Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site: OU1 and OU2

Evansville, Vanderburgh County, Indiana

CERCLIS NO: INN000508142

SEPTEMBER 30, 2015

OCTOBER 30, 2015

Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Public Comment Release Contamination Site

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site: OU1 and OU2

Evansville, Vanderburgh County, Indiana

CERCLIS NO: INN000508142

Prepared by:

Western Branch Division of Community Health Investigations

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

This information is distributed solely for the purpose of predissemination public comment under

applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for

Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent

any agency determination or policy.

   

   

 

 

Foreword

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ATSDR, was established by Congress

in 1980 under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act,

also known as the Superfund law. This law set up a fund to identify and clean up our country's

hazardous waste sites. The Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. EPA, and the individual

states regulate the investigation and cleanup of the sites.

Since 1986, ATSDR has been required by law to conduct a public health assessment at each of

the sites on the EPA National Priorities List. The aim of these evaluations is to find out if people

are being exposed to hazardous substances and, if so, whether that exposure is harmful and

should be stopped or reduced. If appropriate, ATSDR also conducts public health assessments

when petitioned by concerned individuals. Public health assessments are carried out by

environmental and health scientists from ATSDR and from the states with which ATSDR has

cooperative agreements. The public health assessment process allows ATSDR scientists and

public health assessment cooperative agreement partner’s flexibility in document format when

presenting findings about the public health impact of hazardous waste sites. The flexible format

allows health assessors to convey to affected populations important public health messages in a

clear and expeditious way.

Exposure: As the first step in the evaluation, ATSDR scientists review environmental data to see

how much contamination is at a site, where it is, and how people might come into contact with it.

Generally, ATSDR does not collect its own environmental sampling data but reviews

information provided by EPA, other government agencies, businesses, and the public. When

there is not enough environmental information available, the report will indicate what further

sampling data is needed.

Health Effects: If the review of the environmental data shows that people have or could come

into contact with hazardous substances, ATSDR scientists evaluate whether or not these contacts

may result in harmful effects. ATSDR recognizes that children, because of their play activities

and their growing bodies, may be more vulnerable to these effects. As a policy, unless data are

available to suggest otherwise, ATSDR considers children to be more sensitive and vulnerable to

hazardous substances. Thus, the health impact to the children is considered first when evaluating

the health threat to a community. The health impacts to other high-risk groups within the

community (such as the elderly, chronically ill, and people engaging in high risk practices) also

receive special attention during the evaluation.

ATSDR uses existing scientific information, which can include the results of medical,

toxicologic and epidemiologic studies and the data collected in disease registries, to evaluate

possible the health effects that may result from exposures. The science of environmental health is

still developing, and at times scientific information on the health effects of certain substances is

not available.

Community: ATSDR also needs to learn what people in the area know about the site and what

concerns they may have about its impact on their health. Consequently, throughout the

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evaluation process, ATSDR actively gathers information and comments from the people who

live or work near a site, including residents of the area, civic leaders, health professionals, and

community groups. To ensure that the report responds to the community's health concerns, an

early version is also distributed to the public for their comments. All the public comments that

related to the document are addressed in the final version of the report.

Conclusions: The report presents conclusions about the public health threat posed by a site.

Ways to stop or reduce exposure will then be recommended in the public health action plan.

ATSDR is primarily an advisory agency, so usually these reports identify what actions are

appropriate to be undertaken by EPA o r other responsible parties. However, if there is an urgent

health threat, ATSDR can issue a public health advisory warning people of the danger. ATSDR

can also recommend health education or pilot studies of health effects, full-scale epidemiology

studies, disease registries, surveillance studies or research on specific hazardous substances.

Comments: If, after reading this report, you have questions or comments, we encourage you to

send them to us.

Letters should be addressed as follows:

Attention: Manager ATSDR Record Center Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-60 Atlanta, GA 3 0333

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List of Abbreviations �

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BLL blood lead level CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CV comparison value DHHS Department of Health and Human Services EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental Management kg kilogram LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level mg/day milligrams per day mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg/kg/day milligrams per kilogram per day MRL minimal risk level NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect-level NPL National Priorities List PHA public health assessment ppm parts per million RfD reference dose ROD record of decision µg/dL micrograms per deciliter XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

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Summary

Introduction The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is

required by Congress to conduct a public health assessment (PHA) at

each of the sites on the Environmental Protection Agency’s National

Priorities List (NPL). In July 2004, the Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil

Contamination (JNSC) site was placed on the Environmental Protection

Agency’s (EPA’s) NPL. This document is being conducted as part of

ATSDR’s requirement to complete a PHA for this NPL site. This

document is ATSDR’s public comment version of the PHA for this site.

The JNSC site is located in Evansville, Vanderburgh County, Indiana and

encompasses approximately 4.5 square miles containing residential

properties. EPA determined that residential soils in the JNSC site were

contaminated with lead and arsenic due, in part, to air emissions from

former foundries and other factories that operated in the area as early as

the late 1800s. Other potential sources of lead in residential yards and

public spaces (e.g., schools, daycares, playgrounds) may be from paint

used for homes and buildings built before 1978, the year lead-based paint

was banned from production and lead from leaded gasoline. Although

levels of lead in gasoline steadily decreased since 1970s, the United

States did not fully phase out leaded gasoline until 1996. Throughout

North America and Europe, most leaded gasoline phase-out programs

were completed on a policy level within roughly 10-15 years. Another

possible source of lead exposure in this community is from lead in

drinking water. Historically, city ordinances required the use of lead

service lines from city water mains to homes and businesses. In addition,

lead was used in household plumbing, which has been phased out in

newer home construction but in older homes remains a potential source of

lead in drinking water.

EPA’s cleanup levels for lead and arsenic in residential soils at the JNSC

site are 400 parts per million (ppm) and 30 ppm, respectively. ATSDR

evaluated environmental soil data collected by EPA from the site and

determined that the lead and arsenic contamination may present a health

threat. Limited sediment, surface water and groundwater sampling were

conducted at the site. The data results for these media were below levels

of health concern.

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The Vanderburgh County Health Department (VCHD) is working with

the community to help identify and reduce lead exposure. The VCHD has

been hosting community health fairs and meetings, and they continue to

offer free blood lead screenings to children in this community.

The VCHD and the Indiana State Department of Health have also been

working with ATSDR and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention) to help with the evaluation of blood lead data collected. The

results of the evaluation of blood lead data collected in this community

point to data gaps including but not limited to the declining number of

children in the JNSC community participating in the VCHD blood lead

screening program.

While local medical providers have recommended patients participate in

VCHD’s free blood lead screening program, further efforts are needed to

increase participation.

Some of the data gaps or limitations to children’s blood lead level (BLL)

evaluations include the following:

• Lack of blood lead sampling for children living at many residential properties,

• No information available for the large transient (2–15 weeks) population of residents living at one or more properties for short

periods of time,

• For those properties that were not sampled we have no data to correlate with children tested who live at these properties, and

• For those properties sampled there were no children’s blood lead levels to correlate with the lead levels detected at the residential

properties.

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Conclusions ATSDR evaluated soil data and information for the JNSC site and has

determined the site posed a public health threat in the past due to lead and

arsenic levels detected in surface soils. The site continues to pose a public

health threat in the future for those residential properties that have not yet

been remediated. Also, those properties that have denied EPA access pose

an indeterminate health hazard. Potential additional sources of lead may

be present in older homes (built prior to 1978) from lead based paint and

or from lead water lines or lead solder used in water lines of older homes.

Basis for

Conclusions

ATSDR evaluated soil data available for the JNSC site. About 40% of the

properties sampled by EPA showed lead levels greater than levels of

health concern. The exposure route for lead and arsenic contaminated

surface soils is from incidental ingestion (eating) of contaminated soil and

dust. This exposure route could result in an increase of lead and arsenic in

the body.

Next Steps

EPA continues to remove contaminated soil in the JNSC site to reduce the

lead and arsenic contamination in the top 18 inches of soil.

Residents, especially children, should participate in yearly blood lead

screening and educational programs offered for free by the Vanderburgh

County Health Department or that are provided by hospitals or personal

health care professionals.

Residents (especially children) entering their homes after working or

playing in the yard should follow these steps to help reduce lead

exposure:

• Take shoes off before entering the home,

• Use a damp cloth or damp/wet mop to remove dust and dirt from the home,

• Wash hands, wash toys, and wash pets,

• Homeowners with older homes should follow EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) to lower the risk of

lead contamination from home renovation activities. The rule requires

that only EPA-certified firms can perform renovation, repair, and

painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care

facilities and pre-schools built before 1978, and that these firms can

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only use EPA-trained and certified renovators who know how to

follow lead-safe work practices, and

• Residents living in older homes that may still have lead water lines (inside pipes or outside service lines) or lead solder, should have their

water tested for lead.

For Further

Information

If you have concerns about the JNSC Site, you should contact EPA at 800-621-8431, ext. 31325 and leave a message. This line is operational 24-hours a day.

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Background

Purpose and Health Issues

Since 1986, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has been required

by Congress to conduct a public health assessment (PHA) at each of the sites on the

Environmental Protection Agency’s National Priorities List (NPL). In July 2004, the Jacobsville

Neighborhood Soil Contamination (JNSC) site was placed on EPA’s NPL. ATSDR’s goal for

this PHA is to reduce blood lead levels (BLLs) in children and other residents near the

Evansville, Indiana, JNSC site. Recommendations included in this PHA seek to help individuals,

families, and agencies reduce or stop altogether lead and arsenic exposures at the JNSC site. By

publishing this public comment draft PHA, we invite your thoughts on the accuracy of the

information presented in the assessment, and we seek to ensure that our recommendations

address community concerns and help reduce current and future exposures. ATSDR also hopes

to increase community participation in the blood lead screening and community health

educational programs offered by the Vanderburgh County Health Department (VCHD).

Site Description

The JNSC site (Appendix A: Figures 1 & 2) is in a mixed residential, industrial, and commercial

area in Evansville, Vanderburgh County, Indiana, where environmental justice issues and health

disparities are a concern [EPA 2011; EPA 2012a; EPA 2012b; EPA 2012c]. Health disparities

result from multiple factors, including poverty, environmental threats, inadequate access to

health care, individual and behavioral factors, and educational inequalities [HHS 2000; Liao

1999; Jemal 2001, 2008; Breese 2007].

The Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) and EPA named the site the

JNSC site because the contamination (lead and arsenic) was initially found in the Jacobsville

Neighborhood.1 After further sampling, however, IDEM and EPA found that soil contamination

extended beyond the initial boundaries to other Evansville properties that are now included

within the JNSC NPL site [EPA 2008b; EPA 2009].

The JNSC site (3,095+ acres) is divided into two cleanup areas, or operable units (OU), and

encompasses a larger area than Evansville’s Jacobsville Neighborhood (Appendix A: Figures 1

& 2). The first operable unit (OU1) is roughly bounded by the Lloyd Expressway to the south,

Mary Street to the west, Iowa Street to the north, Elliot Street to the east, and encompasses 141

acres. The second operable unit (OU2) covers approximately 2,954 acres (Appendix A: Figure

1).

EPA identified that residential soils in the JNSC site neighborhoods became contaminated by

lead and arsenic due to air emissions from former foundries and other factories in the area [EPA

1 In Vanderburgh County, lead and arsenic have been used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes dating back to the 1880s.

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2008b; 2009]. Residential soils are being remediated to EPA’s cleanup levels of 400 ppm for

lead and 30 ppm for arsenic.

EPA undertook a Superfund Emergency Removal Action from September 2007 through April

2008. During this action, EPA in consultation with IDEM and with the support of the City of

Evansville and the VCHD cleaned and restored 83 residential properties with lead levels in soil

above 1,200 ppm (Appendix B: Table 1). Contractors completed cleanup of 263 residential yards

in OU1 in 2010 [EPA 2011]. In 2009, soil sampling and design work for the cleanup began.

Contractors completed cleanup of 263 residential yards in OU1 in 2010. An additional 20

properties in OU1 underwent cleanup in 2011. As of May 2014, more than 1300 properties have

been remediated. Another 600 properties will be sampled and remediated in 2014 and 2015. As

of the date of this PHA, EPA continues the cleanup work at OU2.

Demographics

In 2000, the population of the city of Evansville, Indiana was estimated at 121,582, with a

metropolitan population of 342,815 (U.S. Census 2000). That Evansville population estimate

represents a 3.7 percent decline from the 1990 estimated population of 126,272. The median age

of residents was 36. The 2000 census reported 7,835 children ages 0 to 4, and 7,735 children

ages 5–9 for all of Evansville including 10,921 children age 6 and under. Using the 2000 census,

5,365 children 6 years and younger were within 1 mile of OU1 and OU2, 2,355 within OU1 and

OU2, and 1,771 within 1 mile of OU1.

Evansville has 56,877 homes of which 82 percent were built before 1979. Children under the age

of 18 live in 24 percent of the homes, and 15 percent have someone living alone who is 65 years

of age or older. For older adults, 7,078 were 75 to 84 years of age, and 2,782 were 85 or older.

Homes were 60 percent owner occupied and 40 percent were rented. The median income for a

household in Evansville was $34,160; the median income for a family was $41,091. Thirteen

percent of families were below the poverty line. The population of Evansville as identified by the

2000 census was 86 percent white and 11 percent African American (black). Appendix A: Figure

3 shows demographics within the JNSC Site boundaries. The age of homes and median income

of residents are shown inside and outside the operable units.

Sampling Investigations

Soil Sampling

EPA found that residential soils at the JNSC site were contaminated with lead and arsenic due in

part to emissions from former foundries and other factories in the area (Appendix B: Table 1)

[EPA 2011, 2009, 2008, 2006; CH2M HILL 2007]. Other sources of lead in residential yards and

public spaces (schools yards, daycares, playgrounds, etc.) might include paint chips and dust

from buildings and homes built before 1978 (the year lead-based paint was banned), leaded

gasoline, and lead water pipes used in water lines and other commercial industrial and residential

sources [EPA 2012a]. As stated earlier, the JNSC site is divided into OU1 and OU2. The OU1

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parcel of land is within OU2 (Appendix A: Figures 1 & 2). The OU1 area is where the former

factories and foundries operated, some as far back as the 1880s. These former factories and

foundries are considered industrial contamination sources.

EPA conducted soil sampling and evaluations throughout the JNSC site to estimate the zones

with lead contamination above 400 ppm—EPA’s site-specific cleanup level. EPA collected XRF

(x-ray fluorescence spectrometry) data for about 730 soil samples reported in the 2009 Record of

Decision [EPA 2006, 2008b, 2009, 2011; CH2M HILL 2007]. EPA also provided the 2004 and

2006 lead soil results to ATSDR to help evaluate the 1998 to 2006 blood lead level sampling.

EPA uses a combination of XRF and laboratory confirmations to adjust XRF results reported in

the Records of Decision [EPA 2006, 2009].

The OU1 residential soils averaged 373.5 ppm lead and ranged from 20 to 8,210 ppm lead. The

OU1 arsenic levels in soils ranged from non-detect to 92 ppm arsenic and averaged 15.2 ppm.

The OU2 residential soils averaged 403.4 ppm lead and ranged from non-detect to 7,900 ppm

lead. Arsenic levels in OU2 soils ranged from non-detect to 68.2 ppm arsenic and averaged 23.3

ppm. EPA reports that arsenic—if present above 30 ppm local background levels—is associated

with lead contamination approximately 10 % of the time [EPA 2008b, 2009].

Surface Water and Sediment Sampling

Researchers collected sediment and surface water samples from 10 co-located sample locations

along tributaries and streams (Pigeon Creek). All samples were within EPA’s water standard

criteria [EPA 2009]. Pigeon Creek is on the western boundary of the JSNC site and drains nearly

240,000 acres of southwestern Indiana into the Ohio River. Pigeon Creek has a state fish

consumption advisory in place for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury. The

watershed has nonpoint-source pollution from agricultural, mining, and other land uses upstream

of the JNSC site. Insufficient data, however, are available to determine lead and arsenic levels in

Pigeon Creek or its banks.

Researchers collected surface water samples using a peristaltic pump and plastic tubing. Surface

water samples were submitted for analysis of total (unfiltered) and dissolved (filtered)

inorganics. Sediment samples were collected from 0 to 6 inches below ground using either a

gravity corer or a stainless steel bowl and trowel, depending on the proximity to shore. The

samples were submitted to an offsite laboratory where they were analyzed for arsenic, beryllium,

cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel,

potassium, silver, sodium, vanadium, and zinc [EPA 2006]. In sediments or surface water

sampled, lead, arsenic, or any of the metals tested were not at levels of health concern.

Groundwater Sampling

Researchers collected groundwater samples to determine whether arsenic, iron, and lead in

groundwater were of concern. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (Indiana DNR)

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conducted a well survey to identify registered drinking wells located within the site.

Groundwater samples were collected from two existing wells: one that supplied water to a

private residence and one that supplied water to a business during emergencies, such as a water

main break. Groundwater samples were submitted to an offsite laboratory for analysis of arsenic,

lead, and iron. Four samples were analyzed for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, chromium,

cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, silver, sodium, vanadium,

and zinc. The levels of lead, arsenic and other metals detected in the groundwater samples were

not above health based comparison values [EPA 2006]. The Indiana DNR Water Well Record

Database is available online at http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/4875.htm.

Drinking Water Sampling

The Evansville Water Department (EWD) is a public utility owned and operated by the City of

Evansville. To comply with state and federal regulations, the EWD issues an annual report to

customers describing the quality of their drinking water. Currently, the EWD monitors for nearly

100 contaminants, including bacteria, metals, and pesticides. Lead is included in the metals

tested. The 2012 Annual Drinking Water Quality Report is the latest report available and it

indicated that lead levels (2.0 parts per billion (ppb)) were below EPA’s action level of 15 ppb.

In 2012, 54 samples were collected throughout the city

[http://evansvillegov.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=13340].

Although the EWD is responsible for providing safe drinking water in Evansville, it cannot

control the variety of materials used in plumbing components. If your water has been sitting for

several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30

seconds to two minutes before using water for drinking or cooking.

The EWD is responsible for monitoring, maintaining and repairing water mains throughout its

service area. Property owners are responsible for the upkeep and repair of service lines and meter

pits on their property, as defined in the Water Rules and Regulations Policy, approved by the

Utility’s board on April 15, 2008. This includes the point where a customer’s service line

connects to the Utility’s water main, service lines entering buildings on the property, and the

meter pit and cover (Water Handbook: http://evansvillegov.org/index.aspx?=2405).If you are

concerned about lead in your water, you may want to have your water tested. Information on lead

in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available

from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791or at

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead.

Air Sampling

ATSDR obtained air quality information for Vanderburgh County from EPA web sites and from

the VCHD. The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for

six common air pollutants commonly found across the United States. These air pollutants are

ground-level ozone, particulate pollution (often referred to as particle matter), carbon monoxide,

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and lead. VCHD samples air for criteria pollutants in the

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http://www.epa.gov/safewater/leadhttp://evansvillegov.org/index.aspx?=2405).Ifhttp://evansvillegov.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=13340http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/4875.htm

   

   

 

 

Evansville area. The air samples are collected from building rooftops in downtown Evansville.

Evansville regional air lead levels have been below EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality

Standards [http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html]. Although routine air sampling by VCHD does

not include samples from the neighborhoods, during cleanup work EPA test air quality for

particulates and lead.

Nature and Extent of Known Contamination

Researchers found soil containing lead above EPA’s screening level of 400 ppm and arsenic

above EPA’s screening level of 30 ppm in the residential yards [EPA 2009]. EPA and IDEM

continue to remove contaminated soil in the neighborhoods to reduce lead and arsenic

contamination in the top 18 inches of soil. Although ATSDR supports this activity, we are

concerned that lead-based paint in and on the homes (built before 1978) still represents a

significant lead exposure source. Furthermore, because lead-based paint continues to chalk and

flake, it’s continuously being released and might re-contaminate outside soils. The highest

concentrations of lead were detected along home’s drip lines (where water runs off the roof of

houses). The average level detected along a drip line was 2,789 ppm, while the average lead

level detected in yards of the same depth was 604 ppm—a difference of nearly five times.

Airborne lead deposited on the roofs and lead-based paint and other lead in houses would

increase soil lead levels near drip lines.

Additional data from EPA will be included in the final version of this public health

assessment. The OU1 residential soils averaged 373.5 ppm lead and ranged from 20 ppm to

8,210 ppm lead. The OU1 arsenic levels in soils ranged from nondetect to 92 ppm arsenic and

averaged 15.2 ppm. The OU2 residential soils averaged 403.4 ppm lead and ranged from

nondetect to 7,900 ppm lead. Arsenic levels in OU2 soils ranged from nondetect to 68.2 ppm

arsenic and averaged 23.3 ppm. EPA reports that arsenic—if present above 30-ppm local

background levels—is associated with lead contamination approximately 10 percent of the time

[EPA 2008b, 2009].

Blood Lead Levels – GIS Evaluation

Blood Lead Data for Children

ATSDR worked with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Indiana State and

Vanderburgh County Health Department to obtain blood lead data for children ages 6 and

younger for the period 1998 to 2006. The ISHD requires healthcare providers and county health

departments to report blood lead sampling data. The combined data are placed in a state database

and provided to the CDC in Atlanta.

ATSDR and CDC evaluated 20,051 blood tests collected from 1998 to 2006. The State of

Indiana’s Blood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program received 18,218 blood samples from health

care professionals. To map the geographic distribution of the children tested, children’s’ home

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http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html

       

 

 

addresses were geo-coded. To obtain the year the housing was built, the geo-coded addresses

were cross-referenced with tax parcel information from theVanderburgh County Assessor's

office. Using ArcGIS software, we overlaid the blood lead testing locations with several other

geographic layers including streets, rivers, and census block groups. In addition, we incorporated

data from historical maps of Evansville that showing manufacturers that likely used lead in their

processes.

We used Sat Scan software to find the strongest cluster of higher-than-usual blood lead levels.

On average, the housing in the area delineated by Sat Scan was much older than that in other

parts of Evansville. This is important because older housing is likely to contain lead-based paint.

Fewer than 7 percent of the children tested in the cluster area lived in homes built after 1978,

compared with about 15 percent for the children tested outside the cluster area. We also found

that block groups within the cluster area had a lower median income (~$26,060) compared with

the other parts of Evansville (~$43,605) (US Census 2000).

The statistical and GIS evaluation of the blood lead data identified 9,498 children age 6 or

younger with 10,094 blood lead tests over the 8-year period (some of the children were tested

twice).

While local medical providers have recommended patients participate in blood lead screening,

further efforts are needed to increase participation.

Lead Concerns in Evansville and the United States

Today in at least 4 million households in the United States, children are exposed to lead.

Approximately half a million U.S. children 1–5 years of age have BLLs above 5 µg/dL, the

reference level at which CDC recommends initiation of public health actions. There is no safe

level of lead in blood. Lead exposure can affect nearly every system in the body. Because lead

exposure often occurs with no obvious symptoms, it frequently goes unrecognized. CDC’s

Healthy Homes and Lead Poisoning Prevention Program is committed to the Healthy People

2020 goals of eliminating BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL and eliminating differences in average risk based on race and social class. The program is part of the National Center for Environmental Health's

Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services [CDC 2012].

Toxicology and Epidemiology

Lead

Lead is highly toxic to people, pets and other animals. It has no known beneficial effects in the

body. Any level of lead exposure is currently considered harmful to people. Very low levels of

lead that enter the body are believed to have significant health effects, especially to children and

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fetuses [ATSDR 2005]. The higher the amount of lead that enters the blood stream, the more

severe the effects Evansville median BLLs are declining, but between 2004 and 2006, BLLs

remained two times higher than national levels. And as mentioned, currently the percentage is

declining of children participating in VCHD’s blood lead screening program.

Lead is a naturally occurring, bluish-gray metal found in the earth's crust at the rate of about 15–

20 ppm. Industrial use of lead is mostly for lead batteries used in the automobile industry. Other

uses of lead include the production of lead alloys, soldering materials, shielding for x-ray

machines, and manufacturing corrosion and acid-resistant materials used in the building industry.

Today, lead is present in all parts of our environment [ATSDR 2007b].

Lead as a gasoline additive gradually phased out. Its use in paints was banned in 1978. But

because lead does not degrade in the environment, human exposure to lead continues. Leaded

paint is still prevalent in many older homes in the United States, and peeling or flaking paint

contributes to indoor and outdoor dust levels.

Lead can affect almost every organ and system in the body, although the main target for lead

toxicity is the nervous system. Exposure to high amounts of lead resulting in blood lead levels

(BLLs) of 100–120 µg/dL in adults or 70–100 µg/dL in children can induce encephalopathy, a

general term that describes various diseases that affect brain function. Symptoms develop

following prolonged exposure. Symptoms can include dullness, irritability, poor attention span,

epigastric pain, constipation, vomiting, convulsions, coma, and death [Chisolm 1962, Chisolm

1965, Chisolm and Harrison 1956, Kehoe 1961, Kumar et al. 1987].

Children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning than are adults. A child who swallows large

amounts of lead might develop anemia, severe stomach-ache, muscle weakness, and brain

damage. Unborn children can be exposed to lead through their mothers. Harmful health effects

might include premature births, smaller babies, decreased mental ability, learning difficulties,

and reduced growth in young children [ATSDR 2007b]. In general, the level of lead in a person's

blood gives a good indication of exposure to lead and correlates well with adverse health effects.

In January 2012, CDC’s Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention

(ACCLPP) recommended that CDC adopt the 97.5 percentile for children 1 to 5 years of age as

the reference value for designating elevated BLLs in children. The 97.5 percentile currently is 5

µg/dL http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/Final_Document_011212.pdf. This new value

means more children will be identified as having lead exposures earlier and parents, doctors,

public health officials, and communities can take action earlier [CDC 2012].

Because some of lead’s more sensitive health effects have no clear threshold, no guidelines for a

safe dose of lead intake have been established. EPA has no RfD and ATSDR has no MRL to

serve as a safe oral dose below which adverse health effects are unlikely to occur.

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http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/Final_Document_011212.pdf

       

 

 

Arsenic

Arsenic, a naturally occurring element, is widely distributed in the earth’s crust, which contains

about 3.4 ppm arsenic [Wedepohl 1991]. Most arsenic compounds have no smell or distinctive

taste. Although elemental arsenic sometimes occurs naturally, arsenic usually appears in the

environment in two forms—inorganic (i.e., arsenic combined with oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur)

and organic (i.e., arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen).

Arsenic is released to the environment through natural sources such as wind-blown soil and

volcanic eruptions. But anthropogenic (i.e., human-made) arsenic sources release much higher

amounts of arsenic than do natural sources. These anthropogenic sources include nonferrous

metal mining and smelting, pesticide application, coal combustion, wood combustion, and waste

incineration. The use of arsenic in treated lumber has been phased out through manufacturers

voluntarily no longer using arsenic. In the past, arsenic was widely used as a pesticide; in fact,

some pesticides still use organic arsenic compounds.

People might be exposed through incidentally ingesting arsenic in soil. Arsenic concentrations

for uncontaminated soils generally range from 1–40 ppm, with a mean of 5 ppm [ATSDR

2007a]. Arsenic concentrations in soils from various countries range from 0.1 to 50 ppm and can

vary widely among geographic regions. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports a mean of

7.2 ppm and a range of less than 0.1–97 ppm in the United States [Shacklette and Boerngen

1984]. Higher arsenic levels might occur near arsenic-rich geological deposits, some mining and

smelting sites, or agricultural areas where arsenic pesticides were applied in the past. For

example, arsenic concentrations up to 27,000 ppm have been reported in soils contaminated with

smelter or mine wastes [EPA 1982].

Dermal exposure to arsenic is usually not of concern because only a small amount will pass

through skin and into the body (4.5% of inorganic arsenic in soil) [Wester et al. 1993]. The

metabolism of inorganic arsenic has been extensively studied in humans and animals. Several

studies in humans indicate that arsenic is well absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract

(approximately 95% absorption for inorganic arsenic compounds and 75–85% for organic

arsenic compounds) [Bettley and O'Shea 1975, Buchet et al. 1981, Marafante et al. 1987, Zheng

et al. 2002]. Once in the body, the liver changes (i.e., through methylation) some of the inorganic

arsenic to less harmful organic forms that are more readily excreted in urine. Most forms of

organic arsenic appear to undergo little metabolism. Both inorganic and organic forms of arsenic

leave the body in urine. Some estimates suggest that more than 75% of the absorbed arsenic dose

is excreted in urine [Marcus and Rispin 1988]. Studies have shown that 45–85% of arsenic is

eliminated within 1 to 3 days [Apostoli et al. 1999, Buchet et al. 1981, Crecelius 1977, Tam et al.

1979]. An upper-dose limit, however, might interfere with this mechanism working successfully

to reduce arsenic toxicity [ATSDR 2007a].

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As noted above, water-soluble forms of inorganic arsenic are well absorbed. But ingesting less-

soluble forms of arsenic can result in reduced arsenic absorption. Studies in laboratory animals

show that arsenic in soil is only 1; to as bioavailable as soluble arsenic forms [Casteel et al. 21;10

1997; Freeman et al. 1993; Freeman et al. 1995; Groen et al. 1994; Rodriguez et al. 1999]. In one

study, approximately 80% of the arsenic from ingested soil was eliminated in the feces compared

with 50% of the soluble oral dose [Freeman et al. 1993]. Low solubility and inaccessibility might

reduce the bioavailability of arsenic in soil [Davis et al. 1992]. Most of the bioavailable arsenic

in water and soil is expected to be present as inorganic arsenic (trivalent arsenic and pentavalent

arsenic, specifically) [Health Canada 1993].

ATSDR’s arsenic acute oral minimal risk level2 (MRL) (0.005 milligrams per kilogram per day

(mg/kg/day)) is based on a study in which 220 persons in Japan were exposed to arsenic-

contaminated soy sauce for a 2–3 week period. The dose was estimated at 0.05 mg/kg/day. This

is considered the LOAEL (lowest observed adverse effect level). Facial edema and

gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) were considered the critical effects

seen at this dose [Mizuta et al. 1956]. The MRL is further supported by the case of a man and

woman in upstate New York who experienced gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking arsenic-

tainted water at an estimated dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day [Franzblau and Lilis 1989].

ATSDR’s chronic oral MRL (0.0003 mg/kg/day) is based on a study in which a large number of

farmers (both male and female) were exposed to high levels of arsenic in well water in Taiwan.

EPA’s oral reference dose (RfD) is an estimate with uncertainty spanning approximately an

order of magnitude of a daily oral exposure to the human population (including sensitive

subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious noncancerous effects

during a lifetime. The RfD is also 0.0003 mg/kg/day [EPA 2008a]. A clear dose-response

relationship was observed for characteristic skin lesions. A control group consisting of 17,000

persons was exposed to 0.0008 mg/kg/day and did not experience adverse health effects. This is

considered the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level). Hyperpigmentation and keratosis of

the skin were reported in farmers exposed to 0.014 mg/kg/day (less serious lowest observed

adverse effect level (LOAEL)). Those exposed to 0.038–0.065 mg/kg/day experienced an

increased incidence of dermal lesions [Tseng et al. 1968, Tseng 1977]. The MRL is supported by

a number of well-conducted epidemiological studies that identify reliable NOAELs and LOAELs

for dermal effects [Borgoño and Greiber 1972; Cebrían et al. 1983; EPA 1981; Guha Mazumder

et al. 1988; Haque et al. 2003; Harrington et al. 1978; Valentine et al. 1985; Zaldívar 1974].

Collectively, these studies indicate that the threshold dose for dermal effects (e.g.,

hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis) is approximately 0.002 mg/kg/day.

The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the International Agency for Research

on Cancer (IARC), and EPA have all determined that inorganic arsenic is carcinogenic to

2 The acute oral MRL is considered provisional because it is based on a serious LOAEL; so the safe level is less certain.

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humans. Convincing evidence from a large number of epidemiological studies and case reports

shows that ingestion of inorganic arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer [Alain et al. 1993,

Beane Freeman et al. 2004; Bickley and Papa 1989; Cebrián et al. 1983; Chen et al. 2003;

Haupert et al. 1996; Hsueh et al. 1995; Lewis et al. 1999; Lüchtrath 1983; Mitra et al. 2004;

Morris et al. 1974; Sommers and McManus 1953; Tay and Seah 1975; Tsai et al. 1998; Tsai et

al. 1999; Tseng 1977; Tseng et al. 1968; Zaldívar 1974; Zaldívar et al. 1981]. A report by the

National Research Council suggests that the calculated risks based on increases in incidence of

lung and bladder cancers could be greater than those calculated risks based on incidences of skin

cancer [NRC 2001].

Discussion

Exposure Pathways at the JNSC Site

Using the best available scientific information and evaluated data (Appendix B: Table 1), the

JNSC site 3 poses a public health hazard to those who now live on or regularly visit the site and

posed a public health hazard to those who lived on or regularly visited the site before clean up.

Although EPA continues to remediate areas in OU2, ATSDR identified ingestion as the most

likely exposure pathway through which people still could contact lead and arsenic at or near the

entire JNSC site.

Introduction to Public Health Assessment Methodology

To determine whether people might be exposed to site-related contaminants, investigators

evaluate the environmental and human components leading to human exposure. This analysis

consists of evaluating the five elements of an exposure pathway:

1. Source of contamination,

2. Transport through an environmental medium,

3. Point of exposure,

4. Route through which the contaminant can enter the body, and

5. Receptor population.

Exposure to contaminants does not always result in adverse health effects. The factors that

influence whether exposure to a contaminant might result in adverse health effects include

• Toxicological properties of the contaminant,

• How much of the contaminant the individual is exposed to,

• How often and/or how long the exposure occurs,

[3] Especially including the residential properties not yet sampled and the properties to which EPA cannot gain access.

15

   

   

 

 

• The manner in which the contaminant enters or contacts the body (breathing, eating, drinking, or skin/eye contact),

• The number of contaminants to which an individual is exposed (combinations of contaminants),

• Timing of exposure (e.g., early life), and

• Health status of the exposed person.

ATSDR distinguishes three general types of exposure pathways: complete, potentially complete,

or eliminated. For someone to be exposed to a contaminant, the exposure pathway must be

complete. An exposure pathway is considered complete when all five elements in the pathway

are present and exposure has occurred, is occurring, or will occur in the future. A potential

pathway is one that is missing at least one or more of the elements, but information is

insufficient to eliminate or exclude the element. An eliminated pathway is when one or more of

the elements are absent. Additionally, even though an exposure pathway is complete or

potentially complete does not necessarily mean a public health concern is present [ATSDR

2005].

Completed Exposure Pathway for Lead and Arsenic in Soil

Currently within the operable unit areas, EPA’s remediation is reducing exposure to lead and

arsenic in soil. IDEM and EPA evaluations and sampling identified the boundaries of the OU

areas. And over a 1,000 residential yards with identified levels of lead above 400 ppm have

already been remediated.

Primary exposures to lead and arsenic are direct or indirect soil ingestion of soil particles or

dust. Through ingestion, soil containing lead and arsenic could get on hands and transfer to the

mouth. By touching soil and then touching the mouth, food, drinks, and other items—including

cigarettes—will allow contaminated soil and dust to enter the body. A portion will enter the body

and blood stream. Children naturally put things in their mouths, and some children do this more

than others.

Tracking contaminated surface soils into living areas is another lead-exposure route. People and

animals might also track or carry contaminated soils and dust on clothes and dust into the house,

into vehicles, or into other places they live, work, or play.

Some portions of the soil, especially bare spots, allow easier access to contamination and allow

greater potential for exposure. And areas might become recontaminated if, for example: 1)

deteriorating lead-based paint continues to chalk and flake and recontaminate outside soils, 2)

demolition or remodeling of older homes with lead-based paint and other lead materials

redeposit lead on the soil, garden, or other areas of the yard or home, 3) currently buried or

covered lead is disturbed and redeposits in surface soil, gardens, or other areas of a yard or home.

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ATSDR observed several car batteries and wheel/tire weights in the community. Lead car-tire

weights, lead pellets, and lead shot—if present in some yards and if swallowed—could result in

acute lead-poisoning events, as could

• Gardening and home grown food and direct and or indirect ingestion from contaminated soil: gardening increases soil contact, resulting in some level of ingestion of soil.

• Root and leafy vegetables—the main concern for gardens in lead contaminated soil given that soil particles can adhere to the edible plant surface.

• Crop ingestion, that is, eating contamination taken into the plant by the roots or leaves or trapped by the plant as it grows and matures.

• Consumption of products from free ranging poultry raised in contaminated areas of a yard could expose people to contamination. VCHD investigated such a blood poisoning

case in which they noticed deteriorating lead-based paint on the house and bare soil in the

yard.

Lead-contaminated soils are being removed. Direct or indirect ingestion of lead containing

materials (e.g., lead-based paint, chips and dust, and soil) is the exposure pathway of greatest

concern. Lead paint on some homes can contain up to 40% lead or higher [Walker 1945].

Children or pets might eat lead paint chips or dust. Thus, even after soils have been cleaned up,

lead based paint could still be a significant source of lead exposure to children.

This public health assessment’s focus is the identified JNSC site boundaries. But ATSDR

believes lead-based paint dust and chips and lead from plumbing inside and outside homes is a

significant contributor to elevated BLLs in the community. Many such homes were built before

1978 (the year lead-based paint was banned). The nature and extent of the contamination at the

JNSC site warrants particular concern due to completed exposure pathways and the potential for

multiple sources of lead exposure.

Public Health Implications

This section evaluates the estimated exposure doses and the potential noncancerous health effects

from exposure to site-related contaminants above health screening values. In these evaluations,

ATSDR considered the frequency and duration of the estimated exposures. As discussed above,

the most important exposure pathway for this site is the ingestion route. Note, however, that a

chemical’s presence in the environment will not always result in contact with that chemical, and

that contact itself does not always result in the body absorbing that chemical [ATSDR 2005].

If sampling data exceed an existing ATSDR health-based comparison value, the next step is to

calculate an exposure dose and compare that dose to ATSDR’s MRLs, NOAELs, and LOAELs

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(discussed earlier in this health assessment) to determine whether exposure to levels of site-

related contaminants could harm people’s health. ATSDR also uses EPA’s RfD as a comparison

value.

Arsenic Exposures

ATSDR evaluated arsenic exposures in JNSC site soils for children (1 to 6 years), adolescents (8

to 17 years) and adults. The exposure factor of 0.71 was derived for children playing in

residential soils 5 days a week for 3 months for 9 years (national median time at one residence).

The estimated exposure doses calculated for children were then compared with established health

guidelines (see Background section for ATSDR’s MRLs, EPA’s RfD). In addition, ATSDR used

EPA’s default arsenic bioavailability value of 60%. This means that of the arsenic detected in

soil, the human gastrointestinal tract would absorb only 60%.

To calculate a childhood estimated exposure dose (i.e., the most conservative dose compared to

adolescents and adults) 16 kilograms was the body weight used with an ingestion rate of 200

milligram per day (mg/day). Arsenic levels in the JNSC site ranged from nondetect to 92 ppm,

and the average level was 23 ppm. ATSDR used the average and maximum level of arsenic

detected in residential soils to determine a range of exposure doses. The estimated arsenic

exposure doses calculated for children at the JNSC site ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0005 mg/kg/day.

The estimated dose (0.0005mg/kg/day) for arsenic was above ATSDR’s health-based

comparison level for chronic (a lifetime) exposure.

Lead Exposures

The toxicity of lead, especially to children and fetuses, has been documented and discussed

earlier.

Ways to mitigate or reduce lead exposures in soil and drinking water, particularly in older homes

where lead was used in water pipes include

• Residents, especially children, should participate in yearly blood lead screening and educational programs offered for free by the VCHD or that are provided by hospitals or

your health care professionals.

• Residents (especially children) entering their homes after working or playing in the yard should follow these steps to help reduce lead exposure: Take shoes off before entering the

home, use a damp cloth or wet mop to remove dust and dirt from the home, wash hands,

wash toys and wash pets.

• EPA should continue soil remediation in a manner that protects public health.

• Residents should allow EPA access to their property to test for soil contamination.

Homeowners with older homes should follow EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting

Rule (RRP Rule) to lower the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities.

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The rule requires that only EPA-certified firms can perform renovation, repair, and painting

projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools built

before 1978, and that these firms can only use EPA-trained and certified renovators who

know how to follow lead-safe work practices.

• Homeowners should follow the recommended practices to maintain painted surfaces properly to limit lead exposure [ATSDR 2007a; CDC 2012; EPA 2012a].

• Residents living in older homes that may still have lead water lines (inside pipes or outside service lines) or lead solder, should have their water tested for lead.

Community Health Concerns In the final version of this PHA, after we receive and address your public comments, we will add

to this section.

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

In researching and writing this PHA, we relied on the information provided in the referenced

documents. ATSDR assumes that these site documents were prepared with EPA and IDEM

oversight and that adequate quality assurance and control measures were followed with chain-of

custody, laboratory procedures, and data reporting. The validity of the analyses and conclusions

drawn in this document depend on the availability and reliability of the referenced information.

Limitations in BLL Study Due to Data Gaps Data gaps in the BLL study include:

• Lack of blood lead sampling for children living at many different residential properties,

• No information available for the large transient (2–15 weeks) population of residents living at one or more properties for short periods of time,

• For those properties that were not sampled we have no data to correlate with children tested who live at these properties, and

• For those properties sampled there were no children’s blood lead levels to correlate with the lead levels detected at the residential properties.

Conclusions ATSDR evaluated soil data and information for the JNSC site and has determined the site posed

a public health threat in the past due to lead and arsenic levels detected in surface soils. The site

continues to pose a public health threat in the future for those residential properties that have not

yet been remediated. Also, those properties that have denied EPA access pose an indeterminate

health hazard. Potential additional sources of lead may be present in older homes (built prior to

1978) from lead based paint and or from lead water lines or lead solder used in water lines of

older homes.

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Recommendations

Considering our public health evaluation of the JNSC site, ATSDR recommends the following:

1. We recommend children with BLLs of 5 µg/dL or greater be evaluated by a physician.

2. We recommend that children participate in yearly free blood lead screening and

educational programs offered by the VCHD, or that are provided by hospitals or health

care professionals.

3. We recommend that residents (especially children) entering their homes after working or

playing in the yard should follow these steps to help mitigate or reduce lead exposure:

Take shoes off before entering the home, use a damp cloth or damp/wet mop to remove

dust and dirt from the home, wash hands, wash toys and wash pets.

4. We recommend EPA continue soil remediation in a manner that protects public health.

5. We recommend residents allow EPA access to their property to test for soil

contamination.

6. We recommend homeowners with older homes follow EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair,

and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) to lower the risk of lead contamination from home

renovation activities. The rule requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and

painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre

schools built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are

trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.

7. We recommend homeowners follow the recommended practices to maintain painted

surfaces properly to limit lead exposure [ATSDR 2007a; CDC 2012; EPA 2012a].

8. We recommend residents living in older homes that may still have lead water lines

(inside pipes or outside service lines) or lead solder, have their water tested for lead.

Public Health Action Plan (PHAP) for the JNSC Site, Evansville, Indiana

Additional information will be inserted in the PHAP in the final PHA for this site.

The public health action plan (PHAP) for the Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination

(JNSC) site describes key actions taken by ATSDR, EPA, IDH, IDEM and the Vanderburgh

County Health Department (VCHD) near the site subsequent to the completion of this public

health assessment. The purpose of the PHAP is to ensure that this public health assessment

identifies potential and on-going public health hazards, and provides a plan of action designed to

prevent adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to hazardous substances in the

environment.

The public health actions for the Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site that are completed, ongoing, and planned are

• ATSDR and VCHD worked together on community health education events

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• EPA sampling and soil replacement activities

• Public health education programs offered by VCDH

• Blood Lead Screening Program Offered by VCDH

• City and individual (tap water) sampling programs

Following plumbing work ATSDR recommends in homes with lead water lines or lead solder,

you:

• Test your drinking water,

• Flush water lines up to 2 minutes before using the water for drinking or cooking, and

• Make sure that lead solder is never used in potable water lines.

Organizations You Can Contact:

For public health information, call VCHD at (812) 435-2400 and/or ATSDR at 1-800-CDC

INFO and ask for information on the Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site,

Evansville, Indiana. If you have concerns about the JNSC Site you should contact EPA Region 5

at 800-621-8431, ext. 31325 and leave a message. This line is operational 24-hours a day.

EPA’s Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule): www.epa.gov/lead;

www.epa.gov/lead/rrp/index.htm: Common renovation, repair, and painting activities that

disturb lead-based paint (like sanding, cutting, replacing windows, and more) can create

hazardous lead dust and chips which can be harmful to adults and children. But with careful

work practices and thorough clean up, renovations can be done safely. EPA's Lead Renovation,

Repair, and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home

renovation activities. It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects

that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools built before 1978 be

certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training

providers to follow lead-safe work practices. Be sure to “Renovate Right”!

Find additional general information about lead at the following EPA web site:

www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead.html, answers general questions about lead testing

procedures.

Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize

exposure is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791 or at

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead,.

Appendix C has additional information about the JNSC Site Public Health Action Plan.

21

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/leadwww.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead.htmlwww.epa.gov/lead/rrp/index.htmwww.epa.gov/lead

   

   

 

 

Authors, Advisors, and Reviewers

Author:

Tammie A. McRae, MS Environmental Health Scientist Division of Community Health Investigations Western Branch Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F59 Atlanta, GA 30341

Technical Advisors

Gregory M. Zarus, MS Lead Environmental Health Scientist Division of Community Health Investigations Western Branch Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F59 Atlanta, GA 30341

Charles W. Grosse, MS Environmental Health Scientist Division of Community Health Investigations Western Branch Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F59 Atlanta, GA 30341

Reviewers:

Ben Gerhardstein, MPH Regional Representative, Region 9 (Pacific Southwest) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 75 Hawthorne St., Suite 100, HHS-1 San Francisco, CA 94105

Katie Pugh, MS Environmental Health Scientist Division of Community Health Investigations Western Branch Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop F59 Atlanta, GA 30341

22

       

 

 

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Figures 1–3 �

31

   

   

 

 

Figure 1: Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site, Evansville, Indiana. Map shows

Operable Units 1 & 2.

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Figure 2: Neighborhood Associations within OU1 and OU2, Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil

Contamination, Evansville, Indiana.

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Figure 3: Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site, Evansville, Indiana.

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Table 1�

Table 1: Lead and Arsenic in Residential and High Access Areas in Surface Soil at the

Jacobsville Neighborhood Soil Contamination Site, Evansville, Indiana.

Contaminant and

Sample