Objectives: 10.0 Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular...
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Transcript of Objectives: 10.0 Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular...
![Page 1: Objectives: 10.0 Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants. 10.1 Describing the histology.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051621/56649e9f5503460f94ba1ed8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Objectives:10.0 Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants.10.1 Describing the histology of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers 10.2 Recognizing chemical and physical adaptations of plantsExamples: chemical -foul odor, bitter �taste, toxicity;physical- spines, needles, broad �leaves
PLANT DIVERSITYCHAPTER 22
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Plants:•Def: multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose
•Carry out photosynthesis using green pigments chlorophyll a and b
•MOST are autotrophs, but some are parasites or saprobes (organisms that get nutrients from decaying materials).
•Life cycles have two alternating stages:•Haploid (N) – gametophyte•Diploid (2N) – sporophyte•What is this called???
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What Plants Need to Survive:1.Sunlight - for energy for
photosynthesis2.Water and minerals – water is needed
by ALL cells, and is a reactant in the process of photosynthesis
3.Gas exchange - Plants take in _________ and give off ___________.
4.Movement of water and nutrients:•Take up water through their roots, but make food in the leaves
•Specialized tissues carry water up through the plant and carry food down to all parts of the plant.
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Plant Kingdom•Botanists classify plants in four groups based on:1. Water-conducting tissues2. Seeds3. Flowers
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Bryophytes (Section 22-2)•Nonvascular plants – cannot transport water throughout the plant; can only obtain water by osmosis
•Depend on water for reproduction•Lack true roots – rhizoids (long, thin cells) anchor them in the ground
•Includes:1. Mosses2. Liverworts3. Hornworts
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Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sphagnum_-_moss_-_Moos_01.jpg/
Source: http://www.bios.niu.edu/stafstrom/bios305/bios305.html
Source:http://blogs.ubc.ca/biology321/?page_id=62
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Seedless Vascular Plants (Section 22-3)•How do bryophytes transport water?•Vascular plants have vascular tissue to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant:•Xylem: transports water from roots to the rest of the plant
•Phloem: transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
•The xylem, together with lignin, which makes the cell walls rigid, allows vascular plants to grow taller than nonvascular plants.
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Ferns and Their Relatives•Seedless vascular plants include:•Club mosses – look like mini pine trees
•Horsetails•Ferns
Source: http://www.hubbardbrook.org/w6_tour/herb-stop/club-moss.htm
Source: http://www.homeopathyandmore.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=608
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Ferns•What is alternation of generations?
•The fern plant we are used to seeing is actually a diploid sporophyte.
•Fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds.
Source:http://gardenwink.blogspot.com/2012/06/macho-fern-cools-me-down.html
Source: http://www.warpedphotosblog.com/split-tip-fern-spores
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Seed Plants• Divided into 2 groups:1.Gymnosperms – “naked seed”; seeds are
on the surface of cones2.Angiosperms – “enclosed seed”; flowering
plants• Do not require water for reproduction
to occur; can transfer sperm (pollen grains) by pollination (transfer of pollen – the male gametophyte – from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures)
• Seeds are just fertilized plant embryos, surrounded by a protective seed coat.
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Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers•Includes:• Gnetophytes• Cycads – palm-like plants with large cones• Ginkgoes – only one species (Ginkgo biloba)
• Conifers – pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers
Source: http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/welwitschia.htm
Source: http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Summaries/Non-floweringPlants.htm
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Angiosperms – Flowering Plants•Flowers are reproductive organs which contain ovaries that surround and protect the seeds.
•Fruit is just a wall of tissue around the seed.
•Very diverse group:•Monocots and dicots•Woody and herbaceous•Annuals, biennials, and perennials
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Monocots vs. Dicots
Source: http://www.cfkeep.org/html/stitch.php?s=54373324154293&id=77748813831945
• Cotyledon: the first leaf or pair of leaves produced by a seed plant.
(“seed leaf”)• Also differ in roots:• Monocots – fibrous roots
• Dicots – tap roots (like carrots)
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Woody/Herbaceous Plants; Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
•Woody plants: trees, shrubs, and vines•Herbaceous plants: •Stems are smooth and nonwoody• Includes most flowers
•Annuals: go from seed, to plant, to dying in one growing season
•Biennials: life cycle takes 2 years•1st year: seed germinates, roots and short stems develop
•2nd year: stems, leaves, and flowers grow, and plant dies
•Perinneals: live for many years