OBJECTIVES

•Identify the five types of phrases•Identify the words phrases modify

(a prerequisite to effective revision)

Phrase:a group of related words that is used as a single partof speech and does not contain a verb and its subject

Five Types of Phrases

Prepositional Phrase

Appositive Phrase

Participial Phrase

Gerund Phrase

Infinitive Phrase

Prepositional PhraseIncludes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition,and any modifiers of that subject. It functions as an adjective or as an adverb.

The adjective prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun.Cassie Smith made a batch of fry bread, using a recipe very similar to that of her ancestors.

Sarah Kemble Knight kept a journal of her trip to New York.

Sarah Knight’s journey on horseback from Boston to New York was long and difficult.

The adverb prepositional phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.During the Civil War, Louisa Mae Alcott worked in a hospital as a nurse for six weeks.

Louisa Mae Alcott wrote Little Women, a novel rich in New England traditions.

Too late for Alcott and other early suffragists, U. S. voting laws were changed.

An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it.An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers.

We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party.

The Kenai Peninsula is the home of the Alaskan moose, the largest deerIn the world.

A great speaker, Thomas Paine inspired the colonists to resist the British.

ParticipleVerb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronoun

Two kinds of participles: Present Participle: ends in –ingPast Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -k

Participial Phrase: consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle

Waving, the campers boarded the bus.

Confused and frightened, they fled into the jungle.

We could hear something moving in the underbrush.

Having worked all day, Abe was ready for a rest.

Speaking eloquently, Barbara Jordan enthralled the audience.

Encouraged by his family, he submitted his book of poems for publication.

Gerund:verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun

SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECTPREDICATE NOMINATIVE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

Gerund Phrase:consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund

Exercising regularly is important to your health. Subject

My brother likes working at the travel agency. Direct Object

Walter Mitty daydreamed of being a courageous pilot. Object of Preposition

An excellent way to build vocabulary is reading good literature. Pred. Nom.

He gave studying chemisty all his attention. Indirect Object

Infinitive:To + plain form of the verb (to run, to sing, to dance, to study)It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.Infinitive Phrase:Consists of the infinitive and all the words related to the infinitive.

Used as a Noun:To finish homework is our plan. SubjectJulia wants to go to the beach with us on Sunday. Direct ObjectMike plans to give homework more attention. Indirect ObjectJanetta’s plan is to make ten bracelets before Christmas. Pred. Nom.

Used as an Adjective:Napoleon’s plan to conquer Europe failed.

Used as an Adverb:Because of his sprained ankle, Chico was unable to play in the game.

Prepositional PhraseIncludes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition,and any modifiers of that subject and functions as an adjective or as an adverb.

An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it.An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers.

ParticipleVerb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronounTwo kinds of participles: Present Participle: ends in –ing Past Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -kParticipial Phrase: consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle

Gerund:verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun

SUBJECTDIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT

PREDICATE NOMINATIVE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

Gerund Phrase:consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund

Infinitive:To + plain form of the verb(to run, to sing, to dance, to study)It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.Infinitive Phrase:Consists of the infinitive and all the wordsrelated to the infinitive.

Each year, thousands of Americans travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States and other countries. (2) Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager travelers pack far too much clothing and equipment. The most effective way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip and then to put half of them back (4) in the closet. Of course, travelers should give particularly careful thought to walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparel on any sightseeing trip. Experienced travelers pack only two or three changes of casual clothing, even if they plan (6) to be away for some time. (7) Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study its capacity. It is possible to pack enough clothes for three weeks in small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag. Passengers can carry such bags onto an airliner and avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few days is preferable to spending their vacation burdened with heavy suitcases.

Prepositional Phrase?Used as Adj. or Adv?

Appositive Phrase?

Gerund Phrase?How is it used?

Present Participial Phrase?What does it modify?

Past Participial Phrase?What does it modify?

Infinitive Phrase?How is it used?

1. travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States and other countries.

2. Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager travelers pack

3. way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip

4. to put half of them back (4) in the closet.

5. walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparel on any sightseeing trip.

6. if they plan (6) to be away for some time.

7. Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study its capacity.

8. small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag.

9. avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area.

10. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few days is preferable

1. Preposition / Adverb2. Pres. Part. /Modifies

travelers3.Infinitive /N. / Pred. Nom.4. Prep. Ph./ Adverb5. Appositive /explains shoes6. Infinitive /

N. / D. O.7. Pres. Part.Modifies they8. Appositive /

luggage9. Gerund

Direct Object10.Gerund / Subject

What’s the difference between

a phrase & a clause?

CLAUSE: a group of words with both a subject and a verb

Types of Clauses

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

•Adjective/Relative Clause

•Noun Clause

•Adverbial Clause

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

a complete thought that can stand alone. It’s the foundation and the frame of the house (sentence).

There can be more than one independent clause in a sentence.*The woman walked silently, for she had no voice.*I like to eat cake; it tastes like cake.*Jordan and Mason were in the band; however, they could not play any instruments.

Example:The woman walked silently.

Use these words to join independent clauses

Independent Clause, (FANBOYS) Independent Clause•For•And•Nor•But•Or•Yet•So

Independent Clause; (THINSAMS), Independent Clause•Therefore

•However

•Instead

•Nevertheless

•Still

•Also

•Meanwhile

•Subsequently

More Conjunctive Adverbs

• accordingly

• besides

• consequently

• conversely

• finally

• furthermore

• hence

• indeed

• likewise• moreover• nevertheless• next• nonetheless• otherwise• similarly• then• thus

Independent Clause Practice

• Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doctors more often.

• Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide separate classes for each group.

• Increasing the size of airports is one solution to traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term solution whose benefits may not be seen for many years into the future.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

group of words with both a subject and verb; cannot stand alone or it is a fragment. These are like the windows or doors (they enhance what is already there, but can’t function alone).

CLAUSE: a group of words with both a subject and a verb

Types of Clauses

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

•Adjective/Relative Clause

•Noun Clause

•Adverbial Clause

Adjective Clausecalled an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

1.It will contain a subject and verb.

2.It will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

3.It will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

Adjective/Relative Clause Equations

• RELATIVE PRONOUN OR ADVERB + SUBJECT +VERB– EXAMPLE: WHOSE BIG, BROWN EYES

PLEADED FOR ANOTHER COOKIE

• Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb– Example: That bounced across the kitchen

floor

EXAMPLESThe dog who lives by me is nice.

The show that I watch is good.

Jerry Spinelli is the author who wrote Maniac McGee.

Punctuating Adjective Clauses

• Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it provides.– Example: The vegetables that people leave

uneaten are often the most nutritious.

• Nonessential clauses require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence.– Example: Broccoli, which people often leave

uneaten, is very nutritious.

Adverb Clause

Will meet three requirements:

1.It will contain a subject and verb.

2.You will find a subordinate conjunction that keeps the clause from expressing a complete thought.

3.You will notice that the clause answers one of these four adverb questions: How? When? Where? or Why?

Use these words/ groups of words to begin adverb clauses

• than• that• though• even if• even though• once• provided that• rather than

Examples1. After I danced,2. Because he was hungry,3. Until I get an A+, 4. When I get my new pony, 5. Since I love SpongeBob,

Noun Clause

• Any clause that functions as a noun becomes a noun clause.

• You really do not want to know the ingredients in Aunt Nancy's stew.

• You really do not want to know what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew.

Clause Identification

1. Cross off prep phrases.

2. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.

3. Single underline the subjects.

4. Each separate section with a subject and verb is PROBABLY a different clause!

5. IDENTIFY THE APPROPRIATE CLAUSE