Obligations
-
Upload
zsamantha-may -
Category
Documents
-
view
240 -
download
3
Transcript of Obligations
![Page 1: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
OBLIGATIONS
![Page 2: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OBLIGATION•Civil
JURIDICALNECESSITY•Character of Enforceability
TO GIVE •Real obligation
•Positive / Negative
TO DO orNOT TO DO
•Personal obligation• Positive / Negative
![Page 3: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Elements
Efficient Cause or Juridical
Tie
Active Subject
Object or
Prestation
Passive Subject
![Page 4: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Distinguish from
NaturalObligation
•Good conscience•Feeling of satisfaction•Not enforceable
andMoral
Obligation
•Goodness•Not enforceable
![Page 5: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Examples of Natural Obligations• Art. 1424 – obligor voluntarily
performs contract that prescribed;
• Art. 1425 – third person pays prescribed debt without consent or against the will of debtor & the latter voluntarily reimburses him;
• Art. 1428 – prevailing party in an action performs civil obligation subject matter of the case;
![Page 6: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Art. 1429 – heirs voluntarily pay debt of decedent exceeding value of inheritance;
• Art. 1430 – heirs voluntarily pay legacy although will was declared void;
![Page 7: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
SOURCES OF OBLIGATION
OBLIGATION
LAW
CONTRACTS
QUASI-CONTRACTS QUASI-
DELICTS
DELICTS
![Page 8: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Quasi-Contracts• Juridical relation resulting from a
lawful, voluntary, & unilateral act, which has for its purpose payment of indemnity to the end that no one shall be unjustly enriched or benefited at the expense of another (2142)
• Kinds:a. Negotiorum gestiob. Solutio indebiti
![Page 9: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Negotiorum Gestio(Arts. 2144-2153)
• Person (officious manager or “gestor”) voluntarily takes charge of the agency or management of the business or property of another which was neglected or abandoned without power or authority of the latter;
• Gestor shall exercise diligence of a good father of a family; liable for fault or negligence;
• Owner shall pay necessary & useful expenses of gestor & damages he suffered;
![Page 10: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Solutio Indebiti• Something is received (a) when
there is no right to demand it, & (b) it was unduly delivered through mistake, the obligation to return it arises;
• Even mistake in the construction or application of a doubtful or difficult question of law;
• Recovery may be had even though payer doubted whether the debt was due;
![Page 11: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Art. 2163 – it is presumed that there was a mistake in the payment if something which had never been due or had already been paid was delivered; but, he from whom the return is claimed may prove that the delivery was made out of liberality or for any other just cause.
• Art. 2160 – he who in good faith accepts an undue payment of a thing certain & determinate shall only be responsible for the impairment or loss of the same or its accessories & accessions insofar as he has thereby been benefited. If he has alienated it, he shall return the price or assign the action to collect the sum.
![Page 12: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Other Instances of Quasi-Contract
• Art. 2164 – without knowledge of person obliged, support is given by stranger not out of pity & without intention of being repaid;
• Art. 2165 –without knowledge of relatives of deceased, third person pays funeral expenses ;
• Art. 2166 – third person supports orphan, insane or indigent person when the one obliged unjustly refuses to give;
![Page 13: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Art. 2167 – injured or seriously ill person is treated while in a condition not able to give consent to a contract; he is liable for services rendered by physician or person who aided him, unless rendered out of generosity;
• Art. 2168 – owner bound to compensate person who, without his knowledge, saved his property during fire, flood, storm or other calamities;
• Art. 2169 – person responsible of nuisance is liable for expenses of government in its abatement;
![Page 14: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Art. 2175 – taxpayer to reimburse person constrained to pay tax;
• Art. 1236 – third person who pays debt is entitled to beneficial reimbursement from debtor;
• Art. 720 – finder of lost thing is entitled to a reward (1/10 of value) from owner;
![Page 15: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DELICTS• Governed by penal laws, i.e. RPC;
• Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable (Art. 100, RPC);
• Civil liability includes:a. Restitutionb. Reparation of damage causedc. Indemnification of consequential damages (Art. 104, RPC)
![Page 16: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Effects of Acquittal1. If acquittal is because accused could
not have committed the act, no civil liability;
2. If acquittal is due to an exempting circumstance, accused may still be liable;
3. If acquittal is on reasonable doubt, accused may still be liable;
4. If an independent civil action is resorted to, civil liability may be proven by preponderance of evidence.
![Page 17: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Effects of Death of Accused (Rule 111, Sec. 4)
1. Death before arraignment – case dismissed without prejudice to any civil action against estate;
2. Death after arraignment & before final judgment - civil liability from delict extinguished, but independent civil action or other action to enforce civil liability from other sources may continue against estate or heirs;
3. Death after final judgment - civil liability enforceable against estate.
![Page 18: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
NATURE & EFFECT OF OBLIGATION
In Real Obligation: Duty of obligor to exercise
diligence> every person obliged to give something (determinate) is obliged to care for it with the diligence of a good father of a family
> other degree of diligence may be fixed by law or stipulation
![Page 19: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Right of creditor to demand delivery* determinate thing - to compel debtor to make delivery
* indeterminate thing – to ask compliance of obligation at the expense of debtor; the thing to be delivered must be neither of superior or inferior quality
![Page 20: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Things to be delivered includes:a. Accessions & accessoriesb. Fruits (natural, civil, industrial)
1. Before due & demandable
> creditor has no right2. Due & demandable
> creditor has personal right & entitled to its delivery3. Delivered
> creditor has real right
![Page 21: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Kinds of Delivery:1. Actual2. Constructive
a. Traditio simbolicab. Traditio longa manuc. Traditio brevi manud. Tradition constitutom
possessoriume. Tradition by execution of legal
forms or solemnities
![Page 22: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
When delivery should be made:a. If no term or condition, from
perfection of contract;b. If with term or condition, from the
moment term arrives or condition is fulfilled
Remedies when no delivery is made:
a. Specific performance with damagesb. Rescission or cancellation with
damagesc. Damages
![Page 23: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In Personal Obligation Debtor fails to do
- creditor may have obligation performed at debtor’s expense, plus damages
- specific performance cannot be availed of
Debtor performs in contravention of tenor of obligation
- same remedy as above
![Page 24: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Debtor performs poorly- it shall be undone
*** Negative Personal Obligation
> if debtor performs what is forbidden, it shall be undone at his own expense, plus damages
![Page 25: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF
OBLIGATIONS• Fraud or Dolo• Negligence or Culpa• Delay, Default or Mora• Contravention of tenor of
obligation
![Page 26: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fraud or Dolo• Conscious, deliberate or
intentional evasion of fulfillment of obligation
• Different from fraud in the perfection of a contract
• Future fraud cannot be waived; any waiver is void
• Liability cannot be mitigated or reduced by the court
![Page 27: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Negligence or Culpa• Omission of that diligence
required by the nature of the obligation & corresponds with the attending circumstances
• Voluntary but not deliberate • Liability may be regulated by the
court depending on the circumstances
• Future culpa, provided not gross, may be waived
![Page 28: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Garcia vs. Salvador G.R. No. 168512, 20 March 2007• Negligence is the failure to observe
for the protection of the interest of another person that degree of care, precaution & vigilance which the circumstances justly demand, whereby such other person suffers injury.
• Violation of a statutory duty is negligence. Where the law imposes upon a person the duty to do something, his omission or non-performance will render him liable to whoever may be injured thereby.
![Page 29: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• For health care providers, the test of the existence of negligence is: Did the health care provider either fail to so something which a reasonably prudent health care provider would have done, or that he or she did something that a reasonably prudent health care provider would not have done; and that the failure or action caused injury to the patient? If yes, then he or she is guilty of negligence.
![Page 30: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Kinds of CulpaCulpa Contractual
Culpa Aquiliana(Quasi-delict)
Culpa Criminal
(Delict)
Incidental in performing contract
Direct, substantive & independent
Direct, substantive & independent
There’s pre-existing obligation
No pre-existing obligation
No pre-existing obligation
Diligence of good father not a defense
Complete defense of employers, guardians
Not defense in subsidiary liability of employers
Preponderance of evidence
Preponderance of evidence
Proof beyond reasonable doubt
Negligence is presumed
Negligence must be proven
Negligence must be proven
![Page 31: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Delay, Default or Mora• In unilateral obligation, from the
time of judicial or extrajudicial demand
• In reciprocal obligation:> neither party incurs in delay if the other does not comply or is not ready to comply> delay by one begins the moment the other fulfills his obligation
*** unless a different period is stipulated upon by the parties
![Page 32: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• ASJ Corp. vs Evangelista, 545 S 300> reciprocal obligations are those which arise from the same cause, wherein each party is a debtor & a creditor of the other, such that the performance of one is conditioned upon the simultaneous fulfillment of the other. From the moment one of the parties fulfills his obligation, delay by the other party begins.
![Page 33: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Kinds: Mora Solvendi – debtor’s default
*** Demand upon debtor not necessary:
a. Law so providesb. Obligation so providesc. Time is of the essence or the
controlling factor of the obligationd. Demand is useless as obligor
rendered it beyond his powere. Debtor express
acknowledges his delay
![Page 34: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
*** Effects of Debtor’s Default:a. He is liable for interest or damages;b. He bears the risk of loss;c. He is liable even for fortuitous event
Mora Accipiendi - creditor’s default
Compensatio Morae – both parties in default in reciprocal obligation
![Page 35: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Effects of Fortuitous Events
on Liability General Rule:
- no liability, provideda. event is either
unforeseeable or unavoidable;b. event is such as to render it
impossible for debtor to fulfill his obligation in a normal manner;
c. the debtor is free from any participation in or aggravation of the injury to the creditor
![Page 36: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Exceptions:1. Law expressly provides
Art. 1165 – obligor delays, or promises to deliver same thing to two or more persons who do not have same interest.
Art. 1268 – obligation to deliver a certain & determinate thing proceeds from a criminal offense; regardless of cause of loss.
Art. 552 – possessor in bad faith liable for deterioration or loss in every case;
![Page 37: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Art. 1942 – liability of bailee in commodatum in case of loss:
(1) devotes thing to a different purpose;
(2) delays return(3) thing delivered with appraisal
of value, unless otherwise stipulated(4) lends or leases thing to third
person not member of his household(5) chooses to save his own
property instead of thing borrowed
![Page 38: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Art. 1979 – liability of depositary for loss:(1) so stipulated(2) uses thing without
permission(3) delays return(4) allows others to use it
![Page 39: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Arts. 2147 & 2148 – liability of officious manager:(1) undertakes risky operations
which the owner was not accustomed to embark
(2) prefers own interest(3) fails to return property after
demand(4) assumes management in
bad faith(5) manifestly unfit(6) prevents a more competent
person from taking the management
![Page 40: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2. When expressly declared by stipulation or contract
3. When nature of obligation requires assumption of risk (Doctrine of Created Risk)
4. When obligation is generic
![Page 41: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS1. Pure & Conditional2. Obligations with a period3. Alternative4. Joint & Solidary5. Divisible & Indivisible6. Obligations with a penal
clause
![Page 42: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pure & Conditional Obligations• Pure – without condition or term,
thus demandable at once
• Conditional – effectivity of obligation determined by a condition
*** futurity & uncertaintySuspensive Resolutory Potestative Casual MixedPositive Negative
![Page 43: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SUSPENSIVE CONDITION the happening of which will give
rise to the acquisition of a right if the condition does not happen,
the parties would stand as if the obligation had never existed
• Debtor prevents fulfillment of condition condition deemed fulfilled, unless
done is the exercise of lawful right
![Page 44: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Right of creditor pending happening of conditionmay bring appropriate action for the
preservation of his rightsi.e. demand security if debtor is about to be insolvent;
prevent debtor from alienating or concealing of property
![Page 45: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Right of debtor to recover what he paid by mistake pending suspensive condition payment may be recovered;
solutio indebiti payment done NOT by mistake• If condition is fulfilled, no recovery because of retroactivity• If condition not fulfilled, there should be recovery
![Page 46: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Loss, Deterioration & Improvement of Thing to be Delivered Pending Suspensive
Condition• Rules apply if thing is determinate
LOSS – when thing perishes, or goes out of commerce, or disappears in such a way that its existence is unknown or cannot be recovered.
a. without debtor’s fault, obligation is extinguished;
b. with debtor’s fault, he is liable for damages.
![Page 47: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
DETERIORATION a. without debtor’s fault,
impairment is borne by creditor;
b. with debtor’s fault, creditor may choose between:- rescission plus damages, or- fulfillment plus damages
![Page 48: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
IMPROVEMENTa. by nature or by time, inure to
the benefit of creditor;b. at the expense of the debtor
- he has no right to be reimbursed or indemnified;
- not to alter form & substance
- limited right of removal- may exercise right of
usufructuary to use & the fruits.
![Page 49: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
RESOLUTORY CONDITION obligation is demandable at once, but
rights already acquired are lost when condition is fulfilled;
• Mutual restitution– Including fruits & interests after
deducting expenses made for their production, gathering & preservation
• Same rule as in suspensive condition in case of loss, deterioration or improvement, the debtor being the party obliged to return
![Page 50: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Potestative Condition- fulfillment of condition depends
on sole will of one of the parties potestative on the part of the debtora. suspensive – condition & obligation voidb. resolutory – condition & obligation valid
potestative on the part of the creditor
NOTE: if debtor binds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so
- deemed obligation with a period
![Page 51: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Casual condition– fulfillment of condition depends upon chance or
upon the will of a third person
• Mixed condition– Fulfillment of condition depends upon will of
debtor & upon chance or will of a third person
![Page 52: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Positive Condition
Negative Condition
Condition that some event will happen at a determinate time
Condition that some event will not happen at a determinate time
Obligation extinguished if:
a. Time expires & condition did not happen
b. It becomes indubitable that the event will not take place
Obligation effective if:a. It becomes
evident that the even cannot occur
b. Time expires & event did not take place
![Page 53: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Impossible & Illegal Conditions• if condition is to do an impossible or
illegal thing or act, both condition & obligation are void;
• if condition is not to do an impossible, disregard condition & obligation remains;
• if condition is not to do an illegal thing, both condition & obligation are valid;
• if obligation is divisible, part not affected is valid.
Note: in simple & remunerative donation, such condition considered as not imposed (727).
![Page 54: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Remedies of Injured Party in Case of Breach
1. Demand fulfillment plus damages
2. Rescission plus damages
Remedies are alternative; not conjunctive
However, if fulfillment is chosen & becomes impossible, rescission may be availed of
![Page 55: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Right to Rescind 1. implied/presumed in reciprocal obligations &
need not therefore be expressly provided Reciprocal obligation – parties are
reciprocally obliged to do or give something; cause must be identical & obligation must arise simultaneously; the obligation or promise of each party is the cause or consideration for the obligation or promise of the other.
2. waivable, expressly or impliedly
![Page 56: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
3. can be demanded only by the party ready, willing & able to comply with his obligation, & the other is not
4. needs judicial approval in certain casesif there was delivery & not returned
voluntarily, judicial action is necessary;
no need if stipulated upon in case of non-fulfillment by the other
![Page 57: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
5. not absolutea. trivial or slight causes not
sufficient to cause rescission;b. court won’t decree rescission if it
can fix period to comply;c. no rescission if property is already
in the possession of innocent third person.
![Page 58: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Rule if Both Parties Commit Breach liability of the first infractor shall be
equitably tempered by the court
if it cannot be determined who first violated contract, the same shall be deemed extinguished & each shall bear his own damages.
![Page 59: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Obligations with a Period• Period – an event which necessarily or
certainly will happen at a date known beforehand or at a time which cannot be determined, & the happening of which determines the effectivity or extinguishment of obligations
presumed fixed for the benefit of both parties, unless from the tenor or other circumstances, it appears that it was established in favor of one
![Page 60: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• Definite or Indefinite
• Suspensive (ex die) or Resolutory (ex diem)
• Legal or Conventional or Judicial
![Page 61: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Instances When Court Fixes Perioda) Period depends upon the will of
the debtor; i.e., my means permit; if I have money; pay you little by little or by installment; as soon as possible
b) Obligation does not fix a period, but it can be inferred that a period was intended
c) Court denies rescission as it finds it proper to fix a period
NOTE: once period is fixed by court, it cannot be changed.
![Page 62: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
When Debtor Losses Right to Make Use of Period
a. He becomes insolvent after obligation is contracted, unless he gives guaranty or security
b. He does not furnish guaranties or securities he promised
![Page 63: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
c. When guaranties or securities are impaired due to his own acts or they disappear due to fortuitous event, unless he immediately gives new ones equally satisfactory
d. He violates any undertaking in consideration of which the creditor agreed to the period
e. He attempts to abscond
![Page 64: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Effects of Payment/Delivery Before Period Arrives
Payment by mistake> recovery may be done,
plus fruits & interests
No mistake> no recovery because
period will definitely come & obligation will have to be fulfilled
![Page 65: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
NOTE: In case of loss, deterioration or improvement before arrival of period, same rules as provided in Art. 1189.
![Page 66: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Alternative Obligations• An obligation where out of two or
more prestations, only one is due
• Creditor cannot be compelled to receive part of one & part of another undertaking
• Right of choice, as a rule, belongs to the debtor, but he cannot choose those which are impossible, or illegal, or not object of the obligation
![Page 67: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• Choice has no effect except from time of notice to the creditor
> obligation becomes simple once choice is made & communicated
> notice is not to secure creditor’s consent but to inform him of choice
![Page 68: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Effects of Loss of Objects or Impossibility of Alternative Obligations
Without fault of debtor & creditor: Debtor to choose from remaining
alternatives If only one remains, debtor loses
right of choice & obligation becomes simple
If all are lost, obligation is extinguished
![Page 69: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Due to fault of debtor Debtor to choose from remaining
alternatives If only one remains, debtor loses
right of choice & obligation becomes simple
If all are lost, creditor has right to indemnity for damages, the amount of which is to be fixed based on the value of the last thing which disappeared or of the service which last became impossible
![Page 70: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Due to fault of creditor> debtor my either:
Rescind obligation with damages, or
Choose from remaining alternatives or fulfill that which remains
*** If all are lost, obligation is extinguished
![Page 71: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
When Right of Choice Belongs to Creditor> must be expressly
stipulated> once creditor makes &
communicates his choice, obligation ceases to be alternative & becomes simple
![Page 72: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Effect of Loss Before Creditor Makes Choice: Loss due to fortuitous event
> debtor to deliver that chosen by creditor from among those remaining, or that which remains if only one
Loss due to debtor’s fault
> creditor may claim any of those subsisting, or the price of that lost plus damages> if all are lost, creditor’s choice shall be on the prices plus damages
![Page 73: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• Facultative Obligation> only one prestation is
involved, but obligor may render another in substitution;
> in case of loss or deterioration of substitute due to debtor’s negligence or fault, he is
»Not liable if no substitution made»Liable once substitution is made & communicated
![Page 74: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
JOINT & SOLIDARY OBLIGATIONS• Two or more creditors or/and
debtors concur in one & the same obligation
• General Rule: obligation is joint> each debtor answers only
for a part of the whole obligation and to each creditor belongs only a part thereof
![Page 75: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Obligation is solidary when:a. Stipulated uponb. Nature of obligation requires itc. Law provides
Art. 927. when two or more heirs take possession of the estate and there is loss or destruction of a thing devised or bequeathed, even though only one of them should have been negligent.
![Page 76: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Art. 1824. Liability of all partners with the partnership for everything chargeable to the partnership under Articles 1822 & 1823.
*** loss or injury due to wrongful act or omission of any partner in the ordinary course of business or with authority of co-partners;
*** misapplication by partner of money or property received by him while acting within scope of apparent authority;
*** misapplication by any partner of money or property received by partnership in the course of its business
![Page 77: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Art. 1911. When agent exceeds his authority and principal allows him to act as though he had full powers.
Art. 1915. For all consequences of the
agency when two or more principals appoint an agent for a common transaction or undertaking.
Art. 1945. Liability of two or more bailees to whom a thing is loaned in the same contract.
![Page 78: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Art. 2146. Liability of two or more officious managers, unless management was assumed to save thing or business from imminent damage
Art. 2157. Liability of two or more payees in solutio indebiti.
Art. 2194. Liability of two or more persons in quasi-delict.
Art. 110 (RPC). Liability of principals, accomplices, & accessories, each within their respective class for their quotas
![Page 79: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Consequences of Joint Obligationa. Credit or debt presumed equally
divided among creditors or debtors
b. Shares are separate & distinct from each other
c. Vitiation of consent of one debtor does not affect others
d. Insolvency of one debtor does not make others liable for his share
![Page 80: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
e. Demand upon a debtor is not demand upon the others
f. Judicial action against a debtor is not action against all
g. Defenses of one debtor are not necessarily available to the others
![Page 81: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Solidarity on the Part of the Creditors1. Each may do whatever is useful to the
others, but not anything prejudicial to them;
2. No one can assign his rights without the consent of the others;
3. Payment may be delivered to any of them, but if demand is made by one, payment should be made to him;
4. Novation, compensation, confusion or remission made by any of them shall extinguish obligation, without prejudice to his liability for the shares of the others.
![Page 82: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Solidarity on the Part of the Debtors1. Any of them may be made to pay the
whole obligation;
2. The one who pays has the right to claim shares of other debtors, plus interest.
> if one cannot reimburse, others shall proportionately bear his share> if paid after obligation has prescribed or become illegal, no right of reimbursement
3. Remission of obligation
> other creditors to proceed against creditor who made the remission> no effect if made after obligation was paid> debtor who obtains the remission not entitled to reimbursement from others.
![Page 83: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Effects of Loss or Impossibility(a)Without debtors’ fault,
obligation extinguished;
(b)Due to debtors’ fault, or any one of them, all are responsible
(c)Even is due to fortuitous event, if there was delay on the part of any one of them, all are responsible
![Page 84: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
DIVISIBLE & INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS
• Divisibility or indivisibility refers to the object of the contract if it is capable or incapable of partial performance;
• Indivisible if not susceptible of partial performance by nature, or even if physically divisible, by law or stipulation;
• Divisible if capable of partial performance, or performed for a certain number of days, or performed by metrical units;
![Page 85: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Joint Indivisible Obligations A creditor cannot act in representation of other creditors,
and a debtor cannot be compelled to answer for the acts or liability of other debtors;
All creditors must concur and demand, although each for his own share, for enforcement of the obligation;
All debtors must concur, although each for his own share, for compliance of the obligation; demand must be made upon all debtors;
If one debtor is unable, obligation converted into actual damages & he shall be liable for additional damages;
> if inability is due to insolvency, other debtors not liable for his share;
![Page 86: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
OBLIGATIONS WITH PENAL CLAUSE
• Penalty partakes of an accessory obligation and thus, (a) if penal clause is invalid, principal obligation remains; and (b) if principal obligation is invalid, penal clause is also void.
• To insure performance of principal obligation
• Substitute indemnity for damages & interest in case of non-compliance (compensatory)
• To punish the obligor in case of breach (punitive)
![Page 87: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
• But damages may still be awarded:(a) by stipulation(b) obligor refuses to pay penalty(c) obligor guilty of fraud
• Court may reduce penalty:(a) partial fulfillment(b) irregular fulfillment(c) iniquitous or unconscionable
![Page 88: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
• Debtor cannot choose to pay penalty instead of performing principal obligation, unless such right is expressly reserved to him;
• Creditor cannot demand fulfillment of obligation and satisfaction of penalty at the same time, unless
> such right is clearly granted to him;
> obligation is monetary with penalty;
• If creditor chooses fulfillment but becomes impossible without his fault, penalty may be enforced
![Page 89: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS
I. PAYMENT OR PERFORMANCE
• means not only delivery of money, but also the performance of an obligations in any manner;
• the thing or service in which the obligation consists must be completely delivered or rendered;
![Page 90: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
• substantial performance in good faith is considered as strict & complete fulfillment, without prejudice to the damages that the creditor may have suffered;
• obligation deemed fully complied with if creditor accepts performance without protest or objection despite knowing its incompleteness or irregularity
![Page 91: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Monetary Obligation delivery of amount in full currency stipulated upon, and if not
possible, in Philippine legal tender (1249)
** R.A. 8183 (11 June 1996) – all monetary obligations shall be settled in the Philippine currency which is the legal tender in the Philippines. However, the parties may agree that the obligation or transaction shall be settled in any other currency at the time of payment.
![Page 92: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
in case of extraordinary inflation or deflation
- basis of payment shall be the value of the currency at the time the obligation was established, unless there is contrary agreement (1250)
- inflation is the sharp increase of money or credit or both without a corresponding increase in business transaction resulting in substantial & continuing rise in the general price level;
- effects of extraordinary inflation are applicable only when there is an official declaration by competent authorities.
![Page 93: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
• Equitable PCI Bank v Ng Sheung Ngor, 541 S 223
Extraordinary inflation exists when there is an unusual decrease in the purchasing power of currency (that is, beyond the common fluctuation in the value of currency) & such decrease could not be reasonably foreseen or was manifestly beyond contemplation of the parties at the time of the obligation. Extraordinary deflation, on the other hand, involves an inverse situation.
![Page 94: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Requisites for an extraordinary inflation or deflation to affect an obligation:
1. official declaration from the BSP2. obligation was contractual in
nature3. parties expressly agreed to
consider the effects of the extraordinary inflation or deflation
*** Respondents made to pay their dollar-denominated loans at the exchange rate fixed by the BSP on the date of maturity (time of payment)
![Page 95: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
• Dation in payment, datio in solutum, or adjudicacion en pago
> payment of monetary debt through property
> governed by law on sales
• Payment by cession> debtor transfers all his property
not subject of execution to creditors> property to be sold and proceeds
use to pay obligation> Requisites:
a. more than one creditorb. complete or partial
insolvencyc. acceptance / consent of all
creditors
![Page 96: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Real Obligation delivery of thing/s contemplated debtor cannot compel creditor to
receive different one, even if of same value or more valuable
if object is generic> the purpose & other
circumstances of the obligation shall be taken into consideration;
> creditor cannot demand thing of superior quality
> debtor cannot deliver thing of inferior quality
![Page 97: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Personal Obligation doing or performing service or
undertaking contemplated; another act or service cannot be
performed as substitute against the will of the creditor
Negative Obligation by refraining from doing the action
contemplated
![Page 98: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
When partial payment may be allowed:a. by stipulationb. different prestations are
subject to different conditions or terms
c. debt is in part liquidated and in part unliquidated
d. payment by joint debtore. partial compensationf. work is to be done in parts
![Page 99: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Payment by Third Person Creditor not bound to accept
payment from third person who has no interest in the fulfillment of the obligation, unless otherwise stipulated;
Without knowledge & consent or against the will of the debtor:
a. beneficial reimbursementb. no subrogation to creditor’s
rights
![Page 100: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
With knowledge/consent of debtora. full reimbursementb. subrogation to all rights of creditor
Third person does not intend to be reimbursed> deemed donation & thus, requires debtor’s consent> payment in any case is valid as to the creditor who accepts
![Page 101: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Payment to an incapacitated person valid if incapacitated person kept the
thing delivered & insofar as payment benefited him;
Payment to an unauthorized person valid insofar as it benefited the
creditor proof that creditor benefited not
needed:a. if after payment, third person acquires
creditor’s rights (subrogation)b. creditor ratifies paymentb. creditor is guilty of estoppel
![Page 102: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
• Debtor is released if payment done in good faith to person in possession of credit
• Payment after debtor was judicially ordered to retain debt is not valid
![Page 103: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
• Application of Payment> designation of the debt to which should be applied a payment made by the debtor who owes several debts of the same kind in favor of the same creditor
a. two or more debts of same kind
b. same creditorc. all debts dued. payment not enough to
extinguish all debts
![Page 104: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
• Limitation of righta. contrary stipulationb. cannot choose principal ahead
of interest
• If debtor does not specify & creditor issues receipt in which application of payment is made, the former cannot complain unless there is cause for invalidating the contract.
• If no application of payment– apply to most onerous– same nature & burden, apply
proportionately
![Page 105: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Tender of Payment & Consignation Tender of payment
monetary – legal tender real obligation – subject matter complete
Tender not necessary:a. creditor is absent/unknown or failed to appear at place
of paymentb. creditor is incapacitated to receivec. creditor refuses to issue receipt without just caused. two or more persons claim same right to collecte. title of the obligation is lost
![Page 106: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Consignation (judicial deposit)a. valid tender of paymentb. refusal of creditor to accept without valid causec. notice to consignd. consignation e. notice of consignation to creditor
May debtor withdraw thing consigned?> before creditor accepts
> before court approves> if creditor gives authority, he loses
preference over the thing> obligation not extinguished
![Page 107: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
II. LOSS OF THE THING DUE
Determinate thing Generic thing Partial loss Creditor has right of action against whoever
causes the loss
![Page 108: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
III. CONDONATION OR REMISSION> act of liberality by virtue of which the creditor, without receiving any price or equivalent, renounces the enforcement of the obligation.
Obligation due & demandable Gratuitous Acceptance by debtor Not inofficious
![Page 109: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
• Express – must comply with forms of donation
• Implied - voluntary delivery by creditor of document evidencing credit
If heirs of creditor claim that it should be nullified for being inofficious, debtor may prove that delivery was made in virtue of payment;
When debtor is in possession of private document of debt, it is presumed to have been delivered voluntarily by creditor;
When debtor is in possession of thing pledged, the accessory obligation of pledge is presumed condoned.
![Page 110: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
IV. CONFUSION OR MERGER> characters of creditor and debtor are merged in the same person> meeting in one person of the qualities of creditor & debtor with respect to the same obligation
Should take place between the principal creditor & debtor
Clear & definite Obligation involved is one & same
obligation
![Page 111: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
V. COMPENSATION> two persons are mutually & reciprocally creditors & debtors to each other.
Total or partial Voluntary – even when debts are
not due Judicial – must be pleaded;
effective only by court order Legal
![Page 112: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• Requisites for legal compensation1. Parties are bound principally as
creditors & debtors of each other;2. Both debts are monetary, or if things,
they are fungible & of same kind & quality
3. Debts are due4. Debts are liquidated & demandable5. None of the debts is subject of
retention or controversy commenced by third person & communicated in due time to the debtor.
NOTE: when all requisites are present, legal compensation shall take place even though parties are not aware of it.
![Page 113: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• Legal compensation not proper when one debt arises from:
a. depositumb. obligations of a bailee in
commodatumc. claims for supportd. civil liability in crimese. obligations in favor of the
government, i.e. taxes, fees, duties
![Page 114: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
• Effects when debts are assigned:a. If debtor consents, he cannot set up
compensation against the assignee, unless there was reservation communicated to the creditor;
b. If without debtor’s consent or against his will (although informed), he can set up compensation prior to assignment;
c. If without debtor’s knowledge, he can set up compensation available before knowledge of assignment.
![Page 115: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
VI. NOVATION> substitution or change of an obligation by another, either by changing its object or principal conditions (real or objective), or by substituting another in place of the debtor, or by subrogating another in the rights of the creditor (personal or subjective)> cannot be presumed; must be clearly so declared or that the old and new obligations are incompatible on every point (they cannot stand together)
![Page 116: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
• Requisites:a. previous valid obligation
b. agreement of parties to the new obligationc. extinguishment of the old obligationd. validity of the new obligation
Old obligation void, cannot be novated Old obligation voidable, can be novated Old obligation extinguished, nothing to novate Old obligation subject to suspensive or
resolutory condition, new obligation also subject unless otherwise stipulated
New obligation void, old obligation subsists unless parties intended it to be extinguished in any event.
![Page 117: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
• Substitution of Debtor
Expromision- initiative of third person as new debtor- creditor’s consent necessary- debtor’s consent not necessary
![Page 118: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Substitution is with debtor’s consent- new debtor pays, full reimbursement with subrogation in all of creditor’s rights; - new debtor fails to pay, old debtor’s obligation revived
Substitution without debtor’s consent- new debtor pays, entitled to beneficial reimbursement- new debtor fails to pay, old debtor’s obligation not revived
![Page 119: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Delegacion- initiative of old debtor- with new debtor’s consent- with creditor’s consent & acceptance
New debtor pays, full reimbursement with subrogation in all of creditor’s rights;
New debtor fails to pay, old debtor’s obligation not revived, unless
- new debtor’s insolvency was already existing & of public knowledge or is known to the old debtor at the time of delegacion
![Page 120: Obligations](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061200/54779244b4af9f3e188b4578/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
• Subrogation in Rights of CreditorConventional
- upon agreement of all parties
Legala. creditor pays another creditor who is preferred even without debtor’s consentb. third person, not interested in the obligation, pays with debtor’s approvalc. payment, even without debtor’s knowledge, by a person interested in the fulfillment of the obligation