[email protected]

• Manage/organise site visits from the environmental archae-ologist and other specialists to advise and collect samples(where applicable);

• Agree and implement on site the sampling strategies;

After fieldwork:

• Update the post-fieldwork strategy and assessment as ne-cessary (this may involve additional resources — See AnnexG);

• Agree with the Local Authority Archaeological Adviser anynecessary delay in completion of the reporting of the fieldwork to enable results of environmental and other scientificassessments to be included;

• Implement the retention and discard policy recommendedby the Sussex Museums Group, with respect to the vari-ous categories of environmental remains recovered. [Recom-mended standards for recording, sampling and retention ofspecific artefact and ecofact types will follow in 2015].

7. Where applicable the guidance in the following English Heritagepapers, relating to archaeological science (which can be down-loaded from the weblinks below) will be followed:

ARTEFACTS, MATERIALS AND CONSERVATION

Waterlogged organic artefacts: guidelines on theirrecovery, analysis and conservation 2012(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/waterlogged-organic-artefacts/woa-guidelines.pdf/)Guidelines on the recording, sampling, conserva-tion, and curation of waterlogged wood 2010(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/

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https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/waterlogged-organic-artefacts/woa-guidelines.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/waterlogged-wood/waterlogged-wood.pdf/


images-books/publications/waterlogged-wood/waterlogged-wood.pdf/)Archaeometallurgy : Guidelines for Best Practice2015(https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeometallurgy-guidelines-best-practice/)Archaeological Evidence for GlassworkingGuidelines for Best Practice 2011(https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/glassworkingguidelines/)Science for Historic Industries: guidelines for theinvestigation of 17th – to 19th -century industries2006(https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/science-for-historic-industries/)Guidelines on the X-radiography of archaeologicalmetalwork 2006(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/x-radiography-of-archaeological-metalwork/xradiography.pdf/)Investigative Conservation:(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/investigative-conservation/investigative-conservation.pdf/)

DATING TECHNIQUESDendrochronology — guidelines on producing andinterpreting dendrochronological dates 1998(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dendrochronology-guidelines/dendrochronology.pdf/)

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https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeometallurgy-guidelines-best-practice/



https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/glassworkingguidelines/

https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/glassworkingguidelines/

https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/science-for-historic-industries/

https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/science-for-historic-industries/

https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/x-radiography-of-archaeological-metalwork/xradiography.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/investigative-conservation/investigative-conservation.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dendrochronology-guidelines/dendrochronology.pdf/



Archaeomagnetic Dating: Guidelines on producingand interpreting archaeomagnetic dates 2006(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeomagnetic-dating-guidelines/archaeomagnetic-dating-guidelines.pdf/)Luminescence Dating : Guidelines on using lumin-escence dating in archaeology 2008(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/luminescence-dating/luminescencedating.pdf/)

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNIQUESEnvironmental Archaeology: A guide to the theoryand practice of methods, from sampling and recov-ery to post-excavation 2011Guidelines for the curation of macroscopic plantand invertebrate remains 2008(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/curation-of-waterlogged-macroscopic-plant-and-invertebrate-remains/waterloggedremains.pdf/)Human bones from Archaeological Sites: Guidelinesfor Producing Assessment Documents and Analyt-ical Reports 2004(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/human-bones-from-archaeological-sites/humanbones2004.pdf/)Guidance for Best Practice for Treatment of HumanRemains Excavated from Christian Burial Groundsin England (second edition) 2017(http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/APABE_ToHREfCBG_FINAL_WEB.pdf)

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https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/archaeomagnetic-dating-guidelines/archaeomagnetic-dating-guidelines.pdf/




https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/luminescence-dating/luminescencedating.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/curation-of-waterlogged-macroscopic-plant-and-invertebrate-remains/waterloggedremains.pdf/




https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/human-bones-from-archaeological-sites/humanbones2004.pdf/



http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/APABE_ToHREfCBG_FINAL_WEB.pdf

http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/APABE_ToHREfCBG_FINAL_WEB.pdf

Science and the Dead: a guideline for the destruct-ive sampling of archaeological human remains forscientific analysis 2013(http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/Science_and_the_Dead.pdf)Geoarchaeology: using earth sciences to understandthe archaeological record 2007(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/geoarchaeology-earth-sciences-to-understand-archaeological-record/heag067-geoarchaeology.pdf/)Animal bones and archaeology: guidelines for bestpractice 2014(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/animal-bones-and-archaeology/animal-bones-and-archaeology.pdf/)

OTHERPiling and Archaeology: An English Heritage Guid-ance Note (revised 2015)(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/piling-and-archaeology/heag031-piling-and-archaeology.pdf/)Geophysical survey in archaeological field evalu-ation 2008(http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/geophysical-survey-in-archaeological-field-evaluation/geophysics-guidelines.pdf )LiDAR: The light fantastic: Using airborne laserscanning in archaeological survey 2010(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/light-fantastic/light-

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http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/Science_and_the_Dead.pdf

http://www.archaeologyuk.org/apabe/pdf/Science_and_the_Dead.pdf

https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/geoarchaeology-earth-sciences-to-understand-archaeological-record/heag067-geoarchaeology.pdf/




https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/animal-bones-and-archaeology/animal-bones-and-archaeology.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/piling-and-archaeology/heag031-piling-and-archaeology.pdf/



http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/geophysical-survey-in-archaeological-field-evaluation/geophysics-guidelines.pdf




https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/light-fantastic/light-fantastic.pdf/



fantastic.pdf/)3D Laser Scanning for Heritage: advice and guid-ance to users on laser scanning in archaeology andarchitecture 2011(http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/3d-laser-scanning-heritage2/3D_Laser_Scanning_final_low-res.pdf/)Moats, Ponds and Ornamental Lakes in the HistoricEnvironment 2011(https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/moats-ponds-ornamental-lakes-historic-environ/moats-ponds-ornamental-lakes-historic-environment.pdf/)

ANNEX A: Desk-based assessments (DBA)

1. Desk-based assessments (DBAs) will include the pre-fieldworkrequirements set out in the Standards above, Sections 2.2.1 to2.2.12.

2. The DBA should be undertaken in accordance with CharteredInstitute for Archaeologists (CIfA) guidance and based on up-to-date HER data, sourced directly from the relevant HER. Her-itage Gateway cannot be used as the source for core data usedin a DBA.

3. Geotechnical site investigation information should normally beincluded within the DBA report. This might be tabulated, butis better shown as a simple series of cross sections drawn acrossthe site, showing the distribution and thickness of natural, po-tentially archaeological and modern made ground deposits. Thisis applicable to all sites but in particular can be useful in flood-plains and wetland areas where archaeology might lie within adeep alluvial sequence; in areas of deep urban stratigraphy; and

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http://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/3d-laser-scanning-heritage2/3D_Laser_Scanning_final_low-res.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/moats-ponds-ornamental-lakes-historic-environ/moats-ponds-ornamental-lakes-historic-environment.pdf/




in areas of Palaeolithic potential, where archaeological remainsare likely to lie within a sequence of natural Quaternary depos-its. In these cases it can often be informative to include a moreelaborate geo-archaeological deposit model as part of a deskbased assessment, to identify areas of a site where archaeologymight most likely be found (see Annex E).

4. The DBA will include reference to national planning guidance orlegislation, Local Plan policies relevant to archaeological issuesand to the development site, and the planning history of thedevelopment site to date.

5. The DBA will include a map regression exercise, reproducingcopies of extracts of relevant historical maps at similar scales,showing clearly the site boundaries, and setting the maps out,clearly labelled, in chronological order from past to present.

6. Areas of archaeological potential on the site should be assessedincluding the type, likely depth, nature and depth of remains,variations in their estimated quantity and quality across thesite. The topography of the site should be described and shownon plan. The academic and research potential of the remainsshould also be assessed in both the local and national context,and their local, regional or national importance.

7. The DBA will include an assessment of the degree of disturbanceor destruction caused by erection of previous buildings, struc-tures, or recorded ground excavations. Such disturbance mayinclude basements, foundations, inspection pits, slab thickness,services, quarrying, etc..

8. Estimated boundaries of areas of potential archaeological sur-vival and areas considered to have been destroyed on the siteshould be indicated on an OS plan of an appropriate scale.

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9. The impact of development proposals should be assessed, withreference to architects’, engineers’ and planning application/-project proposal drawings, as appropriate. Areas of proposedground disturbance should be clearly indicated in plan and insection, where known.

10. Proposals and recommendations for further assessment or field-work, including where appropriate archaeological intervention,should be shown on a scaled plan in order to assess the survival,condition and nature of any monument or remains which areconsidered to survive on the site or in its immediate vicinity.

11. Where detailed information is available on the character andquality of archaeological remains on the site, the DBA shouldinclude suggestions as to how development proposals could bedesigned to minimise disturbance to surviving archaeological re-mains, e.g. through minimally-intrusive foundations designed tocause minimal damage to a surviving monument or archaeolo-gical remains, and not damage their integrity.

12. Areas where preservation in situ is to be achieved should beclearly marked. This should be accompanied by a method state-ment outlining details of safeguarding and preservation.

13. Draft versions of the DBA will be discussed with the Local Au-thority Archaeological Adviser/s and before the DBA is submit-ted with a planning application to ensure there is sufficient andcorrect information to inform a planning decision.

ANNEX B : Written Schemes of Investigation Require-mentsA written scheme of investigation (WSI) is a commitment betweenthe developer and the local planning authority (LPA) to carry out aprogramme of archaeological work required to fulfil either a planning

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condition or assess a site/building prior to an application being made.They are also important documents informing the onsite archaeolo-gist of the site’s archaeological interest, as well as the recording andsampling strategy agreed.

Should an investigation identify archaeological interest meritingpreservation or further investigation and recording, then a furtherWSI or addendum to the existing WSI will be required.

A WSI is a method statement that is intended to ensure suitableindustry standards. Approval of a WSI that does not meet thesestandards will not be recommended. As a minimum the WSI shouldinclude:FRONT COVER/FIRST PAGETo include:

• Correct site name, grid reference, site code, and (where relevant)planning reference number

• Author and company name and address• Date and version number

INTRODUCTIONTo include:

• Site location, grid reference• Site description, geology topography• Planning background/project background, with planning con-

sent reference (when relevant) and condition reference the ar-chaeological work relates to.

• Confirmation a brief or guidance was issued by the LPA archae-ological advisor

• Confirmation all work will adhere to national and local archae-ological standards.

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• Confirmation of project time table, project manager, site super-visor, post-excavation manager.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDTo include:

• The results of an up to date Historic Environment Recordsearch, or summary of the results of an up to date desk basedassessment; relating specifically to the site, but when relevantproviding a summary of the wider archaeological interest of thearea.

• Summary of any recent archaeological research or investigationwithin the site, or when relevant work within close proximity

• When relevant, a range of historic maps and documentarysources

AIMS AND OBJECTIVESTo include:

• Commitment to sample and record any remains to the requiredarchaeological standard and publication route

• Site specific archaeological potential and research agenda• Potential for informing wider archaeological research frame-

works e.g. South East Research Framework.• Opportunities consider for community engagement

METHODOLOGYTo confirm the methodology for excavation, sampling and recordingin line with industry standards and Section 3 of Sussex Archaeolo-gical Standards. However the methodology should be specific to theresearch aims and proposed impact of the developmentTo include:

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• For a watching brief or building recording — Description of allgroundworks (including a location plan) and internal buildingworks that will be monitored

• For evaluation and open area excavation — Description andplan of location and extent, including confirmation of contin-gency to expand these areas following discussion with the LPAarchaeological advisor

• Confirmation of methodology for ground reduction to be usedfor excavation e.g. tracked mechanical excavator fitted witha toothless ditching bucket under the direct supervision of anarchaeologist

• Confirmation of health and safety strategy for excavating i.e. alldepths, including shallower ones, are to be assessed for stability,trenches will be suitably fenced off when staff are not on site.

• Confirmation of sampling strategy (including environmental)as per Sussex Archaeological Standards and national industrystandards, including site specific requirements identified in aimsand objectives.

• A Selection Strategy (see CiFA : The Selection Toolkit for Ar-chaeological Archives) must be outlined in the WSI to includetreatment of post-1900 artefacts. The Strategy must includeconfirmation of contingency to expand sampling of features fol-lowing discussion with the LPA archaeological advisor

• Confirmation of surveying methodology• Statements regarding human remains and treasure• If appropriate, provision for the preparation of frequent (period

as agreed) bulletins of key results supported by up-to-date siteplans and spot dating.

• Confirmation of liaison with LPA archaeological advisor regard-ing all the above and timetable for monitoring inspections/sitesign off

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• outline the requirement for an addendum to an evaluation WSIdetailing further archaeological excavation (e.g. Strip Map andSample) should further phase of site investigation prove neces-sary (following evaluation)

RECORDING AND ANALYSISTo confirm the recording methodology in line with industry stand-ards and Section 3, Annexes B, C, D, E, F and G of Sussex Archae-ological StandardsTo include:

• Confirmation of provision for scientific analysis and dating• Confirmation of provision for assessment of conservation needs

and appropriate conservation of significant metal and other finds

POST-EXCAVATION METHODOLOGY AND REPORTINGThe completion of site work shall be confirmed in writing to theLocal Planning Authority Archaeologist within 10 working days(or period as agreed) along with a brief written summary of thefindings of the fieldwork, together with plans showing the site loc-ation, any revealed archaeological features and/or relevant standingstructures.

To confirm analysis in line with industry standards and Annex Hof Sussex Archaeological Standards. To confirm report formattingin line with Management of Research Projects in the Historic Envir-onment (Historic England 2015) and Section 4 and Appendix 1 ofSussex Archaeological StandardsTo include:

• Confirmation of cleaning, labelling, sorting and analysis of findsin line with industry standards

• Confirmation of provision for conservation of finds, includingconsultation with the recipient museum

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• Confirmation of specialists to be used• Confirmation of reporting time frame and publication route,

including agreement with LPA archaeological advisor on pub-lication of significant finds

ARCHIVE

• Confirmation of collecting museum/archive that has agreed tostore the archive, including accession number; or if museum notavailable confirmation that the archive will be signed over to andstored by the archaeological contractor until a suitable store isidentified. Including where possible a time frame for depositionof the archive.

• Confirmation of dissemination of report, including submissionto HER as per Annex I of Sussex Archaeological Standards,including GIS shapefiles when required. If the archaeologicalcontractor is required, contractually, to only submit reports dir-ectly to the developer or their agent, the archaeological con-tractor must inform the LPA Archaeological Officer in writingthat they have completed the report and to whom it has beenforwarded to. The archaeological contractor must ensure thatthe developer is made aware of the need to submit the report tothe LPA to request discharge of the archaeological condition.

HEALTH AND SAFETY & INSURANCEWe would expect all fieldwork to satisfy health and safety regulationsand appropriate insurance.REFERENCE SECTIONDetailing all relevant source material and industry guidelinesILLUSTRATIONSTo include:

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• Legible site location map• Legible scale plan of proposed development• Legible scale plan showing services/utilities (when relevant), or

other constraint e.g. TPOs

Legible scale plan showing areas of proposed archaeological invest-igation i.e. watching brief area, trench location, or internal targetsfor historic building recordingANNEX C: Trial archaeological evaluation excavation (prin-cipally undertaken prior to the determination of a planningapplication — these criteria and standard requirements mayalso apply to Stage 1 recording post determination of a plan-ning application)

1. Initial excavation will, unless otherwise specified, be carried outby mechanical excavator. For this purpose a mechanical excav-ator equipped with a wide (e.g. 1.8m metre) toothless ditchingbucket will be used. Trenches should be excavated to a fullwidth of 1.8m unless otherwise agreed with the Local AuthorityArchaeological Adviser.

2. Mechanical excavation will be carried down in all trenches tothe surface of geological solid or superficial deposits, or to thetop of surviving archaeological deposits (whichever shall be up-permost). Any cut features (e.g. ditches or pits) or structuresencountered should be recorded in plan and manually excav-ated before proceeding with further excavation. If some trenchesneed to be excavated throughout to a depth at which the sidesof the trench are considered unstable, to reach the natural sub-soil/archaeological deposits, the sides of trenches must first beeither shored, battered or “stepped back” to allow safe working.

3. All relevant trench sections drawn must be drawn where archae-ological deposits and features have been identified and recorded,

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with levels related to the Ordnance Datum. For trenches withonly a topsoil/subsoil profile and no archaeological features arepresentative section should be recorded with a record of theheight of each key horizon at either end of the trench as wellas the ground surface and maximum depths of the trench andthese converted to OD heights.

4. In trenches where worked flint artefacts are recorded, handcleaning and excavation will be undertaken to be determine thecontext for the flints and the presence of any associated material(for details see Annex E: Standards for excavation and recordingof lithics scatters).

5. Trenches should not be backfilled until the Local Authority Ar-chaeological Adviser has given their direct written or verbal ap-proval. Exceptions for reasons of health and safety or similarrequirements should be communicated immediately to him/her.

6. A proportion of archaeological features, structures and depositsexposed within the trial trenches shall be partially excavated bythe Archaeological Contractor by hand. Partial excavation willbe defined as follows:

• Sampling of linear features to be at 10-metre intervalsor totalling 10% of the length of the linear cut feature(whichever is the greater

• All discrete features will be half sectioned until sufficientlycharacterised.

• Once this has been achieved a lower sample of cut featuresmay be considered appropriate subject to agreement withthe Archaeological Adviser. Undated features should berapidly fully excavated for finds retrieval

• Where three or fewer pits or probable pits, whether or notevidently datable or ancient (excepting evidently modernfeatures), occur in any trench, all those features will be

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sampled• Priority is to be given to features with more charcoal-rich

fills or anticipated dating evidence• Should five or fewer archaeological features of any kind, dis-

crete or linear, be revealed within any one trench, all thosefeatures will be sampled

• Where two or fewer buried pottery vessels are present, bur-ied upright or inverted, both should be lifted and removedfrom site;

• If such vessels are believed to be human cremation burials(e.g. because of visible remains of burnt/cremated bonein their contents), a Licence from the Ministry of Justice,permitting their removal, must first be obtained

• Other probable cremation vessels or unburnt human re-mains should be left in situ after recording their visibleportions

7. Contingency sampling:

• The proportion of features to be sampled within any trench,and the necessity of extensions to or additional trenching,may be increased at the reasonable request of the LocalAuthority Archaeological Adviser. In the case of featureswithin a trench this could be up to a maximum of 100% (i.e.sampling all the features in a trench, rather than samplingonly half of them), in exceptional cases, e.g. should they feelthat insufficient of a complex of features has been examinedto allow viable provisional interpretation or dating of thewhole

• However if the trench contains a large number of features,it will not usually be considered appropriate to sample allsuch features

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• The percentage of any one feature to be sampled may needto be so increased, for similar purposes, particularly for lin-ear features, or to enable dating evidence to be obtained fora critical discrete feature such as a post hole forming partof a wider complex of structures.

8. On sites with complex stratigraphy, one or more sondages orkeyhole excavations shall be cut into the deeper stratigraphy.They shall be excavated by hand, and down to the natural sub-soil, unless otherwise stated; and be of sufficient size to determ-ine the depth of archaeological stratigraphy. It may be possiblein some cases to reach these deeper deposits through excavationof later intrusions.

9. Particular care should be taken by the Archaeological Con-tractor not to damage any areas containing significant remainsof potential national importance which might merit preservationin situ. Such remains are normally considered to include deepor complex ancient stratified archaeological layers and features;or rare, unusual or exceptionally well-preserved ancient archae-ological structures, deposits, or collections of artefacts. Suchareas should be protected and not left open to the weather, orother forms of deterioration. While archaeological investigationshould not in general terms be carried out at the expense of thepreservation in situ of archaeological structures, deposits, or fea-tures, it will be important to ensure that a sufficient sample ofthese is investigated to assess their character and quality. Thepresence, character and quality of environmental remains on asite will need evaluation. This will help the design of an en-vironmental sampling methodology for any further stage of ex-cavation, as well as provide information that will help interpretthe site should no further fieldwork take place. A selection offeatures investigated during the evaluation should be sampled,processed and assessed as set out in the relevant sections of

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Appendix 2.10. The Archaeological Contractor should notify archaeological fea-

tures or deposits worthy of preservation in situ to the LocalPlanning Authority, via the Local Authority Archaeological Ad-viser, at the earliest opportunity.

11. In excavating a sample of archaeological features in any onetrench the Archaeological Contractor shall take heed of andcomply with the Local Planning Authority’s reasonable requestwithin the scope and time scale of the investigation to carry outsmall-scale additional investigation.

12. Where there is a high density of archaeological features exposedin any individual trench, the Local Planning Authority’s Ar-chaeological Adviser/s may at their discretion advise the Ar-chaeological Contractor that the full requisite sample of fea-tures to be excavated may be reduced. This may apply withthe proviso that the purpose of the evaluation can be achievedin full, that is to inform the determination stage of the plan-ning application process and enable a decision to be made onan appropriate level of preservation or mitigation of impact.

13. Unless otherwise advised by the developer, excavated trenchesshall be backfilled by the Archaeological Contractor followingcompletion of excavation with spoil derived from those trenches.Spoil shall be deposited and compacted as best as may be man-aged by machine and the surface of the fill left flush with thesurrounding ground surface. No open cavities should be leftfrom incomplete backfilling, especially around the edges of thetrench. The quality of backfilling of the trenches must be inspec-ted and approved by the Site Supervisor to the standard abovementioned prior to the Archaeological Contractor vacating thesite.

14. Trenches containing archaeological features or deposits shouldnot be backfilled by the Archaeological Contractor until the re-

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quirements set out above have been complied with.

ANNEX D: archaeological monitoring and recording exer-cise (watching brief)

1. Works of ground excavation carried out by the developer on sitein connection with proposed development (e.g. for new build-ings/structures/services/landscaping) shall be carried out onlyin the presence of an Archaeological Contractor (the MonitoringArchaeologist(s)).

2. In case important archaeological remains come to light duringthe course of groundworks which require more than a brief re-cord (i.e. more than four hours’ continuous recording for oneperson in that area), provision for additional investigation andrecording should be made by the developer:

• Additional staff and time up to a maximum figure (personsper day) to be advised by the Local Authority’s Archaeolo-gical Adviser

• Up to a specified number of days’ recording on part or partsof the site, free of disturbance from building works (as faras is reasonably practicable)

• The Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser can determ-ine on site whether such a contingency is applicable, shouldsignificant archaeological remains be uncovered.

3. Areas required for additional investigation and recording, if ap-propriate, shall be agreed on site by the developer, the LocalAuthority’s Archaeological Adviser and the Monitoring Archae-ologist. Such areas should not preclude the developer’s essentialaccess requirements, and shall fit in as far as is reasonably prac-ticable with the applicant’s work programme.

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4. The strategy for excavation sampling and palaeo-environmentalsampling during watching briefs will normally be the same asfor comprehensive archaeological excavation.

5. The developer or developer’s building contractor shall:

(a) Allow the Monitoring Archaeologist(s) at all reasonabletimes sufficient time, facilities and access to identify, clean,record and investigate archaeological features, deposits andstructures on relevant parts of the Site, subject to Healthand Safety considerations and to the requirements of theWSI.

(b) Not carry out mechanical excavation of building trenches,mains services or other ground reduction involving the strip-ping of topsoil or bedrock in connection with the planningpermission unless the Monitoring Archaeologist is present,except where such ground excavation will involve excavationonly of exposed clean natural bedrock.

(c) Provide for mechanical excavation being archaeologicallymonitored to be undertaken only by a flat-bladed bucket toensure a clean finish for inspection. The use of bulldozers,box scrapers or tooth buckets is not acceptable during ar-chaeological monitoring work.

6. In observing ground excavations on the site the Monitoring Ar-chaeologist shall:

(a) Inform the developer’s building contractor as soon as reas-onably possible where he/she believes that archaeologicalfeatures, deposits or structures have been exposed duringthe course of ground excavations on the Site, that will re-quire identification, cleaning, investigation and recording.

(b) Consistent with the requirements of these Standard andwith the WSI for Archaeological Investigation, carry out ne-cessary identification, cleaning, recording and investigation

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with due consideration to the developer’s work programmeand with regard to their desire to proceed with ground ex-cavations and other building works without undue delay.

7. The Monitoring Archaeologist shall inform the Local Author-ity’s Archaeological Adviser/s by email of completion of monit-oring and recording work on the site within three calendar daysof such completion.

8. Reporting of watching briefs will follow the details set out abovein Section 4 and Appendix 1 unless otherwise agreed in writingwith the relevant Local Planning Authority and/or the LocalAuthority’s Archaeological Adviser/s.

ANNEX E: Comprehensive archaeological excavation(and ‘Stage 2’ where Stage 1 investigation/evaluation hasalready been undertaken)

1. The standards set out in Annex A above will all be compliedwith, as a minimum.

2. In addition:

• All archaeological features on the site will be comprehens-ively excavated by hand.

• “Comprehensive” excavation will normally involve (as aminimum):

• excavation by hand of sections across all junctions or inter-sections of cut features;

• excavation by hand of 1 metre to 2 metre-wide sectionsthrough linear cut datable and ancient features, and linearfeatures manifestly rich in ancient palaeo-environmental re-mains, at 10-metre intervals or up to a total of 25% of thelength of the linear cut feature (whichever is the greater)with sampling of termini of linear features;

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• complete excavation (100%) of all discrete datable and sig-nificant cut features of less than two sq. metres plan area,and discrete features manifestly rich in artefacts and/or an-cient palaeo-environmental remains. Excavation may in-volve more rapid collection of all artefacts and samples fromthe second half of discrete features by context or spit whereappropriate and following standard recoding of the sectionand first 50% of the feature;

• complete (100%) excavation of all post holes, hearths, beamslots, ring gullies, pits internal to structures, where part ofa structure;

• complete (100%) excavation of the ditches of small mortu-ary enclosures of less than 25 sq. m enclosed area, with asliding scale of reduced sampling of larger enclosures;

• 100% excavation of graves and pits containing urned or un-urned burial remains (cremation urns to be lifted whereverpracticable for micro-excavation in laboratory environ-ment), and pits or immediate environments of structured/-placed deposits;

• Discrete cut features containing “special” deposits or findsof locally/nationally unusual character or date will normallybe completely excavated

• On sites with complex stratigraphy, all horizontal depositswill be recorded and removed by hand, using heavy or smalltools as appropriate, down to the natural subsoil, unlessotherwise stated.

• Any variations to these sampling levels will be agreed inwriting the Local Authority’s Archaeological Adviser/s

3. Where comprehensive archaeological excavation is under-taken, a post-fieldwork assessment will normally be required(see Annexe G).

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4. The strategy for palaeo-environmental sampling on compre-hensive archaeological excavations will usually depend on theresults of trial investigation and the minimum requirements willbe in accordance with Appendix 2. The level of analysis of thesamples will be identified in the post-fieldwork assessment.

ANNEX F: Excavation and Recording of Lithic ArtefactScattersOverview1 Lithic artefacts form an important component of prehistoric ar-chaeology, they are highly durable and informative behavioural ele-ments of the archaeological record and can be found in a wide rangeof geological/sedimentary and surface contexts from the Pleistoceneand Early Holocene time periods. Therefore they provide a wide-spread record of human behaviour through much of human prehis-tory, often providing the only behavioural record of past human cul-tures and extinct human species. While accepted national guidanceexists for the management and investigation of surface lithic scatterssuch as might be encountered in plough soil (English Heritage 2000),and standard assessment methodologies for deep Palaeolithic poten-tial within fluvial gravels have generally been adopted regionally,there is currently no nationally accepted guidance for the assessment,investigation and recording of lithic artefacts across all sedimentarycontexts.2 While in south east England the majority of lithic artefacts aremanufactured on flint, other raw materials are found (e.g. chert,quartzite). Lithic artefacts consist predominately of flakes, bladesand bladelets produced during the production of tools (waste flakesor debitage), the blanks from which they were removed (cores, toolroughouts) the formal tools and utilised pieces as well as other itemssuch as hammer-stones and anvils/querns.

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3 Assessing the importance of even a single artefact requires care-ful consideration of age, context and condition; technological or ty-pological features alone are not adequate factors when consideredin isolation. Interpreting the significance of lithic artefact scatters,from diffuse spreads of material to large or dense accumulations,requires very close attention to palaeolandscape situation, sediment-ary context and the application of detailed post-excavation analysis.Consequently the prime consideration in the field should be on howbest to record the position and context of lithic artefacts encounteredat an appropriate level for their possible significance. While overallinterpretation of lithic material can only be made after excavation,careful assessment and evaluation can go a long way in determin-ing the likely parameters of the material in terms of age, degree ofpreservation and importance at local, regional and national scales.4 Therefore, where a site with abundant or potentially importantlithic artefacts is anticipated or encountered, it is important thatboth a lithic technology specialist and a geoarchaeologist should beincluded as part of the project team to develop and implement anevaluation or mitigation strategy. They should be either based on-site permanently or on a regular daily basis to develop and overseean appropriate recording strategy. Additional advice from an envir-onmental archaeologist may also be necessary.Site Assessment/Evaluation5 The possibility of sedimentary or surface contexts containing pre-historic lithic artefacts should be considered at the outset, both inrelation to the development of an Environmental Impact Assessmentand in the formulation of an initial field evaluation strategy.6 The site should be considered first in geoarchaeological terms ascomprising a series of sedimentary contexts within a palaeolandscapethat forms the basic unit of analysis for the Palaeolithic and earlyHolocene periods. Each sedimentary context should be considered interms of their likely age and significance, their potential to preserve

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lithic artefacts and the nature of the proposed development impactupon them. Consideration should be given to the likelihood of lithicmaterial being found in primary context (i.e. with a sedimentarycontext of the same age as their manufacture, use and discard), insecondary context (reworked or derived by sedimentary processessubsequent to their manufacture, use and discard) and the degree towhich the agents of sedimentary deposition may have altered, sortedor disturbed the original arrangement of lithic artefacts (resolution).

7 Seven types of geomorphological context are considered as usefulto consider here: Surface, Feature, Slope, Valley bottom, Coastalplatform, Plateau surface and Karstic. The presence, occurrenceand inter-relationship of each needs to be determined across the site,in addition to the likely age range and the resolution of the archae-ology preserved within them. Archaeological resolution is used hereas a term to describe the degree to which the site may preserve adetailed record of past human behaviour and consequently requiringan appropriately detailed recording methodology.Each sedimentary type is listed in the table below:

Geomorpholog-ical Context

Sedimenttype

Sediment type Age of Deposits asCommonly Encounteredin SE England

ArchaeologicalResolution

Surface Ploughsoil, Topsoil,Made Ground

Holocene Medium – Low

Feature Ditch, Pit, PostHole etc.

Holocene – Late Pleistocene High – Low

Slope Head/Colluvium

Colluvium,GellifluctionDeposits,Brickearth.

Holocene – MiddlePleistocene

High – Low

Valley bottom Fluvial andlacustrine

Coarse (sands andgravels), Fine (siltsand clays).

Holocene – EarlyPleistocene

High – Low

Coastalplatform

Shallowmarine

Coarse (sands andgravels ), Fine(silts and clays).

Holocene – MiddlePleistocene

High – Low

Plateau surfaceand slopes

Aeolian Coversands, Loess Holocene – MiddlePleistocene

High – Medium

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8. Evaluation of a site should aim to sample all sedimentary contextswhich have been determined to be present within the developmentarea. They should be sampled to at least the depth of developmentimpact. Impact should be considered in terms of not only physicaldestruction of sediments and material/features within them but alsoin terms of the effects of geochemical modification and dewatering.In order to understand geoarchaeological contexts correctly it maybe necessary to investigate to the base of the Quaternary sequenceor beyond the limits of the development area.9 Standard evaluation trenches will rarely be adequate in isolationto achieve a full assessment of potential unless it can be conclus-ively proven that surface deposits overlie only pre-Quaternary geo-logy across the whole site. More commonly geoarchaeological trialpits and/or long sections, stepped trenches (Sondage Profond) will beneeded to determine if deeper sedimentary contexts underlie the sitewith potential to preserve lithic artefacts and associated archaeolo-gical material/features. The scale and scope of these geoarchaeolo-gical interventions will be determined through discussions betweenthe curatorial archaeologist, geoarchaeologist and lithic specialist.These interventions should be placed at intervals adequate to invest-igate the full range and relationship of sedimentary contexts under-lying the site and they should purposively sample for the presence oflithic artefacts e.g, through sieving for artefacts (including microdeb-itage) or through hand excavation of sediments considered to havepotential for high resolution archaeological signatures.10 The evaluation report will describe any lithic artefacts recoveredspecifically in terms of sedimentary context, sedimentary history,age, and resolution in addition to statements about raw material,technology and typology. The evaluation report should contain aself-critical assessment of the limitations of the study and the im-pact these limitations may have had on the interpretation of thearchaeological material and sedimentary context.

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Dealing with High Resolution Signatures: Suspectedprimary context in situ Lithic Scatters11 Whether lithic artefacts are preserved in primary context on in-deed in situ can often only be determined after post-excavation ana-lysis. Consequently where lithic artefacts with the potential for ahigh-resolution archaeological signature are encountered, a recordshould be made which allows for this analysis and preserves the max-imum information regarding their position and context.12 Potential high-resolution signatures need to be defined spatiallyin three dimensions to determine the limits of the scatter withinthe area of investigation. Sites should be gridded to at least 1mresolution.13 All lithic artefacts over an agreed size should be recorded threedimensionally by survey using a total station or GPS. This agreedsize might be as small as 5mm Maximum Linear Dimension (MLD)for a site where microlith manufacture is prevalent, or as high as30mm for a Neolithic axe production site. Generally 10mm or 20mmare appropriate for X,Y,Z recording. All lithic artefacts recordedin this manner will be individually bagged and recorded as smallfinds. Tools/tool fragments less than the agreed MLD can also berecorded in this manner as considered appropriate, for example wheremicrolith fragments or micro-burins are identified.14 Where lithic artefacts have a definite long axis (defined by max-imum length of the artefact being at least twice that of the maximumwidth), the orientation of the artefacts long axis to north should berecorded. The proximal end of the artefacts should be taken to in-dicate the direction of orientation. An artefact with a proximal endpointing to the north east would have an orientation of 45 degrees.An artefact with a proximal end pointing to the south west wouldhave an orientation of 225 degrees. Where a lithic artefact is notresting flat on or within a sediment body, the degree to which it dipsshould be measured with an inclinometer. An artefact encountered

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on its edge within a sediment body would have a dip of 90 degrees.Unless encountered directly on end or on edge the surface of the arte-facts which faced uppermost at discovery (ventral or dorsal) shouldbe recorded.15 Non-tool fragments of less than the agreed MLD (which can bereferred to as small debitage) should be bagged according to an ap-propriate spatial recording system consistent with context. Withpotentially high resolution sites this should be no coarser than towithin a spatially defined spit within a site grid square.Dealing with Medium-Low Resolution Signatures: Lithicartefacts suspected as being disturbed or within a secondarycontext16 If after initial assessment by a geoarchaeologist and lithic special-ist it is considered highly likely that the lithic artefacts encounteredare preserved within a secondary context or otherwise disturbed, thenecessity to undertake three dimensional recording can reasonablybe dispensed with in most cases.17 Scatters, where disturbed or distributed within a sediment bodyare unlikely to yield high resolution archaeological signatures, shouldstill be recorded to the nearest metre square or discrete context (e.g.feature fill). Consequently any area excavation where lithics arefound within the sediment body under excavation should be grid-ded, generally to at least 1m square resolution. A decision can thenbe made whether to investigate the sediment body in it’s entirely orto excavate a sample of 1m squares (e.g. as an alternate, chequerboard arrangement).18 Excavation of sediment bodies containing lithic artefacts in sus-pected secondary context should be excavated in spits of appropriatebut consistent depths dependent on the intensity of lithic material.Spits will generally be in the order of 0.05-0.1m but may reduce inthickness under exceptional circumstances. It is important to survey

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in the height of each new spit within each metre square as a checkon possible errors or inconsistencies.19 A decision should be made on the size cut off for collection. Forexample a policy of total collection of all identifiable lithic artefactscould be made, but it might be considered practical to collect onlythose over 10mm and to take samples of sediment for bulk sieving toachieve a representation sample of smaller debitage.20 Every attempt should be made to keep excavation and collec-tion/sampling methodologies consistent across the site and duringthe excavation process. If methodology is changed during the courseof an excavation the implications for consistent assessment of the siteshould be carefully considered and an explicit record of the reasonand the nature of the change in methodology made.21 Flints can work their way down a soil profile to a considerabledegree and can in areas of peat formation be dragged upwards intothe peat. Such flints still belong to a scatter even if they now occurin three or more geoarchaeological contexts.Sediment Sampling22 The level of sampling will be dependent on the nature of thesediment body and the character of the lithic artefact scatters en-countered. This will vary between no or very perfunctory samplingwhere lithic artefacts are encountered in a surface deposit throughto 100% sampling by grid square/spit for the densest self-containedscatters or within features. Bulk samples may be taken primarily forartefact recovery and these will not be put through flotation. Butsecondary samples from each context should also be retained for fullflotation. The level of such sampling will be determined in the fielddependent on the quality of preserved environmental remains.Dating Considerations23 Dating of lithic artefact scatters can be problematic but everyeffort should be made to obtain datable material from each sedi-

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mentary context preserving lithic artefacts or to date the sedimentbody itself.24 Specialist advice will be sought for applicable dating methods.Arrangements will be made for dating specialists to visit the site toand assess the potential for dating techniques through consultationwith the geoarchaeologist and other relevant specialists.25 Dates should be obtained for sediment bodies preserving lithicartefacts. Silts and sand deposits associated with a flint scatter maybe suitable for OSL. Sampling of organic sediments or soil horizons(e.g. peat) associated with lithic artefact scatters may also yieldradiocarbon dates. For Early or Middle Pleistocene contexts palaeo-magnetic dating techniques might be considered.26 Dates may be directly obtained for burnt lithic artefacts throughThermoluminescence or associated organic ecofacts or artefactsmight be directly dated by radiocarbon techniques.Features Associated with Lithic Artefact Scatters27 If cut (e.g. pits) or positive (e.g. hearths) features are shownto be present on or during the removal of lithic-bearing deposits,then these will require investigation. Initially, the area will then beextended by removal of the lithic -bearing deposit(s) from adjacentsquares so as to expose and define the features. It will be the inten-tion to reveal any features or feature-complexes in their entirety, ifpossible. For example, a structure, such as a building with a hearth,would be exposed and excavated as a discrete entity. Pre-excavationphotographs will be taken using both digital and analogue cameras,and any feature complexes will be photographed from overhead.28 The features will be 100% excavated by context in spits of between0.02-0.05m. At least one section will be drawn and photographedto record the stratigraphic sequence of deposits within the feature.Normally, the feature will be excavated in two halves or by quadrants,with half the deposit being removed, the section(s) recorded, and the

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remainder of the depos it excavated. However, if complex elementssuch as in situ hearths are found within features, consideration willbe given to excavating these in plan.29 Any finds within the features will be given a unique identifyingnumber and recorded in three dimensions. The spoil generated byexcavation will be collected by context and intervention, althoughin certain circumstances it may also be appropriate to differentiatethe arisings from individual spits. These samples will be wet sievedthrough a fine mesh for retrieval of finds and environmental remains.

Annex G: Metal detector survey

1. The specific aims and objectives of a metal detecting survey are:

(a) To recover and record all metal items of archaeological andhistorical importance that would otherwise be destroyed bythe development.

(b) To inform the placing of evaluation trenches by identifyingpossible settlement and activity sites within the develop-ment area.

2. Method Statement

2.1. The archaeological work will be carried out in accordancewith the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Code ofConduct (December 2014) and Standard and Guidance foran Archaeological Excavation (2014); the Sussex Archaeolo-gical Standards (2017); and the Treasure Act (1996).

2.2. The survey will be carried out by an ESCC and PortableAntiquity Scheme registered local metal detecting group un-der the supervision of the archaeological contractor. Eachvolunteer will be required to complete the following dis-claimer “I also confirm that I have no personal interest in

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any finds that I recover during my work at the site andacknowledge that all such finds belong to the landowner.”

2.3. The survey will be carried out in a methodical manner toensure that the entire area of the development has beencovered. The make and model of each detector used willbe recorded for the site archive records. After the recoveryof an artefact any hole made shall be filled in and any turfreinstated. The size of any holes excavated will be kept toa minimum to enable the safe recovery of the artefact.

2.4. If it is clear that an archaeological deposit is being dis-turbed, or if the artefact is associated with other artefacts,excavation will cease and advice will be taken before at-tempting any further recovery. This may involve the ex-cavation of a larger test pit to confirm the context of theartefact prior to its recovery.

2.5. Each artefact will be allocated an individual unique refer-ence number. It will be entered onto the Metal DetectingRecord Form (Appendix 1), along with its NGR and a re-cord of the depth at which it was found. The record formwill also record the finder, the field in which it was foundand a brief description of the artefact. Each artefact will beindividually bagged, with the reference number, site codeand NGR written on the bag. Any non-metallic artefactsfound during the survey will be recorded in the same man-ner.

2.6. Each artefact will be located using GPS to provide an ac-curate NGR location. This information will be fed into anexcel spreadsheet which will form the basis for a databaseof the artefacts recovered during the survey, and will formpart of the archive.

2.7. The Client shall give the archaeological contractor safe ac-cess to the site to undertake the survey, and will provide

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information regarding access and any existing services.

3. Post-survey Analysis and Report

3.1. All artefacts will be appropriately cleaned and packaged inaccordance with current guidance. They are to be suit-ably bagged, boxed and marked in accordance with theUnited Kingdom Institute for Conservation, ConservationGuidelines No 2 and on completion of the archaeologicalpost-excavation programme the Client will arrange for themto be deposited in the agreed museum store.

3.2. Each artefact will be identified by an appropriate specialistand the identification added to the spreadsheet. Iron arte-facts may be submitted for X-ray to aid identification, andprovision should be made for XRF analysis of any import-ant metal artefacts to aid their identification and analysis.An interim report summarising the results of the metal de-tecting survey will be published within 90 days of the com-pletion of the survey. The report will include distributionplots of the artefacts.

3.3. Any artefacts of local or national significance will be repor-ted to the County Archaeologist at the earliest opportunity.All finds that fall under the definition of the Treasure Actwill be reported to the Coroner’s Office and to the SussexFinds Liaison Officer.

3.4. The site archive will be created in accordance with the re-quirements of the Recommended Standards, and will be de-posited at the agreed museum store or such other repositoryas agreed with the County Archaeologist within five yearsfrom the date of completion of the investigation.

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Appendix 1: Metal Detecting Record FormRef No. NGR Field Depth (mm) Finder Artefact

ANNEX F [2015]: Historic Building Assessment Survey

1. Introduction

1.1. This Annex sets out the standards for standing historicbuilding interpretative archaeological assessment survey,impact assessment and recording.

1.2. The archaeological work will lead to the production of a re-port to allow informed planning decisions to be made andis intended primarily for works to vernacular domestic andfarm buildings, which make up the majority of listed andunlisted buildings of archaeological interest in Sussex. Adifferent set of requirements may be needed for particu-larly significant buildings or complexes of buildings and ifso these should be discussed with the appropriate Conserva-tion Officer and/or Local Authority Archaeological Adviser.

1.3. The entire building of interest must be assessed even whereonly a part of that building may be the subject of a plan-ning application. The reason for this is the necessity tounderstand the historic and archaeological significance ofthe entire building in order to make an informed decisionabout a particular part which may be directly impacted bychange. The assessment survey process, however, is rapid

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and aimed at collecting interpreted, measured informationabout the structure in order that informed decisions can bemade about the acceptability of the proposed changes andthe need to mitigate any impacts either by design or bymore detailed recording.

1.4. This assessment survey and subsequent report are not to beseen in the first instance as mitigation for future develop-ment works.

1.5. Copies of the report should be sent to the relevant Conser-vation Officer and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser.

2. Background

2.1. Planning background — the report should set out a sum-mary of the planning history and quote the planning refer-ence number where applicable.

2.2. Archaeological and historical background — the reportshould set out any archaeological and historical informa-tion that is available from the listing documentation, theHER and any local survey work.

3. Methodology

3.1. The subject of the interpretative archaeological survey isthe building itself and these Standards focus on the worknecessary to produce a clear and concise report on the ar-chaeological and historic significance of the structure.

3.2. Plans and sections can be based on existing architect’s plansas a base but all relevant measurements must be re-madeas part of the survey. The aim of this type of surveyis interpretative and informative to the planning process.Rather than detailed measured drawings on site the ap-proach should be to create measured sketches on site that

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can be drawn up in the office to show the key building ele-ments (see case study examples). Clarity is the key. Areasof doubt should be shown on the plans and sections witha <?>. It is essential that the SBA surveyor should workfrom their own plans, longitudinal section and cross sec-tions. Any pre-existing architect’s plans may be used as aguide but should not be scaled from and the surveyor musttake their own measurements. Ideally two recording visitsshould be made (see below), the second following conversionof measured sketches to scale drawings.The buildings archaeologist should:• Study the building (in its entirety) and familiarise them-

selves with the extent of the historic elements• Identify any problems/limitations to the assessment sur-

vey ie building out of square, major subsidence of partof frame, no access to roof, historic details (which maybe inferred but cannot be confirmed) hidden beneathlater cladding, suspended ceilings, decorative treatmentetc. and think of ways to mitigate/overcome these lim-itations

• Work out a preliminary hypothesis regarding the phasesof development and note any problem areas regardinginterpretation (particularly relevant if these are in thearea affected by the proposed works which are the sub-ject of the planning application)

Survey method:• “Assumed square” survey (based on simplified measured

sketch plans and sections rather than measured drawingwith baseline and datum (or total station) but, wheresevere subsidence or racking has occurred or where theplan of the building is asymmetric to fit an urban plot,such methods may be required

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• As soon as practically possible convert measuredsketches to scale drawings at 1:100 scale — suitable formost domestic and agricultural buildings to enable sur-vey drawings to fit comfortable within A4 report format(the larger scale of 1:40 may be suited to smaller struc-tures or details) bearing in mind the key purpose of theSBA to provide an interpretative analysis to inform thedetermination stage of the planning process

• Consider converting metric measurements of the overallplan dimensions to imperial to establish whether thebuilding conforms to multiples or fractions of the oldmeasurement of the rod (16 feet 6 inches)

• Map regression/documentary/HER check• Photos of elevations and main internal features/cross

sections where possible — especially with details of anyhistoric components/elements of the fabric potentiallyaffected by the planning application; a photo log shouldbe included with the report

• Follow consistent conventions for showing areas of un-certainty

• After converting measured sketches to scale drawingsand thereby gaining a better understanding of the formand proportions of the structure, the buildings archae-ologist should arrange a return visit to site to check anydetails or resolve any questions of interpretation

3.3. In general, buildings should be illustrated ‘as built’ for inter-pretive purposes. For example with timber framed buildingsthe wall plates should be taken as horizontal for the pur-poses of illustrating the key components and phases. Thephotographic record will show any variations to the presentform of the building and can be noted in the report text.

3.4. All proposed impacts/changes to the building will be con-

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sidered and illustrated on relevant plans and sections anddescribed in words. The aim will be to clearly show wherechanges would be proposed and which aspects of the struc-ture would be affected. This process should be undertakenduring the site visits in order to consider impacts to signi-ficant aspects of the structure and to look for alternativeswhere necessary and possible. The results of the impactassessment will form part of the report (see below).

4. Reporting

4.1. The written and illustrated report is to be an essential andintegrated component of the recording work and must beannotated with reference to the visual record in order toaid interpretation. It should include the following:(a) An introductory summary including locational details

(with NGRs), a note of relevant adjacent features orlandscape context, an overall description of the build-ing/s and site layout, use, building materials and age.The site location must be expressed at an 8 figure Na-tional Grid Reference (e.g. TQ/SU/SZ) and whereavailable also the post code. The location of the build-ing must be described, including information on slope,topography and aspect. The orientation must be de-scribed, including for example whether the building isimmediately adjacent to a road or set back and align-ment with respect to north and south. Where applicablethe building’s relationship to any major landmark suchas the parish church should be noted. The outline of thetotal existing building as well as the significant historicalcomponents must be clearly set out in plans and sectionsin order to facilitate informed planning decisions.

(b) A description of the building/s detailing phases of devel-

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opment and use as determined from structural evidenceand describing any fixtures. Evidence of demolished as-sociated structures or features should also be included.

(c) An analysis of the phases of development and use util-ising evidence from the survey. Inclusion of plans, crosssections and photographs.

(d) An assessment of proposed impacts using the informa-tion set out above. This will be a set of written descrip-tions illustrated with plans, sections and photographs.

(e) Miscellaneous details including the whereabouts of his-torical records relating to the building/s (if ascertained)or details of features and construction should be appen-ded.

(f) HER summary form4.2. The report must include as a minimum the following illus-

trations:• A plan showing the location and outline of the total

existing building and clearly showing the significant his-torical components being assessed

• Reconstruction at historical phases of ground and firstfloor level and other levels as appropriate to the struc-ture. Plans should use colour for different phases

• Longitudinal section• Principal trusses• Elevations for which good details survive• Accompanying photographs as appropriate

4.3. Include digital photograph of the building on the cover toaid immediate recognition.

4.4. The Site Archive, to include all project records and materialproduced by the project, is to be prepared in accordancewith Guidelines for the preparation of excavation archives

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for long-term storage (UKIC 1990). On completion of theproject, the Applicant will arrange for the archive to bedeposited in a suitable museum or similar repository to beagreed with the Local Planning Authority.

5. General

5.1. The archaeological contractor is to allow the site records tobe inspected and examined at any reasonable time, duringor after the excavation, by the Conservation Officer andLocal Authority Archaeological Adviser.

5.2. In undertaking the work the archaeological contractor is toabide by:(a) all statutory provisions and by-laws relating to the work

in question, especially the Health and Safety at Worketc. Act 1974;

(b) the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Code of Con-duct;

(c) the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Code of Ap-proved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Ar-rangements in Field Archaeology

(d) English Heritage: Understanding Historic Buildings —a guide to good recording practice (2006)

(e) IHBC guidelines/requirements5.3. The archaeological contractor is to provide the Conservation

Officer and Local Authority Archaeological Adviser witha representative selection of digital photographs illustrat-ing relevant aspects of the historic buildings and grounds.These will be deposited with the County HER and will beused for presentations on aspects of the archaeology of Sus-sex.

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ANNEX H: Post-Excavation (fieldwork) Assessment:preparation of report and discussion of potential for ana-lysis

1. A review of the results of fieldwork will indicate whether the SiteArchive contains material which has the potential to contributeto the pursuit of local, regional or national research priorities.In such cases the Archaeological Contractor may, as soon aspossible after completion of fieldwork on site, be required toprepare a written assessment of the potential of the data fromthe site to contribute to archaeological knowledge, and identifythe further study and analysis necessary.

2. The assessment shall be carried out in accordance with Chapter6 and Appendix 4 (assessment report specification) of theEnglish Heritage publication The MoRPHE Project Managers’Guide (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/morphe-project-managers-guide/HEAG024-MoRPHE-Managers-Guide.pdf/) and where applic-able any variations set out in the English Heritage Managementof Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE,2016 and PPN3 2008 (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/morphe-project-planning-note-3/morpheprojectplanningnote3.pdf/).

3. Where there is uncertainty about the scope of work necessaryto assess a particular aspect of the archive, for example be-cause the archive is very small or very large and complex, theArchaeological Contractor should raise this with the PlanningArchaeologist.

4. The post-excavation assessment report will include the follow-ing:Contents

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https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/morphe-project-managers-guide/HEAG024-MoRPHE-Managers-Guide.pdf/



https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/morphe-project-planning-note-3/morpheprojectplanningnote3.pdf/



SummaryIntroduction

• Scope of report• Site Location• Background to project — project outline• Fieldwork methodology and strategy• Archaeological and historical background• Original research aims and objectives

Summary of excavation results by phase using initial evidencefor dating based on artefacts and stratigraphic relationships (in-clude chronological phases for which no evidence found).Quantification of data and recordsAssessment of finds and environmental samples (artefacts andecofacts)Statement of potential and significance

• Results measured against the original project aims• Local, regional and national research context

Revised aims and objectivesMethod statement including tasks, named specialists, time andcos ts to achieve publication, dissemination and archiving (in-cluding):

• Stratigraphy• Geoarchaeology Artefacts and Ecofacts• Historical research• Illustration• Outreach

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• Archive deposition and quantification

Confirmation of programming and resources

• Personnel• Task Lists

BibliographyHER and OASIS summary sheetsAppendices — specialist tabulated dataIllustrations — site location plans, area phase plans, sectionsand photographs

Annex I — Digital data and report submission to East Sus-sex HER

Once the contractor has been notified of the discharge of the rel-evant archaeological condition, by being copied into the letter fromthe County Archaeologist to the Local Planning Authority,they will have 90 days from that date to provide the Historic Envir-onment Record (HER) with a CD containing a PDF/A report andmatching any other requirements as set out in Annex I of the SussexArchaeological Standards 2019.

After 45 days from the date of the letter to the Local PlanningAuthority the East Sussex HER will remind the contractor of thisobligation, notifying them that they have 45 days remaining beforethey should submit their CD to the HER.

The tables below sets out the requirements regarding submissionof digital data and reports to the East Sussex Historic Environ-ment Record. Please refer to this for all projects in East Sussexand Brighton and Hove.

Please submit digital data and reports in the format describedbelow. Please note, both digital data and reports for a project shouldbe submitted to the HER on the same CD.

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Digital Data submission

Type of Application Urban Rural

Large Major (e.g. roadscheme)

n/a By agreement with the CountyArchaeology Team

Major (1000m2) By agreement with the CountyArchaeology Team

GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey areaand features (e.g. for multi-periodsites broken down by period)

Full GIS shapefiles of trenches unlessagreed otherwise by CountyArchaeology Team

GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey areaand features (e.g. for multi-periodsites broken down by period)

Householder Good resolution drawings with gridreference provided by the contractorin .dwg format

Good resolution drawings with gridreference provided by the contractorin .dwg format

Digital Report submission

Type of Project Requirements to be sent on CD

Desk-based assessment PDF(A) report.Watching Brief PDF(A) report and a selection of extra

photographs.Evaluation excavation PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographs

and GIS shapefiles of trenches/survey area andfeatures

Geophysical reports PDF(A) report and AutoCAD or equivalent figuresseparately. Please provide raw survey data in boththe original software based files ie. TerraSurveyor,Geoplot, InSite, Contours and xyz format ASCIIfiles along with a short description such as a .txt filewith a list of details including Instrument type,traverse separation, reading interval, samplingposition, grid size, line sequence (zig-zag orparallel), dummy value and where appropriateprobe configuration and probe spacing

Historic Building Report PDF(A) report and a selection of extraphotographs.

Post-Excavation Assessment PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographsand GIS shapefiles of site plans with phasing.

Final excavation report (Publication) PDF(A) report, a selection of extra photographsand GIS shapefiles of site plans with phasing (if notalready supplied at the PXA phase)

The above may be subject to alteration in agreement with the CountyArchaeology Team.

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At the present time we are asking for these digital files to be sent tothe HER on CD until we have a long term digital storage solution.Please can the CD’s be sent in clear plastic cases (to avoid damagein the post) to:FAO: HER OfficerThe KeepWoollards WayBrightonBN1 9BP

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Sussex HER summary sheetHER enquirynumber

Site code

Project code

Planning reference

Site address

District/Borough

NGR (12 figures)

Geology

Fieldwork typeEval Excav WB* HBR* Survey Other

Date of fieldwork

Sponsor/client

Project manager

Project supervisor

Period summary

Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age

Roman Anglo-Saxon Medieval Post-Medieval

Other

Project summary(100 word max)

Museum/AccessionNo.

*WB — Watching brief; HBR — historic building recording

124

Finds summary

Find type Material Period Quantity

125

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