Fisheries Oceanography
description
Transcript of Fisheries Oceanography
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Fisheries Oceanography
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SST anomalies off Peru coastline
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ENSO impacts on pelagic fishes: variable catch reductions (Peru)
A. Bertrand
0
4
8
12
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Cat
ch (M
. ton
s)
El Nino
(Yánez et al. 1992)
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Spatio-temporal scales of effects on peruvian pelagic fisheries
A. Bertrand
Time
Space
DecadeInter-annualMonth Season YearDay
Ocean
Local
Regional
Basin Stock condition before ENSO
Adapted reproduction
Fishery pressure
Local Upwelling
ENSO strength and duration
Inter-decadal regime
Large scale forcing
Small scale forcing
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Pacific Decadal Oscillations
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ENSO and pelagic fisheries: regime shift
Chavez et al. 2003
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ClupeidaeAmerican shadAlosa sapidissima
Engraulidaebaelama anchovyThryssa baelama
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(Chavez et al. 2002)
A. Bertrand
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(Chavez et al. 2002)
A. Bertrand
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Pacific Decadal OscillationWarm Phase Cool Phase
Wintertime Wind (arrows) and Sea SurfaceTemp (colors)- Affect the N. Pacific, with secondary signatures in the tropics (opposite for ENSO)
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Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PCA of N. Pacific SST)
20-30 year duration
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A. BertrandChavez et al 2003
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A. BertrandChavez et al 2003
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Humans as Top Predator
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Prod
uctio
n (
mill
ion
tonn
es)
50
100
1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000Year
EE
Zs C
laim
s
Global Trend in Landings
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(Pauly et al., 2002)
Non-registered catches
Expansion of fisheries
A. Bertrand
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(Pauly et al., 2002)
Non-registered catches
Expansion of fisheries
A. Bertrand
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Trawling
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Humans as “engineer species”
• Trawling disrupts sea bottom……
• Trawling ecosystem effects:– Decrease of spatial complexity– Decrease of target and bycatch
species– Increase of scavenger species– Overall loss of biodiversity (macro-
organism level)
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Trawled Un-trawled
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Trawled AreaUn-trawled Area
(bottom sonar images)
Trawling Impact
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Bycatch of unwanted species
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Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
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Trawling frequency by german vessels between 1993 & 1996
(Rijnsdorp 1997)
P. Cury
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Marine Protected
AreasNo Trawling Area
Gulf of Maine
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Gillnetting
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Bycatch of unwanted species
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(Pauly et al., 2002)
Non-registered catches
Expansion of fisheries
A. Bertrand
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Purse seining
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Schooling behavior
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Bycatch of unwanted species
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(Pauly et al., 2002)
Non-registered catches
Expansion of fisheries
A. Bertrand
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Longlining
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Bycatch of unwanted species
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(Pauly et al., 2002)
Non-registered catches
Expansion of fisheries
A. BertrandWhy steady increase?
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Catches per 100 hooks (Japanese fleet)1952
1964
1958
1980
Myers & Worm, 2003
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Shark Populations NE Atlantic
Baum et al. 2003
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Fishing Down the Food Web
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Fishery induced changes in world fish composition
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Compensation in exploited fish communities
(Tropical Atlantic)
Myers & Worm, 2003
● Blue Marlin△ Sailfish○ Swordfish
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Compensation in exploited fish communities
(Southern Grand Banks)
Myers & Worm, 2003
● Codfishes (Gadidae)○ Flatfishes (Pleuronectidae)
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Seafood consumption (US)