Objectivesand Knowledge Base for Waste Management in ... · Increasinghigh‐techwaste treatment...

Paul H. Brunner August 21, 2015 1/24

Objectives and Knowledge Base for WasteManagement in Transformation

Paul H. Brunner ICWME 2015, August 20‐21st 2015 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


What is a “knowledge base” for waste management?

” information necessary to design a waste management system”

1. Goals of waste management2. Economic Potential (GDP)3. Waste characteristics4. Treatment process characteristics5. Regional properties6. Waste management costs (collection, treatment, revenues)7. Stakeholder issues


Why do we need a new knowledge base (I)?

11 Elements

15 Elements

60 Elements

Source: T. McManus, Intel Corp., 2006(Courtesy T. Graedel)

Increasing complexity of products(example IT products)

Increasing complexity of wastes, too.


Why do we need a new knowledge base II?

Hollstein et al 2008

• volume• mass• water content• hazards

• mass• energy content• C,H, N, • Hg, Cd, Cl, PCBs,• C biogenic, • etc.

• mass, density, volume• C, Cl, • polyethylene, PVC• Fe, Cu, Sb, Cd, Pb, • PBDEs• etc.

Increasing high‐tech waste treatment and processing

Increasing demand for knowledge about input & output


Why do we need a new knowledge base III?

Reingas

Abwasser

Filterkuchen

Metallschrott

Schlacke

EF-Asche

Kesselasche

Wasserbasisches Prozesswassersaures Prozesswasser

H2O

Abfall

ROSTFEUERUNG

ABHITZEKESSEL

ELEKTROFILTER RAUCHGASREINIGUNG DENOXANLAGE

ABWASSER-REINIGUNG

1896 1970 1990

Increasing environmental constraints (example incineration)

Increasing demand for process information


1. Goals of waste management

General and global goals :

‐ Protection of human health and environment

‐ Resource conservation

‐ After care free wm (‐> sustainability)

regionally appropriate means

EU: prevention – recycling – disposalBangla Desh: disposal – recycling ‐ prevention

‐> Copy of EU “waste hierarchy” not appropriate!

Goals

GD

P W

C

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


To set and reach social goals takes time and efforts!

Decrease of Typhoid fever mortality in Germany from 1854 to 1890

Source: Hösel 1987

0

1

2

3

4

5

1854

1856

1858

1860

1862

1864

1866

1868

1870

1872

1874

1876

1878

1880

1882

1884

1886

1888

1890

intro

duct

ion

of w

ater

sup

ply

Typh

us a

s a

caus

e of

mor

talit

y in

%o

intro

duct

ion

of s

ewer

sys

tem

intro

duct

ion

of w

aste

inci

nera

tion

Goals

GD

P W

C

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


To reach goals requires consensus and time

‐ Consensus finding process among all stakeholders

‐ Long term issue!

Goals

GD

P W

C

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder

1710

1737

1761


2. GDP and Waste Management

Economic activity Budget as Fraction of GDP

global average

[% of GDP]

from

[% of GDP]

to

[% of GDP]

Health care 7,5 - -

Education 4 0,6 to 16,8

Water quality management 2,0 - -

Military 1,7 0 to 11,4

Waste management 0,3 0,2 to 0,4

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

Costs

Stakeholder


GDP and waste generation

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

100 1,000 10,000 100,000Gross Domestic Product GDP [€/capita]

Was

te g

ener

atio

n ra

te[k

g/ca

pita

/day

]

DhakaDamascus

Vienna

Source: Brunner & Fellner

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

R

C

Costs

Stakeholder


GDP: How much are you willing to spend for wm?

Collection + TransportTreatmentDisposal

90%

10%

Dhaka(Bangladesh)

0.7

0.2

82%

9%9%

Damascus(Syria)

4

0.3

59%

29%

12%

Vienna(Austria)

100

0.4

region

WM costs [€/c.y]

% of GDP [%]

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

R

C

Costs

Stakeholder


3. Waste characterization: generation and compositionG

oals

GD

P

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


Actual practice of waste analysisG

oals

GD

P

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


How much are you willing to pay for analysis: 1%,10%...?G

oals

GD

P

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder

Paul H. Brunner August 21, 2015 15/24Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996

Wastepaper191

Production

454

86Con-sum-ption179

Waste paper recycling 118

export 13

~0

Ind. 81Hhold.50

MSW 48

Waste paperimport 73

131

48 kg in 240 kg MSW-> paper content 20%

Indirect methods of waste characterization

Example waste paper in MSW [kg/c.year]

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


Indirect determination of MSW composition by WTE

Monthly mean values of Cl and Cd in MSW determined in WTE products

Source: Morf et al. 2003; Morf et al. 2004

Cl

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Feb 00

Mai 00

Aug 00

Nov

00

Feb 01

Mai 01

Aug 01

Nov

01

Feb 02

Mai 02

Aug 02

time

concen

tration[m

g/kgFS]

Cd

0

5

10

15

20

Feb 00

Mai 00

Aug 00

Nov

00

Feb 01

Mai 01

Aug 01

Nov

01

Feb 02

Mai 02

Aug 02

Nov

02

Feb 03

Mai 03

Aug 03

time

concen

tration[m

g/kgFS]

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

Costs

Stakeholder


4. Treatment process characterization

MSW incineration

Flue gas<1 %

100 %

CADMIUM

E‐Filter dust92 %

Waste water<1 %

Filter cake<1 %

Bottom ash8 %

Plastic recycling

CADMIUM

Recycling plastic73 %

Residue I 14 %

Residue II2 %

Residue III10 %

100 %

Sludge 1 %

Minimum information requirement: Transfer coefficients ki“What goes in must come out” ‐> no hiding of hazardous materials

Goals

GDP

WC

PC

RC Costs

Stakeholder


PBDE/BFRs in Videotapes (Hirai et al, BFR 2007)

PBDE in children toys(Chen et al, ES&T, 2009)

PBDEs in coffee cups (J. Samsonek& F. Puype, FAC, 2013)

High quality recycling requires process informationG

oals

GD

P

WC

PC

RC

Costs

Stakeholder


Evaluation of treatment processes requires time series

Monthly mean values of Cl and Cd in MSW determined from products of incineration

Source: Morf et al. 2003; Morf et al. 2004

Cl

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Feb 00

Mai 00

Aug 00

Nov

00

Feb 01

Mai 01

Aug 01

Nov

01

Feb 02

Mai 02

Aug 02

time

concen

tration[m

g/kgFS]

Cd

0

5

10

15

20

Feb 00

Mai 00

Aug 00

Nov

00

Feb 01

Mai 01

Aug 01

Nov

01

Feb 02

Mai 02

Aug 02

Nov

02

Feb 03

Mai 03

Aug 03

time

concen

tration[m

g/kgFS]

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

Costs

Stakeholder


5. Regional characteristics: climate and site propertiesG

oals

GD

P

WC

PC

RC

Costs

Stakeholder

P ETpot

tropical climate:large amount of leachates

ETpotP

arid climate:zero amount of leachates


operation&maintenance investment revenue total cost

Current system: 60 % waste collection and landfillingNew system: 99% collection, composting and landfilling

6. Life cycle costs of investment and operation US $ pe

r capita

and

year

5

0

‐3

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder


7. Stakeholder values, interests and concerns

PoliticiansUniversitiesNGOs Municipal administration

citizens Municipal waste managers

Goals

G

DP

WC

PC

RC

C

osts Stakeholder

Waste collectors,processors & recyclers

Citizens: Waste producersWaste “sufferers”


Thank you


Incineration costs are determined by air pollution control

Source: SGP‐VA

Off‐gas

Waste Water

Filter Cake

Scrap Metal

Bottom Ash

Filter‐Ash

Boiler Ash

WaterAlkaline Process WaterAcidic Process Water

H 2O

MSW

FURNACE BOILER ESP FLUE GAS CLEANING

ESP ... electrostatic precipitator

DENOX

WASTE WATERTREATMENT


Selecting parameters for waste characterisation, (expl. MSW incineration)

substance flows in MSW as a fraction of total import

fractio

nof im

port[%

]

C0

20

40

60

80

100

Cl Zn Cd Hg Pb energyFe Cu


Better decisions by expanding knowledge base (ex. plastic wastes)

Source: R. Fehringer, 1998

1,100

Sys

tem

Bou

ndar

y"A

ustri

a"

Primary processing

Productmanufacturing

collection,transporting, sorting

EnergyrecoveryRecycling Landfill

Raw material

Intermediate products

Plastic products

Plasticproducts

Duro- andpolymeres

Duro- and polymers

Plastic products

Intermediateproducts

Wastes

Wastes

Stock: 7,100+400

St.: 9,700+590

Off gas

Wastes Wastes

Consumption

Regranulate

990

530

720

600

250

26

49 71

59

590

420

210

850

26

[ kt/yr 1994]

IMPORT EXPORT


Better decisions by expanding information base (ex. plastic additives)

Additives in plastics Totalconsumption

Packaging material

Totalstock

in kt/yr in kt/yrin kt

Plastics 1,100 200 187,100

Softeners 14 0.2 2140

Ba/Cd- stabilizers 0.27 0.0002 <12.6

Pb-stabilizers 1.8 0.002 <118

Fire retardants 2.3 0 ~022

in %*

* % of total consumption


Economic data necessary for wm knowledge base (expl. lead)

200180160

140120100806040200

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000

220

Market price

Availlable stock [tons]

reco

very

cos

t U

S$/

100l

b

Lead accumulators

WWpipeInside homes

WWpipeOutside homes

Powercable

Telecom cable

Source: Lohm et al., 1998


Knowledge base must include process informationLE

GEN

DE

SchmelzefilterrückstandDickschlamm

KO

HLE

N-

STO

FF

Regranulat90 %

Aufgabeband-abfall 4 %

Schmelzefilter-rückstand 2%

Restfraktion4 %

100

%

BAR

IUM

Regranulat79 %



Restfraktion8 %

100

%

CAD

MIU

M

Regranulat73 %


Schmelzefilter-rückstand 2 %

Restfraktion10 %

100

%

BLE

I

Regranulat64 %



Restfraktion10 %

100

%

ZIN

K

Regranulat77 %



Restfraktion6 %

100

%

CH

LOR

Regranulat49 %



Restfraktion19 %

100

%

WA

STE

Regranulat85 %

Aufgabeband-abfall 6%

Schmelzefilter-rückstand 2 %

Restfraktion6 %

100

%

Dickschlamm 1% Dickschlamm 1 % Dickschlamm 2%

f beegr

Dickschlamm 0 % Dickschlamm 1 % Dickschlamm 1 % Dickschlamm 1 %

Example plastic recycling

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