OCEANOGRAPHY
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OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration
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OCEANOGRAPHY. Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration. Surface Exploration. 600 B.C. Phoenicians “Hug the Coast” Near-shore environs. Surface Exploration. 500-700 A.D. Polynesians Elaborate navigation system in the South Pacific 10 million square miles - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of OCEANOGRAPHY
OCEANOGRAPHYTimeline
Surface ExplorationUndersea Exploration
Surface Exploration600 B.C.
Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”Near-shore environs
Surface Exploration500-700 A.D.
PolynesiansElaborate navigation system
in the South Pacific10 million square milesUsed sun, planets, tides,
currents as “landmarks”
Surface Exploration900 A.D.
VikingsNorth Atlantic
Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland
Use North Star for guidance
Surface Exploration1000
ChineseInvent the compassNo more than
magnetized needle in bowl of water
Reduced fear
Surface Exploration1519
Ferdinand Magellan1st round-the-world
sailing voyageTakes 2 yearsStraits of Magellan
Surface Exploration1825
Charles DarwinThe HMS BeagleMarine life on/near
Galapagos Islands
Surface Exploration1872-1875
Challenger Expedition1st Fully scientific
oceanographic expeditionSalinity, temp of seawaterGives birth to OceanographyPhysical, chemical, biological
and geological studies
Surface Exploration1950
Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science
Follows WW II $$$
Surface Exploration1957
Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite
Arms race w/USA
$$$ even more
Surface ExplorationThe Future will integrate
many surface systems…
2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and
IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System
Weather forecasting, marine preservation
Undersea Exploration1535
The Diving Bell
Worn on the shouldersStay under ~ 1 hour
Undersea Exploration1825
William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*Compressed air containers worn on
a belt
Many were involved in SCUBA SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS
Undersea Exploration1934
William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive
Crude steel ball, ½ mi. down
O2 tanks inside, circulated by hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals
Undersea Exploration1943
Jacques CousteauAquaLung
SafetyTime below
Still used today, w/some improvements
Undersea Exploration1951
Mariana Trench7 mi down
Challenger II (UK)Used sound waves
= sonar
The Trieste prepares to dive: January 23, 1960
Undersea Exploration1964
Alvin is launched
Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration
Undersea Exploration1976
Clelia is launched
Flat bottomBetter hovering abilityGreater visibilityMore maneuverable
Undersea Exploration1976 – Alvin discovers…
Hydrothermal VentsCracks in ocean floorExtreme environmentPoisonous400 ⁰ C WATER!
Undersea ExplorationToday
LEOLong-term Ecosystem Observatory
And …… MORE SEAGLIDERS !
